Documentation/cgroups/memcg_test.txt - maze/linux - Git at Google

 Memory Resource Controller(Memcg)  Implementation Memo.
 Last Updated: 2009/1/19
 Base Kernel Version: based on 2.6.29-rc2.

 Because VM is getting complex (one of reasons is memcg...), memcg's behavior
 is complex. This is a document for memcg's internal behavior.
 Please note that implementation details can be changed.

 (*) Topics on API should be in Documentation/cgroups/memory.txt)

 0. How to record usage ?
    2 objects are used.

    page_cgroup ....an object per page.
 	Allocated at boot or memory hotplug. Freed at memory hot removal.

    swap_cgroup ... an entry per swp_entry.
 	Allocated at swapon(). Freed at swapoff().

    The page_cgroup has USED bit and double count against a page_cgroup never
    occurs. swap_cgroup is used only when a charged page is swapped-out.

 1. Charge

    a page/swp_entry may be charged (usage += PAGE_SIZE) at

 	mem_cgroup_newpage_charge()
 	  Called at new page fault and Copy-On-Write.

 	mem_cgroup_try_charge_swapin()
 	  Called at do_swap_page() (page fault on swap entry) and swapoff.
 	  Followed by charge-commit-cancel protocol. (With swap accounting)
 	  At commit, a charge recorded in swap_cgroup is removed.

 	mem_cgroup_cache_charge()
 	  Called at add_to_page_cache()

 	mem_cgroup_cache_charge_swapin()
 	  Called at shmem's swapin.

 	mem_cgroup_prepare_migration()
 	  Called before migration. "extra" charge is done and followed by
 	  charge-commit-cancel protocol.
 	  At commit, charge against oldpage or newpage will be committed.

 2. Uncharge
   a page/swp_entry may be uncharged (usage -= PAGE_SIZE) by

 	mem_cgroup_uncharge_page()
 	  Called when an anonymous page is fully unmapped. I.e., mapcount goes
 	  to 0. If the page is SwapCache, uncharge is delayed until
 	  mem_cgroup_uncharge_swapcache().

 	mem_cgroup_uncharge_cache_page()
 	  Called when a page-cache is deleted from radix-tree. If the page is
 	  SwapCache, uncharge is delayed until mem_cgroup_uncharge_swapcache().

 	mem_cgroup_uncharge_swapcache()
 	  Called when SwapCache is removed from radix-tree. The charge itself
 	  is moved to swap_cgroup. (If mem+swap controller is disabled, no
 	  charge to swap occurs.)

 	mem_cgroup_uncharge_swap()
 	  Called when swp_entry's refcnt goes down to 0. A charge against swap
 	  disappears.

 	mem_cgroup_end_migration(old, new)
 	At success of migration old is uncharged (if necessary), a charge
 	to new page is committed. At failure, charge to old page is committed.

 3. charge-commit-cancel
 	In some case, we can't know this "charge" is valid or not at charging
 	(because of races).
 	To handle such case, there are charge-commit-cancel functions.
 		mem_cgroup_try_charge_XXX
 		mem_cgroup_commit_charge_XXX
 		mem_cgroup_cancel_charge_XXX
 	these are used in swap-in and migration.

 	At try_charge(), there are no flags to say "this page is charged".
 	at this point, usage += PAGE_SIZE.

 	At commit(), the function checks the page should be charged or not
 	and set flags or avoid charging.(usage -= PAGE_SIZE)

 	At cancel(), simply usage -= PAGE_SIZE.

 Under below explanation, we assume CONFIG_MEM_RES_CTRL_SWAP=y.

 4. Anonymous
 	Anonymous page is newly allocated at
 		  - page fault into MAP_ANONYMOUS mapping.
 		  - Copy-On-Write.
  	It is charged right after it's allocated before doing any page table
 	related operations. Of course, it's uncharged when another page is used
 	for the fault address.

 	At freeing anonymous page (by exit() or munmap()), zap_pte() is called
 	and pages for ptes are freed one by one.(see mm/memory.c). Uncharges
 	are done at page_remove_rmap() when page_mapcount() goes down to 0.

 	Another page freeing is by page-reclaim (vmscan.c) and anonymous
 	pages are swapped out. In this case, the page is marked as
 	PageSwapCache(). uncharge() routine doesn't uncharge the page marked
 	as SwapCache(). It's delayed until __delete_from_swap_cache().

 	4.1 Swap-in.
 	At swap-in, the page is taken from swap-cache. There are 2 cases.

 	(a) If the SwapCache is newly allocated and read, it has no charges.
 	(b) If the SwapCache has been mapped by processes, it has been
 	    charged already.

 	This swap-in is one of the most complicated work. In do_swap_page(),
 	following events occur when pte is unchanged.

 	(1) the page (SwapCache) is looked up.
 	(2) lock_page()
 	(3) try_charge_swapin()
 	(4) reuse_swap_page() (may call delete_swap_cache())
 	(5) commit_charge_swapin()
 	(6) swap_free().

 	Considering following situation for example.

 	(A) The page has not been charged before (2) and reuse_swap_page()
 	    doesn't call delete_from_swap_cache().
 	(B) The page has not been charged before (2) and reuse_swap_page()
 	    calls delete_from_swap_cache().
 	(C) The page has been charged before (2) and reuse_swap_page() doesn't
 	    call delete_from_swap_cache().
 	(D) The page has been charged before (2) and reuse_swap_page() calls
 	    delete_from_swap_cache().

 	    memory.usage/memsw.usage changes to this page/swp_entry will be
 	 Case          (A)      (B)       (C)     (D)
          Event
        Before (2)     0/ 1     0/ 1      1/ 1    1/ 1
           ===========================================
           (3)        +1/+1    +1/+1     +1/+1   +1/+1
           (4)          -       0/ 0       -     -1/ 0
           (5)         0/-1     0/ 0     -1/-1    0/ 0
           (6)          -       0/-1       -      0/-1
           ===========================================
        Result         1/ 1     1/ 1      1/ 1    1/ 1

        In any cases, charges to this page should be 1/ 1.

 	4.2 Swap-out.
 	At swap-out, typical state transition is below.

 	(a) add to swap cache. (marked as SwapCache)
 	    swp_entry's refcnt += 1.
 	(b) fully unmapped.
 	    swp_entry's refcnt += # of ptes.
 	(c) write back to swap.
 	(d) delete from swap cache. (remove from SwapCache)
 	    swp_entry's refcnt -= 1.


 	At (b), the page is marked as SwapCache and not uncharged.
 	At (d), the page is removed from SwapCache and a charge in page_cgroup
 	is moved to swap_cgroup.

 	Finally, at task exit,
 	(e) zap_pte() is called and swp_entry's refcnt -=1 -> 0.
 	Here, a charge in swap_cgroup disappears.

 5. Page Cache
    	Page Cache is charged at
 	- add_to_page_cache_locked().

 	uncharged at
 	- __remove_from_page_cache().

 	The logic is very clear. (About migration, see below)
 	Note: __remove_from_page_cache() is called by remove_from_page_cache()
 	and __remove_mapping().

 6. Shmem(tmpfs) Page Cache
 	Memcg's charge/uncharge have special handlers of shmem. The best way
 	to understand shmem's page state transition is to read mm/shmem.c.
 	But brief explanation of the behavior of memcg around shmem will be
 	helpful to understand the logic.

 	Shmem's page (just leaf page, not direct/indirect block) can be on
 		- radix-tree of shmem's inode.
 		- SwapCache.
 		- Both on radix-tree and SwapCache. This happens at swap-in
 		  and swap-out,

 	It's charged when...
 	- A new page is added to shmem's radix-tree.
 	- A swp page is read. (move a charge from swap_cgroup to page_cgroup)
 	It's uncharged when
 	- A page is removed from radix-tree and not SwapCache.
 	- When SwapCache is removed, a charge is moved to swap_cgroup.
 	- When swp_entry's refcnt goes down to 0, a charge in swap_cgroup
 	  disappears.

 7. Page Migration
    	One of the most complicated functions is page-migration-handler.
 	Memcg has 2 routines. Assume that we are migrating a page's contents
 	from OLDPAGE to NEWPAGE.

 	Usual migration logic is..
 	(a) remove the page from LRU.
 	(b) allocate NEWPAGE (migration target)
 	(c) lock by lock_page().
 	(d) unmap all mappings.
 	(e-1) If necessary, replace entry in radix-tree.
 	(e-2) move contents of a page.
 	(f) map all mappings again.
 	(g) pushback the page to LRU.
 	(-) OLDPAGE will be freed.

 	Before (g), memcg should complete all necessary charge/uncharge to
 	NEWPAGE/OLDPAGE.

 	The point is....
 	- If OLDPAGE is anonymous, all charges will be dropped at (d) because
           try_to_unmap() drops all mapcount and the page will not be
 	  SwapCache.

 	- If OLDPAGE is SwapCache, charges will be kept at (g) because
 	  __delete_from_swap_cache() isn't called at (e-1)

 	- If OLDPAGE is page-cache, charges will be kept at (g) because
 	  remove_from_swap_cache() isn't called at (e-1)

 	memcg provides following hooks.

 	- mem_cgroup_prepare_migration(OLDPAGE)
 	  Called after (b) to account a charge (usage += PAGE_SIZE) against
 	  memcg which OLDPAGE belongs to.

         - mem_cgroup_end_migration(OLDPAGE, NEWPAGE)
 	  Called after (f) before (g).
 	  If OLDPAGE is used, commit OLDPAGE again. If OLDPAGE is already
 	  charged, a charge by prepare_migration() is automatically canceled.
 	  If NEWPAGE is used, commit NEWPAGE and uncharge OLDPAGE.

 	  But zap_pte() (by exit or munmap) can be called while migration,
 	  we have to check if OLDPAGE/NEWPAGE is a valid page after commit().

 8. LRU
         Each memcg has its own private LRU. Now, it's handling is under global
 	VM's control (means that it's handled under global zone->lru_lock).
 	Almost all routines around memcg's LRU is called by global LRU's
 	list management functions under zone->lru_lock().

 	A special function is mem_cgroup_isolate_pages(). This scans
 	memcg's private LRU and call __isolate_lru_page() to extract a page
 	from LRU.
 	(By __isolate_lru_page(), the page is removed from both of global and
 	 private LRU.)


 9. Typical Tests.

  Tests for racy cases.

  9.1 Small limit to memcg.
 	When you do test to do racy case, it's good test to set memcg's limit
 	to be very small rather than GB. Many races found in the test under
 	xKB or xxMB limits.
 	(Memory behavior under GB and Memory behavior under MB shows very
 	 different situation.)

  9.2 Shmem
 	Historically, memcg's shmem handling was poor and we saw some amount
 	of troubles here. This is because shmem is page-cache but can be
 	SwapCache. Test with shmem/tmpfs is always good test.

  9.3 Migration
 	For NUMA, migration is an another special case. To do easy test, cpuset
 	is useful. Following is a sample script to do migration.

 	mount -t cgroup -o cpuset none /opt/cpuset

 	mkdir /opt/cpuset/01
 	echo 1 > /opt/cpuset/01/cpuset.cpus
 	echo 0 > /opt/cpuset/01/cpuset.mems
 	echo 1 > /opt/cpuset/01/cpuset.memory_migrate
 	mkdir /opt/cpuset/02
 	echo 1 > /opt/cpuset/02/cpuset.cpus
 	echo 1 > /opt/cpuset/02/cpuset.mems
 	echo 1 > /opt/cpuset/02/cpuset.memory_migrate

 	In above set, when you moves a task from 01 to 02, page migration to
 	node 0 to node 1 will occur. Following is a script to migrate all
 	under cpuset.
 	--
 	move_task()
 	{
 	for pid in $1
         do
                 /bin/echo $pid >$2/tasks 2>/dev/null
 		echo -n $pid
 		echo -n " "
         done
 	echo END
 	}

 	G1_TASK=`cat ${G1}/tasks`
 	G2_TASK=`cat ${G2}/tasks`
 	move_task "${G1_TASK}" ${G2} &
 	--
  9.4 Memory hotplug.
 	memory hotplug test is one of good test.
 	to offline memory, do following.
 	# echo offline > /sys/devices/system/memory/memoryXXX/state
 	(XXX is the place of memory)
 	This is an easy way to test page migration, too.

  9.5 mkdir/rmdir
 	When using hierarchy, mkdir/rmdir test should be done.
 	Use tests like the following.

 	echo 1 >/opt/cgroup/01/memory/use_hierarchy
 	mkdir /opt/cgroup/01/child_a
 	mkdir /opt/cgroup/01/child_b

 	set limit to 01.
 	add limit to 01/child_b
 	run jobs under child_a and child_b

 	create/delete following groups at random while jobs are running.
 	/opt/cgroup/01/child_a/child_aa
 	/opt/cgroup/01/child_b/child_bb
 	/opt/cgroup/01/child_c

 	running new jobs in new group is also good.

  9.6 Mount with other subsystems.
 	Mounting with other subsystems is a good test because there is a
 	race and lock dependency with other cgroup subsystems.

 	example)
 	# mount -t cgroup none /cgroup -t cpuset,memory,cpu,devices

 	and do task move, mkdir, rmdir etc...under this.

  9.7 swapoff.
 	Besides management of swap is one of complicated parts of memcg,
 	call path of swap-in at swapoff is not same as usual swap-in path..
 	It's worth to be tested explicitly.

 	For example, test like following is good.
 	(Shell-A)
 	# mount -t cgroup none /cgroup -t memory
 	# mkdir /cgroup/test
 	# echo 40M > /cgroup/test/memory.limit_in_bytes
 	# echo 0 > /cgroup/test/tasks
 	Run malloc(100M) program under this. You'll see 60M of swaps.
 	(Shell-B)
 	# move all tasks in /cgroup/test to /cgroup
 	# /sbin/swapoff -a
 	# rmdir /test/cgroup
 	# kill malloc task.

 	Of course, tmpfs v.s. swapoff test should be tested, too.
	Memory Resource Controller(Memcg) Implementation Memo.
	Last Updated: 2009/1/19
	Base Kernel Version: based on 2.6.29-rc2.

	Because VM is getting complex (one of reasons is memcg...), memcg's behavior
	is complex. This is a document for memcg's internal behavior.
	Please note that implementation details can be changed.

	(*) Topics on API should be in Documentation/cgroups/memory.txt)

	0. How to record usage ?
	2 objects are used.

	page_cgroup ....an object per page.
	Allocated at boot or memory hotplug. Freed at memory hot removal.

	swap_cgroup ... an entry per swp_entry.
	Allocated at swapon(). Freed at swapoff().

	The page_cgroup has USED bit and double count against a page_cgroup never
	occurs. swap_cgroup is used only when a charged page is swapped-out.

	1. Charge

	a page/swp_entry may be charged (usage += PAGE_SIZE) at

	mem_cgroup_newpage_charge()
	Called at new page fault and Copy-On-Write.

	mem_cgroup_try_charge_swapin()
	Called at do_swap_page() (page fault on swap entry) and swapoff.
	Followed by charge-commit-cancel protocol. (With swap accounting)
	At commit, a charge recorded in swap_cgroup is removed.

	mem_cgroup_cache_charge()
	Called at add_to_page_cache()

	mem_cgroup_cache_charge_swapin()
	Called at shmem's swapin.

	mem_cgroup_prepare_migration()
	Called before migration. "extra" charge is done and followed by
	charge-commit-cancel protocol.
	At commit, charge against oldpage or newpage will be committed.

	2. Uncharge
	a page/swp_entry may be uncharged (usage -= PAGE_SIZE) by

	mem_cgroup_uncharge_page()
	Called when an anonymous page is fully unmapped. I.e., mapcount goes
	to 0. If the page is SwapCache, uncharge is delayed until
	mem_cgroup_uncharge_swapcache().

	mem_cgroup_uncharge_cache_page()
	Called when a page-cache is deleted from radix-tree. If the page is
	SwapCache, uncharge is delayed until mem_cgroup_uncharge_swapcache().

	mem_cgroup_uncharge_swapcache()
	Called when SwapCache is removed from radix-tree. The charge itself
	is moved to swap_cgroup. (If mem+swap controller is disabled, no
	charge to swap occurs.)

	mem_cgroup_uncharge_swap()
	Called when swp_entry's refcnt goes down to 0. A charge against swap
	disappears.

	mem_cgroup_end_migration(old, new)
	At success of migration old is uncharged (if necessary), a charge
	to new page is committed. At failure, charge to old page is committed.

	3. charge-commit-cancel
	In some case, we can't know this "charge" is valid or not at charging
	(because of races).
	To handle such case, there are charge-commit-cancel functions.
	mem_cgroup_try_charge_XXX
	mem_cgroup_commit_charge_XXX
	mem_cgroup_cancel_charge_XXX
	these are used in swap-in and migration.

	At try_charge(), there are no flags to say "this page is charged".
	at this point, usage += PAGE_SIZE.

	At commit(), the function checks the page should be charged or not
	and set flags or avoid charging.(usage -= PAGE_SIZE)

	At cancel(), simply usage -= PAGE_SIZE.

	Under below explanation, we assume CONFIG_MEM_RES_CTRL_SWAP=y.

	4. Anonymous
	Anonymous page is newly allocated at
	- page fault into MAP_ANONYMOUS mapping.
	- Copy-On-Write.
	It is charged right after it's allocated before doing any page table
	related operations. Of course, it's uncharged when another page is used
	for the fault address.

	At freeing anonymous page (by exit() or munmap()), zap_pte() is called
	and pages for ptes are freed one by one.(see mm/memory.c). Uncharges
	are done at page_remove_rmap() when page_mapcount() goes down to 0.

	Another page freeing is by page-reclaim (vmscan.c) and anonymous
	pages are swapped out. In this case, the page is marked as
	PageSwapCache(). uncharge() routine doesn't uncharge the page marked
	as SwapCache(). It's delayed until __delete_from_swap_cache().

	4.1 Swap-in.
	At swap-in, the page is taken from swap-cache. There are 2 cases.

	(a) If the SwapCache is newly allocated and read, it has no charges.
	(b) If the SwapCache has been mapped by processes, it has been
	charged already.

	This swap-in is one of the most complicated work. In do_swap_page(),
	following events occur when pte is unchanged.

	(1) the page (SwapCache) is looked up.
	(2) lock_page()
	(3) try_charge_swapin()
	(4) reuse_swap_page() (may call delete_swap_cache())
	(5) commit_charge_swapin()
	(6) swap_free().

	Considering following situation for example.

	(A) The page has not been charged before (2) and reuse_swap_page()
	doesn't call delete_from_swap_cache().
	(B) The page has not been charged before (2) and reuse_swap_page()
	calls delete_from_swap_cache().
	(C) The page has been charged before (2) and reuse_swap_page() doesn't
	call delete_from_swap_cache().
	(D) The page has been charged before (2) and reuse_swap_page() calls
	delete_from_swap_cache().

	memory.usage/memsw.usage changes to this page/swp_entry will be
	Case (A) (B) (C) (D)
	Event
	Before (2) 0/ 1 0/ 1 1/ 1 1/ 1
	===========================================
	(3) +1/+1 +1/+1 +1/+1 +1/+1
	(4) - 0/ 0 - -1/ 0
	(5) 0/-1 0/ 0 -1/-1 0/ 0
	(6) - 0/-1 - 0/-1
	===========================================
	Result 1/ 1 1/ 1 1/ 1 1/ 1

	In any cases, charges to this page should be 1/ 1.

	4.2 Swap-out.
	At swap-out, typical state transition is below.

	(a) add to swap cache. (marked as SwapCache)
	swp_entry's refcnt += 1.
	(b) fully unmapped.
	swp_entry's refcnt += # of ptes.
	(c) write back to swap.
	(d) delete from swap cache. (remove from SwapCache)
	swp_entry's refcnt -= 1.


	At (b), the page is marked as SwapCache and not uncharged.
	At (d), the page is removed from SwapCache and a charge in page_cgroup
	is moved to swap_cgroup.

	Finally, at task exit,
	(e) zap_pte() is called and swp_entry's refcnt -=1 -> 0.
	Here, a charge in swap_cgroup disappears.

	5. Page Cache
	Page Cache is charged at
	- add_to_page_cache_locked().

	uncharged at
	- __remove_from_page_cache().

	The logic is very clear. (About migration, see below)
	Note: __remove_from_page_cache() is called by remove_from_page_cache()
	and __remove_mapping().

	6. Shmem(tmpfs) Page Cache
	Memcg's charge/uncharge have special handlers of shmem. The best way
	to understand shmem's page state transition is to read mm/shmem.c.
	But brief explanation of the behavior of memcg around shmem will be
	helpful to understand the logic.

	Shmem's page (just leaf page, not direct/indirect block) can be on
	- radix-tree of shmem's inode.
	- SwapCache.
	- Both on radix-tree and SwapCache. This happens at swap-in
	and swap-out,

	It's charged when...
	- A new page is added to shmem's radix-tree.
	- A swp page is read. (move a charge from swap_cgroup to page_cgroup)
	It's uncharged when
	- A page is removed from radix-tree and not SwapCache.
	- When SwapCache is removed, a charge is moved to swap_cgroup.
	- When swp_entry's refcnt goes down to 0, a charge in swap_cgroup
	disappears.

	7. Page Migration
	One of the most complicated functions is page-migration-handler.
	Memcg has 2 routines. Assume that we are migrating a page's contents
	from OLDPAGE to NEWPAGE.

	Usual migration logic is..
	(a) remove the page from LRU.
	(b) allocate NEWPAGE (migration target)
	(c) lock by lock_page().
	(d) unmap all mappings.
	(e-1) If necessary, replace entry in radix-tree.
	(e-2) move contents of a page.
	(f) map all mappings again.
	(g) pushback the page to LRU.
	(-) OLDPAGE will be freed.

	Before (g), memcg should complete all necessary charge/uncharge to
	NEWPAGE/OLDPAGE.

	The point is....
	- If OLDPAGE is anonymous, all charges will be dropped at (d) because
	try_to_unmap() drops all mapcount and the page will not be
	SwapCache.

	- If OLDPAGE is SwapCache, charges will be kept at (g) because
	__delete_from_swap_cache() isn't called at (e-1)

	- If OLDPAGE is page-cache, charges will be kept at (g) because
	remove_from_swap_cache() isn't called at (e-1)

	memcg provides following hooks.

	- mem_cgroup_prepare_migration(OLDPAGE)
	Called after (b) to account a charge (usage += PAGE_SIZE) against
	memcg which OLDPAGE belongs to.

	- mem_cgroup_end_migration(OLDPAGE, NEWPAGE)
	Called after (f) before (g).
	If OLDPAGE is used, commit OLDPAGE again. If OLDPAGE is already
	charged, a charge by prepare_migration() is automatically canceled.
	If NEWPAGE is used, commit NEWPAGE and uncharge OLDPAGE.

	But zap_pte() (by exit or munmap) can be called while migration,
	we have to check if OLDPAGE/NEWPAGE is a valid page after commit().

	8. LRU
	Each memcg has its own private LRU. Now, it's handling is under global
	VM's control (means that it's handled under global zone->lru_lock).
	Almost all routines around memcg's LRU is called by global LRU's
	list management functions under zone->lru_lock().

	A special function is mem_cgroup_isolate_pages(). This scans
	memcg's private LRU and call __isolate_lru_page() to extract a page
	from LRU.
	(By __isolate_lru_page(), the page is removed from both of global and
	private LRU.)


	9. Typical Tests.

	Tests for racy cases.

	9.1 Small limit to memcg.
	When you do test to do racy case, it's good test to set memcg's limit
	to be very small rather than GB. Many races found in the test under
	xKB or xxMB limits.
	(Memory behavior under GB and Memory behavior under MB shows very
	different situation.)

	9.2 Shmem
	Historically, memcg's shmem handling was poor and we saw some amount
	of troubles here. This is because shmem is page-cache but can be
	SwapCache. Test with shmem/tmpfs is always good test.

	9.3 Migration
	For NUMA, migration is an another special case. To do easy test, cpuset
	is useful. Following is a sample script to do migration.

	mount -t cgroup -o cpuset none /opt/cpuset

	mkdir /opt/cpuset/01
	echo 1 > /opt/cpuset/01/cpuset.cpus
	echo 0 > /opt/cpuset/01/cpuset.mems
	echo 1 > /opt/cpuset/01/cpuset.memory_migrate
	mkdir /opt/cpuset/02
	echo 1 > /opt/cpuset/02/cpuset.cpus
	echo 1 > /opt/cpuset/02/cpuset.mems
	echo 1 > /opt/cpuset/02/cpuset.memory_migrate

	In above set, when you moves a task from 01 to 02, page migration to
	node 0 to node 1 will occur. Following is a script to migrate all
	under cpuset.
	--
	move_task()
	{
	for pid in $1
	do
	/bin/echo $pid >$2/tasks 2>/dev/null
	echo -n $pid
	echo -n " "
	done
	echo END
	}

	G1_TASK=`cat ${G1}/tasks`
	G2_TASK=`cat ${G2}/tasks`
	move_task "${G1_TASK}" ${G2} &
	--
	9.4 Memory hotplug.
	memory hotplug test is one of good test.
	to offline memory, do following.
	# echo offline > /sys/devices/system/memory/memoryXXX/state
	(XXX is the place of memory)
	This is an easy way to test page migration, too.

	9.5 mkdir/rmdir
	When using hierarchy, mkdir/rmdir test should be done.
	Use tests like the following.

	echo 1 >/opt/cgroup/01/memory/use_hierarchy
	mkdir /opt/cgroup/01/child_a
	mkdir /opt/cgroup/01/child_b

	set limit to 01.
	add limit to 01/child_b
	run jobs under child_a and child_b

	create/delete following groups at random while jobs are running.
	/opt/cgroup/01/child_a/child_aa
	/opt/cgroup/01/child_b/child_bb
	/opt/cgroup/01/child_c

	running new jobs in new group is also good.

	9.6 Mount with other subsystems.
	Mounting with other subsystems is a good test because there is a
	race and lock dependency with other cgroup subsystems.

	example)
	# mount -t cgroup none /cgroup -t cpuset,memory,cpu,devices

	and do task move, mkdir, rmdir etc...under this.

	9.7 swapoff.
	Besides management of swap is one of complicated parts of memcg,
	call path of swap-in at swapoff is not same as usual swap-in path..
	It's worth to be tested explicitly.

	For example, test like following is good.
	(Shell-A)
	# mount -t cgroup none /cgroup -t memory
	# mkdir /cgroup/test
	# echo 40M > /cgroup/test/memory.limit_in_bytes
	# echo 0 > /cgroup/test/tasks
	Run malloc(100M) program under this. You'll see 60M of swaps.
	(Shell-B)
	# move all tasks in /cgroup/test to /cgroup
	# /sbin/swapoff -a
	# rmdir /test/cgroup
	# kill malloc task.

	Of course, tmpfs v.s. swapoff test should be tested, too.