Documentation/howto/maintain-git.txt - jrn/git - Git at Google

 From: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>
 Date: Wed, 21 Nov 2007 16:32:55 -0800
 Subject: Addendum to "MaintNotes"
 Abstract: Imagine that Git development is racing along as usual, when our friendly
  neighborhood maintainer is struck down by a wayward bus. Out of the
  hordes of suckers (loyal developers), you have been tricked (chosen) to
  step up as the new maintainer. This howto will show you "how to" do it.
 Content-type: text/asciidoc

 How to maintain Git
 ===================

 Activities
 ----------

 The maintainer's Git time is spent on three activities.

  - Communication (45%)

    Mailing list discussions on general design, fielding user
    questions, diagnosing bug reports; reviewing, commenting on,
    suggesting alternatives to, and rejecting patches.

  - Integration (50%)

    Applying new patches from the contributors while spotting and
    correcting minor mistakes, shuffling the integration and
    testing branches, pushing the results out, cutting the
    releases, and making announcements.

  - Own development (5%)

    Scratching my own itch and sending proposed patch series out.

 The Policy
 ----------

 The policy on Integration is informally mentioned in "A Note
 from the maintainer" message, which is periodically posted to
 this mailing list after each feature release is made.

  - Feature releases are numbered as vX.Y.0 and are meant to
    contain bugfixes and enhancements in any area, including
    functionality, performance and usability, without regression.

  - One release cycle for a feature release is expected to last for
    eight to ten weeks.

  - Maintenance releases are numbered as vX.Y.Z and are meant
    to contain only bugfixes for the corresponding vX.Y.0 feature
    release and earlier maintenance releases vX.Y.W (W < Z).

  - 'master' branch is used to prepare for the next feature
    release. In other words, at some point, the tip of 'master'
    branch is tagged with vX.Y.0.

  - 'maint' branch is used to prepare for the next maintenance
    release.  After the feature release vX.Y.0 is made, the tip
    of 'maint' branch is set to that release, and bugfixes will
    accumulate on the branch, and at some point, the tip of the
    branch is tagged with vX.Y.1, vX.Y.2, and so on.

  - 'next' branch is used to publish changes (both enhancements
    and fixes) that (1) have worthwhile goal, (2) are in a fairly
    good shape suitable for everyday use, (3) but have not yet
    demonstrated to be regression free.  New changes are tested
    in 'next' before merged to 'master'.

  - 'seen' branch is used to publish other proposed changes that do
    not yet pass the criteria set for 'next'.

  - The tips of 'master' and 'maint' branches will not be rewound to
    allow people to build their own customization on top of them.
    Early in a new development cycle, 'next' is rewound to the tip of
    'master' once, but otherwise it will not be rewound until the end
    of the cycle.

  - Usually 'master' contains all of 'maint' and 'next' contains all
    of 'master'.  'seen' contains all the topics merged to 'next', but
    is rebuilt directly on 'master'.

  - The tip of 'master' is meant to be more stable than any
    tagged releases, and the users are encouraged to follow it.

  - The 'next' branch is where new action takes place, and the
    users are encouraged to test it so that regressions and bugs
    are found before new topics are merged to 'master'.

 Note that before v1.9.0 release, the version numbers used to be
 structured slightly differently.  vX.Y.Z were feature releases while
 vX.Y.Z.W were maintenance releases for vX.Y.Z.


 A Typical Git Day
 -----------------

 A typical Git day for the maintainer implements the above policy
 by doing the following:

  - Scan mailing list.  Respond with review comments, suggestions
    etc.  Kibitz.  Collect potentially usable patches from the
    mailing list.  Patches about a single topic go to one mailbox (I
    read my mail in Gnus, and type \C-o to save/append messages in
    files in mbox format).

  - Write his own patches to address issues raised on the list but
    nobody has stepped up solving.  Send it out just like other
    contributors do, and pick them up just like patches from other
    contributors (see above).

  - Review the patches in the saved mailboxes.  Edit proposed log
    message for typofixes and clarifications, and add Acks
    collected from the list.  Edit patch to incorporate "Oops,
    that should have been like this" fixes from the discussion.

  - Classify the collected patches and handle 'master' and
    'maint' updates:

    - Obviously correct fixes that pertain to the tip of 'maint'
      are directly applied to 'maint'.

    - Obviously correct fixes that pertain to the tip of 'master'
      are directly applied to 'master'.

    - Other topics are not handled in this step.

    This step is done with "git am".

      $ git checkout master    ;# or "git checkout maint"
      $ git am -sc3 mailbox
      $ make test

    In practice, almost no patch directly goes to 'master' or
    'maint'.

  - Review the last issue of "What's cooking" message, review the
    topics ready for merging (topic->master and topic->maint).  Use
    "Meta/cook -w" script (where Meta/ contains a checkout of the
    'todo' branch) to aid this step.

    And perform the merge.  Use "Meta/Reintegrate -e" script (see
    later) to aid this step.

      $ Meta/cook -w last-issue-of-whats-cooking.mbox

      $ git checkout master    ;# or "git checkout maint"
      $ echo ai/topic | Meta/Reintegrate -e ;# "git merge ai/topic"
      $ git log -p ORIG_HEAD.. ;# final review
      $ git diff ORIG_HEAD..   ;# final review
      $ make test              ;# final review

  - Handle the remaining patches:

    - Anything unobvious that is applicable to 'master' (in other
      words, does not depend on anything that is still in 'next'
      and not in 'master') is applied to a new topic branch that
      is forked from the tip of 'master' (or the last feature release,
      which is a bit older than 'master').  This includes both
      enhancements and unobvious fixes to 'master'.  A topic
      branch is named as ai/topic where "ai" is two-letter string
      named after author's initial and "topic" is a descriptive name
      of the topic (in other words, "what's the series is about").

    - An unobvious fix meant for 'maint' is applied to a new
      topic branch that is forked from the tip of 'maint' (or the
      oldest and still relevant maintenance branch).  The
      topic may be named as ai/maint-topic.

    - Changes that pertain to an existing topic are applied to
      the branch, but:

      - obviously correct ones are applied first;

      - questionable ones are discarded or applied to near the tip;

    - Replacement patches to an existing topic are accepted only
      for commits not in 'next'.

    The initial round is done with:

      $ git checkout ai/topic ;# or "git checkout -b ai/topic master"
      $ git am -sc3 mailbox

    and replacing an existing topic with subsequent round is done with:

      $ git checkout master...ai/topic ;# try to reapply to the same base
      $ git am -sc3 mailbox

    to prepare the new round on a detached HEAD, and then

      $ git range-diff @{-1}...
      $ git diff @{-1}

    to double check what changed since the last round, and finally

      $ git checkout -B @{-1}

    to conclude (the last step is why a topic already in 'next' is
    not replaced but updated incrementally).

    Whether it is the initial round or a subsequent round, the topic
    may not build even in isolation, or may break the build when
    merged to integration branches due to bugs.  There may already
    be obvious and trivial improvements suggested on the list.  The
    maintainer often adds an extra commit, with "SQUASH???" in its
    title, to fix things up, before publishing the integration
    branches to make it usable by other developers for testing.
    These changes are what the maintainer is not 100% committed to
    (trivial typofixes etc. are often squashed directly into the
    patches that need fixing, without being applied as a separate
    "SQUASH???" commit), so that they can be removed easily as needed.


  - Merge maint to master as needed:

      $ git checkout master
      $ git merge maint
      $ make test

  - Merge master to next as needed:

      $ git checkout next
      $ git merge master
      $ make test

  - Review the last issue of "What's cooking" again and see if topics
    that are ready to be merged to 'next' are still in good shape
    (e.g. has there any new issue identified on the list with the
    series?)

  - Prepare 'jch' branch, which is used to represent somewhere
    between 'master' and 'seen' and often is slightly ahead of 'next'.

      $ Meta/Reintegrate master..jch >Meta/redo-jch.sh

    The result is a script that lists topics to be merged in order to
    rebuild 'seen' as the input to Meta/Reintegrate script.  Remove
    later topics that should not be in 'jch' yet.  Add a line that
    consists of '### match next' before the name of the first topic
    in the output that should be in 'jch' but not in 'next' yet.

  - Now we are ready to start merging topics to 'next'.  For each
    branch whose tip is not merged to 'next', one of three things can
    happen:

    - The commits are all next-worthy; merge the topic to next;
    - The new parts are of mixed quality, but earlier ones are
      next-worthy; merge the early parts to next;
    - Nothing is next-worthy; do not do anything.

    This step is aided with Meta/redo-jch.sh script created earlier.
    If a topic that was already in 'next' gained a patch, the script
    would list it as "ai/topic~1".  To include the new patch to the
    updated 'next', drop the "~1" part; to keep it excluded, do not
    touch the line.  If a topic that was not in 'next' should be
    merged to 'next', add it at the end of the list.  Then:

      $ git checkout -B jch master
      $ sh Meta/redo-jch.sh -c1

    to rebuild the 'jch' branch from scratch.  "-c1" tells the script
    to stop merging at the first line that begins with '###'
    (i.e. the "### match next" line you added earlier).

    At this point, build-test the result.  It may reveal semantic
    conflicts (e.g. a topic renamed a variable, another added a new
    reference to the variable under its old name), in which case
    prepare an appropriate merge-fix first (see appendix), and
    rebuild the 'jch' branch from scratch, starting at the tip of
    'master'.

    Then do the same to 'next'

      $ git checkout next
      $ sh Meta/redo-jch.sh -c1 -e

    The "-e" option allows the merge message that comes from the
    history of the topic and the comments in the "What's cooking" to
    be edited.  The resulting tree should match 'jch' as the same set
    of topics are merged on 'master'; otherwise there is a mismerge.
    Investigate why and do not proceed until the mismerge is found
    and rectified.

      $ git diff jch next

    Then build the rest of 'jch':

      $ git checkout jch
      $ sh Meta/redo-jch.sh

    When all is well, clean up the redo-jch.sh script with

      $ sh Meta/redo-jch.sh -u

    This removes topics listed in the script that have already been
    merged to 'master'.  This may lose '### match next' marker;
    add it again to the appropriate place when it happens.

  - Rebuild 'seen'.

      $ Meta/Reintegrate jch..seen >Meta/redo-seen.sh

    Edit the result by adding new topics that are not still in 'seen'
    in the script.  Then

      $ git checkout -B seen jch
      $ sh Meta/redo-seen.sh

    When all is well, clean up the redo-seen.sh script with

      $ sh Meta/redo-seen.sh -u

    Double check by running

      $ git branch --no-merged seen

    to see there is no unexpected leftover topics.

    At this point, build-test the result for semantic conflicts, and
    if there are, prepare an appropriate merge-fix first (see
    appendix), and rebuild the 'seen' branch from scratch, starting at
    the tip of 'jch'.

  - Update "What's cooking" message to review the updates to
    existing topics, newly added topics and graduated topics.

    This step is helped with Meta/cook script.

      $ Meta/cook

    This script inspects the history between master..seen, finds tips
    of topic branches, compares what it found with the current
    contents in Meta/whats-cooking.txt, and updates that file.
    Topics not listed in the file but are found in master..seen are
    added to the "New topics" section, topics listed in the file that
    are no longer found in master..seen are moved to the "Graduated to
    master" section, and topics whose commits changed their states
    (e.g. used to be only in 'seen', now merged to 'next') are updated
    with change markers "<<" and ">>".

    Look for lines enclosed in "<<" and ">>"; they hold contents from
    old file that are replaced by this integration round.  After
    verifying them, remove the old part.  Review the description for
    each topic and update its doneness and plan as needed.  To review
    the updated plan, run

      $ Meta/cook -w

    which will pick up comments given to the topics, such as "Will
    merge to 'next'", etc. (see Meta/cook script to learn what kind
    of phrases are supported).

  - Compile, test and install all four (five) integration branches;
    Meta/Dothem script may aid this step.

  - Format documentation if the 'master' branch was updated;
    Meta/dodoc.sh script may aid this step.

  - Push the integration branches out to public places; Meta/pushall
    script may aid this step.

 Observations
 ------------

 Some observations to be made.

  * Each topic is tested individually, and also together with other
    topics cooking first in 'seen', then in 'jch' and then in 'next'.
    Until it matures, no part of it is merged to 'master'.

  * A topic already in 'next' can get fixes while still in
    'next'.  Such a topic will have many merges to 'next' (in
    other words, "git log --first-parent next" will show many
    "Merge branch 'ai/topic' to next" for the same topic.

  * An unobvious fix for 'maint' is cooked in 'next' and then
    merged to 'master' to make extra sure it is Ok and then
    merged to 'maint'.

  * Even when 'next' becomes empty (in other words, all topics
    prove stable and are merged to 'master' and "git diff master
    next" shows empty), it has tons of merge commits that will
    never be in 'master'.

  * In principle, "git log --first-parent master..next" should
    show nothing but merges (in practice, there are fixup commits
    and reverts that are not merges).

  * Commits near the tip of a topic branch that are not in 'next'
    are fair game to be discarded, replaced or rewritten.
    Commits already merged to 'next' will not be.

  * Being in the 'next' branch is not a guarantee for a topic to
    be included in the next feature release.  Being in the
    'master' branch typically is.

  * Due to the nature of "SQUASH???" fix-ups, if the original author
    agrees with the suggested changes, it is OK to squash them to
    appropriate patches in the next round (when the suggested change
    is small enough, the author should not even bother with
    "Helped-by").  It is also OK to drop them from the next round
    when the original author does not agree with the suggestion, but
    the author is expected to say why somewhere in the discussion.


 Appendix
 --------

 Preparing a "merge-fix"
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

 A merge of two topics may not textually conflict but still have
 conflict at the semantic level. A classic example is for one topic
 to rename an variable and all its uses, while another topic adds a
 new use of the variable under its old name. When these two topics
 are merged together, the reference to the variable newly added by
 the latter topic will still use the old name in the result.

 The Meta/Reintegrate script that is used by redo-jch and redo-seen
 scripts implements a crude but usable way to work this issue around.
 When the script merges branch $X, it checks if "refs/merge-fix/$X"
 exists, and if so, the effect of it is squashed into the result of
 the mechanical merge.  In other words,

      $ echo $X | Meta/Reintegrate

 is roughly equivalent to this sequence:

      $ git merge --rerere-autoupdate $X
      $ git commit
      $ git cherry-pick -n refs/merge-fix/$X
      $ git commit --amend

 The goal of this "prepare a merge-fix" step is to come up with a
 commit that can be squashed into a result of mechanical merge to
 correct semantic conflicts.

 After finding that the result of merging branch "ai/topic" to an
 integration branch had such a semantic conflict, say seen~4, check the
 problematic merge out on a detached HEAD, edit the working tree to
 fix the semantic conflict, and make a separate commit to record the
 fix-up:

      $ git checkout seen~4
      $ git show -s --pretty=%s ;# double check
      Merge branch 'ai/topic' to seen
      $ edit
      $ git commit -m 'merge-fix/ai/topic' -a

 Then make a reference "refs/merge-fix/ai/topic" to point at this
 result:

      $ git update-ref refs/merge-fix/ai/topic HEAD

 Then double check the result by asking Meta/Reintegrate to redo the
 merge:

      $ git checkout seen~5 ;# the parent of the problem merge
      $ echo ai/topic | Meta/Reintegrate
      $ git diff seen~4

 This time, because you prepared refs/merge-fix/ai/topic, the
 resulting merge should have been tweaked to include the fix for the
 semantic conflict.

 Note that this assumes that the order in which conflicting branches
 are merged does not change.  If the reason why merging ai/topic
 branch needs this merge-fix is because another branch merged earlier
 to the integration branch changed the underlying assumption ai/topic
 branch made (e.g. ai/topic branch added a site to refer to a
 variable, while the other branch renamed that variable and adjusted
 existing use sites), and if you changed redo-jch (or redo-seen) script
 to merge ai/topic branch before the other branch, then the above
 merge-fix should not be applied while merging ai/topic, but should
 instead be applied while merging the other branch.  You would need
 to move the fix to apply to the other branch, perhaps like this:

       $ mf=refs/merge-fix
       $ git update-ref $mf/$the_other_branch $mf/ai/topic
       $ git update-ref -d $mf/ai/topic
	From: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>
	Date: Wed, 21 Nov 2007 16:32:55 -0800
	Subject: Addendum to "MaintNotes"
	Abstract: Imagine that Git development is racing along as usual, when our friendly
	neighborhood maintainer is struck down by a wayward bus. Out of the
	hordes of suckers (loyal developers), you have been tricked (chosen) to
	step up as the new maintainer. This howto will show you "how to" do it.
	Content-type: text/asciidoc

	How to maintain Git
	===================

	Activities
	----------

	The maintainer's Git time is spent on three activities.

	- Communication (45%)

	Mailing list discussions on general design, fielding user
	questions, diagnosing bug reports; reviewing, commenting on,
	suggesting alternatives to, and rejecting patches.

	- Integration (50%)

	Applying new patches from the contributors while spotting and
	correcting minor mistakes, shuffling the integration and
	testing branches, pushing the results out, cutting the
	releases, and making announcements.

	- Own development (5%)

	Scratching my own itch and sending proposed patch series out.

	The Policy
	----------

	The policy on Integration is informally mentioned in "A Note
	from the maintainer" message, which is periodically posted to
	this mailing list after each feature release is made.

	- Feature releases are numbered as vX.Y.0 and are meant to
	contain bugfixes and enhancements in any area, including
	functionality, performance and usability, without regression.

	- One release cycle for a feature release is expected to last for
	eight to ten weeks.

	- Maintenance releases are numbered as vX.Y.Z and are meant
	to contain only bugfixes for the corresponding vX.Y.0 feature
	release and earlier maintenance releases vX.Y.W (W < Z).

	- 'master' branch is used to prepare for the next feature
	release. In other words, at some point, the tip of 'master'
	branch is tagged with vX.Y.0.

	- 'maint' branch is used to prepare for the next maintenance
	release. After the feature release vX.Y.0 is made, the tip
	of 'maint' branch is set to that release, and bugfixes will
	accumulate on the branch, and at some point, the tip of the
	branch is tagged with vX.Y.1, vX.Y.2, and so on.

	- 'next' branch is used to publish changes (both enhancements
	and fixes) that (1) have worthwhile goal, (2) are in a fairly
	good shape suitable for everyday use, (3) but have not yet
	demonstrated to be regression free. New changes are tested
	in 'next' before merged to 'master'.

	- 'seen' branch is used to publish other proposed changes that do
	not yet pass the criteria set for 'next'.

	- The tips of 'master' and 'maint' branches will not be rewound to
	allow people to build their own customization on top of them.
	Early in a new development cycle, 'next' is rewound to the tip of
	'master' once, but otherwise it will not be rewound until the end
	of the cycle.

	- Usually 'master' contains all of 'maint' and 'next' contains all
	of 'master'. 'seen' contains all the topics merged to 'next', but
	is rebuilt directly on 'master'.

	- The tip of 'master' is meant to be more stable than any
	tagged releases, and the users are encouraged to follow it.

	- The 'next' branch is where new action takes place, and the
	users are encouraged to test it so that regressions and bugs
	are found before new topics are merged to 'master'.

	Note that before v1.9.0 release, the version numbers used to be
	structured slightly differently. vX.Y.Z were feature releases while
	vX.Y.Z.W were maintenance releases for vX.Y.Z.


	A Typical Git Day
	-----------------

	A typical Git day for the maintainer implements the above policy
	by doing the following:

	- Scan mailing list. Respond with review comments, suggestions
	etc. Kibitz. Collect potentially usable patches from the
	mailing list. Patches about a single topic go to one mailbox (I
	read my mail in Gnus, and type \C-o to save/append messages in
	files in mbox format).

	- Write his own patches to address issues raised on the list but
	nobody has stepped up solving. Send it out just like other
	contributors do, and pick them up just like patches from other
	contributors (see above).

	- Review the patches in the saved mailboxes. Edit proposed log
	message for typofixes and clarifications, and add Acks
	collected from the list. Edit patch to incorporate "Oops,
	that should have been like this" fixes from the discussion.

	- Classify the collected patches and handle 'master' and
	'maint' updates:

	- Obviously correct fixes that pertain to the tip of 'maint'
	are directly applied to 'maint'.

	- Obviously correct fixes that pertain to the tip of 'master'
	are directly applied to 'master'.

	- Other topics are not handled in this step.

	This step is done with "git am".

	$ git checkout master ;# or "git checkout maint"
	$ git am -sc3 mailbox
	$ make test

	In practice, almost no patch directly goes to 'master' or
	'maint'.

	- Review the last issue of "What's cooking" message, review the
	topics ready for merging (topic->master and topic->maint). Use
	"Meta/cook -w" script (where Meta/ contains a checkout of the
	'todo' branch) to aid this step.

	And perform the merge. Use "Meta/Reintegrate -e" script (see
	later) to aid this step.

	$ Meta/cook -w last-issue-of-whats-cooking.mbox

	$ git checkout master ;# or "git checkout maint"
	$ echo ai/topic \| Meta/Reintegrate -e ;# "git merge ai/topic"
	$ git log -p ORIG_HEAD.. ;# final review
	$ git diff ORIG_HEAD.. ;# final review
	$ make test ;# final review

	- Handle the remaining patches:

	- Anything unobvious that is applicable to 'master' (in other
	words, does not depend on anything that is still in 'next'
	and not in 'master') is applied to a new topic branch that
	is forked from the tip of 'master' (or the last feature release,
	which is a bit older than 'master'). This includes both
	enhancements and unobvious fixes to 'master'. A topic
	branch is named as ai/topic where "ai" is two-letter string
	named after author's initial and "topic" is a descriptive name
	of the topic (in other words, "what's the series is about").

	- An unobvious fix meant for 'maint' is applied to a new
	topic branch that is forked from the tip of 'maint' (or the
	oldest and still relevant maintenance branch). The
	topic may be named as ai/maint-topic.

	- Changes that pertain to an existing topic are applied to
	the branch, but:

	- obviously correct ones are applied first;

	- questionable ones are discarded or applied to near the tip;

	- Replacement patches to an existing topic are accepted only
	for commits not in 'next'.

	The initial round is done with:

	$ git checkout ai/topic ;# or "git checkout -b ai/topic master"
	$ git am -sc3 mailbox

	and replacing an existing topic with subsequent round is done with:

	$ git checkout master...ai/topic ;# try to reapply to the same base
	$ git am -sc3 mailbox

	to prepare the new round on a detached HEAD, and then

	$ git range-diff @{-1}...
	$ git diff @{-1}

	to double check what changed since the last round, and finally

	$ git checkout -B @{-1}

	to conclude (the last step is why a topic already in 'next' is
	not replaced but updated incrementally).

	Whether it is the initial round or a subsequent round, the topic
	may not build even in isolation, or may break the build when
	merged to integration branches due to bugs. There may already
	be obvious and trivial improvements suggested on the list. The
	maintainer often adds an extra commit, with "SQUASH???" in its
	title, to fix things up, before publishing the integration
	branches to make it usable by other developers for testing.
	These changes are what the maintainer is not 100% committed to
	(trivial typofixes etc. are often squashed directly into the
	patches that need fixing, without being applied as a separate
	"SQUASH???" commit), so that they can be removed easily as needed.


	- Merge maint to master as needed:

	$ git checkout master
	$ git merge maint
	$ make test

	- Merge master to next as needed:

	$ git checkout next
	$ git merge master
	$ make test

	- Review the last issue of "What's cooking" again and see if topics
	that are ready to be merged to 'next' are still in good shape
	(e.g. has there any new issue identified on the list with the
	series?)

	- Prepare 'jch' branch, which is used to represent somewhere
	between 'master' and 'seen' and often is slightly ahead of 'next'.

	$ Meta/Reintegrate master..jch >Meta/redo-jch.sh

	The result is a script that lists topics to be merged in order to
	rebuild 'seen' as the input to Meta/Reintegrate script. Remove
	later topics that should not be in 'jch' yet. Add a line that
	consists of '### match next' before the name of the first topic
	in the output that should be in 'jch' but not in 'next' yet.

	- Now we are ready to start merging topics to 'next'. For each
	branch whose tip is not merged to 'next', one of three things can
	happen:

	- The commits are all next-worthy; merge the topic to next;
	- The new parts are of mixed quality, but earlier ones are
	next-worthy; merge the early parts to next;
	- Nothing is next-worthy; do not do anything.

	This step is aided with Meta/redo-jch.sh script created earlier.
	If a topic that was already in 'next' gained a patch, the script
	would list it as "ai/topic~1". To include the new patch to the
	updated 'next', drop the "~1" part; to keep it excluded, do not
	touch the line. If a topic that was not in 'next' should be
	merged to 'next', add it at the end of the list. Then:

	$ git checkout -B jch master
	$ sh Meta/redo-jch.sh -c1

	to rebuild the 'jch' branch from scratch. "-c1" tells the script
	to stop merging at the first line that begins with '###'
	(i.e. the "### match next" line you added earlier).

	At this point, build-test the result. It may reveal semantic
	conflicts (e.g. a topic renamed a variable, another added a new
	reference to the variable under its old name), in which case
	prepare an appropriate merge-fix first (see appendix), and
	rebuild the 'jch' branch from scratch, starting at the tip of
	'master'.

	Then do the same to 'next'

	$ git checkout next
	$ sh Meta/redo-jch.sh -c1 -e

	The "-e" option allows the merge message that comes from the
	history of the topic and the comments in the "What's cooking" to
	be edited. The resulting tree should match 'jch' as the same set
	of topics are merged on 'master'; otherwise there is a mismerge.
	Investigate why and do not proceed until the mismerge is found
	and rectified.

	$ git diff jch next

	Then build the rest of 'jch':

	$ git checkout jch
	$ sh Meta/redo-jch.sh

	When all is well, clean up the redo-jch.sh script with

	$ sh Meta/redo-jch.sh -u

	This removes topics listed in the script that have already been
	merged to 'master'. This may lose '### match next' marker;
	add it again to the appropriate place when it happens.

	- Rebuild 'seen'.

	$ Meta/Reintegrate jch..seen >Meta/redo-seen.sh

	Edit the result by adding new topics that are not still in 'seen'
	in the script. Then

	$ git checkout -B seen jch
	$ sh Meta/redo-seen.sh

	When all is well, clean up the redo-seen.sh script with

	$ sh Meta/redo-seen.sh -u

	Double check by running

	$ git branch --no-merged seen

	to see there is no unexpected leftover topics.

	At this point, build-test the result for semantic conflicts, and
	if there are, prepare an appropriate merge-fix first (see
	appendix), and rebuild the 'seen' branch from scratch, starting at
	the tip of 'jch'.

	- Update "What's cooking" message to review the updates to
	existing topics, newly added topics and graduated topics.

	This step is helped with Meta/cook script.

	$ Meta/cook

	This script inspects the history between master..seen, finds tips
	of topic branches, compares what it found with the current
	contents in Meta/whats-cooking.txt, and updates that file.
	Topics not listed in the file but are found in master..seen are
	added to the "New topics" section, topics listed in the file that
	are no longer found in master..seen are moved to the "Graduated to
	master" section, and topics whose commits changed their states
	(e.g. used to be only in 'seen', now merged to 'next') are updated
	with change markers "<<" and ">>".

	Look for lines enclosed in "<<" and ">>"; they hold contents from
	old file that are replaced by this integration round. After
	verifying them, remove the old part. Review the description for
	each topic and update its doneness and plan as needed. To review
	the updated plan, run

	$ Meta/cook -w

	which will pick up comments given to the topics, such as "Will
	merge to 'next'", etc. (see Meta/cook script to learn what kind
	of phrases are supported).

	- Compile, test and install all four (five) integration branches;
	Meta/Dothem script may aid this step.

	- Format documentation if the 'master' branch was updated;
	Meta/dodoc.sh script may aid this step.

	- Push the integration branches out to public places; Meta/pushall
	script may aid this step.

	Observations
	------------

	Some observations to be made.

	* Each topic is tested individually, and also together with other
	topics cooking first in 'seen', then in 'jch' and then in 'next'.
	Until it matures, no part of it is merged to 'master'.

	* A topic already in 'next' can get fixes while still in
	'next'. Such a topic will have many merges to 'next' (in
	other words, "git log --first-parent next" will show many
	"Merge branch 'ai/topic' to next" for the same topic.

	* An unobvious fix for 'maint' is cooked in 'next' and then
	merged to 'master' to make extra sure it is Ok and then
	merged to 'maint'.

	* Even when 'next' becomes empty (in other words, all topics
	prove stable and are merged to 'master' and "git diff master
	next" shows empty), it has tons of merge commits that will
	never be in 'master'.

	* In principle, "git log --first-parent master..next" should
	show nothing but merges (in practice, there are fixup commits
	and reverts that are not merges).

	* Commits near the tip of a topic branch that are not in 'next'
	are fair game to be discarded, replaced or rewritten.
	Commits already merged to 'next' will not be.

	* Being in the 'next' branch is not a guarantee for a topic to
	be included in the next feature release. Being in the
	'master' branch typically is.

	* Due to the nature of "SQUASH???" fix-ups, if the original author
	agrees with the suggested changes, it is OK to squash them to
	appropriate patches in the next round (when the suggested change
	is small enough, the author should not even bother with
	"Helped-by"). It is also OK to drop them from the next round
	when the original author does not agree with the suggestion, but
	the author is expected to say why somewhere in the discussion.


	Appendix
	--------

	Preparing a "merge-fix"
	~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

	A merge of two topics may not textually conflict but still have
	conflict at the semantic level. A classic example is for one topic
	to rename an variable and all its uses, while another topic adds a
	new use of the variable under its old name. When these two topics
	are merged together, the reference to the variable newly added by
	the latter topic will still use the old name in the result.

	The Meta/Reintegrate script that is used by redo-jch and redo-seen
	scripts implements a crude but usable way to work this issue around.
	When the script merges branch $X, it checks if "refs/merge-fix/$X"
	exists, and if so, the effect of it is squashed into the result of
	the mechanical merge. In other words,

	$ echo $X \| Meta/Reintegrate

	is roughly equivalent to this sequence:

	$ git merge --rerere-autoupdate $X
	$ git commit
	$ git cherry-pick -n refs/merge-fix/$X
	$ git commit --amend

	The goal of this "prepare a merge-fix" step is to come up with a
	commit that can be squashed into a result of mechanical merge to
	correct semantic conflicts.

	After finding that the result of merging branch "ai/topic" to an
	integration branch had such a semantic conflict, say seen~4, check the
	problematic merge out on a detached HEAD, edit the working tree to
	fix the semantic conflict, and make a separate commit to record the
	fix-up:

	$ git checkout seen~4
	$ git show -s --pretty=%s ;# double check
	Merge branch 'ai/topic' to seen
	$ edit
	$ git commit -m 'merge-fix/ai/topic' -a

	Then make a reference "refs/merge-fix/ai/topic" to point at this
	result:

	$ git update-ref refs/merge-fix/ai/topic HEAD

	Then double check the result by asking Meta/Reintegrate to redo the
	merge:

	$ git checkout seen~5 ;# the parent of the problem merge
	$ echo ai/topic \| Meta/Reintegrate
	$ git diff seen~4

	This time, because you prepared refs/merge-fix/ai/topic, the
	resulting merge should have been tweaked to include the fix for the
	semantic conflict.

	Note that this assumes that the order in which conflicting branches
	are merged does not change. If the reason why merging ai/topic
	branch needs this merge-fix is because another branch merged earlier
	to the integration branch changed the underlying assumption ai/topic
	branch made (e.g. ai/topic branch added a site to refer to a
	variable, while the other branch renamed that variable and adjusted
	existing use sites), and if you changed redo-jch (or redo-seen) script
	to merge ai/topic branch before the other branch, then the above
	merge-fix should not be applied while merging ai/topic, but should
	instead be applied while merging the other branch. You would need
	to move the fix to apply to the other branch, perhaps like this:

	$ mf=refs/merge-fix
	$ git update-ref $mf/$the_other_branch $mf/ai/topic
	$ git update-ref -d $mf/ai/topic