perl/private-Error.pm - jrn/git - Git at Google

 # Error.pm
 #
 # Copyright (c) 1997-8 Graham Barr <gbarr@ti.com>. All rights reserved.
 # This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
 # modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.
 #
 # Based on my original Error.pm, and Exceptions.pm by Peter Seibel
 # <peter@weblogic.com> and adapted by Jesse Glick <jglick@sig.bsh.com>.
 #
 # but modified ***significantly***

 package Error;

 use strict;
 use vars qw($VERSION);
 use 5.004;

 $VERSION = "0.15009";

 use overload (
 	'""'	   =>	'stringify',
 	'0+'	   =>	'value',
 	'bool'     =>	sub { return 1; },
 	'fallback' =>	1
 );

 $Error::Depth = 0;	# Depth to pass to caller()
 $Error::Debug = 0;	# Generate verbose stack traces
 @Error::STACK = ();	# Clause stack for try
 $Error::THROWN = undef;	# last error thrown, a workaround until die $ref works

 my $LAST;		# Last error created
 my %ERROR;		# Last error associated with package

 sub throw_Error_Simple
 {
     my $args = shift;
     return Error::Simple->new($args->{'text'});
 }

 $Error::ObjectifyCallback = \&throw_Error_Simple;


 # Exported subs are defined in Error::subs

 sub import {
     shift;
     local $Exporter::ExportLevel = $Exporter::ExportLevel + 1;
     Error::subs->import(@_);
 }

 # I really want to use last for the name of this method, but it is a keyword
 # which prevent the syntax  last Error

 sub prior {
     shift; # ignore

     return $LAST unless @_;

     my $pkg = shift;
     return exists $ERROR{$pkg} ? $ERROR{$pkg} : undef
 	unless ref($pkg);

     my $obj = $pkg;
     my $err = undef;
     if($obj->isa('HASH')) {
 	$err = $obj->{'__Error__'}
 	    if exists $obj->{'__Error__'};
     }
     elsif($obj->isa('GLOB')) {
 	$err = ${*$obj}{'__Error__'}
 	    if exists ${*$obj}{'__Error__'};
     }

     $err;
 }

 sub flush {
     shift; #ignore

     unless (@_) {
        $LAST = undef;
        return;
     }

     my $pkg = shift;
     return unless ref($pkg);

     undef $ERROR{$pkg} if defined $ERROR{$pkg};
 }

 # Return as much information as possible about where the error
 # happened. The -stacktrace element only exists if $Error::DEBUG
 # was set when the error was created

 sub stacktrace {
     my $self = shift;

     return $self->{'-stacktrace'}
 	if exists $self->{'-stacktrace'};

     my $text = exists $self->{'-text'} ? $self->{'-text'} : "Died";

     $text .= sprintf(" at %s line %d.\n", $self->file, $self->line)
 	unless($text =~ /\n$/s);

     $text;
 }

 # Allow error propagation, ie
 #
 # $ber->encode(...) or
 #    return Error->prior($ber)->associate($ldap);

 sub associate {
     my $err = shift;
     my $obj = shift;

     return unless ref($obj);

     if($obj->isa('HASH')) {
 	$obj->{'__Error__'} = $err;
     }
     elsif($obj->isa('GLOB')) {
 	${*$obj}{'__Error__'} = $err;
     }
     $obj = ref($obj);
     $ERROR{ ref($obj) } = $err;

     return;
 }

 sub new {
     my $self = shift;
     my($pkg,$file,$line) = caller($Error::Depth);

     my $err = bless {
 	'-package' => $pkg,
 	'-file'    => $file,
 	'-line'    => $line,
 	@_
     }, $self;

     $err->associate($err->{'-object'})
 	if(exists $err->{'-object'});

     # To always create a stacktrace would be very inefficient, so
     # we only do it if $Error::Debug is set

     if($Error::Debug) {
 	require Carp;
 	local $Carp::CarpLevel = $Error::Depth;
 	my $text = defined($err->{'-text'}) ? $err->{'-text'} : "Error";
 	my $trace = Carp::longmess($text);
 	# Remove try calls from the trace
 	$trace =~ s/(\n\s+\S+__ANON__[^\n]+)?\n\s+eval[^\n]+\n\s+Error::subs::try[^\n]+(?=\n)//sog;
 	$trace =~ s/(\n\s+\S+__ANON__[^\n]+)?\n\s+eval[^\n]+\n\s+Error::subs::run_clauses[^\n]+\n\s+Error::subs::try[^\n]+(?=\n)//sog;
 	$err->{'-stacktrace'} = $trace
     }

     $@ = $LAST = $ERROR{$pkg} = $err;
 }

 # Throw an error. this contains some very gory code.

 sub throw {
     my $self = shift;
     local $Error::Depth = $Error::Depth + 1;

     # if we are not rethrow-ing then create the object to throw
     $self = $self->new(@_) unless ref($self);

     die $Error::THROWN = $self;
 }

 # syntactic sugar for
 #
 #    die with Error( ... );

 sub with {
     my $self = shift;
     local $Error::Depth = $Error::Depth + 1;

     $self->new(@_);
 }

 # syntactic sugar for
 #
 #    record Error( ... ) and return;

 sub record {
     my $self = shift;
     local $Error::Depth = $Error::Depth + 1;

     $self->new(@_);
 }

 # catch clause for
 #
 # try { ... } catch CLASS with { ... }

 sub catch {
     my $pkg = shift;
     my $code = shift;
     my $clauses = shift || {};
     my $catch = $clauses->{'catch'} ||= [];

     unshift @$catch,  $pkg, $code;

     $clauses;
 }

 # Object query methods

 sub object {
     my $self = shift;
     exists $self->{'-object'} ? $self->{'-object'} : undef;
 }

 sub file {
     my $self = shift;
     exists $self->{'-file'} ? $self->{'-file'} : undef;
 }

 sub line {
     my $self = shift;
     exists $self->{'-line'} ? $self->{'-line'} : undef;
 }

 sub text {
     my $self = shift;
     exists $self->{'-text'} ? $self->{'-text'} : undef;
 }

 # overload methods

 sub stringify {
     my $self = shift;
     defined $self->{'-text'} ? $self->{'-text'} : "Died";
 }

 sub value {
     my $self = shift;
     exists $self->{'-value'} ? $self->{'-value'} : undef;
 }

 package Error::Simple;

 @Error::Simple::ISA = qw(Error);

 sub new {
     my $self  = shift;
     my $text  = "" . shift;
     my $value = shift;
     my(@args) = ();

     local $Error::Depth = $Error::Depth + 1;

     @args = ( -file => $1, -line => $2)
 	if($text =~ s/\s+at\s+(\S+)\s+line\s+(\d+)(?:,\s*<[^>]*>\s+line\s+\d+)?\.?\n?$//s);
     push(@args, '-value', 0 + $value)
 	if defined($value);

     $self->SUPER::new(-text => $text, @args);
 }

 sub stringify {
     my $self = shift;
     my $text = $self->SUPER::stringify;
     $text .= sprintf(" at %s line %d.\n", $self->file, $self->line)
 	unless($text =~ /\n$/s);
     $text;
 }

 ##########################################################################
 ##########################################################################

 # Inspired by code from Jesse Glick <jglick@sig.bsh.com> and
 # Peter Seibel <peter@weblogic.com>

 package Error::subs;

 use Exporter ();
 use vars qw(@EXPORT_OK @ISA %EXPORT_TAGS);

 @EXPORT_OK   = qw(try with finally except otherwise);
 %EXPORT_TAGS = (try => \@EXPORT_OK);

 @ISA = qw(Exporter);


 sub blessed {
 	my $item = shift;
 	local $@; # don't kill an outer $@
 	ref $item and eval { $item->can('can') };
 }


 sub run_clauses ($$$\@) {
     my($clauses,$err,$wantarray,$result) = @_;
     my $code = undef;

     $err = $Error::ObjectifyCallback->({'text' =>$err}) unless ref($err);

     CATCH: {

 	# catch
 	my $catch;
 	if(defined($catch = $clauses->{'catch'})) {
 	    my $i = 0;

 	    CATCHLOOP:
 	    for( ; $i < @$catch ; $i += 2) {
 		my $pkg = $catch->[$i];
 		unless(defined $pkg) {
 		    #except
 		    splice(@$catch,$i,2,$catch->[$i+1]->());
 		    $i -= 2;
 		    next CATCHLOOP;
 		}
 		elsif(blessed($err) && $err->isa($pkg)) {
 		    $code = $catch->[$i+1];
 		    while(1) {
 			my $more = 0;
 			local($Error::THROWN);
 			my $ok = eval {
 			    if($wantarray) {
 				@{$result} = $code->($err,\$more);
 			    }
 			    elsif(defined($wantarray)) {
 			        @{$result} = ();
 				$result->[0] = $code->($err,\$more);
 			    }
 			    else {
 				$code->($err,\$more);
 			    }
 			    1;
 			};
 			if( $ok ) {
 			    next CATCHLOOP if $more;
 			    undef $err;
 			}
 			else {
 			    $err = defined($Error::THROWN)
 				    ? $Error::THROWN : $@;
                 $err = $Error::ObjectifyCallback->({'text' =>$err})
                     unless ref($err);
 			}
 			last CATCH;
 		    };
 		}
 	    }
 	}

 	# otherwise
 	my $owise;
 	if(defined($owise = $clauses->{'otherwise'})) {
 	    my $code = $clauses->{'otherwise'};
 	    my $more = 0;
 	    my $ok = eval {
 		if($wantarray) {
 		    @{$result} = $code->($err,\$more);
 		}
 		elsif(defined($wantarray)) {
 		    @{$result} = ();
 		    $result->[0] = $code->($err,\$more);
 		}
 		else {
 		    $code->($err,\$more);
 		}
 		1;
 	    };
 	    if( $ok ) {
 		undef $err;
 	    }
 	    else {
 		$err = defined($Error::THROWN)
 			? $Error::THROWN : $@;

         $err = $Error::ObjectifyCallback->({'text' =>$err})
             unless ref($err);
 	    }
 	}
     }
     $err;
 }

 sub try (&;$) {
     my $try = shift;
     my $clauses = @_ ? shift : {};
     my $ok = 0;
     my $err = undef;
     my @result = ();

     unshift @Error::STACK, $clauses;

     my $wantarray = wantarray();

     do {
 	local $Error::THROWN = undef;
     local $@ = undef;

 	$ok = eval {
 	    if($wantarray) {
 		@result = $try->();
 	    }
 	    elsif(defined $wantarray) {
 		$result[0] = $try->();
 	    }
 	    else {
 		$try->();
 	    }
 	    1;
 	};

 	$err = defined($Error::THROWN) ? $Error::THROWN : $@
 	    unless $ok;
     };

     shift @Error::STACK;

     $err = run_clauses($clauses,$err,wantarray,@result)
 	unless($ok);

     $clauses->{'finally'}->()
 	if(defined($clauses->{'finally'}));

     if (defined($err))
     {
         if (blessed($err) && $err->can('throw'))
         {
             throw $err;
         }
         else
         {
             die $err;
         }
     }

     wantarray ? @result : $result[0];
 }

 # Each clause adds a sub to the list of clauses. The finally clause is
 # always the last, and the otherwise clause is always added just before
 # the finally clause.
 #
 # All clauses, except the finally clause, add a sub which takes one argument
 # this argument will be the error being thrown. The sub will return a code ref
 # if that clause can handle that error, otherwise undef is returned.
 #
 # The otherwise clause adds a sub which unconditionally returns the users
 # code reference, this is why it is forced to be last.
 #
 # The catch clause is defined in Error.pm, as the syntax causes it to
 # be called as a method

 sub with (&;$) {
     @_
 }

 sub finally (&) {
     my $code = shift;
     my $clauses = { 'finally' => $code };
     $clauses;
 }

 # The except clause is a block which returns a hashref or a list of
 # key-value pairs, where the keys are the classes and the values are subs.

 sub except (&;$) {
     my $code = shift;
     my $clauses = shift || {};
     my $catch = $clauses->{'catch'} ||= [];

     my $sub = sub {
 	my $ref;
 	my(@array) = $code->($_[0]);
 	if(@array == 1 && ref($array[0])) {
 	    $ref = $array[0];
 	    $ref = [ %$ref ]
 		if(UNIVERSAL::isa($ref,'HASH'));
 	}
 	else {
 	    $ref = \@array;
 	}
 	@$ref
     };

     unshift @{$catch}, undef, $sub;

     $clauses;
 }

 sub otherwise (&;$) {
     my $code = shift;
     my $clauses = shift || {};

     if(exists $clauses->{'otherwise'}) {
 	require Carp;
 	Carp::croak("Multiple otherwise clauses");
     }

     $clauses->{'otherwise'} = $code;

     $clauses;
 }

 1;
 __END__

 =head1 NAME

 Error - Error/exception handling in an OO-ish way

 =head1 SYNOPSIS

     use Error qw(:try);

     throw Error::Simple( "A simple error");

     sub xyz {
         ...
 	record Error::Simple("A simple error")
 	    and return;
     }

     unlink($file) or throw Error::Simple("$file: $!",$!);

     try {
 	do_some_stuff();
 	die "error!" if $condition;
 	throw Error::Simple -text => "Oops!" if $other_condition;
     }
     catch Error::IO with {
 	my $E = shift;
 	print STDERR "File ", $E->{'-file'}, " had a problem\n";
     }
     except {
 	my $E = shift;
 	my $general_handler=sub {send_message $E->{-description}};
 	return {
 	    UserException1 => $general_handler,
 	    UserException2 => $general_handler
 	};
     }
     otherwise {
 	print STDERR "Well I don't know what to say\n";
     }
     finally {
 	close_the_garage_door_already(); # Should be reliable
     }; # Don't forget the trailing ; or you might be surprised

 =head1 DESCRIPTION

 The C<Error> package provides two interfaces. Firstly C<Error> provides
 a procedural interface to exception handling. Secondly C<Error> is a
 base class for errors/exceptions that can either be thrown, for
 subsequent catch, or can simply be recorded.

 Errors in the class C<Error> should not be thrown directly, but the
 user should throw errors from a sub-class of C<Error>.

 =head1 PROCEDURAL INTERFACE

 C<Error> exports subroutines to perform exception handling. These will
 be exported if the C<:try> tag is used in the C<use> line.

 =over 4

 =item try BLOCK CLAUSES

 C<try> is the main subroutine called by the user. All other subroutines
 exported are clauses to the try subroutine.

 The BLOCK will be evaluated and, if no error is throw, try will return
 the result of the block.

 C<CLAUSES> are the subroutines below, which describe what to do in the
 event of an error being thrown within BLOCK.

 =item catch CLASS with BLOCK

 This clauses will cause all errors that satisfy C<$err-E<gt>isa(CLASS)>
 to be caught and handled by evaluating C<BLOCK>.

 C<BLOCK> will be passed two arguments. The first will be the error
 being thrown. The second is a reference to a scalar variable. If this
 variable is set by the catch block then, on return from the catch
 block, try will continue processing as if the catch block was never
 found.

 To propagate the error the catch block may call C<$err-E<gt>throw>

 If the scalar reference by the second argument is not set, and the
 error is not thrown. Then the current try block will return with the
 result from the catch block.

 =item except BLOCK

 When C<try> is looking for a handler, if an except clause is found
 C<BLOCK> is evaluated. The return value from this block should be a
 HASHREF or a list of key-value pairs, where the keys are class names
 and the values are CODE references for the handler of errors of that
 type.

 =item otherwise BLOCK

 Catch any error by executing the code in C<BLOCK>

 When evaluated C<BLOCK> will be passed one argument, which will be the
 error being processed.

 Only one otherwise block may be specified per try block

 =item finally BLOCK

 Execute the code in C<BLOCK> either after the code in the try block has
 successfully completed, or if the try block throws an error then
 C<BLOCK> will be executed after the handler has completed.

 If the handler throws an error then the error will be caught, the
 finally block will be executed and the error will be re-thrown.

 Only one finally block may be specified per try block

 =back

 =head1 CLASS INTERFACE

 =head2 CONSTRUCTORS

 The C<Error> object is implemented as a HASH. This HASH is initialized
 with the arguments that are passed to its constructor. The elements
 that are used by, or are retrievable by the C<Error> class are listed
 below, other classes may add to these.

 	-file
 	-line
 	-text
 	-value
 	-object

 If C<-file> or C<-line> are not specified in the constructor arguments
 then these will be initialized with the file name and line number where
 the constructor was called from.

 If the error is associated with an object then the object should be
 passed as the C<-object> argument. This will allow the C<Error> package
 to associate the error with the object.

 The C<Error> package remembers the last error created, and also the
 last error associated with a package. This could either be the last
 error created by a sub in that package, or the last error which passed
 an object blessed into that package as the C<-object> argument.

 =over 4

 =item throw ( [ ARGS ] )

 Create a new C<Error> object and throw an error, which will be caught
 by a surrounding C<try> block, if there is one. Otherwise it will cause
 the program to exit.

 C<throw> may also be called on an existing error to re-throw it.

 =item with ( [ ARGS ] )

 Create a new C<Error> object and returns it. This is defined for
 syntactic sugar, eg

     die with Some::Error ( ... );

 =item record ( [ ARGS ] )

 Create a new C<Error> object and returns it. This is defined for
 syntactic sugar, eg

     record Some::Error ( ... )
 	and return;

 =back

 =head2 STATIC METHODS

 =over 4

 =item prior ( [ PACKAGE ] )

 Return the last error created, or the last error associated with
 C<PACKAGE>

 =item flush ( [ PACKAGE ] )

 Flush the last error created, or the last error associated with
 C<PACKAGE>.It is necessary to clear the error stack before exiting the
 package or uncaught errors generated using C<record> will be reported.

      $Error->flush;

 =cut

 =back

 =head2 OBJECT METHODS

 =over 4

 =item stacktrace

 If the variable C<$Error::Debug> was non-zero when the error was
 created, then C<stacktrace> returns a string created by calling
 C<Carp::longmess>. If the variable was zero the C<stacktrace> returns
 the text of the error appended with the filename and line number of
 where the error was created, providing the text does not end with a
 newline.

 =item object

 The object this error was associated with

 =item file

 The file where the constructor of this error was called from

 =item line

 The line where the constructor of this error was called from

 =item text

 The text of the error

 =back

 =head2 OVERLOAD METHODS

 =over 4

 =item stringify

 A method that converts the object into a string. This method may simply
 return the same as the C<text> method, or it may append more
 information. For example the file name and line number.

 By default this method returns the C<-text> argument that was passed to
 the constructor, or the string C<"Died"> if none was given.

 =item value

 A method that will return a value that can be associated with the
 error. For example if an error was created due to the failure of a
 system call, then this may return the numeric value of C<$!> at the
 time.

 By default this method returns the C<-value> argument that was passed
 to the constructor.

 =back

 =head1 PRE-DEFINED ERROR CLASSES

 =over 4

 =item Error::Simple

 This class can be used to hold simple error strings and values. Its
 constructor takes two arguments. The first is a text value, the second
 is a numeric value. These values are what will be returned by the
 overload methods.

 If the text value ends with C<at file line 1> as $@ strings do, then
 this information will be used to set the C<-file> and C<-line> arguments
 of the error object.

 This class is used internally if an eval'd block die's with an error
 that is a plain string. (Unless C<$Error::ObjectifyCallback> is modified)

 =back

 =head1 $Error::ObjectifyCallback

 This variable holds a reference to a subroutine that converts errors that
 are plain strings to objects. It is used by Error.pm to convert textual
 errors to objects, and can be overridden by the user.

 It accepts a single argument which is a hash reference to named parameters.
 Currently the only named parameter passed is C<'text'> which is the text
 of the error, but others may be available in the future.

 For example the following code will cause Error.pm to throw objects of the
 class MyError::Bar by default:

     sub throw_MyError_Bar
     {
         my $args = shift;
         my $err = MyError::Bar->new();
         $err->{'MyBarText'} = $args->{'text'};
         return $err;
     }

     {
         local $Error::ObjectifyCallback = \&throw_MyError_Bar;

         # Error handling here.
     }

 =head1 KNOWN BUGS

 None, but that does not mean there are not any.

 =head1 AUTHORS

 Graham Barr <gbarr@pobox.com>

 The code that inspired me to write this was originally written by
 Peter Seibel <peter@weblogic.com> and adapted by Jesse Glick
 <jglick@sig.bsh.com>.

 =head1 MAINTAINER

 Shlomi Fish <shlomif@iglu.org.il>

 =head1 PAST MAINTAINERS

 Arun Kumar U <u_arunkumar@yahoo.com>

 =cut
	# Error.pm
	#
	# Copyright (c) 1997-8 Graham Barr <gbarr@ti.com>. All rights reserved.
	# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
	# modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.
	#
	# Based on my original Error.pm, and Exceptions.pm by Peter Seibel
	# <peter@weblogic.com> and adapted by Jesse Glick <jglick@sig.bsh.com>.
	#
	# but modified *significantly*

	package Error;

	use strict;
	use vars qw($VERSION);
	use 5.004;

	$VERSION = "0.15009";

	use overload (
	'""' => 'stringify',
	'0+' => 'value',
	'bool' => sub { return 1; },
	'fallback' => 1
	);

	$Error::Depth = 0; # Depth to pass to caller()
	$Error::Debug = 0; # Generate verbose stack traces
	@Error::STACK = (); # Clause stack for try
	$Error::THROWN = undef; # last error thrown, a workaround until die $ref works

	my $LAST; # Last error created
	my %ERROR; # Last error associated with package

	sub throw_Error_Simple
	{
	my $args = shift;
	return Error::Simple->new($args->{'text'});
	}

	$Error::ObjectifyCallback = \&throw_Error_Simple;


	# Exported subs are defined in Error::subs

	sub import {
	shift;
	local $Exporter::ExportLevel = $Exporter::ExportLevel + 1;
	Error::subs->import(@_);
	}

	# I really want to use last for the name of this method, but it is a keyword
	# which prevent the syntax last Error

	sub prior {
	shift; # ignore

	return $LAST unless @_;

	my $pkg = shift;
	return exists $ERROR{$pkg} ? $ERROR{$pkg} : undef
	unless ref($pkg);

	my $obj = $pkg;
	my $err = undef;
	if($obj->isa('HASH')) {
	$err = $obj->{'__Error__'}
	if exists $obj->{'__Error__'};
	}
	elsif($obj->isa('GLOB')) {
	$err = ${*$obj}{'__Error__'}
	if exists ${*$obj}{'__Error__'};
	}

	$err;
	}

	sub flush {
	shift; #ignore

	unless (@_) {
	$LAST = undef;
	return;
	}

	my $pkg = shift;
	return unless ref($pkg);

	undef $ERROR{$pkg} if defined $ERROR{$pkg};
	}

	# Return as much information as possible about where the error
	# happened. The -stacktrace element only exists if $Error::DEBUG
	# was set when the error was created

	sub stacktrace {
	my $self = shift;

	return $self->{'-stacktrace'}
	if exists $self->{'-stacktrace'};

	my $text = exists $self->{'-text'} ? $self->{'-text'} : "Died";

	$text .= sprintf(" at %s line %d.\n", $self->file, $self->line)
	unless($text =~ /\n$/s);

	$text;
	}

	# Allow error propagation, ie
	#
	# $ber->encode(...) or
	# return Error->prior($ber)->associate($ldap);

	sub associate {
	my $err = shift;
	my $obj = shift;

	return unless ref($obj);

	if($obj->isa('HASH')) {
	$obj->{'__Error__'} = $err;
	}
	elsif($obj->isa('GLOB')) {
	${*$obj}{'__Error__'} = $err;
	}
	$obj = ref($obj);
	$ERROR{ ref($obj) } = $err;

	return;
	}

	sub new {
	my $self = shift;
	my($pkg,$file,$line) = caller($Error::Depth);

	my $err = bless {
	'-package' => $pkg,
	'-file' => $file,
	'-line' => $line,
	@_
	}, $self;

	$err->associate($err->{'-object'})
	if(exists $err->{'-object'});

	# To always create a stacktrace would be very inefficient, so
	# we only do it if $Error::Debug is set

	if($Error::Debug) {
	require Carp;
	local $Carp::CarpLevel = $Error::Depth;
	my $text = defined($err->{'-text'}) ? $err->{'-text'} : "Error";
	my $trace = Carp::longmess($text);
	# Remove try calls from the trace
	$trace =~ s/(\n\s+\S+__ANON__[^\n]+)?\n\s+eval[^\n]+\n\s+Error::subs::try[^\n]+(?=\n)//sog;
	$trace =~ s/(\n\s+\S+__ANON__[^\n]+)?\n\s+eval[^\n]+\n\s+Error::subs::run_clauses[^\n]+\n\s+Error::subs::try[^\n]+(?=\n)//sog;
	$err->{'-stacktrace'} = $trace
	}

	$@ = $LAST = $ERROR{$pkg} = $err;
	}

	# Throw an error. this contains some very gory code.

	sub throw {
	my $self = shift;
	local $Error::Depth = $Error::Depth + 1;

	# if we are not rethrow-ing then create the object to throw
	$self = $self->new(@_) unless ref($self);

	die $Error::THROWN = $self;
	}

	# syntactic sugar for
	#
	# die with Error( ... );

	sub with {
	my $self = shift;
	local $Error::Depth = $Error::Depth + 1;

	$self->new(@_);
	}

	# syntactic sugar for
	#
	# record Error( ... ) and return;

	sub record {
	my $self = shift;
	local $Error::Depth = $Error::Depth + 1;

	$self->new(@_);
	}

	# catch clause for
	#
	# try { ... } catch CLASS with { ... }

	sub catch {
	my $pkg = shift;
	my $code = shift;
	my $clauses = shift \|\| {};
	my $catch = $clauses->{'catch'} \|\|= [];

	unshift @$catch, $pkg, $code;

	$clauses;
	}

	# Object query methods

	sub object {
	my $self = shift;
	exists $self->{'-object'} ? $self->{'-object'} : undef;
	}

	sub file {
	my $self = shift;
	exists $self->{'-file'} ? $self->{'-file'} : undef;
	}

	sub line {
	my $self = shift;
	exists $self->{'-line'} ? $self->{'-line'} : undef;
	}

	sub text {
	my $self = shift;
	exists $self->{'-text'} ? $self->{'-text'} : undef;
	}

	# overload methods

	sub stringify {
	my $self = shift;
	defined $self->{'-text'} ? $self->{'-text'} : "Died";
	}

	sub value {
	my $self = shift;
	exists $self->{'-value'} ? $self->{'-value'} : undef;
	}

	package Error::Simple;

	@Error::Simple::ISA = qw(Error);

	sub new {
	my $self = shift;
	my $text = "" . shift;
	my $value = shift;
	my(@args) = ();

	local $Error::Depth = $Error::Depth + 1;

	@args = ( -file => $1, -line => $2)
	if($text =~ s/\s+at\s+(\S+)\s+line\s+(\d+)(?:,\s<[^>]>\s+line\s+\d+)?\.?\n?$//s);
	push(@args, '-value', 0 + $value)
	if defined($value);

	$self->SUPER::new(-text => $text, @args);
	}

	sub stringify {
	my $self = shift;
	my $text = $self->SUPER::stringify;
	$text .= sprintf(" at %s line %d.\n", $self->file, $self->line)
	unless($text =~ /\n$/s);
	$text;
	}

	##########################################################################
	##########################################################################

	# Inspired by code from Jesse Glick <jglick@sig.bsh.com> and
	# Peter Seibel <peter@weblogic.com>

	package Error::subs;

	use Exporter ();
	use vars qw(@EXPORT_OK @ISA %EXPORT_TAGS);

	@EXPORT_OK = qw(try with finally except otherwise);
	%EXPORT_TAGS = (try => \@EXPORT_OK);

	@ISA = qw(Exporter);


	sub blessed {
	my $item = shift;
	local $@; # don't kill an outer $@
	ref $item and eval { $item->can('can') };
	}


	sub run_clauses ($$$\@) {
	my($clauses,$err,$wantarray,$result) = @_;
	my $code = undef;

	$err = $Error::ObjectifyCallback->({'text' =>$err}) unless ref($err);

	CATCH: {

	# catch
	my $catch;
	if(defined($catch = $clauses->{'catch'})) {
	my $i = 0;

	CATCHLOOP:
	for( ; $i < @$catch ; $i += 2) {
	my $pkg = $catch->[$i];
	unless(defined $pkg) {
	#except
	splice(@$catch,$i,2,$catch->[$i+1]->());
	$i -= 2;
	next CATCHLOOP;
	}
	elsif(blessed($err) && $err->isa($pkg)) {
	$code = $catch->[$i+1];
	while(1) {
	my $more = 0;
	local($Error::THROWN);
	my $ok = eval {
	if($wantarray) {
	@{$result} = $code->($err,\$more);
	}
	elsif(defined($wantarray)) {
	@{$result} = ();
	$result->[0] = $code->($err,\$more);
	}
	else {
	$code->($err,\$more);
	}
	1;
	};
	if( $ok ) {
	next CATCHLOOP if $more;
	undef $err;
	}
	else {
	$err = defined($Error::THROWN)
	? $Error::THROWN : $@;
	$err = $Error::ObjectifyCallback->({'text' =>$err})
	unless ref($err);
	}
	last CATCH;
	};
	}
	}
	}

	# otherwise
	my $owise;
	if(defined($owise = $clauses->{'otherwise'})) {
	my $code = $clauses->{'otherwise'};
	my $more = 0;
	my $ok = eval {
	if($wantarray) {
	@{$result} = $code->($err,\$more);
	}
	elsif(defined($wantarray)) {
	@{$result} = ();
	$result->[0] = $code->($err,\$more);
	}
	else {
	$code->($err,\$more);
	}
	1;
	};
	if( $ok ) {
	undef $err;
	}
	else {
	$err = defined($Error::THROWN)
	? $Error::THROWN : $@;

	$err = $Error::ObjectifyCallback->({'text' =>$err})
	unless ref($err);
	}
	}
	}
	$err;
	}

	sub try (&;$) {
	my $try = shift;
	my $clauses = @_ ? shift : {};
	my $ok = 0;
	my $err = undef;
	my @result = ();

	unshift @Error::STACK, $clauses;

	my $wantarray = wantarray();

	do {
	local $Error::THROWN = undef;
	local $@ = undef;

	$ok = eval {
	if($wantarray) {
	@result = $try->();
	}
	elsif(defined $wantarray) {
	$result[0] = $try->();
	}
	else {
	$try->();
	}
	1;
	};

	$err = defined($Error::THROWN) ? $Error::THROWN : $@
	unless $ok;
	};

	shift @Error::STACK;

	$err = run_clauses($clauses,$err,wantarray,@result)
	unless($ok);

	$clauses->{'finally'}->()
	if(defined($clauses->{'finally'}));

	if (defined($err))
	{
	if (blessed($err) && $err->can('throw'))
	{
	throw $err;
	}
	else
	{
	die $err;
	}
	}

	wantarray ? @result : $result[0];
	}

	# Each clause adds a sub to the list of clauses. The finally clause is
	# always the last, and the otherwise clause is always added just before
	# the finally clause.
	#
	# All clauses, except the finally clause, add a sub which takes one argument
	# this argument will be the error being thrown. The sub will return a code ref
	# if that clause can handle that error, otherwise undef is returned.
	#
	# The otherwise clause adds a sub which unconditionally returns the users
	# code reference, this is why it is forced to be last.
	#
	# The catch clause is defined in Error.pm, as the syntax causes it to
	# be called as a method

	sub with (&;$) {
	@_
	}

	sub finally (&) {
	my $code = shift;
	my $clauses = { 'finally' => $code };
	$clauses;
	}

	# The except clause is a block which returns a hashref or a list of
	# key-value pairs, where the keys are the classes and the values are subs.

	sub except (&;$) {
	my $code = shift;
	my $clauses = shift \|\| {};
	my $catch = $clauses->{'catch'} \|\|= [];

	my $sub = sub {
	my $ref;
	my(@array) = $code->($_[0]);
	if(@array == 1 && ref($array[0])) {
	$ref = $array[0];
	$ref = [ %$ref ]
	if(UNIVERSAL::isa($ref,'HASH'));
	}
	else {
	$ref = \@array;
	}
	@$ref
	};

	unshift @{$catch}, undef, $sub;

	$clauses;
	}

	sub otherwise (&;$) {
	my $code = shift;
	my $clauses = shift \|\| {};

	if(exists $clauses->{'otherwise'}) {
	require Carp;
	Carp::croak("Multiple otherwise clauses");
	}

	$clauses->{'otherwise'} = $code;

	$clauses;
	}

	1;
	__END__

	=head1 NAME

	Error - Error/exception handling in an OO-ish way

	=head1 SYNOPSIS

	use Error qw(:try);

	throw Error::Simple( "A simple error");

	sub xyz {
	...
	record Error::Simple("A simple error")
	and return;
	}

	unlink($file) or throw Error::Simple("$file: $!",$!);

	try {
	do_some_stuff();
	die "error!" if $condition;
	throw Error::Simple -text => "Oops!" if $other_condition;
	}
	catch Error::IO with {
	my $E = shift;
	print STDERR "File ", $E->{'-file'}, " had a problem\n";
	}
	except {
	my $E = shift;
	my $general_handler=sub {send_message $E->{-description}};
	return {
	UserException1 => $general_handler,
	UserException2 => $general_handler
	};
	}
	otherwise {
	print STDERR "Well I don't know what to say\n";
	}
	finally {
	close_the_garage_door_already(); # Should be reliable
	}; # Don't forget the trailing ; or you might be surprised

	=head1 DESCRIPTION

	The C<Error> package provides two interfaces. Firstly C<Error> provides
	a procedural interface to exception handling. Secondly C<Error> is a
	base class for errors/exceptions that can either be thrown, for
	subsequent catch, or can simply be recorded.

	Errors in the class C<Error> should not be thrown directly, but the
	user should throw errors from a sub-class of C<Error>.

	=head1 PROCEDURAL INTERFACE

	C<Error> exports subroutines to perform exception handling. These will
	be exported if the C<:try> tag is used in the C<use> line.

	=over 4

	=item try BLOCK CLAUSES

	C<try> is the main subroutine called by the user. All other subroutines
	exported are clauses to the try subroutine.

	The BLOCK will be evaluated and, if no error is throw, try will return
	the result of the block.

	C<CLAUSES> are the subroutines below, which describe what to do in the
	event of an error being thrown within BLOCK.

	=item catch CLASS with BLOCK

	This clauses will cause all errors that satisfy C<$err-E<gt>isa(CLASS)>
	to be caught and handled by evaluating C<BLOCK>.

	C<BLOCK> will be passed two arguments. The first will be the error
	being thrown. The second is a reference to a scalar variable. If this
	variable is set by the catch block then, on return from the catch
	block, try will continue processing as if the catch block was never
	found.

	To propagate the error the catch block may call C<$err-E<gt>throw>

	If the scalar reference by the second argument is not set, and the
	error is not thrown. Then the current try block will return with the
	result from the catch block.

	=item except BLOCK

	When C<try> is looking for a handler, if an except clause is found
	C<BLOCK> is evaluated. The return value from this block should be a
	HASHREF or a list of key-value pairs, where the keys are class names
	and the values are CODE references for the handler of errors of that
	type.

	=item otherwise BLOCK

	Catch any error by executing the code in C<BLOCK>

	When evaluated C<BLOCK> will be passed one argument, which will be the
	error being processed.

	Only one otherwise block may be specified per try block

	=item finally BLOCK

	Execute the code in C<BLOCK> either after the code in the try block has
	successfully completed, or if the try block throws an error then
	C<BLOCK> will be executed after the handler has completed.

	If the handler throws an error then the error will be caught, the
	finally block will be executed and the error will be re-thrown.

	Only one finally block may be specified per try block

	=back

	=head1 CLASS INTERFACE

	=head2 CONSTRUCTORS

	The C<Error> object is implemented as a HASH. This HASH is initialized
	with the arguments that are passed to its constructor. The elements
	that are used by, or are retrievable by the C<Error> class are listed
	below, other classes may add to these.

	-file
	-line
	-text
	-value
	-object

	If C<-file> or C<-line> are not specified in the constructor arguments
	then these will be initialized with the file name and line number where
	the constructor was called from.

	If the error is associated with an object then the object should be
	passed as the C<-object> argument. This will allow the C<Error> package
	to associate the error with the object.

	The C<Error> package remembers the last error created, and also the
	last error associated with a package. This could either be the last
	error created by a sub in that package, or the last error which passed
	an object blessed into that package as the C<-object> argument.

	=over 4

	=item throw ( [ ARGS ] )

	Create a new C<Error> object and throw an error, which will be caught
	by a surrounding C<try> block, if there is one. Otherwise it will cause
	the program to exit.

	C<throw> may also be called on an existing error to re-throw it.

	=item with ( [ ARGS ] )

	Create a new C<Error> object and returns it. This is defined for
	syntactic sugar, eg

	die with Some::Error ( ... );

	=item record ( [ ARGS ] )

	Create a new C<Error> object and returns it. This is defined for
	syntactic sugar, eg

	record Some::Error ( ... )
	and return;

	=back

	=head2 STATIC METHODS

	=over 4

	=item prior ( [ PACKAGE ] )

	Return the last error created, or the last error associated with
	C<PACKAGE>

	=item flush ( [ PACKAGE ] )

	Flush the last error created, or the last error associated with
	C<PACKAGE>.It is necessary to clear the error stack before exiting the
	package or uncaught errors generated using C<record> will be reported.

	$Error->flush;

	=cut

	=back

	=head2 OBJECT METHODS

	=over 4

	=item stacktrace

	If the variable C<$Error::Debug> was non-zero when the error was
	created, then C<stacktrace> returns a string created by calling
	C<Carp::longmess>. If the variable was zero the C<stacktrace> returns
	the text of the error appended with the filename and line number of
	where the error was created, providing the text does not end with a
	newline.

	=item object

	The object this error was associated with

	=item file

	The file where the constructor of this error was called from

	=item line

	The line where the constructor of this error was called from

	=item text

	The text of the error

	=back

	=head2 OVERLOAD METHODS

	=over 4

	=item stringify

	A method that converts the object into a string. This method may simply
	return the same as the C<text> method, or it may append more
	information. For example the file name and line number.

	By default this method returns the C<-text> argument that was passed to
	the constructor, or the string C<"Died"> if none was given.

	=item value

	A method that will return a value that can be associated with the
	error. For example if an error was created due to the failure of a
	system call, then this may return the numeric value of C<$!> at the
	time.

	By default this method returns the C<-value> argument that was passed
	to the constructor.

	=back

	=head1 PRE-DEFINED ERROR CLASSES

	=over 4

	=item Error::Simple

	This class can be used to hold simple error strings and values. Its
	constructor takes two arguments. The first is a text value, the second
	is a numeric value. These values are what will be returned by the
	overload methods.

	If the text value ends with C<at file line 1> as $@ strings do, then
	this information will be used to set the C<-file> and C<-line> arguments
	of the error object.

	This class is used internally if an eval'd block die's with an error
	that is a plain string. (Unless C<$Error::ObjectifyCallback> is modified)

	=back

	=head1 $Error::ObjectifyCallback

	This variable holds a reference to a subroutine that converts errors that
	are plain strings to objects. It is used by Error.pm to convert textual
	errors to objects, and can be overridden by the user.

	It accepts a single argument which is a hash reference to named parameters.
	Currently the only named parameter passed is C<'text'> which is the text
	of the error, but others may be available in the future.

	For example the following code will cause Error.pm to throw objects of the
	class MyError::Bar by default:

	sub throw_MyError_Bar
	{
	my $args = shift;
	my $err = MyError::Bar->new();
	$err->{'MyBarText'} = $args->{'text'};
	return $err;
	}

	{
	local $Error::ObjectifyCallback = \&throw_MyError_Bar;

	# Error handling here.
	}

	=head1 KNOWN BUGS

	None, but that does not mean there are not any.

	=head1 AUTHORS

	Graham Barr <gbarr@pobox.com>

	The code that inspired me to write this was originally written by
	Peter Seibel <peter@weblogic.com> and adapted by Jesse Glick
	<jglick@sig.bsh.com>.

	=head1 MAINTAINER

	Shlomi Fish <shlomif@iglu.org.il>

	=head1 PAST MAINTAINERS

	Arun Kumar U <u_arunkumar@yahoo.com>

	=cut