Merge branch 'sb/hashmap-customize-comparison'

Update the hashmap API so that data to customize the behaviour of
the comparison function can be specified at the time a hashmap is
initialized.

* sb/hashmap-customize-comparison:
  hashmap: migrate documentation from Documentation/technical into header
  patch-ids.c: use hashmap correctly
  hashmap.h: compare function has access to a data field
diff --git a/.gitmodules b/.gitmodules
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cbeebda
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitmodules
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+[submodule "sha1collisiondetection"]
+	path = sha1collisiondetection
+	url = https://github.com/cr-marcstevens/sha1collisiondetection.git
+	branch = master
diff --git a/Documentation/Makefile b/Documentation/Makefile
index b5be2e2..2415e0d 100644
--- a/Documentation/Makefile
+++ b/Documentation/Makefile
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
 MAN7_TXT += gitglossary.txt
 MAN7_TXT += gitnamespaces.txt
 MAN7_TXT += gitrevisions.txt
+MAN7_TXT += gitsubmodules.txt
 MAN7_TXT += gittutorial-2.txt
 MAN7_TXT += gittutorial.txt
 MAN7_TXT += gitworkflows.txt
diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.10.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.10.1.txt
index be68524..71a86cb 100644
--- a/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.10.1.txt
+++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/1.7.10.1.txt
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@
  * The 'push to upstream' implementation was broken in some corner
    cases. "git push $there" without refspec, when the current branch
    is set to push to a remote different from $there, used to push to
-   $there using the upstream information to a remote unreleated to
+   $there using the upstream information to a remote unrelated to
    $there.
 
  * Giving "--continue" to a conflicted "rebase -i" session skipped a
diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.12.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.12.0.txt
index 2915480..ef8b97d 100644
--- a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.12.0.txt
+++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.12.0.txt
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@
    needed it so far.
 
  * Git 2.11 had a minor regression in "merge --ff-only" that competed
-   with another process that simultanously attempted to update the
+   with another process that simultaneously attempted to update the
    index. We used to explain what went wrong with an error message,
    but the new code silently failed.  The error message has been
    resurrected.
diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.13.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.13.3.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5d76ad5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.13.3.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+Git v2.13.3 Release Notes
+=========================
+
+Fixes since v2.13.2
+-------------------
+
+ * The "collision detecting" SHA-1 implementation shipped with 2.13.2
+   was still broken on some platforms.  Update to the upstream code
+   again to take their fix.
+
+ * The 'diff-highlight' program (in contrib/) has been restructured
+   for easier reuse by an external project 'diff-so-fancy'.
+
+ * "git mergetool" learned to work around a wrapper MacOS X adds
+   around underlying meld.
+
+ * An example in documentation that does not work in multi worktree
+   configuration has been corrected.
+
+ * The pretty-format specifiers like '%h', '%t', etc. had an
+   optimization that no longer works correctly.  In preparation/hope
+   of getting it correctly implemented, first discard the optimization
+   that is broken.
+
+ * The code to pick up and execute command alias definition from the
+   configuration used to switch to the top of the working tree and
+   then come back when the expanded alias was executed, which was
+   unnecessarilyl complex.  Attempt to simplify the logic by using the
+   early-config mechanism that does not chdir around.
+
+ * "git add -p" were updated in 2.12 timeframe to cope with custom
+   core.commentchar but the implementation was buggy and a
+   metacharacter like $ and * did not work.
+
+ * Fix a recent regression to "git rebase -i" and add tests that would
+   have caught it and others.
+
+ * An unaligned 32-bit access in pack-bitmap code ahs been corrected.
+
+ * Tighten error checks for invalid "git apply" input.
+
+ * The split index code did not honor core.sharedrepository setting
+   correctly.
+
+ * The Makefile rule in contrib/subtree for building documentation
+   learned to honour USE_ASCIIDOCTOR just like the main documentation
+   set does.
+
+ * A few tests that tried to verify the contents of push certificates
+   did not use 'git rev-parse' to formulate the line to look for in
+   the certificate correctly.
+
+ * After "git branch --move" of the currently checked out branch, the
+   code to walk the reflog of HEAD via "log -g" and friends
+   incorrectly stopped at the reflog entry that records the renaming
+   of the branch.
+
+ * The rewrite of "git branch --list" using for-each-ref's internals
+   that happened in v2.13 regressed its handling of color.branch.local;
+   this has been fixed.
+
+Also contains various documentation updates and code clean-ups.
diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.14.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.14.0.txt
index 8b80058..93f0654 100644
--- a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.14.0.txt
+++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.14.0.txt
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@
    even when the other side hasn't enabled allowTipSHA1InWant.
 
  * The recently introduced "[includeIf "gitdir:$dir"] path=..."
-   mechansim has further been taught to take symlinks into account.
+   mechanism has further been taught to take symlinks into account.
    The directory "$dir" specified in "gitdir:$dir" may be a symlink to
    a real location, not something that $(getcwd) may return.  In such
    a case, a realpath of "$dir" is compared with the real path of the
@@ -94,6 +94,20 @@
  * "git status" learned to optionally give how many stash entries the
    user has in its output.
 
+ * "git status" has long shown essentially the same message as "git
+   commit"; the message it gives while preparing for the root commit,
+   i.e. "Initial commit", was hard to understand for some new users.
+   Now it says "No commits yet" to stress more on the current status
+   (rather than the commit the user is preparing for, which is more in
+   line with the focus of "git commit").
+
+ * "git send-email" learned to overcome some SMTP server limitation
+   that does not allow many pieces of e-mails to be sent over a single
+   session.
+
+ * An old message shown in the commit log template was removed, as it
+   has outlived its usefulness.
+
 
 Performance, Internal Implementation, Development Support etc.
 
@@ -184,12 +198,25 @@
 
  * The 'diff-highlight' program (in contrib/) has been restructured
    for easier reuse by an external project 'diff-so-fancy'.
-   (merge 0c977dbc81 jk/diff-highlight-module later to maint).
 
  * A common pattern to free a piece of memory and assign NULL to the
    pointer that used to point at it has been replaced with a new
    FREE_AND_NULL() macro.
 
+ * Traditionally, the default die() routine had a code to prevent it
+   from getting called multiple times, which interacted badly when a
+   threaded program used it (one downside is that the real error may
+   be hidden and instead the only error message given to the user may
+   end up being "die recursion detected", which is not very useful).
+
+ * Introduce a "repository" object to eventually make it easier to
+   work in multiple repositories (the primary focus is to work with
+   the superproject and its submodules) in a single process.
+
+ * Optimize "what are the object names already taken in an alternate
+   object database?" query that is used to derive the length of prefix
+   an object name is uniquely abbreviated to.
+
 
 Also contains various documentation updates and code clean-ups.
 
@@ -364,24 +391,20 @@
 
  * "git mergetool" learned to work around a wrapper MacOS X adds
    around underlying meld.
-   (merge 0af85f84bd da/mergetools-meld-output-opt-on-macos later to maint).
 
  * An example in documentation that does not work in multi worktree
    configuration has been corrected.
-   (merge 773a88914f ah/doc-gitattributes-empty-index later to maint).
 
  * The pretty-format specifiers like '%h', '%t', etc. had an
    optimization that no longer works correctly.  In preparation/hope
    of getting it correctly implemented, first discard the optimization
    that is broken.
-   (merge fe9e2aefd4 rs/pretty-add-again later to maint).
 
  * The code to pick up and execute command alias definition from the
    configuration used to switch to the top of the working tree and
    then come back when the expanded alias was executed, which was
    unnecessarilyl complex.  Attempt to simplify the logic by using the
    early-config mechanism that does not chdir around.
-   (merge a9bcf6586d js/alias-early-config later to maint).
 
  * Fix configuration codepath to pay proper attention to commondir
    that is used in multi-worktree situation, and isolate config API
@@ -391,9 +414,48 @@
  * "git add -p" were updated in 2.12 timeframe to cope with custom
    core.commentchar but the implementation was buggy and a
    metacharacter like $ and * did not work.
-   (merge d85d7ecb80 jk/add-p-commentchar-fix later to maint).
+
+ * A recent regression in "git rebase -i" has been fixed and tests
+   that would have caught it and others have been added.
+
+ * An unaligned 32-bit access in pack-bitmap code ahs been corrected.
+
+ * Tighten error checks for invalid "git apply" input.
+
+ * The split index code did not honor core.sharedrepository setting
+   correctly.
+
+ * The Makefile rule in contrib/subtree for building documentation
+   learned to honour USE_ASCIIDOCTOR just like the main documentation
+   set does.
+
+ * Update the sha1dc again to fix portability glitches.
+
+ * Code clean-up to fix possible buffer over-reading.
+   (merge 8bc172e5f2 rs/apply-avoid-over-reading later to maint).
+
+ * A few tests that tried to verify the contents of push certificates
+   did not use 'git rev-parse' to formulate the line to look for in
+   the certificate correctly.
+
+ * Update the character width tables.
+   (merge 7560aacd7c bb/unicode-10.0 later to maint).
+
+ * After "git branch --move" of the currently checked out branch, the
+   code to walk the reflog of HEAD via "log -g" and friends
+   incorrectly stopped at the reflog entry that records the renaming
+   of the branch.
+   (merge e30d463d45 jk/reflog-walk-maint later to maint).
+
+ * The rewrite of "git branch --list" using for-each-ref's internals
+   that happened in v2.13 regressed its handling of color.branch.local;
+   this has been fixed.
+   (merge 5b5c9c3e19 kn/ref-filter-branch-list later to maint).
 
  * Other minor doc, test and build updates and code cleanups.
-   (merge 68241cb9dd sb/t4005-modernize later to maint).
-   (merge 4fced24712 ks/t7508-indent-fix later to maint).
-   (merge 968b1fe263 mb/reword-autocomplete-message later to maint).
+   (merge 3f9c637ec7 pw/unquote-path-in-git-pm later to maint).
+   (merge 669638fe7a ks/typofix-commit-c-comment later to maint).
+   (merge 5053313562 rs/urlmatch-cleanup later to maint).
+   (merge 42c78a216e rs/use-div-round-up later to maint).
+   (merge 5e8d2729ae rs/wt-status-cleanup later to maint).
+   (merge 01826066b0 ks/fix-rebase-doc-picture later to maint).
diff --git a/Documentation/config.txt b/Documentation/config.txt
index 06898a7..d5c9c4c 100644
--- a/Documentation/config.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config.txt
@@ -2946,6 +2946,16 @@
 sendemail.signedoffcc (deprecated)::
 	Deprecated alias for `sendemail.signedoffbycc`.
 
+sendemail.smtpBatchSize::
+	Number of messages to be sent per connection, after that a relogin
+	will happen.  If the value is 0 or undefined, send all messages in
+	one connection.
+	See also the `--batch-size` option of linkgit:git-send-email[1].
+
+sendemail.smtpReloginDelay::
+	Seconds wait before reconnecting to smtp server.
+	See also the `--relogin-delay` option of linkgit:git-send-email[1].
+
 showbranch.default::
 	The default set of branches for linkgit:git-show-branch[1].
 	See linkgit:git-show-branch[1].
diff --git a/Documentation/git-rebase.txt b/Documentation/git-rebase.txt
index a5afd60..4f6bed6 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-rebase.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-rebase.txt
@@ -675,7 +675,7 @@
 following:
 
 ------------
-    o---o---o---o---o---o---o---o---o  master
+    o---o---o---o---o---o---o---o  master
 	 \
 	  o---o---o---o---o  subsystem
 			   \
diff --git a/Documentation/git-reset.txt b/Documentation/git-reset.txt
index 70f3753..1d697d9 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-reset.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-reset.txt
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@
 
 Split a commit apart into a sequence of commits::
 +
-Suppose that you have created lots of logically separate changes and commited
+Suppose that you have created lots of logically separate changes and committed
 them together. Then, later you decide that it might be better to have each
 logical chunk associated with its own commit. You can use git reset to rewind
 history without changing the contents of your local files, and then successively
diff --git a/Documentation/git-rm.txt b/Documentation/git-rm.txt
index 8c87e8c..683e591 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-rm.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-rm.txt
@@ -153,8 +153,8 @@
 tree from being removed.
 
 If you only want to remove the local checkout of a submodule from your
-work tree without committing the removal,
-use linkgit:git-submodule[1] `deinit` instead.
+work tree without committing the removal, use linkgit:git-submodule[1] `deinit`
+instead. Also see linkgit:gitsubmodules[7] for details on submodule removal.
 
 EXAMPLES
 --------
diff --git a/Documentation/git-send-email.txt b/Documentation/git-send-email.txt
index bb23b02..bac9014 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-send-email.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-send-email.txt
@@ -248,6 +248,21 @@
 	commands and replies will be printed. Useful to debug TLS
 	connection and authentication problems.
 
+--batch-size=<num>::
+	Some email servers (e.g. smtp.163.com) limit the number emails to be
+	sent per session (connection) and this will lead to a faliure when
+	sending many messages.  With this option, send-email will disconnect after
+	sending $<num> messages and wait for a few seconds (see --relogin-delay)
+	and reconnect, to work around such a limit.  You may want to
+	use some form of credential helper to avoid having to retype
+	your password every time this happens.  Defaults to the
+	`sendemail.smtpBatchSize` configuration variable.
+
+--relogin-delay=<int>::
+	Waiting $<int> seconds before reconnecting to SMTP server. Used together
+	with --batch-size option.  Defaults to the `sendemail.smtpReloginDelay`
+	configuration variable.
+
 Automating
 ~~~~~~~~~~
 
diff --git a/Documentation/git-submodule.txt b/Documentation/git-submodule.txt
index 74bc620..ff61200 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-submodule.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-submodule.txt
@@ -24,37 +24,7 @@
 -----------
 Inspects, updates and manages submodules.
 
-A submodule allows you to keep another Git repository in a subdirectory
-of your repository. The other repository has its own history, which does not
-interfere with the history of the current repository. This can be used to
-have external dependencies such as third party libraries for example.
-
-When cloning or pulling a repository containing submodules however,
-these will not be checked out by default; the 'init' and 'update'
-subcommands will maintain submodules checked out and at
-appropriate revision in your working tree.
-
-Submodules are composed from a so-called `gitlink` tree entry
-in the main repository that refers to a particular commit object
-within the inner repository that is completely separate.
-A record in the `.gitmodules` (see linkgit:gitmodules[5]) file at the
-root of the source tree assigns a logical name to the submodule and
-describes the default URL the submodule shall be cloned from.
-The logical name can be used for overriding this URL within your
-local repository configuration (see 'submodule init').
-
-Submodules are not to be confused with remotes, which are other
-repositories of the same project; submodules are meant for
-different projects you would like to make part of your source tree,
-while the history of the two projects still stays completely
-independent and you cannot modify the contents of the submodule
-from within the main project.
-If you want to merge the project histories and want to treat the
-aggregated whole as a single project from then on, you may want to
-add a remote for the other project and use the 'subtree' merge strategy,
-instead of treating the other project as a submodule. Directories
-that come from both projects can be cloned and checked out as a whole
-if you choose to go that route.
+For more information about submodules, see linkgit:gitsubmodules[7].
 
 COMMANDS
 --------
@@ -63,14 +33,6 @@
 	to the changeset to be committed next to the current
 	project: the current project is termed the "superproject".
 +
-This requires at least one argument: <repository>. The optional
-argument <path> is the relative location for the cloned submodule
-to exist in the superproject. If <path> is not given, the
-"humanish" part of the source repository is used ("repo" for
-"/path/to/repo.git" and "foo" for "host.xz:foo/.git").
-The <path> is also used as the submodule's logical name in its
-configuration entries unless `--name` is used to specify a logical name.
-+
 <repository> is the URL of the new submodule's origin repository.
 This may be either an absolute URL, or (if it begins with ./
 or ../), the location relative to the superproject's default remote
@@ -87,21 +49,22 @@
 the superproject is its own authoritative upstream and the current
 working directory is used instead.
 +
-<path> is the relative location for the cloned submodule to
-exist in the superproject. If <path> does not exist, then the
-submodule is created by cloning from the named URL. If <path> does
-exist and is already a valid Git repository, then this is added
-to the changeset without cloning. This second form is provided
-to ease creating a new submodule from scratch, and presumes
-the user will later push the submodule to the given URL.
+The optional argument <path> is the relative location for the cloned
+submodule to exist in the superproject. If <path> is not given, the
+canonical part of the source repository is used ("repo" for
+"/path/to/repo.git" and "foo" for "host.xz:foo/.git"). If <path>
+exists and is already a valid Git repository, then it is staged
+for commit without cloning. The <path> is also used as the submodule's
+logical name in its configuration entries unless `--name` is used
+to specify a logical name.
 +
-In either case, the given URL is recorded into .gitmodules for
-use by subsequent users cloning the superproject. If the URL is
-given relative to the superproject's repository, the presumption
-is the superproject and submodule repositories will be kept
-together in the same relative location, and only the
-superproject's URL needs to be provided: git-submodule will correctly
-locate the submodule using the relative URL in .gitmodules.
+The given URL is recorded into `.gitmodules` for use by subsequent users
+cloning the superproject. If the URL is given relative to the
+superproject's repository, the presumption is the superproject and
+submodule repositories will be kept together in the same relative
+location, and only the superproject's URL needs to be provided.
+git-submodule will correctly locate the submodule using the relative
+URL in `.gitmodules`.
 
 status [--cached] [--recursive] [--] [<path>...]::
 	Show the status of the submodules. This will print the SHA-1 of the
@@ -123,7 +86,7 @@
 init [--] [<path>...]::
 	Initialize the submodules recorded in the index (which were
 	added and committed elsewhere) by setting `submodule.$name.url`
-	in .git/config. It uses the same setting from .gitmodules as
+	in .git/config. It uses the same setting from `.gitmodules` as
 	a template. If the URL is relative, it will be resolved using
 	the default remote. If there is no default remote, the current
 	repository will be assumed to be upstream.
@@ -141,7 +104,7 @@
 the explicit 'init' step if you do not intend to customize
 any submodule locations.
 +
-See the add subcommand for the defintion of default remote.
+See the add subcommand for the definition of default remote.
 
 deinit [-f|--force] (--all|[--] <path>...)::
 	Unregister the given submodules, i.e. remove the whole
@@ -149,15 +112,17 @@
 	tree. Further calls to `git submodule update`, `git submodule foreach`
 	and `git submodule sync` will skip any unregistered submodules until
 	they are initialized again, so use this command if you don't want to
-	have a local checkout of the submodule in your working tree anymore. If
-	you really want to remove a submodule from the repository and commit
-	that use linkgit:git-rm[1] instead.
+	have a local checkout of the submodule in your working tree anymore.
 +
 When the command is run without pathspec, it errors out,
 instead of deinit-ing everything, to prevent mistakes.
 +
 If `--force` is specified, the submodule's working tree will
 be removed even if it contains local modifications.
++
+If you really want to remove a submodule from the repository and commit
+that use linkgit:git-rm[1] instead. See linkgit:gitsubmodules[7] for removal
+options.
 
 update [--init] [--remote] [-N|--no-fetch] [--[no-]recommend-shallow] [-f|--force] [--checkout|--rebase|--merge] [--reference <repository>] [--depth <depth>] [--recursive] [--jobs <n>] [--] [<path>...]::
 +
@@ -197,7 +162,7 @@
 	none;; the submodule is not updated.
 
 If the submodule is not yet initialized, and you just want to use the
-setting as stored in .gitmodules, you can automatically initialize the
+setting as stored in `.gitmodules`, you can automatically initialize the
 submodule with the `--init` option.
 
 If `--recursive` is specified, this command will recurse into the
@@ -220,7 +185,7 @@
 	Evaluates an arbitrary shell command in each checked out submodule.
 	The command has access to the variables $name, $path, $sha1 and
 	$toplevel:
-	$name is the name of the relevant submodule section in .gitmodules,
+	$name is the name of the relevant submodule section in `.gitmodules`,
 	$path is the name of the submodule directory relative to the
 	superproject, $sha1 is the commit as recorded in the superproject,
 	and $toplevel is the absolute path to the top-level of the superproject.
@@ -242,7 +207,7 @@
 
 sync [--recursive] [--] [<path>...]::
 	Synchronizes submodules' remote URL configuration setting
-	to the value specified in .gitmodules. It will only affect those
+	to the value specified in `.gitmodules`. It will only affect those
 	submodules which already have a URL entry in .git/config (that is the
 	case when they are initialized or freshly added). This is useful when
 	submodule URLs change upstream and you need to update your local
@@ -413,7 +378,7 @@
 --[no-]recommend-shallow::
 	This option is only valid for the update command.
 	The initial clone of a submodule will use the recommended
-	`submodule.<name>.shallow` as provided by the .gitmodules file
+	`submodule.<name>.shallow` as provided by the `.gitmodules` file
 	by default. To ignore the suggestions use `--no-recommend-shallow`.
 
 -j <n>::
@@ -429,12 +394,16 @@
 
 FILES
 -----
-When initializing submodules, a .gitmodules file in the top-level directory
+When initializing submodules, a `.gitmodules` file in the top-level directory
 of the containing repository is used to find the url of each submodule.
 This file should be formatted in the same way as `$GIT_DIR/config`. The key
 to each submodule url is "submodule.$name.url".  See linkgit:gitmodules[5]
 for details.
 
+SEE ALSO
+--------
+linkgit:gitsubmodules[7], linkgit:gitmodules[5].
+
 GIT
 ---
 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite
diff --git a/Documentation/gitsubmodules.txt b/Documentation/gitsubmodules.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..46cf120
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/gitsubmodules.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,221 @@
+gitsubmodules(7)
+================
+
+NAME
+----
+gitsubmodules - mounting one repository inside another
+
+SYNOPSIS
+--------
+ .gitmodules, $GIT_DIR/config
+------------------
+git submodule
+git <command> --recurse-submodules
+------------------
+
+DESCRIPTION
+-----------
+
+A submodule is a repository embedded inside another repository.
+The submodule has its own history; the repository it is embedded
+in is called a superproject.
+
+On the filesystem, a submodule usually (but not always - see FORMS below)
+consists of (i) a Git directory located under the `$GIT_DIR/modules/`
+directory of its superproject, (ii) a working directory inside the
+superproject's working directory, and a `.git` file at the root of
+the submodule’s working directory pointing to (i).
+
+Assuming the submodule has a Git directory at `$GIT_DIR/modules/foo/`
+and a working directory at `path/to/bar/`, the superproject tracks the
+submodule via a `gitlink` entry in the tree at `path/to/bar` and an entry
+in its `.gitmodules` file (see linkgit:gitmodules[5]) of the form
+`submodule.foo.path = path/to/bar`.
+
+The `gitlink` entry contains the object name of the commit that the
+superproject expects the submodule’s working directory to be at.
+
+The section `submodule.foo.*` in the `.gitmodules` file gives additional
+hints to Gits porcelain layer such as where to obtain the submodule via
+the `submodule.foo.url` setting.
+
+Submodules can be used for at least two different use cases:
+
+1. Using another project while maintaining independent history.
+  Submodules allow you to contain the working tree of another project
+  within your own working tree while keeping the history of both
+  projects separate. Also, since submodules are fixed to an arbitrary
+  version, the other project can be independently developed without
+  affecting the superproject, allowing the superproject project to
+  fix itself to new versions only when desired.
+
+2. Splitting a (logically single) project into multiple
+   repositories and tying them back together. This can be used to
+   overcome current limitations of Gits implementation to have
+   finer grained access:
+
+    * Size of the git repository:
+      In its current form Git scales up poorly for large repositories containing
+      content that is not compressed by delta computation between trees.
+      However you can also use submodules to e.g. hold large binary assets
+      and these repositories are then shallowly cloned such that you do not
+      have a large history locally.
+    * Transfer size:
+      In its current form Git requires the whole working tree present. It
+      does not allow partial trees to be transferred in fetch or clone.
+    * Access control:
+      By restricting user access to submodules, this can be used to implement
+      read/write policies for different users.
+
+The configuration of submodules
+-------------------------------
+
+Submodule operations can be configured using the following mechanisms
+(from highest to lowest precedence):
+
+ * The command line for those commands that support taking submodule specs.
+   Most commands have a boolean flag '--recurse-submodules' whether to
+   recurse into submodules. Examples are `ls-files` or `checkout`.
+   Some commands take enums, such as `fetch` and `push`, where you can
+   specify how submodules are affected.
+
+ * The configuration inside the submodule. This includes `$GIT_DIR/config`
+   in the submodule, but also settings in the tree such as a `.gitattributes`
+   or `.gitignore` files that specify behavior of commands inside the
+   submodule.
++
+For example an effect from the submodule's `.gitignore` file
+would be observed when you run `git status --ignore-submodules=none` in
+the superproject. This collects information from the submodule's working
+directory by running `status` in the submodule, which does pay attention
+to its `.gitignore` file.
++
+The submodule's `$GIT_DIR/config` file would come into play when running
+`git push --recurse-submodules=check` in the superproject, as this would
+check if the submodule has any changes not published to any remote. The
+remotes are configured in the submodule as usual in the `$GIT_DIR/config`
+file.
+
+ * The configuration file `$GIT_DIR/config` in the superproject.
+   Typical configuration at this place is controlling if a submodule
+   is recursed into at all via the `active` flag for example.
++
+If the submodule is not yet initialized, then the configuration
+inside the submodule does not exist yet, so configuration where to
+obtain the submodule from is configured here for example.
+
+ * the `.gitmodules` file inside the superproject. Additionally to the
+   required mapping between submodule's name and path, a project usually
+   uses this file to suggest defaults for the upstream collection
+   of repositories.
++
+This file mainly serves as the mapping between name and path in
+the superproject, such that the submodule's git directory can be
+located.
++
+If the submodule has never been initialized, this is the only place
+where submodule configuration is found. It serves as the last fallback
+to specify where to obtain the submodule from.
+
+FORMS
+-----
+
+Submodules can take the following forms:
+
+ * The basic form described in DESCRIPTION with a Git directory,
+a working directory, a `gitlink`, and a `.gitmodules` entry.
+
+ * "Old-form" submodule: A working directory with an embedded
+`.git` directory, and the tracking `gitlink` and `.gitmodules` entry in
+the superproject. This is typically found in repositories generated
+using older versions of Git.
++
+It is possible to construct these old form repositories manually.
++
+When deinitialized or deleted (see below), the submodule’s Git
+directory is automatically moved to `$GIT_DIR/modules/<name>/`
+of the superproject.
+
+ * Deinitialized submodule: A `gitlink`, and a `.gitmodules` entry,
+but no submodule working directory. The submodule’s git directory
+may be there as after deinitializing the git directory is kept around.
+The directory which is supposed to be the working directory is empty instead.
++
+A submodule can be deinitialized by running `git submodule deinit`.
+Besides emptying the working directory, this command only modifies
+the superproject’s `$GIT_DIR/config` file, so the superproject’s history
+is not affected. This can be undone using `git submodule init`.
+
+ * Deleted submodule: A submodule can be deleted by running
+`git rm <submodule path> && git commit`. This can be undone
+using `git revert`.
++
+The deletion removes the superproject’s tracking data, which are
+both the `gitlink` entry and the section in the `.gitmodules` file.
+The submodule’s working directory is removed from the file
+system, but the Git directory is kept around as it to make it
+possible to checkout past commits without requiring fetching
+from another repository.
++
+To completely remove a submodule, manually delete
+`$GIT_DIR/modules/<name>/`.
+
+Workflow for a third party library
+----------------------------------
+
+  # add a submodule
+  git submodule add <url> <path>
+
+  # occasionally update the submodule to a new version:
+  git -C <path> checkout <new version>
+  git add <path>
+  git commit -m "update submodule to new version"
+
+  # See the list of submodules in a superproject
+  git submodule status
+
+  # See FORMS on removing submodules
+
+
+Workflow for an artificially split repo
+--------------------------------------
+
+  # Enable recursion for relevant commands, such that
+  # regular commands recurse into submodules by default
+  git config --global submodule.recurse true
+
+  # Unlike the other commands below clone still needs
+  # its own recurse flag:
+  git clone --recurse <URL> <directory>
+  cd <directory>
+
+  # Get to know the code:
+  git grep foo
+  git ls-files
+
+  # Get new code
+  git fetch
+  git pull --rebase
+
+  # change worktree
+  git checkout
+  git reset
+
+Implementation details
+----------------------
+
+When cloning or pulling a repository containing submodules the submodules
+will not be checked out by default; You can instruct 'clone' to recurse
+into submodules. The 'init' and 'update' subcommands of 'git submodule'
+will maintain submodules checked out and at an appropriate revision in
+your working tree. Alternatively you can set 'submodule.recurse' to have
+'checkout' recursing into submodules.
+
+
+SEE ALSO
+--------
+linkgit:git-submodule[1], linkgit:gitmodules[5].
+
+GIT
+---
+Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite
diff --git a/Documentation/pretty-formats.txt b/Documentation/pretty-formats.txt
index a48d267..4d6dac5 100644
--- a/Documentation/pretty-formats.txt
+++ b/Documentation/pretty-formats.txt
@@ -174,11 +174,12 @@
 - '%Creset': reset color
 - '%C(...)': color specification, as described under Values in the
   "CONFIGURATION FILE" section of linkgit:git-config[1];
-  adding `auto,` at the beginning will emit color only when colors are
-  enabled for log output (by `color.diff`, `color.ui`, or `--color`, and
-  respecting the `auto` settings of the former if we are going to a
-  terminal). `auto` alone (i.e. `%C(auto)`) will turn on auto coloring
-  on the next placeholders until the color is switched again.
+  adding `auto,` at the beginning (e.g. `%C(auto,red)`) will emit
+  color only when colors are enabled for log output (by `color.diff`,
+  `color.ui`, or `--color`, and respecting the `auto` settings of the
+  former if we are going to a terminal). `auto` alone (i.e.
+  `%C(auto)`) will turn on auto coloring on the next placeholders
+  until the color is switched again.
 - '%m': left (`<`), right (`>`) or boundary (`-`) mark
 - '%n': newline
 - '%%': a raw '%'
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index b94cd56..bfa5b3a 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -162,6 +162,12 @@
 # algorithm. This is slower, but may detect attempted collision attacks.
 # Takes priority over other *_SHA1 knobs.
 #
+# Define DC_SHA1_SUBMODULE in addition to DC_SHA1 to use the
+# sha1collisiondetection shipped as a submodule instead of the
+# non-submodule copy in sha1dc/. This is an experimental option used
+# by the git project to migrate to using sha1collisiondetection as a
+# submodule.
+#
 # Define OPENSSL_SHA1 environment variable when running make to link
 # with the SHA1 routine from openssl library.
 #
@@ -840,6 +846,7 @@
 LIB_OBJS += ref-filter.o
 LIB_OBJS += remote.o
 LIB_OBJS += replace_object.o
+LIB_OBJS += repository.o
 LIB_OBJS += rerere.o
 LIB_OBJS += resolve-undo.o
 LIB_OBJS += revision.o
@@ -1003,6 +1010,10 @@
 
 GIT_USER_AGENT = git/$(GIT_VERSION)
 
+ifeq ($(wildcard sha1collisiondetection/lib/sha1.h),sha1collisiondetection/lib/sha1.h)
+DC_SHA1_SUBMODULE = auto
+endif
+
 include config.mak.uname
 -include config.mak.autogen
 -include config.mak
@@ -1448,8 +1459,14 @@
 	BASIC_CFLAGS += -DSHA1_APPLE
 else
 	DC_SHA1 := YesPlease
+ifdef DC_SHA1_SUBMODULE
+	LIB_OBJS += sha1collisiondetection/lib/sha1.o
+	LIB_OBJS += sha1collisiondetection/lib/ubc_check.o
+	BASIC_CFLAGS += -DDC_SHA1_SUBMODULE
+else
 	LIB_OBJS += sha1dc/sha1.o
 	LIB_OBJS += sha1dc/ubc_check.o
+endif
 	BASIC_CFLAGS += \
 		-DSHA1_DC \
 		-DSHA1DC_NO_STANDARD_INCLUDES \
diff --git a/abspath.c b/abspath.c
index 7f1cfe9..708aff8 100644
--- a/abspath.c
+++ b/abspath.c
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@
 
 			/*
 			 * use the symlink as the remaining components that
-			 * need to be resloved
+			 * need to be resolved
 			 */
 			strbuf_swap(&symlink, &remaining);
 		}
diff --git a/apply.c b/apply.c
index b963d7d..f2d5991 100644
--- a/apply.c
+++ b/apply.c
@@ -211,6 +211,7 @@
 	unsigned ws_rule;
 	int lines_added, lines_deleted;
 	int score;
+	int extension_linenr; /* first line specifying delete/new/rename/copy */
 	unsigned int is_toplevel_relative:1;
 	unsigned int inaccurate_eof:1;
 	unsigned int is_binary:1;
@@ -961,13 +962,12 @@
 	}
 
 	if (*name) {
-		int len = strlen(*name);
 		char *another;
 		if (isnull)
 			return error(_("git apply: bad git-diff - expected /dev/null, got %s on line %d"),
 				     *name, state->linenr);
 		another = find_name(state, line, NULL, state->p_value, TERM_TAB);
-		if (!another || memcmp(another, *name, len + 1)) {
+		if (!another || strcmp(another, *name)) {
 			free(another);
 			return error((side == DIFF_NEW_NAME) ?
 			    _("git apply: bad git-diff - inconsistent new filename on line %d") :
@@ -975,8 +975,7 @@
 		}
 		free(another);
 	} else {
-		/* expect "/dev/null" */
-		if (memcmp("/dev/null", line, 9) || line[9] != '\n')
+		if (!starts_with(line, "/dev/null\n"))
 			return error(_("git apply: bad git-diff - expected /dev/null on line %d"), state->linenr);
 	}
 
@@ -1001,20 +1000,27 @@
 				   DIFF_NEW_NAME);
 }
 
+static int parse_mode_line(const char *line, int linenr, unsigned int *mode)
+{
+	char *end;
+	*mode = strtoul(line, &end, 8);
+	if (end == line || !isspace(*end))
+		return error(_("invalid mode on line %d: %s"), linenr, line);
+	return 0;
+}
+
 static int gitdiff_oldmode(struct apply_state *state,
 			   const char *line,
 			   struct patch *patch)
 {
-	patch->old_mode = strtoul(line, NULL, 8);
-	return 0;
+	return parse_mode_line(line, state->linenr, &patch->old_mode);
 }
 
 static int gitdiff_newmode(struct apply_state *state,
 			   const char *line,
 			   struct patch *patch)
 {
-	patch->new_mode = strtoul(line, NULL, 8);
-	return 0;
+	return parse_mode_line(line, state->linenr, &patch->new_mode);
 }
 
 static int gitdiff_delete(struct apply_state *state,
@@ -1128,7 +1134,7 @@
 	memcpy(patch->new_sha1_prefix, line, len);
 	patch->new_sha1_prefix[len] = 0;
 	if (*ptr == ' ')
-		patch->old_mode = strtoul(ptr+1, NULL, 8);
+		return gitdiff_oldmode(state, ptr + 1, patch);
 	return 0;
 }
 
@@ -1312,6 +1318,18 @@
 	}
 }
 
+static int check_header_line(struct apply_state *state, struct patch *patch)
+{
+	int extensions = (patch->is_delete == 1) + (patch->is_new == 1) +
+			 (patch->is_rename == 1) + (patch->is_copy == 1);
+	if (extensions > 1)
+		return error(_("inconsistent header lines %d and %d"),
+			     patch->extension_linenr, state->linenr);
+	if (extensions && !patch->extension_linenr)
+		patch->extension_linenr = state->linenr;
+	return 0;
+}
+
 /* Verify that we recognize the lines following a git header */
 static int parse_git_header(struct apply_state *state,
 			    const char *line,
@@ -1378,6 +1396,8 @@
 			res = p->fn(state, line + oplen, patch);
 			if (res < 0)
 				return -1;
+			if (check_header_line(state, patch))
+				return -1;
 			if (res > 0)
 				return offset;
 			break;
@@ -1575,7 +1595,8 @@
 				patch->old_name = xstrdup(patch->def_name);
 				patch->new_name = xstrdup(patch->def_name);
 			}
-			if (!patch->is_delete && !patch->new_name) {
+			if ((!patch->new_name && !patch->is_delete) ||
+			    (!patch->old_name && !patch->is_new)) {
 				error(_("git diff header lacks filename information "
 					     "(line %d)"), state->linenr);
 				return -128;
@@ -2078,7 +2099,7 @@
 	/* See if it matches any of exclude/include rule */
 	for (i = 0; i < state->limit_by_name.nr; i++) {
 		struct string_list_item *it = &state->limit_by_name.items[i];
-		if (!wildmatch(it->string, pathname, 0, NULL))
+		if (!wildmatch(it->string, pathname, 0))
 			return (it->util != NULL);
 	}
 
diff --git a/builtin/branch.c b/builtin/branch.c
index c958e93..8a0595e 100644
--- a/builtin/branch.c
+++ b/builtin/branch.c
@@ -335,8 +335,11 @@
 	struct strbuf local = STRBUF_INIT;
 	struct strbuf remote = STRBUF_INIT;
 
-	strbuf_addf(&fmt, "%%(if)%%(HEAD)%%(then)* %s%%(else)  %%(end)",
-		    branch_get_color(BRANCH_COLOR_CURRENT));
+	strbuf_addf(&local, "%%(if)%%(HEAD)%%(then)* %s%%(else)  %s%%(end)",
+		    branch_get_color(BRANCH_COLOR_CURRENT),
+		    branch_get_color(BRANCH_COLOR_LOCAL));
+	strbuf_addf(&remote, "  %s",
+		    branch_get_color(BRANCH_COLOR_REMOTE));
 
 	if (filter->verbose) {
 		struct strbuf obname = STRBUF_INIT;
@@ -359,17 +362,17 @@
 		else
 			strbuf_addf(&local, "%%(if)%%(upstream:track)%%(then)%%(upstream:track) %%(end)%%(contents:subject)");
 
-		strbuf_addf(&remote, "%s%%(align:%d,left)%s%%(refname:lstrip=2)%%(end)%s"
+		strbuf_addf(&remote, "%%(align:%d,left)%s%%(refname:lstrip=2)%%(end)%s"
 			    "%%(if)%%(symref)%%(then) -> %%(symref:short)"
 			    "%%(else) %s %%(contents:subject)%%(end)",
-			    branch_get_color(BRANCH_COLOR_REMOTE), maxwidth, quote_literal_for_format(remote_prefix),
+			    maxwidth, quote_literal_for_format(remote_prefix),
 			    branch_get_color(BRANCH_COLOR_RESET), obname.buf);
 		strbuf_release(&obname);
 	} else {
 		strbuf_addf(&local, "%%(refname:lstrip=2)%s%%(if)%%(symref)%%(then) -> %%(symref:short)%%(end)",
 			    branch_get_color(BRANCH_COLOR_RESET));
-		strbuf_addf(&remote, "%s%s%%(refname:lstrip=2)%s%%(if)%%(symref)%%(then) -> %%(symref:short)%%(end)",
-			    branch_get_color(BRANCH_COLOR_REMOTE), quote_literal_for_format(remote_prefix),
+		strbuf_addf(&remote, "%s%%(refname:lstrip=2)%s%%(if)%%(symref)%%(then) -> %%(symref:short)%%(end)",
+			    quote_literal_for_format(remote_prefix),
 			    branch_get_color(BRANCH_COLOR_RESET));
 	}
 
diff --git a/builtin/cat-file.c b/builtin/cat-file.c
index 7efbc40..96b786e 100644
--- a/builtin/cat-file.c
+++ b/builtin/cat-file.c
@@ -57,11 +57,11 @@
 	struct object_context obj_context;
 	struct object_info oi = OBJECT_INFO_INIT;
 	struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;
-	unsigned flags = LOOKUP_REPLACE_OBJECT;
+	unsigned flags = OBJECT_INFO_LOOKUP_REPLACE;
 	const char *path = force_path;
 
 	if (unknown_type)
-		flags |= LOOKUP_UNKNOWN_OBJECT;
+		flags |= OBJECT_INFO_ALLOW_UNKNOWN_TYPE;
 
 	if (get_sha1_with_context(obj_name, GET_SHA1_RECORD_PATH,
 				  oid.hash, &obj_context))
@@ -338,7 +338,8 @@
 	struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
 
 	if (!data->skip_object_info &&
-	    sha1_object_info_extended(data->oid.hash, &data->info, LOOKUP_REPLACE_OBJECT) < 0) {
+	    sha1_object_info_extended(data->oid.hash, &data->info,
+				      OBJECT_INFO_LOOKUP_REPLACE) < 0) {
 		printf("%s missing\n",
 		       obj_name ? obj_name : oid_to_hex(&data->oid));
 		fflush(stdout);
diff --git a/builtin/commit.c b/builtin/commit.c
index 00a01f0..8e93802 100644
--- a/builtin/commit.c
+++ b/builtin/commit.c
@@ -140,7 +140,6 @@
 static int sequencer_in_use;
 static int use_editor = 1, include_status = 1;
 static int show_ignored_in_status, have_option_m;
-static const char *only_include_assumed;
 static struct strbuf message = STRBUF_INIT;
 
 static enum wt_status_format status_format = STATUS_FORMAT_UNSPECIFIED;
@@ -843,9 +842,6 @@
 				  "with '%c' will be kept; you may remove them"
 				  " yourself if you want to.\n"
 				  "An empty message aborts the commit.\n"), comment_line_char);
-		if (only_include_assumed)
-			status_printf_ln(s, GIT_COLOR_NORMAL,
-					"%s", only_include_assumed);
 
 		/*
 		 * These should never fail because they come from our own
@@ -879,8 +875,7 @@
 				(int)(ci.name_end - ci.name_begin), ci.name_begin,
 				(int)(ci.mail_end - ci.mail_begin), ci.mail_begin);
 
-		if (ident_shown)
-			status_printf_ln(s, GIT_COLOR_NORMAL, "%s", "");
+		status_printf_ln(s, GIT_COLOR_NORMAL, "%s", ""); /* Add new line for clarity */
 
 		saved_color_setting = s->use_color;
 		s->use_color = 0;
@@ -986,7 +981,7 @@
 	int i, eol;
 	const char *nl;
 
-	/* Check if the rest is just whitespace and Signed-of-by's. */
+	/* Check if the rest is just whitespace and Signed-off-by's. */
 	for (i = start; i < sb->len; i++) {
 		nl = memchr(sb->buf + i, '\n', sb->len - i);
 		if (nl)
@@ -1210,8 +1205,6 @@
 		die(_("Only one of --include/--only/--all/--interactive/--patch can be used."));
 	if (argc == 0 && (also || (only && !amend && !allow_empty)))
 		die(_("No paths with --include/--only does not make sense."));
-	if (argc > 0 && !also && !only)
-		only_include_assumed = _("Explicit paths specified without -i or -o; assuming --only paths...");
 	if (!cleanup_arg || !strcmp(cleanup_arg, "default"))
 		cleanup_mode = use_editor ? CLEANUP_ALL : CLEANUP_SPACE;
 	else if (!strcmp(cleanup_arg, "verbatim"))
@@ -1660,6 +1653,7 @@
 		usage_with_options(builtin_commit_usage, builtin_commit_options);
 
 	status_init_config(&s, git_commit_config);
+	s.commit_template = 1;
 	status_format = STATUS_FORMAT_NONE; /* Ignore status.short */
 	s.colopts = 0;
 
diff --git a/builtin/describe.c b/builtin/describe.c
index 8868f00..89ea1cd 100644
--- a/builtin/describe.c
+++ b/builtin/describe.c
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@
 			return 0;
 
 		for_each_string_list_item(item, &exclude_patterns) {
-			if (!wildmatch(item->string, path + 10, 0, NULL))
+			if (!wildmatch(item->string, path + 10, 0))
 				return 0;
 		}
 	}
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@
 			return 0;
 
 		for_each_string_list_item(item, &patterns) {
-			if (!wildmatch(item->string, path + 10, 0, NULL))
+			if (!wildmatch(item->string, path + 10, 0))
 				break;
 
 			/* If we get here, no pattern matched. */
diff --git a/builtin/fetch.c b/builtin/fetch.c
index 16cf842..1838a9a 100644
--- a/builtin/fetch.c
+++ b/builtin/fetch.c
@@ -250,9 +250,11 @@
 		 */
 		if (ends_with(ref->name, "^{}")) {
 			if (item &&
-			    !has_object_file_with_flags(&ref->old_oid, HAS_SHA1_QUICK) &&
+			    !has_object_file_with_flags(&ref->old_oid,
+							OBJECT_INFO_QUICK) &&
 			    !will_fetch(head, ref->old_oid.hash) &&
-			    !has_sha1_file_with_flags(item->util, HAS_SHA1_QUICK) &&
+			    !has_sha1_file_with_flags(item->util,
+						      OBJECT_INFO_QUICK) &&
 			    !will_fetch(head, item->util))
 				item->util = NULL;
 			item = NULL;
@@ -266,7 +268,7 @@
 		 * fetch.
 		 */
 		if (item &&
-		    !has_sha1_file_with_flags(item->util, HAS_SHA1_QUICK) &&
+		    !has_sha1_file_with_flags(item->util, OBJECT_INFO_QUICK) &&
 		    !will_fetch(head, item->util))
 			item->util = NULL;
 
@@ -287,7 +289,7 @@
 	 * checked to see if it needs fetching.
 	 */
 	if (item &&
-	    !has_sha1_file_with_flags(item->util, HAS_SHA1_QUICK) &&
+	    !has_sha1_file_with_flags(item->util, OBJECT_INFO_QUICK) &&
 	    !will_fetch(head, item->util))
 		item->util = NULL;
 
diff --git a/builtin/fsck.c b/builtin/fsck.c
index 87c6756..99dea7a 100644
--- a/builtin/fsck.c
+++ b/builtin/fsck.c
@@ -537,7 +537,7 @@
 	return 0;
 }
 
-static int fsck_subdir(int nr, const char *path, void *progress)
+static int fsck_subdir(unsigned int nr, const char *path, void *progress)
 {
 	display_progress(progress, nr + 1);
 	return 0;
diff --git a/builtin/gc.c b/builtin/gc.c
index bd91f13..2ba50a2 100644
--- a/builtin/gc.c
+++ b/builtin/gc.c
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@
 	if (!dir)
 		return 0;
 
-	auto_threshold = (gc_auto_threshold + 255) / 256;
+	auto_threshold = DIV_ROUND_UP(gc_auto_threshold, 256);
 	while ((ent = readdir(dir)) != NULL) {
 		if (strspn(ent->d_name, "0123456789abcdef") != 38 ||
 		    ent->d_name[38] != '\0')
diff --git a/builtin/grep.c b/builtin/grep.c
index f61a9d9..7e79eb1 100644
--- a/builtin/grep.c
+++ b/builtin/grep.c
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
  * Copyright (c) 2006 Junio C Hamano
  */
 #include "cache.h"
+#include "repository.h"
 #include "config.h"
 #include "blob.h"
 #include "tree.h"
@@ -542,7 +543,7 @@
 	 * submodule process has its own thread pool.
 	 */
 	argv_array_pushf(&submodule_options, "--threads=%d",
-			 (num_threads + 1) / 2);
+			 DIV_ROUND_UP(num_threads, 2));
 
 	/* Add Pathspecs */
 	argv_array_push(&submodule_options, "--");
@@ -643,11 +644,11 @@
 static int grep_submodule(struct grep_opt *opt, const struct object_id *oid,
 			  const char *filename, const char *path)
 {
-	if (!is_submodule_initialized(path))
+	if (!is_submodule_active(the_repository, path))
 		return 0;
 	if (!is_submodule_populated_gently(path, NULL)) {
 		/*
-		 * If searching history, check for the presense of the
+		 * If searching history, check for the presence of the
 		 * submodule's gitdir before skipping the submodule.
 		 */
 		if (oid) {
@@ -1169,8 +1170,6 @@
 
 	if (!opt.pattern_list)
 		die(_("no pattern given."));
-	if (!opt.fixed && opt.ignore_case)
-		opt.regflags |= REG_ICASE;
 
 	/*
 	 * We have to find "--" in a separate pass, because its presence
diff --git a/builtin/index-pack.c b/builtin/index-pack.c
index ad4de35..26828c1 100644
--- a/builtin/index-pack.c
+++ b/builtin/index-pack.c
@@ -793,7 +793,8 @@
 
 	if (startup_info->have_repository) {
 		read_lock();
-		collision_test_needed = has_sha1_file_with_flags(oid->hash, HAS_SHA1_QUICK);
+		collision_test_needed =
+			has_sha1_file_with_flags(oid->hash, OBJECT_INFO_QUICK);
 		read_unlock();
 	}
 
diff --git a/builtin/log.c b/builtin/log.c
index 8ca1de9..c6362cf 100644
--- a/builtin/log.c
+++ b/builtin/log.c
@@ -1308,7 +1308,7 @@
 
 		if (rev_nr % 2)
 			rev[i] = rev[2 * i];
-		rev_nr = (rev_nr + 1) / 2;
+		rev_nr = DIV_ROUND_UP(rev_nr, 2);
 	}
 
 	if (!in_merge_bases(base, rev[0]))
diff --git a/builtin/ls-files.c b/builtin/ls-files.c
index b12d0bb..b8514a0 100644
--- a/builtin/ls-files.c
+++ b/builtin/ls-files.c
@@ -5,7 +5,9 @@
  *
  * Copyright (C) Linus Torvalds, 2005
  */
+#define NO_THE_INDEX_COMPATIBILITY_MACROS
 #include "cache.h"
+#include "repository.h"
 #include "config.h"
 #include "quote.h"
 #include "dir.h"
@@ -32,10 +34,8 @@
 static int debug_mode;
 static int show_eol;
 static int recurse_submodules;
-static struct argv_array submodule_options = ARGV_ARRAY_INIT;
 
 static const char *prefix;
-static const char *super_prefix;
 static int max_prefix_len;
 static int prefix_len;
 static struct pathspec pathspec;
@@ -74,24 +74,11 @@
 static void write_name(const char *name)
 {
 	/*
-	 * Prepend the super_prefix to name to construct the full_name to be
-	 * written.
-	 */
-	struct strbuf full_name = STRBUF_INIT;
-	if (super_prefix) {
-		strbuf_addstr(&full_name, super_prefix);
-		strbuf_addstr(&full_name, name);
-		name = full_name.buf;
-	}
-
-	/*
 	 * With "--full-name", prefix_len=0; this caller needs to pass
 	 * an empty string in that case (a NULL is good for "").
 	 */
 	write_name_quoted_relative(name, prefix_len ? prefix : NULL,
 				   stdout, line_terminator);
-
-	strbuf_release(&full_name);
 }
 
 static const char *get_tag(const struct cache_entry *ce, const char *tag)
@@ -210,83 +197,38 @@
 	}
 }
 
-/*
- * Compile an argv_array with all of the options supported by --recurse_submodules
- */
-static void compile_submodule_options(const char **argv,
-				      const struct dir_struct *dir,
-				      int show_tag)
-{
-	if (line_terminator == '\0')
-		argv_array_push(&submodule_options, "-z");
-	if (show_tag)
-		argv_array_push(&submodule_options, "-t");
-	if (show_valid_bit)
-		argv_array_push(&submodule_options, "-v");
-	if (show_cached)
-		argv_array_push(&submodule_options, "--cached");
-	if (show_eol)
-		argv_array_push(&submodule_options, "--eol");
-	if (debug_mode)
-		argv_array_push(&submodule_options, "--debug");
+static void show_files(struct repository *repo, struct dir_struct *dir);
 
-	/* Add Pathspecs */
-	argv_array_push(&submodule_options, "--");
-	for (; *argv; argv++)
-		argv_array_push(&submodule_options, *argv);
+static void show_submodule(struct repository *superproject,
+			   struct dir_struct *dir, const char *path)
+{
+	struct repository submodule;
+
+	if (repo_submodule_init(&submodule, superproject, path))
+		return;
+
+	if (repo_read_index(&submodule) < 0)
+		die("index file corrupt");
+
+	repo_read_gitmodules(&submodule);
+
+	show_files(&submodule, dir);
+
+	repo_clear(&submodule);
 }
 
-/**
- * Recursively call ls-files on a submodule
- */
-static void show_gitlink(const struct cache_entry *ce)
+static void show_ce(struct repository *repo, struct dir_struct *dir,
+		    const struct cache_entry *ce, const char *fullname,
+		    const char *tag)
 {
-	struct child_process cp = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
-	int status;
-	char *dir;
-
-	prepare_submodule_repo_env(&cp.env_array);
-	argv_array_push(&cp.env_array, GIT_DIR_ENVIRONMENT);
-
-	if (prefix_len)
-		argv_array_pushf(&cp.env_array, "%s=%s",
-				 GIT_TOPLEVEL_PREFIX_ENVIRONMENT,
-				 prefix);
-	argv_array_pushf(&cp.args, "--super-prefix=%s%s/",
-			 super_prefix ? super_prefix : "",
-			 ce->name);
-	argv_array_push(&cp.args, "ls-files");
-	argv_array_push(&cp.args, "--recurse-submodules");
-
-	/* add supported options */
-	argv_array_pushv(&cp.args, submodule_options.argv);
-
-	cp.git_cmd = 1;
-	dir = mkpathdup("%s/%s", get_git_work_tree(), ce->name);
-	cp.dir = dir;
-	status = run_command(&cp);
-	free(dir);
-	if (status)
-		exit(status);
-}
-
-static void show_ce_entry(const struct index_state *istate,
-			  const char *tag, const struct cache_entry *ce)
-{
-	struct strbuf name = STRBUF_INIT;
-	int len = max_prefix_len;
-	if (super_prefix)
-		strbuf_addstr(&name, super_prefix);
-	strbuf_addstr(&name, ce->name);
-
-	if (len > ce_namelen(ce))
+	if (max_prefix_len > strlen(fullname))
 		die("git ls-files: internal error - cache entry not superset of prefix");
 
 	if (recurse_submodules && S_ISGITLINK(ce->ce_mode) &&
-	    submodule_path_match(&pathspec, name.buf, ps_matched)) {
-		show_gitlink(ce);
-	} else if (match_pathspec(&pathspec, name.buf, name.len,
-				  len, ps_matched,
+	    is_submodule_active(repo, ce->name)) {
+		show_submodule(repo, dir, ce->name);
+	} else if (match_pathspec(&pathspec, fullname, strlen(fullname),
+				  max_prefix_len, ps_matched,
 				  S_ISDIR(ce->ce_mode) ||
 				  S_ISGITLINK(ce->ce_mode))) {
 		tag = get_tag(ce, tag);
@@ -300,12 +242,10 @@
 			       find_unique_abbrev(ce->oid.hash, abbrev),
 			       ce_stage(ce));
 		}
-		write_eolinfo(istate, ce, ce->name);
-		write_name(ce->name);
+		write_eolinfo(repo->index, ce, fullname);
+		write_name(fullname);
 		print_debug(ce);
 	}
-
-	strbuf_release(&name);
 }
 
 static void show_ru_info(const struct index_state *istate)
@@ -338,59 +278,79 @@
 }
 
 static int ce_excluded(struct dir_struct *dir, struct index_state *istate,
-		       const struct cache_entry *ce)
+		       const char *fullname, const struct cache_entry *ce)
 {
 	int dtype = ce_to_dtype(ce);
-	return is_excluded(dir, istate, ce->name, &dtype);
+	return is_excluded(dir, istate, fullname, &dtype);
 }
 
-static void show_files(struct index_state *istate, struct dir_struct *dir)
+static void construct_fullname(struct strbuf *out, const struct repository *repo,
+			       const struct cache_entry *ce)
+{
+	strbuf_reset(out);
+	if (repo->submodule_prefix)
+		strbuf_addstr(out, repo->submodule_prefix);
+	strbuf_addstr(out, ce->name);
+}
+
+static void show_files(struct repository *repo, struct dir_struct *dir)
 {
 	int i;
+	struct strbuf fullname = STRBUF_INIT;
 
 	/* For cached/deleted files we don't need to even do the readdir */
 	if (show_others || show_killed) {
 		if (!show_others)
 			dir->flags |= DIR_COLLECT_KILLED_ONLY;
-		fill_directory(dir, istate, &pathspec);
+		fill_directory(dir, repo->index, &pathspec);
 		if (show_others)
-			show_other_files(istate, dir);
+			show_other_files(repo->index, dir);
 		if (show_killed)
-			show_killed_files(istate, dir);
+			show_killed_files(repo->index, dir);
 	}
 	if (show_cached || show_stage) {
-		for (i = 0; i < istate->cache_nr; i++) {
-			const struct cache_entry *ce = istate->cache[i];
+		for (i = 0; i < repo->index->cache_nr; i++) {
+			const struct cache_entry *ce = repo->index->cache[i];
+
+			construct_fullname(&fullname, repo, ce);
+
 			if ((dir->flags & DIR_SHOW_IGNORED) &&
-			    !ce_excluded(dir, istate, ce))
+			    !ce_excluded(dir, repo->index, fullname.buf, ce))
 				continue;
 			if (show_unmerged && !ce_stage(ce))
 				continue;
 			if (ce->ce_flags & CE_UPDATE)
 				continue;
-			show_ce_entry(istate, ce_stage(ce) ? tag_unmerged :
-				(ce_skip_worktree(ce) ? tag_skip_worktree : tag_cached), ce);
+			show_ce(repo, dir, ce, fullname.buf,
+				ce_stage(ce) ? tag_unmerged :
+				(ce_skip_worktree(ce) ? tag_skip_worktree :
+				 tag_cached));
 		}
 	}
 	if (show_deleted || show_modified) {
-		for (i = 0; i < istate->cache_nr; i++) {
-			const struct cache_entry *ce = istate->cache[i];
+		for (i = 0; i < repo->index->cache_nr; i++) {
+			const struct cache_entry *ce = repo->index->cache[i];
 			struct stat st;
 			int err;
+
+			construct_fullname(&fullname, repo, ce);
+
 			if ((dir->flags & DIR_SHOW_IGNORED) &&
-			    !ce_excluded(dir, istate, ce))
+			    !ce_excluded(dir, repo->index, fullname.buf, ce))
 				continue;
 			if (ce->ce_flags & CE_UPDATE)
 				continue;
 			if (ce_skip_worktree(ce))
 				continue;
-			err = lstat(ce->name, &st);
+			err = lstat(fullname.buf, &st);
 			if (show_deleted && err)
-				show_ce_entry(istate, tag_removed, ce);
-			if (show_modified && ie_modified(istate, ce, &st, 0))
-				show_ce_entry(istate, tag_modified, ce);
+				show_ce(repo, dir, ce, fullname.buf, tag_removed);
+			if (show_modified && ie_modified(repo->index, ce, &st, 0))
+				show_ce(repo, dir, ce, fullname.buf, tag_modified);
 		}
 	}
+
+	strbuf_release(&fullname);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -615,10 +575,9 @@
 	prefix = cmd_prefix;
 	if (prefix)
 		prefix_len = strlen(prefix);
-	super_prefix = get_super_prefix();
 	git_config(git_default_config, NULL);
 
-	if (read_cache() < 0)
+	if (repo_read_index(the_repository) < 0)
 		die("index file corrupt");
 
 	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, builtin_ls_files_options,
@@ -652,7 +611,7 @@
 		setup_work_tree();
 
 	if (recurse_submodules)
-		compile_submodule_options(argv, &dir, show_tag);
+		repo_read_gitmodules(the_repository);
 
 	if (recurse_submodules &&
 	    (show_stage || show_deleted || show_others || show_unmerged ||
@@ -670,7 +629,10 @@
 	/*
 	 * Find common prefix for all pathspec's
 	 * This is used as a performance optimization which unfortunately cannot
-	 * be done when recursing into submodules
+	 * be done when recursing into submodules because when a pathspec is
+	 * given which spans repository boundaries you can't simply remove the
+	 * submodule entry because the pathspec may match something inside the
+	 * submodule.
 	 */
 	if (recurse_submodules)
 		max_prefix = NULL;
@@ -678,7 +640,7 @@
 		max_prefix = common_prefix(&pathspec);
 	max_prefix_len = get_common_prefix_len(max_prefix);
 
-	prune_index(&the_index, max_prefix, max_prefix_len);
+	prune_index(the_repository->index, max_prefix, max_prefix_len);
 
 	/* Treat unmatching pathspec elements as errors */
 	if (pathspec.nr && error_unmatch)
@@ -699,11 +661,13 @@
 		 */
 		if (show_stage || show_unmerged)
 			die("ls-files --with-tree is incompatible with -s or -u");
-		overlay_tree_on_index(&the_index, with_tree, max_prefix);
+		overlay_tree_on_index(the_repository->index, with_tree, max_prefix);
 	}
-	show_files(&the_index, &dir);
+
+	show_files(the_repository, &dir);
+
 	if (show_resolve_undo)
-		show_ru_info(&the_index);
+		show_ru_info(the_repository->index);
 
 	if (ps_matched) {
 		int bad;
diff --git a/builtin/ls-remote.c b/builtin/ls-remote.c
index b2d7d5c..c4be98a 100644
--- a/builtin/ls-remote.c
+++ b/builtin/ls-remote.c
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
 
 	pathbuf = xstrfmt("/%s", path);
 	while ((p = *(pattern++)) != NULL) {
-		if (!wildmatch(p, pathbuf, 0, NULL)) {
+		if (!wildmatch(p, pathbuf, 0)) {
 			free(pathbuf);
 			return 1;
 		}
diff --git a/builtin/name-rev.c b/builtin/name-rev.c
index e21715f..c41ea7c 100644
--- a/builtin/name-rev.c
+++ b/builtin/name-rev.c
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@
 	const char *subpath = path;
 
 	while (subpath) {
-		if (!wildmatch(filter, subpath, 0, NULL))
+		if (!wildmatch(filter, subpath, 0))
 			return subpath - path;
 		subpath = strchr(subpath, '/');
 		if (subpath)
diff --git a/builtin/prune-packed.c b/builtin/prune-packed.c
index c026299..ac978ad 100644
--- a/builtin/prune-packed.c
+++ b/builtin/prune-packed.c
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 
 static struct progress *progress;
 
-static int prune_subdir(int nr, const char *path, void *data)
+static int prune_subdir(unsigned int nr, const char *path, void *data)
 {
 	int *opts = data;
 	display_progress(progress, nr + 1);
diff --git a/builtin/prune.c b/builtin/prune.c
index f0e2bff..c378690 100644
--- a/builtin/prune.c
+++ b/builtin/prune.c
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@
 	return 0;
 }
 
-static int prune_subdir(int nr, const char *path, void *data)
+static int prune_subdir(unsigned int nr, const char *path, void *data)
 {
 	if (!show_only)
 		rmdir(path);
diff --git a/builtin/receive-pack.c b/builtin/receive-pack.c
index 71c0c76..cabdc55 100644
--- a/builtin/receive-pack.c
+++ b/builtin/receive-pack.c
@@ -1806,7 +1806,7 @@
 static void prepare_shallow_update(struct command *commands,
 				   struct shallow_info *si)
 {
-	int i, j, k, bitmap_size = (si->ref->nr + 31) / 32;
+	int i, j, k, bitmap_size = DIV_ROUND_UP(si->ref->nr, 32);
 
 	ALLOC_ARRAY(si->used_shallow, si->shallow->nr);
 	assign_shallow_commits_to_refs(si, si->used_shallow, NULL);
diff --git a/builtin/reflog.c b/builtin/reflog.c
index 44cdc2d..e237d92 100644
--- a/builtin/reflog.c
+++ b/builtin/reflog.c
@@ -486,7 +486,7 @@
 		return; /* both given explicitly -- nothing to tweak */
 
 	for (ent = reflog_expire_cfg; ent; ent = ent->next) {
-		if (!wildmatch(ent->pattern, ref, 0, NULL)) {
+		if (!wildmatch(ent->pattern, ref, 0)) {
 			if (!(slot & EXPIRE_TOTAL))
 				cb->expire_total = ent->expire_total;
 			if (!(slot & EXPIRE_UNREACH))
diff --git a/builtin/replace.c b/builtin/replace.c
index 80a15cf..fba336a 100644
--- a/builtin/replace.c
+++ b/builtin/replace.c
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@
 {
 	struct show_data *data = cb_data;
 
-	if (!wildmatch(data->pattern, refname, 0, NULL)) {
+	if (!wildmatch(data->pattern, refname, 0)) {
 		if (data->format == REPLACE_FORMAT_SHORT)
 			printf("%s\n", refname);
 		else if (data->format == REPLACE_FORMAT_MEDIUM)
diff --git a/builtin/show-branch.c b/builtin/show-branch.c
index 527f69e..7073a3e 100644
--- a/builtin/show-branch.c
+++ b/builtin/show-branch.c
@@ -438,7 +438,7 @@
 			slash--;
 	if (!*tail)
 		return 0;
-	if (wildmatch(match_ref_pattern, tail, 0, NULL))
+	if (wildmatch(match_ref_pattern, tail, 0))
 		return 0;
 	if (starts_with(refname, "refs/heads/"))
 		return append_head_ref(refname, oid, flag, cb_data);
diff --git a/builtin/submodule--helper.c b/builtin/submodule--helper.c
index 8517032..6abdad3 100644
--- a/builtin/submodule--helper.c
+++ b/builtin/submodule--helper.c
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 #include "builtin.h"
+#include "repository.h"
 #include "cache.h"
 #include "config.h"
 #include "parse-options.h"
 #include "quote.h"
 #include "pathspec.h"
 #include "dir.h"
-#include "utf8.h"
 #include "submodule.h"
 #include "submodule-config.h"
 #include "string-list.h"
@@ -280,7 +280,7 @@
 	for (i = 0; i < list->nr; i++) {
 		const struct cache_entry *ce = list->entries[i];
 
-		if (!is_submodule_initialized(ce->name))
+		if (!is_submodule_active(the_repository, ce->name))
 			continue;
 
 		ALLOC_GROW(active_modules.entries,
@@ -326,7 +326,7 @@
 			printf("%06o %s %d\t", ce->ce_mode,
 			       oid_to_hex(&ce->oid), ce_stage(ce));
 
-		utf8_fprintf(stdout, "%s\n", ce->name);
+		fprintf(stdout, "%s\n", ce->name);
 	}
 	return 0;
 }
@@ -362,7 +362,7 @@
 	 *
 	 * Set active flag for the submodule being initialized
 	 */
-	if (!is_submodule_initialized(path)) {
+	if (!is_submodule_active(the_repository, path)) {
 		strbuf_reset(&sb);
 		strbuf_addf(&sb, "submodule.%s.active", sub->name);
 		git_config_set_gently(sb.buf, "true");
@@ -817,7 +817,7 @@
 	}
 
 	/* Check if the submodule has been initialized. */
-	if (!is_submodule_initialized(ce->name)) {
+	if (!is_submodule_active(the_repository, ce->name)) {
 		next_submodule_warn_missing(suc, out, displaypath);
 		goto cleanup;
 	}
@@ -1038,7 +1038,7 @@
 		return 1;
 
 	for_each_string_list_item(item, &suc.projectlines)
-		utf8_fprintf(stdout, "%s", item->string);
+		fprintf(stdout, "%s", item->string);
 
 	return 0;
 }
@@ -1193,7 +1193,7 @@
 
 	gitmodules_config();
 
-	return !is_submodule_initialized(argv[1]);
+	return !is_submodule_active(the_repository, argv[1]);
 }
 
 #define SUPPORT_SUPER_PREFIX (1<<0)
diff --git a/cache.h b/cache.h
index 96055c2..71fe092 100644
--- a/cache.h
+++ b/cache.h
@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@
 #include "string-list.h"
 #include "pack-revindex.h"
 #include "hash.h"
+#include "path.h"
+#include "sha1-array.h"
 
 #ifndef platform_SHA_CTX
 /*
@@ -462,6 +464,8 @@
  */
 extern const char * const local_repo_env[];
 
+extern void setup_git_env(void);
+
 /*
  * Returns true iff we have a configured git repository (either via
  * setup_git_directory, or in the environment via $GIT_DIR).
@@ -769,7 +773,6 @@
 extern int precomposed_unicode;
 extern int protect_hfs;
 extern int protect_ntfs;
-extern int git_db_env, git_index_env, git_graft_env, git_common_dir_env;
 
 /*
  * Include broken refs in all ref iterations, which will
@@ -892,64 +895,6 @@
 #define TYPE_CHANGED    0x0040
 
 /*
- * Return a statically allocated filename, either generically (mkpath), in
- * the repository directory (git_path), or in a submodule's repository
- * directory (git_path_submodule). In all cases, note that the result
- * may be overwritten by another call to _any_ of the functions. Consider
- * using the safer "dup" or "strbuf" formats below (in some cases, the
- * unsafe versions have already been removed).
- */
-extern const char *mkpath(const char *fmt, ...) __attribute__((format (printf, 1, 2)));
-extern const char *git_path(const char *fmt, ...) __attribute__((format (printf, 1, 2)));
-extern const char *git_common_path(const char *fmt, ...) __attribute__((format (printf, 1, 2)));
-
-extern char *mksnpath(char *buf, size_t n, const char *fmt, ...)
-	__attribute__((format (printf, 3, 4)));
-extern void strbuf_git_path(struct strbuf *sb, const char *fmt, ...)
-	__attribute__((format (printf, 2, 3)));
-extern void strbuf_git_common_path(struct strbuf *sb, const char *fmt, ...)
-	__attribute__((format (printf, 2, 3)));
-extern char *git_path_buf(struct strbuf *buf, const char *fmt, ...)
-	__attribute__((format (printf, 2, 3)));
-extern int strbuf_git_path_submodule(struct strbuf *sb, const char *path,
-				     const char *fmt, ...)
-	__attribute__((format (printf, 3, 4)));
-extern char *git_pathdup(const char *fmt, ...)
-	__attribute__((format (printf, 1, 2)));
-extern char *mkpathdup(const char *fmt, ...)
-	__attribute__((format (printf, 1, 2)));
-extern char *git_pathdup_submodule(const char *path, const char *fmt, ...)
-	__attribute__((format (printf, 2, 3)));
-
-extern void report_linked_checkout_garbage(void);
-
-/*
- * You can define a static memoized git path like:
- *
- *    static GIT_PATH_FUNC(git_path_foo, "FOO");
- *
- * or use one of the global ones below.
- */
-#define GIT_PATH_FUNC(func, filename) \
-	const char *func(void) \
-	{ \
-		static char *ret; \
-		if (!ret) \
-			ret = git_pathdup(filename); \
-		return ret; \
-	}
-
-const char *git_path_cherry_pick_head(void);
-const char *git_path_revert_head(void);
-const char *git_path_squash_msg(void);
-const char *git_path_merge_msg(void);
-const char *git_path_merge_rr(void);
-const char *git_path_merge_mode(void);
-const char *git_path_merge_head(void);
-const char *git_path_fetch_head(void);
-const char *git_path_shallow(void);
-
-/*
  * Return the name of the file in the local object database that would
  * be used to store a loose object with the specified sha1.  The
  * return value is a pointer to a statically allocated buffer that is
@@ -1215,13 +1160,12 @@
  */
 extern char *xdg_cache_home(const char *filename);
 
-/* object replacement */
-#define LOOKUP_REPLACE_OBJECT 1
-#define LOOKUP_UNKNOWN_OBJECT 2
-extern void *read_sha1_file_extended(const unsigned char *sha1, enum object_type *type, unsigned long *size, unsigned flag);
+extern void *read_sha1_file_extended(const unsigned char *sha1,
+				     enum object_type *type,
+				     unsigned long *size, int lookup_replace);
 static inline void *read_sha1_file(const unsigned char *sha1, enum object_type *type, unsigned long *size)
 {
-	return read_sha1_file_extended(sha1, type, size, LOOKUP_REPLACE_OBJECT);
+	return read_sha1_file_extended(sha1, type, size, 1);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1243,13 +1187,6 @@
 	return do_lookup_replace_object(sha1);
 }
 
-static inline const unsigned char *lookup_replace_object_extended(const unsigned char *sha1, unsigned flag)
-{
-	if (!(flag & LOOKUP_REPLACE_OBJECT))
-		return sha1;
-	return lookup_replace_object(sha1);
-}
-
 /* Read and unpack a sha1 file into memory, write memory to a sha1 file */
 extern int sha1_object_info(const unsigned char *, unsigned long *);
 extern int hash_sha1_file(const void *buf, unsigned long len, const char *type, unsigned char *sha1);
@@ -1286,15 +1223,10 @@
 		      void **contents);
 
 /*
- * Return true iff we have an object named sha1, whether local or in
- * an alternate object database, and whether packed or loose.  This
- * function does not respect replace references.
- *
- * If the QUICK flag is set, do not re-check the pack directory
- * when we cannot find the object (this means we may give a false
- * negative answer if another process is simultaneously repacking).
+ * Convenience for sha1_object_info_extended() with a NULL struct
+ * object_info. OBJECT_INFO_SKIP_CACHED is automatically set; pass
+ * nonzero flags to also set other flags.
  */
-#define HAS_SHA1_QUICK 0x1
 extern int has_sha1_file_with_flags(const unsigned char *sha1, int flags);
 static inline int has_sha1_file(const unsigned char *sha1)
 {
@@ -1596,6 +1528,16 @@
 	struct strbuf scratch;
 	size_t base_len;
 
+	/*
+	 * Used to store the results of readdir(3) calls when searching
+	 * for unique abbreviated hashes.  This cache is never
+	 * invalidated, thus it's racy and not necessarily accurate.
+	 * That's fine for its purpose; don't use it for tasks requiring
+	 * greater accuracy!
+	 */
+	char loose_objects_subdir_seen[256];
+	struct oid_array loose_objects_cache;
+
 	char path[FLEX_ARRAY];
 } *alt_odb_list;
 extern void prepare_alt_odb(void);
@@ -1811,9 +1753,15 @@
 typedef int each_loose_cruft_fn(const char *basename,
 				const char *path,
 				void *data);
-typedef int each_loose_subdir_fn(int nr,
+typedef int each_loose_subdir_fn(unsigned int nr,
 				 const char *path,
 				 void *data);
+int for_each_file_in_obj_subdir(unsigned int subdir_nr,
+				struct strbuf *path,
+				each_loose_object_fn obj_cb,
+				each_loose_cruft_fn cruft_cb,
+				each_loose_subdir_fn subdir_cb,
+				void *data);
 int for_each_loose_file_in_objdir(const char *path,
 				  each_loose_object_fn obj_cb,
 				  each_loose_cruft_fn cruft_cb,
@@ -1845,6 +1793,7 @@
 	off_t *disk_sizep;
 	unsigned char *delta_base_sha1;
 	struct strbuf *typename;
+	void **contentp;
 
 	/* Response */
 	enum {
@@ -1876,6 +1825,14 @@
  */
 #define OBJECT_INFO_INIT {NULL}
 
+/* Invoke lookup_replace_object() on the given hash */
+#define OBJECT_INFO_LOOKUP_REPLACE 1
+/* Allow reading from a loose object file of unknown/bogus type */
+#define OBJECT_INFO_ALLOW_UNKNOWN_TYPE 2
+/* Do not check cached storage */
+#define OBJECT_INFO_SKIP_CACHED 4
+/* Do not retry packed storage after checking packed and loose storage */
+#define OBJECT_INFO_QUICK 8
 extern int sha1_object_info_extended(const unsigned char *, struct object_info *, unsigned flags);
 extern int packed_object_info(struct packed_git *pack, off_t offset, struct object_info *);
 
diff --git a/compat/regex/regexec.c b/compat/regex/regexec.c
index eb5e1d4..0a745d9 100644
--- a/compat/regex/regexec.c
+++ b/compat/regex/regexec.c
@@ -4102,7 +4102,7 @@
   if (BE (INT_MAX / 2 / sizeof (re_dfastate_t *) <= pstr->bufs_len, 0))
     return REG_ESPACE;
 
-  /* Double the lengthes of the buffers.  */
+  /* Double the lengths of the buffers.  */
   ret = re_string_realloc_buffers (pstr, pstr->bufs_len * 2);
   if (BE (ret != REG_NOERROR, 0))
     return ret;
diff --git a/config.c b/config.c
index 4a31e31..231f9a7 100644
--- a/config.c
+++ b/config.c
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
  */
 #include "cache.h"
 #include "config.h"
+#include "repository.h"
 #include "lockfile.h"
 #include "exec_cmd.h"
 #include "strbuf.h"
@@ -72,13 +73,6 @@
 static int pack_compression_seen;
 static int zlib_compression_seen;
 
-/*
- * Default config_set that contains key-value pairs from the usual set of config
- * config files (i.e repo specific .git/config, user wide ~/.gitconfig, XDG
- * config file and the global /etc/gitconfig)
- */
-static struct config_set the_config_set;
-
 static int config_file_fgetc(struct config_source *conf)
 {
 	return getc_unlocked(conf->u.file);
@@ -244,7 +238,7 @@
 	}
 
 	ret = !wildmatch(pattern.buf + prefix, text.buf + prefix,
-			 icase ? WM_CASEFOLD : 0, NULL);
+			 icase ? WM_CASEFOLD : 0);
 
 	if (!ret && !already_tried_absolute) {
 		/*
@@ -1604,31 +1598,6 @@
 	return do_git_config_sequence(opts, fn, data);
 }
 
-static void git_config_raw(config_fn_t fn, void *data)
-{
-	struct config_options opts = {0};
-
-	opts.respect_includes = 1;
-	if (have_git_dir()) {
-		opts.commondir = get_git_common_dir();
-		opts.git_dir = get_git_dir();
-	}
-
-	if (config_with_options(fn, data, NULL, &opts) < 0)
-		/*
-		 * config_with_options() normally returns only
-		 * zero, as most errors are fatal, and
-		 * non-fatal potential errors are guarded by "if"
-		 * statements that are entered only when no error is
-		 * possible.
-		 *
-		 * If we ever encounter a non-fatal error, it means
-		 * something went really wrong and we should stop
-		 * immediately.
-		 */
-		die(_("unknown error occurred while reading the configuration files"));
-}
-
 static void configset_iter(struct config_set *cs, config_fn_t fn, void *data)
 {
 	int i, value_index;
@@ -1682,14 +1651,6 @@
 	strbuf_release(&gitdir);
 }
 
-static void git_config_check_init(void);
-
-void git_config(config_fn_t fn, void *data)
-{
-	git_config_check_init();
-	configset_iter(&the_config_set, fn, data);
-}
-
 static struct config_set_element *configset_find_element(struct config_set *cs, const char *key)
 {
 	struct config_set_element k;
@@ -1902,87 +1863,194 @@
 		return 1;
 }
 
-static void git_config_check_init(void)
+/* Functions use to read configuration from a repository */
+static void repo_read_config(struct repository *repo)
 {
-	if (the_config_set.hash_initialized)
+	struct config_options opts;
+
+	opts.respect_includes = 1;
+	opts.commondir = repo->commondir;
+	opts.git_dir = repo->gitdir;
+
+	if (!repo->config)
+		repo->config = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct config_set));
+	else
+		git_configset_clear(repo->config);
+
+	git_configset_init(repo->config);
+
+	if (config_with_options(config_set_callback, repo->config, NULL, &opts) < 0)
+		/*
+		 * config_with_options() normally returns only
+		 * zero, as most errors are fatal, and
+		 * non-fatal potential errors are guarded by "if"
+		 * statements that are entered only when no error is
+		 * possible.
+		 *
+		 * If we ever encounter a non-fatal error, it means
+		 * something went really wrong and we should stop
+		 * immediately.
+		 */
+		die(_("unknown error occurred while reading the configuration files"));
+}
+
+static void git_config_check_init(struct repository *repo)
+{
+	if (repo->config && repo->config->hash_initialized)
 		return;
-	git_configset_init(&the_config_set);
-	git_config_raw(config_set_callback, &the_config_set);
+	repo_read_config(repo);
+}
+
+static void repo_config_clear(struct repository *repo)
+{
+	if (!repo->config || !repo->config->hash_initialized)
+		return;
+	git_configset_clear(repo->config);
+}
+
+void repo_config(struct repository *repo, config_fn_t fn, void *data)
+{
+	git_config_check_init(repo);
+	configset_iter(repo->config, fn, data);
+}
+
+int repo_config_get_value(struct repository *repo,
+			  const char *key, const char **value)
+{
+	git_config_check_init(repo);
+	return git_configset_get_value(repo->config, key, value);
+}
+
+const struct string_list *repo_config_get_value_multi(struct repository *repo,
+						      const char *key)
+{
+	git_config_check_init(repo);
+	return git_configset_get_value_multi(repo->config, key);
+}
+
+int repo_config_get_string_const(struct repository *repo,
+				 const char *key, const char **dest)
+{
+	int ret;
+	git_config_check_init(repo);
+	ret = git_configset_get_string_const(repo->config, key, dest);
+	if (ret < 0)
+		git_die_config(key, NULL);
+	return ret;
+}
+
+int repo_config_get_string(struct repository *repo,
+			   const char *key, char **dest)
+{
+	git_config_check_init(repo);
+	return repo_config_get_string_const(repo, key, (const char **)dest);
+}
+
+int repo_config_get_int(struct repository *repo,
+			const char *key, int *dest)
+{
+	git_config_check_init(repo);
+	return git_configset_get_int(repo->config, key, dest);
+}
+
+int repo_config_get_ulong(struct repository *repo,
+			  const char *key, unsigned long *dest)
+{
+	git_config_check_init(repo);
+	return git_configset_get_ulong(repo->config, key, dest);
+}
+
+int repo_config_get_bool(struct repository *repo,
+			 const char *key, int *dest)
+{
+	git_config_check_init(repo);
+	return git_configset_get_bool(repo->config, key, dest);
+}
+
+int repo_config_get_bool_or_int(struct repository *repo,
+				const char *key, int *is_bool, int *dest)
+{
+	git_config_check_init(repo);
+	return git_configset_get_bool_or_int(repo->config, key, is_bool, dest);
+}
+
+int repo_config_get_maybe_bool(struct repository *repo,
+			       const char *key, int *dest)
+{
+	git_config_check_init(repo);
+	return git_configset_get_maybe_bool(repo->config, key, dest);
+}
+
+int repo_config_get_pathname(struct repository *repo,
+			     const char *key, const char **dest)
+{
+	int ret;
+	git_config_check_init(repo);
+	ret = git_configset_get_pathname(repo->config, key, dest);
+	if (ret < 0)
+		git_die_config(key, NULL);
+	return ret;
+}
+
+/* Functions used historically to read configuration from 'the_repository' */
+void git_config(config_fn_t fn, void *data)
+{
+	repo_config(the_repository, fn, data);
 }
 
 void git_config_clear(void)
 {
-	if (!the_config_set.hash_initialized)
-		return;
-	git_configset_clear(&the_config_set);
+	repo_config_clear(the_repository);
 }
 
 int git_config_get_value(const char *key, const char **value)
 {
-	git_config_check_init();
-	return git_configset_get_value(&the_config_set, key, value);
+	return repo_config_get_value(the_repository, key, value);
 }
 
 const struct string_list *git_config_get_value_multi(const char *key)
 {
-	git_config_check_init();
-	return git_configset_get_value_multi(&the_config_set, key);
+	return repo_config_get_value_multi(the_repository, key);
 }
 
 int git_config_get_string_const(const char *key, const char **dest)
 {
-	int ret;
-	git_config_check_init();
-	ret = git_configset_get_string_const(&the_config_set, key, dest);
-	if (ret < 0)
-		git_die_config(key, NULL);
-	return ret;
+	return repo_config_get_string_const(the_repository, key, dest);
 }
 
 int git_config_get_string(const char *key, char **dest)
 {
-	git_config_check_init();
-	return git_config_get_string_const(key, (const char **)dest);
+	return repo_config_get_string(the_repository, key, dest);
 }
 
 int git_config_get_int(const char *key, int *dest)
 {
-	git_config_check_init();
-	return git_configset_get_int(&the_config_set, key, dest);
+	return repo_config_get_int(the_repository, key, dest);
 }
 
 int git_config_get_ulong(const char *key, unsigned long *dest)
 {
-	git_config_check_init();
-	return git_configset_get_ulong(&the_config_set, key, dest);
+	return repo_config_get_ulong(the_repository, key, dest);
 }
 
 int git_config_get_bool(const char *key, int *dest)
 {
-	git_config_check_init();
-	return git_configset_get_bool(&the_config_set, key, dest);
+	return repo_config_get_bool(the_repository, key, dest);
 }
 
 int git_config_get_bool_or_int(const char *key, int *is_bool, int *dest)
 {
-	git_config_check_init();
-	return git_configset_get_bool_or_int(&the_config_set, key, is_bool, dest);
+	return repo_config_get_bool_or_int(the_repository, key, is_bool, dest);
 }
 
 int git_config_get_maybe_bool(const char *key, int *dest)
 {
-	git_config_check_init();
-	return git_configset_get_maybe_bool(&the_config_set, key, dest);
+	return repo_config_get_maybe_bool(the_repository, key, dest);
 }
 
 int git_config_get_pathname(const char *key, const char **dest)
 {
-	int ret;
-	git_config_check_init();
-	ret = git_configset_get_pathname(&the_config_set, key, dest);
-	if (ret < 0)
-		git_die_config(key, NULL);
-	return ret;
+	return repo_config_get_pathname(the_repository, key, dest);
 }
 
 int git_config_get_expiry(const char *key, const char **output)
diff --git a/config.h b/config.h
index 9e038cc..0352da1 100644
--- a/config.h
+++ b/config.h
@@ -163,6 +163,30 @@
 extern int git_configset_get_maybe_bool(struct config_set *cs, const char *key, int *dest);
 extern int git_configset_get_pathname(struct config_set *cs, const char *key, const char **dest);
 
+/* Functions for reading a repository's config */
+struct repository;
+extern void repo_config(struct repository *repo, config_fn_t fn, void *data);
+extern int repo_config_get_value(struct repository *repo,
+				 const char *key, const char **value);
+extern const struct string_list *repo_config_get_value_multi(struct repository *repo,
+							     const char *key);
+extern int repo_config_get_string_const(struct repository *repo,
+					const char *key, const char **dest);
+extern int repo_config_get_string(struct repository *repo,
+				  const char *key, char **dest);
+extern int repo_config_get_int(struct repository *repo,
+			       const char *key, int *dest);
+extern int repo_config_get_ulong(struct repository *repo,
+				 const char *key, unsigned long *dest);
+extern int repo_config_get_bool(struct repository *repo,
+				const char *key, int *dest);
+extern int repo_config_get_bool_or_int(struct repository *repo,
+				       const char *key, int *is_bool, int *dest);
+extern int repo_config_get_maybe_bool(struct repository *repo,
+				      const char *key, int *dest);
+extern int repo_config_get_pathname(struct repository *repo,
+				    const char *key, const char **dest);
+
 extern int git_config_get_value(const char *key, const char **value);
 extern const struct string_list *git_config_get_value_multi(const char *key);
 extern void git_config_clear(void);
diff --git a/contrib/coccinelle/free.cocci b/contrib/coccinelle/free.cocci
index f2d97e7..4490069 100644
--- a/contrib/coccinelle/free.cocci
+++ b/contrib/coccinelle/free.cocci
@@ -11,16 +11,8 @@
   free(E);
 
 @@
-type T;
-T *ptr;
-@@
-- free(ptr);
-- ptr = NULL;
-+ FREE_AND_NULL(ptr);
-
-@@
 expression E;
 @@
 - free(E);
-- E = NULL;
 + FREE_AND_NULL(E);
+- E = NULL;
diff --git a/contrib/completion/git-completion.bash b/contrib/completion/git-completion.bash
index 48a2f26..d934417 100644
--- a/contrib/completion/git-completion.bash
+++ b/contrib/completion/git-completion.bash
@@ -2641,6 +2641,8 @@
 		sendemail.thread
 		sendemail.to
 		sendemail.validate
+		sendemail.smtpbatchsize
+		sendemail.smtprelogindelay
 		showbranch.default
 		status.relativePaths
 		status.showUntrackedFiles
diff --git a/contrib/hooks/multimail/git_multimail.py b/contrib/hooks/multimail/git_multimail.py
index c7f8640..73fdda6 100755
--- a/contrib/hooks/multimail/git_multimail.py
+++ b/contrib/hooks/multimail/git_multimail.py
@@ -2964,7 +2964,7 @@
 
 
 class CLIRecipientsEnvironmentMixin(Environment):
-    """Mixin storing recipients information comming from the
+    """Mixin storing recipients information coming from the
     command-line."""
 
     def __init__(self, cli_recipients=None, **kw):
diff --git a/contrib/mw-to-git/git-remote-mediawiki.perl b/contrib/mw-to-git/git-remote-mediawiki.perl
index 41e74fb..e7f857c 100755
--- a/contrib/mw-to-git/git-remote-mediawiki.perl
+++ b/contrib/mw-to-git/git-remote-mediawiki.perl
@@ -857,7 +857,7 @@
 
 	my $n = 0;
 	my $n_actual = 0;
-	my $last_timestamp = 0; # Placeholer in case $rev->timestamp is undefined
+	my $last_timestamp = 0; # Placeholder in case $rev->timestamp is undefined
 
 	foreach my $pagerevid (@{$revision_ids}) {
 	        # Count page even if we skip it, since we display
diff --git a/contrib/mw-to-git/t/README b/contrib/mw-to-git/t/README
index 03f6ee5..2ee34be 100644
--- a/contrib/mw-to-git/t/README
+++ b/contrib/mw-to-git/t/README
@@ -121,4 +121,4 @@
 
 Please, follow the standards given by git. See git/t/README.
 New file should be named as t936[0-9]-*.sh.
-Be sure to reset your wiki regulary with the function `wiki_reset`.
+Be sure to reset your wiki regularly with the function `wiki_reset`.
diff --git a/contrib/subtree/Makefile b/contrib/subtree/Makefile
index 6afa9aa..5c6cc4a 100644
--- a/contrib/subtree/Makefile
+++ b/contrib/subtree/Makefile
@@ -19,15 +19,27 @@
 INSTALL  ?= install
 RM       ?= rm -f
 
-ASCIIDOC = asciidoc
-XMLTO    = xmlto
+ASCIIDOC         = asciidoc
+ASCIIDOC_CONF    = -f ../../Documentation/asciidoc.conf
+ASCIIDOC_HTML    = xhtml11
+ASCIIDOC_DOCBOOK = docbook
+ASCIIDOC_EXTRA   =
+XMLTO            = xmlto
+
+ifdef USE_ASCIIDOCTOR
+ASCIIDOC         = asciidoctor
+ASCIIDOC_CONF    =
+ASCIIDOC_HTML    = xhtml5
+ASCIIDOC_DOCBOOK = docbook45
+ASCIIDOC_EXTRA  += -I../../Documentation -rasciidoctor-extensions
+ASCIIDOC_EXTRA  += -alitdd='&\#x2d;&\#x2d;'
+endif
 
 ifndef SHELL_PATH
 	SHELL_PATH = /bin/sh
 endif
 SHELL_PATH_SQ = $(subst ','\'',$(SHELL_PATH))
 
-ASCIIDOC_CONF = ../../Documentation/asciidoc.conf
 MANPAGE_XSL   = ../../Documentation/manpage-normal.xsl
 
 GIT_SUBTREE_SH := git-subtree.sh
@@ -65,12 +77,12 @@
 	$(XMLTO) -m $(MANPAGE_XSL) man $^
 
 $(GIT_SUBTREE_XML): $(GIT_SUBTREE_TXT)
-	$(ASCIIDOC) -b docbook -d manpage -f $(ASCIIDOC_CONF) \
-		-agit_version=$(GIT_VERSION) $^
+	$(ASCIIDOC) -b $(ASCIIDOC_DOCBOOK) -d manpage $(ASCIIDOC_CONF) \
+		-agit_version=$(GIT_VERSION) $(ASCIIDOC_EXTRA) $^
 
 $(GIT_SUBTREE_HTML): $(GIT_SUBTREE_TXT)
-	$(ASCIIDOC) -b xhtml11 -d manpage -f $(ASCIIDOC_CONF) \
-		-agit_version=$(GIT_VERSION) $^
+	$(ASCIIDOC) -b $(ASCIIDOC_HTML) -d manpage $(ASCIIDOC_CONF) \
+		-agit_version=$(GIT_VERSION) $(ASCIIDOC_EXTRA) $^
 
 $(GIT_SUBTREE_TEST): $(GIT_SUBTREE)
 	cp $< $@
diff --git a/date.c b/date.c
index 1fd6d66..c3e673f 100644
--- a/date.c
+++ b/date.c
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@
 			tm->tm_hour, tm->tm_min, tm->tm_sec, tz);
 	else if (mode->type == DATE_STRFTIME)
 		strbuf_addftime(&timebuf, mode->strftime_fmt, tm, tz,
-				mode->local ? NULL : "");
+				!mode->local);
 	else
 		strbuf_addf(&timebuf, "%.3s %.3s %d %02d:%02d:%02d %d%c%+05d",
 				weekday_names[tm->tm_wday],
diff --git a/diff.c b/diff.c
index 00b4c86..85e714f 100644
--- a/diff.c
+++ b/diff.c
@@ -2095,7 +2095,7 @@
 			 * bytes per "line".
 			 * This is stupid and ugly, but very cheap...
 			 */
-			damage = (damage + 63) / 64;
+			damage = DIV_ROUND_UP(damage, 64);
 		ALLOC_GROW(dir.files, dir.nr + 1, dir.alloc);
 		dir.files[dir.nr].name = file->name;
 		dir.files[dir.nr].changed = damage;
diff --git a/diffcore-order.c b/diffcore-order.c
index 1957f82..19e7331 100644
--- a/diffcore-order.c
+++ b/diffcore-order.c
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@
 		strbuf_addstr(&p, path);
 		while (p.buf[0]) {
 			char *cp;
-			if (!wildmatch(order[i], p.buf, 0, NULL))
+			if (!wildmatch(order[i], p.buf, 0))
 				return i;
 			cp = strrchr(p.buf, '/');
 			if (!cp)
diff --git a/dir.c b/dir.c
index 332f9d8..ae6f5c9 100644
--- a/dir.c
+++ b/dir.c
@@ -92,13 +92,11 @@
 	if (item->magic & PATHSPEC_GLOB)
 		return wildmatch(pattern, string,
 				 WM_PATHNAME |
-				 (item->magic & PATHSPEC_ICASE ? WM_CASEFOLD : 0),
-				 NULL);
+				 (item->magic & PATHSPEC_ICASE ? WM_CASEFOLD : 0));
 	else
 		/* wildmatch has not learned no FNM_PATHNAME mode yet */
 		return wildmatch(pattern, string,
-				 item->magic & PATHSPEC_ICASE ? WM_CASEFOLD : 0,
-				 NULL);
+				 item->magic & PATHSPEC_ICASE ? WM_CASEFOLD : 0);
 }
 
 static int fnmatch_icase_mem(const char *pattern, int patternlen,
@@ -122,7 +120,7 @@
 
 	if (ignore_case)
 		flags |= WM_CASEFOLD;
-	match_status = wildmatch(use_pat, use_str, flags, NULL);
+	match_status = wildmatch(use_pat, use_str, flags);
 
 	strbuf_release(&pat_buf);
 	strbuf_release(&str_buf);
diff --git a/environment.c b/environment.c
index d40b21f..3fd4b10 100644
--- a/environment.c
+++ b/environment.c
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
  * are.
  */
 #include "cache.h"
+#include "repository.h"
 #include "config.h"
 #include "refs.h"
 #include "fmt-merge-msg.h"
@@ -95,17 +96,11 @@
 
 /* This is set by setup_git_dir_gently() and/or git_default_config() */
 char *git_work_tree_cfg;
-static char *work_tree;
 
 static const char *namespace;
-static size_t namespace_len;
 
 static const char *super_prefix;
 
-static const char *git_dir, *git_common_dir;
-static char *git_object_dir, *git_index_file, *git_graft_file;
-int git_db_env, git_index_env, git_graft_env, git_common_dir_env;
-
 /*
  * Repository-local GIT_* environment variables; see cache.h for details.
  */
@@ -149,48 +144,17 @@
 	return strbuf_detach(&buf, NULL);
 }
 
-static char *git_path_from_env(const char *envvar, const char *git_dir,
-			       const char *path, int *fromenv)
+void setup_git_env(void)
 {
-	const char *value = getenv(envvar);
-	if (!value)
-		return xstrfmt("%s/%s", git_dir, path);
-	if (fromenv)
-		*fromenv = 1;
-	return xstrdup(value);
-}
-
-static void setup_git_env(void)
-{
-	struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;
-	const char *gitfile;
 	const char *shallow_file;
 	const char *replace_ref_base;
 
-	git_dir = getenv(GIT_DIR_ENVIRONMENT);
-	if (!git_dir) {
-		if (!startup_info->have_repository)
-			BUG("setup_git_env called without repository");
-		git_dir = DEFAULT_GIT_DIR_ENVIRONMENT;
-	}
-	gitfile = read_gitfile(git_dir);
-	git_dir = xstrdup(gitfile ? gitfile : git_dir);
-	if (get_common_dir(&sb, git_dir))
-		git_common_dir_env = 1;
-	git_common_dir = strbuf_detach(&sb, NULL);
-	git_object_dir = git_path_from_env(DB_ENVIRONMENT, git_common_dir,
-					   "objects", &git_db_env);
-	git_index_file = git_path_from_env(INDEX_ENVIRONMENT, git_dir,
-					   "index", &git_index_env);
-	git_graft_file = git_path_from_env(GRAFT_ENVIRONMENT, git_common_dir,
-					   "info/grafts", &git_graft_env);
 	if (getenv(NO_REPLACE_OBJECTS_ENVIRONMENT))
 		check_replace_refs = 0;
 	replace_ref_base = getenv(GIT_REPLACE_REF_BASE_ENVIRONMENT);
 	git_replace_ref_base = xstrdup(replace_ref_base ? replace_ref_base
 							  : "refs/replace/");
 	namespace = expand_namespace(getenv(GIT_NAMESPACE_ENVIRONMENT));
-	namespace_len = strlen(namespace);
 	shallow_file = getenv(GIT_SHALLOW_FILE_ENVIRONMENT);
 	if (shallow_file)
 		set_alternate_shallow_file(shallow_file, 0);
@@ -205,36 +169,36 @@
 int have_git_dir(void)
 {
 	return startup_info->have_repository
-		|| git_dir
-		|| getenv(GIT_DIR_ENVIRONMENT);
+		|| the_repository->gitdir;
 }
 
 const char *get_git_dir(void)
 {
-	if (!git_dir)
-		setup_git_env();
-	return git_dir;
+	if (!the_repository->gitdir)
+		BUG("git environment hasn't been setup");
+	return the_repository->gitdir;
 }
 
 const char *get_git_common_dir(void)
 {
-	if (!git_dir)
-		setup_git_env();
-	return git_common_dir;
+	if (!the_repository->commondir)
+		BUG("git environment hasn't been setup");
+	return the_repository->commondir;
 }
 
 const char *get_git_namespace(void)
 {
 	if (!namespace)
-		setup_git_env();
+		BUG("git environment hasn't been setup");
 	return namespace;
 }
 
 const char *strip_namespace(const char *namespaced_ref)
 {
-	if (!starts_with(namespaced_ref, get_git_namespace()))
-		return NULL;
-	return namespaced_ref + namespace_len;
+	const char *out;
+	if (skip_prefix(namespaced_ref, get_git_namespace(), &out))
+		return out;
+	return NULL;
 }
 
 const char *get_super_prefix(void)
@@ -258,26 +222,26 @@
 {
 	if (git_work_tree_initialized) {
 		new_work_tree = real_path(new_work_tree);
-		if (strcmp(new_work_tree, work_tree))
+		if (strcmp(new_work_tree, the_repository->worktree))
 			die("internal error: work tree has already been set\n"
 			    "Current worktree: %s\nNew worktree: %s",
-			    work_tree, new_work_tree);
+			    the_repository->worktree, new_work_tree);
 		return;
 	}
 	git_work_tree_initialized = 1;
-	work_tree = real_pathdup(new_work_tree, 1);
+	repo_set_worktree(the_repository, new_work_tree);
 }
 
 const char *get_git_work_tree(void)
 {
-	return work_tree;
+	return the_repository->worktree;
 }
 
 char *get_object_directory(void)
 {
-	if (!git_object_dir)
-		setup_git_env();
-	return git_object_dir;
+	if (!the_repository->objectdir)
+		BUG("git environment hasn't been setup");
+	return the_repository->objectdir;
 }
 
 int odb_mkstemp(struct strbuf *template, const char *pattern)
@@ -315,22 +279,23 @@
 
 char *get_index_file(void)
 {
-	if (!git_index_file)
-		setup_git_env();
-	return git_index_file;
+	if (!the_repository->index_file)
+		BUG("git environment hasn't been setup");
+	return the_repository->index_file;
 }
 
 char *get_graft_file(void)
 {
-	if (!git_graft_file)
-		setup_git_env();
-	return git_graft_file;
+	if (!the_repository->graft_file)
+		BUG("git environment hasn't been setup");
+	return the_repository->graft_file;
 }
 
 int set_git_dir(const char *path)
 {
 	if (setenv(GIT_DIR_ENVIRONMENT, path, 1))
 		return error("Could not set GIT_DIR to '%s'", path);
+	repo_set_gitdir(the_repository, path);
 	setup_git_env();
 	return 0;
 }
diff --git a/ewah/ewah_bitmap.c b/ewah/ewah_bitmap.c
index 2dc9c82..06c479f 100644
--- a/ewah/ewah_bitmap.c
+++ b/ewah/ewah_bitmap.c
@@ -210,8 +210,8 @@
 void ewah_set(struct ewah_bitmap *self, size_t i)
 {
 	const size_t dist =
-		(i + BITS_IN_EWORD) / BITS_IN_EWORD -
-		(self->bit_size + BITS_IN_EWORD - 1) / BITS_IN_EWORD;
+		DIV_ROUND_UP(i + 1, BITS_IN_EWORD) -
+		DIV_ROUND_UP(self->bit_size, BITS_IN_EWORD);
 
 	assert(i >= self->bit_size);
 
diff --git a/git-add--interactive.perl b/git-add--interactive.perl
index 0e8543c..28b325d 100755
--- a/git-add--interactive.perl
+++ b/git-add--interactive.perl
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 use 5.008;
 use strict;
 use warnings;
-use Git;
+use Git qw(unquote_path);
 use Git::I18N;
 
 binmode(STDOUT, ":raw");
@@ -174,47 +174,6 @@
 }
 chomp($GIT_DIR);
 
-my %cquote_map = (
- "b" => chr(8),
- "t" => chr(9),
- "n" => chr(10),
- "v" => chr(11),
- "f" => chr(12),
- "r" => chr(13),
- "\\" => "\\",
- "\042" => "\042",
-);
-
-sub unquote_path {
-	local ($_) = @_;
-	my ($retval, $remainder);
-	if (!/^\042(.*)\042$/) {
-		return $_;
-	}
-	($_, $retval) = ($1, "");
-	while (/^([^\\]*)\\(.*)$/) {
-		$remainder = $2;
-		$retval .= $1;
-		for ($remainder) {
-			if (/^([0-3][0-7][0-7])(.*)$/) {
-				$retval .= chr(oct($1));
-				$_ = $2;
-				last;
-			}
-			if (/^([\\\042btnvfr])(.*)$/) {
-				$retval .= $cquote_map{$1};
-				$_ = $2;
-				last;
-			}
-			# This is malformed -- just return it as-is for now.
-			return $_[0];
-		}
-		$_ = $remainder;
-	}
-	$retval .= $_;
-	return $retval;
-}
-
 sub refresh {
 	my $fh;
 	open $fh, 'git update-index --refresh |'
diff --git a/git-rebase.sh b/git-rebase.sh
index db1deed..2cf73b8 100755
--- a/git-rebase.sh
+++ b/git-rebase.sh
@@ -166,14 +166,14 @@
 		stash_sha1=$(cat "$state_dir/autostash")
 		if git stash apply $stash_sha1 2>&1 >/dev/null
 		then
-			echo "$(gettext 'Applied autostash.')"
+			echo "$(gettext 'Applied autostash.')" >&2
 		else
 			git stash store -m "autostash" -q $stash_sha1 ||
 			die "$(eval_gettext "Cannot store \$stash_sha1")"
 			gettext 'Applying autostash resulted in conflicts.
 Your changes are safe in the stash.
 You can run "git stash pop" or "git stash drop" at any time.
-'
+' >&2
 		fi
 	fi
 }
diff --git a/git-send-email.perl b/git-send-email.perl
index 7fd5874..fa65269 100755
--- a/git-send-email.perl
+++ b/git-send-email.perl
@@ -82,6 +82,10 @@
                                      This setting forces to use one of the listed mechanisms.
     --smtp-debug            <0|1>  * Disable, enable Net::SMTP debug.
 
+    --batch-size            <int>  * send max <int> message per connection.
+    --relogin-delay         <int>  * delay <int> seconds between two successive login.
+                                     This option can only be used with --batch-size
+
   Automating:
     --identity              <str>  * Use the sendemail.<id> options.
     --to-cmd                <str>  * Email To: via `<str> \$patch_path`
@@ -154,6 +158,7 @@
 my $have_mail_address = eval { require Mail::Address; 1 };
 my $smtp;
 my $auth;
+my $num_sent = 0;
 
 # Regexes for RFC 2047 productions.
 my $re_token = qr/[^][()<>@,;:\\"\/?.= \000-\037\177-\377]+/;
@@ -217,6 +222,7 @@
 my ($to_cmd, $cc_cmd);
 my ($smtp_server, $smtp_server_port, @smtp_server_options);
 my ($smtp_authuser, $smtp_encryption, $smtp_ssl_cert_path);
+my ($batch_size, $relogin_delay);
 my ($identity, $aliasfiletype, @alias_files, $smtp_domain, $smtp_auth);
 my ($validate, $confirm);
 my (@suppress_cc);
@@ -248,6 +254,8 @@
     "smtppass" => \$smtp_authpass,
     "smtpdomain" => \$smtp_domain,
     "smtpauth" => \$smtp_auth,
+    "smtpbatchsize" => \$batch_size,
+    "smtprelogindelay" => \$relogin_delay,
     "to" => \@initial_to,
     "tocmd" => \$to_cmd,
     "cc" => \@initial_cc,
@@ -359,6 +367,8 @@
 		    "force" => \$force,
 		    "xmailer!" => \$use_xmailer,
 		    "no-xmailer" => sub {$use_xmailer = 0},
+		    "batch-size=i" => \$batch_size,
+		    "relogin-delay=i" => \$relogin_delay,
 	 );
 
 usage() if $help;
@@ -1681,6 +1691,14 @@
 		}
 	}
 	$message_id = undef;
+	$num_sent++;
+	if (defined $batch_size && $num_sent == $batch_size) {
+		$num_sent = 0;
+		$smtp->quit if defined $smtp;
+		undef $smtp;
+		undef $auth;
+		sleep($relogin_delay) if defined $relogin_delay;
+	}
 }
 
 # Execute a command (e.g. $to_cmd) to get a list of email addresses
diff --git a/git.c b/git.c
index 5be27b0..489aab4 100644
--- a/git.c
+++ b/git.c
@@ -400,7 +400,7 @@
 	{ "init-db", cmd_init_db },
 	{ "interpret-trailers", cmd_interpret_trailers, RUN_SETUP_GENTLY },
 	{ "log", cmd_log, RUN_SETUP },
-	{ "ls-files", cmd_ls_files, RUN_SETUP | SUPPORT_SUPER_PREFIX },
+	{ "ls-files", cmd_ls_files, RUN_SETUP },
 	{ "ls-remote", cmd_ls_remote, RUN_SETUP_GENTLY },
 	{ "ls-tree", cmd_ls_tree, RUN_SETUP },
 	{ "mailinfo", cmd_mailinfo, RUN_SETUP_GENTLY },
diff --git a/gitweb/gitweb.perl b/gitweb/gitweb.perl
index d8209c7..3d4a8ee 100755
--- a/gitweb/gitweb.perl
+++ b/gitweb/gitweb.perl
@@ -3125,7 +3125,7 @@
 	return @list;
 }
 
-# written with help of Tree::Trie module (Perl Artistic License, GPL compatibile)
+# written with help of Tree::Trie module (Perl Artistic License, GPL compatible)
 # as side effects it sets 'forks' field to list of forks for forked projects
 sub filter_forks_from_projects_list {
 	my $projects = shift;
@@ -4376,7 +4376,7 @@
 	      "</div>\n";
 }
 
-# returns a submenu for the nagivation of the refs views (tags, heads,
+# returns a submenu for the navigation of the refs views (tags, heads,
 # remotes) with the current view disabled and the remotes view only
 # available if the feature is enabled
 sub format_ref_views {
diff --git a/grep.c b/grep.c
index 98733db..2efec0e 100644
--- a/grep.c
+++ b/grep.c
@@ -35,10 +35,8 @@
 	memset(opt, 0, sizeof(*opt));
 	opt->relative = 1;
 	opt->pathname = 1;
-	opt->regflags = REG_NEWLINE;
 	opt->max_depth = -1;
 	opt->pattern_type_option = GREP_PATTERN_TYPE_UNSPECIFIED;
-	opt->extended_regexp_option = 0;
 	color_set(opt->color_context, "");
 	color_set(opt->color_filename, "");
 	color_set(opt->color_function, "");
@@ -79,10 +77,7 @@
 		return -1;
 
 	if (!strcmp(var, "grep.extendedregexp")) {
-		if (git_config_bool(var, value))
-			opt->extended_regexp_option = 1;
-		else
-			opt->extended_regexp_option = 0;
+		opt->extended_regexp_option = git_config_bool(var, value);
 		return 0;
 	}
 
@@ -157,7 +152,6 @@
 	opt->linenum = def->linenum;
 	opt->max_depth = def->max_depth;
 	opt->pathname = def->pathname;
-	opt->regflags = def->regflags;
 	opt->relative = def->relative;
 	opt->output = def->output;
 
@@ -173,33 +167,41 @@
 
 static void grep_set_pattern_type_option(enum grep_pattern_type pattern_type, struct grep_opt *opt)
 {
+	/*
+	 * When committing to the pattern type by setting the relevant
+	 * fields in grep_opt it's generally not necessary to zero out
+	 * the fields we're not choosing, since they won't have been
+	 * set by anything. The extended_regexp_option field is the
+	 * only exception to this.
+	 *
+	 * This is because in the process of parsing grep.patternType
+	 * & grep.extendedRegexp we set opt->pattern_type_option and
+	 * opt->extended_regexp_option, respectively. We then
+	 * internally use opt->extended_regexp_option to see if we're
+	 * compiling an ERE. It must be unset if that's not actually
+	 * the case.
+	 */
+	if (pattern_type != GREP_PATTERN_TYPE_ERE &&
+	    opt->extended_regexp_option)
+		opt->extended_regexp_option = 0;
+
 	switch (pattern_type) {
 	case GREP_PATTERN_TYPE_UNSPECIFIED:
 		/* fall through */
 
 	case GREP_PATTERN_TYPE_BRE:
-		opt->fixed = 0;
-		opt->pcre1 = 0;
-		opt->pcre2 = 0;
 		break;
 
 	case GREP_PATTERN_TYPE_ERE:
-		opt->fixed = 0;
-		opt->pcre1 = 0;
-		opt->pcre2 = 0;
-		opt->regflags |= REG_EXTENDED;
+		opt->extended_regexp_option = 1;
 		break;
 
 	case GREP_PATTERN_TYPE_FIXED:
 		opt->fixed = 1;
-		opt->pcre1 = 0;
-		opt->pcre2 = 0;
 		break;
 
 	case GREP_PATTERN_TYPE_PCRE:
-		opt->fixed = 0;
 #ifdef USE_LIBPCRE2
-		opt->pcre1 = 0;
 		opt->pcre2 = 1;
 #else
 		/*
@@ -209,7 +211,6 @@
 		 * "cannot use Perl-compatible regexes[...]".
 		 */
 		opt->pcre1 = 1;
-		opt->pcre2 = 0;
 #endif
 		break;
 	}
@@ -222,6 +223,11 @@
 	else if (opt->pattern_type_option != GREP_PATTERN_TYPE_UNSPECIFIED)
 		grep_set_pattern_type_option(opt->pattern_type_option, opt);
 	else if (opt->extended_regexp_option)
+		/*
+		 * This branch *must* happen after setting from the
+		 * opt->pattern_type_option above, we don't want
+		 * grep.extendedRegexp to override grep.patternType!
+		 */
 		grep_set_pattern_type_option(GREP_PATTERN_TYPE_ERE, opt);
 }
 
@@ -587,7 +593,7 @@
 {
 	struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;
 	int err;
-	int regflags = opt->regflags;
+	int regflags = 0;
 
 	basic_regex_quote_buf(&sb, p->pattern);
 	if (opt->ignore_case)
@@ -606,12 +612,12 @@
 
 static void compile_regexp(struct grep_pat *p, struct grep_opt *opt)
 {
-	int icase, ascii_only;
+	int ascii_only;
 	int err;
+	int regflags = REG_NEWLINE;
 
 	p->word_regexp = opt->word_regexp;
 	p->ignore_case = opt->ignore_case;
-	icase	       = opt->regflags & REG_ICASE || p->ignore_case;
 	ascii_only     = !has_non_ascii(p->pattern);
 
 	/*
@@ -629,12 +635,10 @@
 	if (opt->fixed ||
 	    has_null(p->pattern, p->patternlen) ||
 	    is_fixed(p->pattern, p->patternlen))
-		p->fixed = !icase || ascii_only;
-	else
-		p->fixed = 0;
+		p->fixed = !p->ignore_case || ascii_only;
 
 	if (p->fixed) {
-		p->kws = kwsalloc(icase ? tolower_trans_tbl : NULL);
+		p->kws = kwsalloc(p->ignore_case ? tolower_trans_tbl : NULL);
 		kwsincr(p->kws, p->pattern, p->patternlen);
 		kwsprep(p->kws);
 		return;
@@ -658,7 +662,11 @@
 		return;
 	}
 
-	err = regcomp(&p->regexp, p->pattern, opt->regflags);
+	if (p->ignore_case)
+		regflags |= REG_ICASE;
+	if (opt->extended_regexp_option)
+		regflags |= REG_EXTENDED;
+	err = regcomp(&p->regexp, p->pattern, regflags);
 	if (err) {
 		char errbuf[1024];
 		regerror(err, &p->regexp, errbuf, 1024);
diff --git a/grep.h b/grep.h
index b8f93bf..0c091e5 100644
--- a/grep.h
+++ b/grep.h
@@ -162,7 +162,6 @@
 	char color_match_selected[COLOR_MAXLEN];
 	char color_selected[COLOR_MAXLEN];
 	char color_sep[COLOR_MAXLEN];
-	int regflags;
 	unsigned pre_context;
 	unsigned post_context;
 	unsigned last_shown;
diff --git a/hash.h b/hash.h
index a11fc92..bef3e63 100644
--- a/hash.h
+++ b/hash.h
@@ -8,7 +8,11 @@
 #elif defined(SHA1_OPENSSL)
 #include <openssl/sha.h>
 #elif defined(SHA1_DC)
+#ifdef DC_SHA1_SUBMODULE
+#include "sha1collisiondetection/lib/sha1.h"
+#else
 #include "sha1dc/sha1.h"
+#endif
 #else /* SHA1_BLK */
 #include "block-sha1/sha1.h"
 #endif
diff --git a/imap-send.c b/imap-send.c
index 351e84a..b2d0b84 100644
--- a/imap-send.c
+++ b/imap-send.c
@@ -861,7 +861,7 @@
 	return b < 10 ? '0' + b : 'a' + (b - 10);
 }
 
-#define ENCODED_SIZE(n) (4*((n+2)/3))
+#define ENCODED_SIZE(n) (4 * DIV_ROUND_UP((n), 3))
 static char *cram(const char *challenge_64, const char *user, const char *pass)
 {
 	int i, resp_len, encoded_len, decoded_len;
diff --git a/mailinfo.c b/mailinfo.c
index 1652ec1..bd574cb 100644
--- a/mailinfo.c
+++ b/mailinfo.c
@@ -58,17 +58,17 @@
 static const char *unquote_comment(struct strbuf *outbuf, const char *in)
 {
 	int c;
-	int take_next_litterally = 0;
+	int take_next_literally = 0;
 
 	strbuf_addch(outbuf, '(');
 
 	while ((c = *in++) != 0) {
-		if (take_next_litterally == 1) {
-			take_next_litterally = 0;
+		if (take_next_literally == 1) {
+			take_next_literally = 0;
 		} else {
 			switch (c) {
 			case '\\':
-				take_next_litterally = 1;
+				take_next_literally = 1;
 				continue;
 			case '(':
 				in = unquote_comment(outbuf, in);
@@ -88,15 +88,15 @@
 static const char *unquote_quoted_string(struct strbuf *outbuf, const char *in)
 {
 	int c;
-	int take_next_litterally = 0;
+	int take_next_literally = 0;
 
 	while ((c = *in++) != 0) {
-		if (take_next_litterally == 1) {
-			take_next_litterally = 0;
+		if (take_next_literally == 1) {
+			take_next_literally = 0;
 		} else {
 			switch (c) {
 			case '\\':
-				take_next_litterally = 1;
+				take_next_literally = 1;
 				continue;
 			case '"':
 				return in;
diff --git a/merge-recursive.c b/merge-recursive.c
index 59e5ee4..1494ffd 100644
--- a/merge-recursive.c
+++ b/merge-recursive.c
@@ -2210,11 +2210,11 @@
 		o->xdl_opts |= value;
 	}
 	else if (!strcmp(s, "ignore-space-change"))
-		o->xdl_opts |= XDF_IGNORE_WHITESPACE_CHANGE;
+		DIFF_XDL_SET(o, IGNORE_WHITESPACE_CHANGE);
 	else if (!strcmp(s, "ignore-all-space"))
-		o->xdl_opts |= XDF_IGNORE_WHITESPACE;
+		DIFF_XDL_SET(o, IGNORE_WHITESPACE);
 	else if (!strcmp(s, "ignore-space-at-eol"))
-		o->xdl_opts |= XDF_IGNORE_WHITESPACE_AT_EOL;
+		DIFF_XDL_SET(o, IGNORE_WHITESPACE_AT_EOL);
 	else if (!strcmp(s, "renormalize"))
 		o->renormalize = 1;
 	else if (!strcmp(s, "no-renormalize"))
diff --git a/pack-bitmap.c b/pack-bitmap.c
index a3ac3dc..327634c 100644
--- a/pack-bitmap.c
+++ b/pack-bitmap.c
@@ -627,7 +627,7 @@
 			sha1 = nth_packed_object_sha1(bitmap_git.pack, entry->nr);
 
 			if (bitmap_git.hashes)
-				hash = ntohl(bitmap_git.hashes[entry->nr]);
+				hash = get_be32(bitmap_git.hashes + entry->nr);
 
 			show_reach(sha1, object_type, 0, hash, bitmap_git.pack, entry->offset);
 		}
diff --git a/path.c b/path.c
index c1cb1cf..e485f9f 100644
--- a/path.c
+++ b/path.c
@@ -2,11 +2,13 @@
  * Utilities for paths and pathnames
  */
 #include "cache.h"
+#include "repository.h"
 #include "strbuf.h"
 #include "string-list.h"
 #include "dir.h"
 #include "worktree.h"
 #include "submodule-config.h"
+#include "path.h"
 
 static int get_st_mode_bits(const char *path, int *mode)
 {
@@ -343,8 +345,6 @@
 {
 	char *base = buf->buf + git_dir_len;
 	init_common_trie();
-	if (!common_dir)
-		common_dir = get_git_common_dir();
 	if (trie_find(&common_trie, base, check_common, NULL) > 0)
 		replace_dir(buf, git_dir_len, common_dir);
 }
@@ -355,7 +355,7 @@
 	const struct common_dir *p;
 	int len;
 
-	if (!git_common_dir_env)
+	if (!the_repository->different_commondir)
 		return;
 	strbuf_addf(&sb, "%s/", get_git_dir());
 	len = sb.len;
@@ -371,42 +371,78 @@
 	strbuf_release(&sb);
 }
 
-static void adjust_git_path(struct strbuf *buf, int git_dir_len)
+static void adjust_git_path(const struct repository *repo,
+			    struct strbuf *buf, int git_dir_len)
 {
 	const char *base = buf->buf + git_dir_len;
-	if (git_graft_env && is_dir_file(base, "info", "grafts"))
+	if (is_dir_file(base, "info", "grafts"))
 		strbuf_splice(buf, 0, buf->len,
-			      get_graft_file(), strlen(get_graft_file()));
-	else if (git_index_env && !strcmp(base, "index"))
+			      repo->graft_file, strlen(repo->graft_file));
+	else if (!strcmp(base, "index"))
 		strbuf_splice(buf, 0, buf->len,
-			      get_index_file(), strlen(get_index_file()));
-	else if (git_db_env && dir_prefix(base, "objects"))
-		replace_dir(buf, git_dir_len + 7, get_object_directory());
+			      repo->index_file, strlen(repo->index_file));
+	else if (dir_prefix(base, "objects"))
+		replace_dir(buf, git_dir_len + 7, repo->objectdir);
 	else if (git_hooks_path && dir_prefix(base, "hooks"))
 		replace_dir(buf, git_dir_len + 5, git_hooks_path);
-	else if (git_common_dir_env)
-		update_common_dir(buf, git_dir_len, NULL);
+	else if (repo->different_commondir)
+		update_common_dir(buf, git_dir_len, repo->commondir);
 }
 
-static void do_git_path(const struct worktree *wt, struct strbuf *buf,
+static void strbuf_worktree_gitdir(struct strbuf *buf,
+				   const struct repository *repo,
+				   const struct worktree *wt)
+{
+	if (!wt)
+		strbuf_addstr(buf, repo->gitdir);
+	else if (!wt->id)
+		strbuf_addstr(buf, repo->commondir);
+	else
+		strbuf_git_common_path(buf, repo, "worktrees/%s", wt->id);
+}
+
+static void do_git_path(const struct repository *repo,
+			const struct worktree *wt, struct strbuf *buf,
 			const char *fmt, va_list args)
 {
 	int gitdir_len;
-	strbuf_addstr(buf, get_worktree_git_dir(wt));
+	strbuf_worktree_gitdir(buf, repo, wt);
 	if (buf->len && !is_dir_sep(buf->buf[buf->len - 1]))
 		strbuf_addch(buf, '/');
 	gitdir_len = buf->len;
 	strbuf_vaddf(buf, fmt, args);
-	adjust_git_path(buf, gitdir_len);
+	if (!wt)
+		adjust_git_path(repo, buf, gitdir_len);
 	strbuf_cleanup_path(buf);
 }
 
+char *repo_git_path(const struct repository *repo,
+		    const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+	struct strbuf path = STRBUF_INIT;
+	va_list args;
+	va_start(args, fmt);
+	do_git_path(repo, NULL, &path, fmt, args);
+	va_end(args);
+	return strbuf_detach(&path, NULL);
+}
+
+void strbuf_repo_git_path(struct strbuf *sb,
+			  const struct repository *repo,
+			  const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+	va_list args;
+	va_start(args, fmt);
+	do_git_path(repo, NULL, sb, fmt, args);
+	va_end(args);
+}
+
 char *git_path_buf(struct strbuf *buf, const char *fmt, ...)
 {
 	va_list args;
 	strbuf_reset(buf);
 	va_start(args, fmt);
-	do_git_path(NULL, buf, fmt, args);
+	do_git_path(the_repository, NULL, buf, fmt, args);
 	va_end(args);
 	return buf->buf;
 }
@@ -415,7 +451,7 @@
 {
 	va_list args;
 	va_start(args, fmt);
-	do_git_path(NULL, sb, fmt, args);
+	do_git_path(the_repository, NULL, sb, fmt, args);
 	va_end(args);
 }
 
@@ -424,7 +460,7 @@
 	struct strbuf *pathname = get_pathname();
 	va_list args;
 	va_start(args, fmt);
-	do_git_path(NULL, pathname, fmt, args);
+	do_git_path(the_repository, NULL, pathname, fmt, args);
 	va_end(args);
 	return pathname->buf;
 }
@@ -434,7 +470,7 @@
 	struct strbuf path = STRBUF_INIT;
 	va_list args;
 	va_start(args, fmt);
-	do_git_path(NULL, &path, fmt, args);
+	do_git_path(the_repository, NULL, &path, fmt, args);
 	va_end(args);
 	return strbuf_detach(&path, NULL);
 }
@@ -465,11 +501,52 @@
 	struct strbuf *pathname = get_pathname();
 	va_list args;
 	va_start(args, fmt);
-	do_git_path(wt, pathname, fmt, args);
+	do_git_path(the_repository, wt, pathname, fmt, args);
 	va_end(args);
 	return pathname->buf;
 }
 
+static void do_worktree_path(const struct repository *repo,
+			     struct strbuf *buf,
+			     const char *fmt, va_list args)
+{
+	strbuf_addstr(buf, repo->worktree);
+	if(buf->len && !is_dir_sep(buf->buf[buf->len - 1]))
+		strbuf_addch(buf, '/');
+
+	strbuf_vaddf(buf, fmt, args);
+	strbuf_cleanup_path(buf);
+}
+
+char *repo_worktree_path(const struct repository *repo, const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+	struct strbuf path = STRBUF_INIT;
+	va_list args;
+
+	if (!repo->worktree)
+		return NULL;
+
+	va_start(args, fmt);
+	do_worktree_path(repo, &path, fmt, args);
+	va_end(args);
+
+	return strbuf_detach(&path, NULL);
+}
+
+void strbuf_repo_worktree_path(struct strbuf *sb,
+			       const struct repository *repo,
+			       const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+	va_list args;
+
+	if (!repo->worktree)
+		return;
+
+	va_start(args, fmt);
+	do_worktree_path(repo, sb, fmt, args);
+	va_end(args);
+}
+
 /* Returns 0 on success, negative on failure. */
 static int do_submodule_path(struct strbuf *buf, const char *path,
 			     const char *fmt, va_list args)
@@ -524,11 +601,12 @@
 	return err;
 }
 
-static void do_git_common_path(struct strbuf *buf,
+static void do_git_common_path(const struct repository *repo,
+			       struct strbuf *buf,
 			       const char *fmt,
 			       va_list args)
 {
-	strbuf_addstr(buf, get_git_common_dir());
+	strbuf_addstr(buf, repo->commondir);
 	if (buf->len && !is_dir_sep(buf->buf[buf->len - 1]))
 		strbuf_addch(buf, '/');
 	strbuf_vaddf(buf, fmt, args);
@@ -540,16 +618,18 @@
 	struct strbuf *pathname = get_pathname();
 	va_list args;
 	va_start(args, fmt);
-	do_git_common_path(pathname, fmt, args);
+	do_git_common_path(the_repository, pathname, fmt, args);
 	va_end(args);
 	return pathname->buf;
 }
 
-void strbuf_git_common_path(struct strbuf *sb, const char *fmt, ...)
+void strbuf_git_common_path(struct strbuf *sb,
+			    const struct repository *repo,
+			    const char *fmt, ...)
 {
 	va_list args;
 	va_start(args, fmt);
-	do_git_common_path(sb, fmt, args);
+	do_git_common_path(repo, sb, fmt, args);
 	va_end(args);
 }
 
diff --git a/path.h b/path.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9541620
--- /dev/null
+++ b/path.h
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+#ifndef PATH_H
+#define PATH_H
+
+struct repository;
+
+/*
+ * Return a statically allocated filename, either generically (mkpath), in
+ * the repository directory (git_path), or in a submodule's repository
+ * directory (git_path_submodule). In all cases, note that the result
+ * may be overwritten by another call to _any_ of the functions. Consider
+ * using the safer "dup" or "strbuf" formats below (in some cases, the
+ * unsafe versions have already been removed).
+ */
+extern const char *mkpath(const char *fmt, ...) __attribute__((format (printf, 1, 2)));
+extern const char *git_path(const char *fmt, ...) __attribute__((format (printf, 1, 2)));
+extern const char *git_common_path(const char *fmt, ...) __attribute__((format (printf, 1, 2)));
+
+extern char *mksnpath(char *buf, size_t n, const char *fmt, ...)
+	__attribute__((format (printf, 3, 4)));
+extern void strbuf_git_path(struct strbuf *sb, const char *fmt, ...)
+	__attribute__((format (printf, 2, 3)));
+extern void strbuf_git_common_path(struct strbuf *sb,
+				   const struct repository *repo,
+				   const char *fmt, ...)
+	__attribute__((format (printf, 3, 4)));
+extern char *git_path_buf(struct strbuf *buf, const char *fmt, ...)
+	__attribute__((format (printf, 2, 3)));
+extern int strbuf_git_path_submodule(struct strbuf *sb, const char *path,
+				     const char *fmt, ...)
+	__attribute__((format (printf, 3, 4)));
+extern char *git_pathdup(const char *fmt, ...)
+	__attribute__((format (printf, 1, 2)));
+extern char *mkpathdup(const char *fmt, ...)
+	__attribute__((format (printf, 1, 2)));
+extern char *git_pathdup_submodule(const char *path, const char *fmt, ...)
+	__attribute__((format (printf, 2, 3)));
+
+extern char *repo_git_path(const struct repository *repo,
+			   const char *fmt, ...)
+	__attribute__((format (printf, 2, 3)));
+extern void strbuf_repo_git_path(struct strbuf *sb,
+				 const struct repository *repo,
+				 const char *fmt, ...)
+	__attribute__((format (printf, 3, 4)));
+
+extern char *repo_worktree_path(const struct repository *repo,
+				const char *fmt, ...)
+	__attribute__((format (printf, 2, 3)));
+extern void strbuf_repo_worktree_path(struct strbuf *sb,
+				      const struct repository *repo,
+				      const char *fmt, ...)
+	__attribute__((format (printf, 3, 4)));
+
+extern void report_linked_checkout_garbage(void);
+
+/*
+ * You can define a static memoized git path like:
+ *
+ *    static GIT_PATH_FUNC(git_path_foo, "FOO");
+ *
+ * or use one of the global ones below.
+ */
+#define GIT_PATH_FUNC(func, filename) \
+	const char *func(void) \
+	{ \
+		static char *ret; \
+		if (!ret) \
+			ret = git_pathdup(filename); \
+		return ret; \
+	}
+
+const char *git_path_cherry_pick_head(void);
+const char *git_path_revert_head(void);
+const char *git_path_squash_msg(void);
+const char *git_path_merge_msg(void);
+const char *git_path_merge_rr(void);
+const char *git_path_merge_mode(void);
+const char *git_path_merge_head(void);
+const char *git_path_fetch_head(void);
+const char *git_path_shallow(void);
+
+#endif /* PATH_H */
diff --git a/pathspec.c b/pathspec.c
index a5f4df3..e2a23eb 100644
--- a/pathspec.c
+++ b/pathspec.c
@@ -606,7 +606,7 @@
 
 	/*
 	 * If everything is an exclude pattern, add one positive pattern
-	 * that matches everyting. We allocated an extra one for this.
+	 * that matches everything. We allocated an extra one for this.
 	 */
 	if (nr_exclude == n) {
 		int plen = (!(flags & PATHSPEC_PREFER_CWD)) ? 0 : prefixlen;
diff --git a/perl/Git.pm b/perl/Git.pm
index bfce1f7..f4b56e6 100644
--- a/perl/Git.pm
+++ b/perl/Git.pm
@@ -61,7 +61,8 @@
                 remote_refs prompt
                 get_tz_offset get_record
                 credential credential_read credential_write
-                temp_acquire temp_is_locked temp_release temp_reset temp_path);
+                temp_acquire temp_is_locked temp_release temp_reset temp_path
+                unquote_path);
 
 
 =head1 DESCRIPTION
@@ -1451,6 +1452,57 @@
 	return $string;
 }
 
+=item unquote_path ( PATH )
+
+Unquote a quoted path containing c-escapes as returned by ls-files etc.
+when not using -z or when parsing the output of diff -u.
+
+=cut
+
+{
+	my %cquote_map = (
+		"a" => chr(7),
+		"b" => chr(8),
+		"t" => chr(9),
+		"n" => chr(10),
+		"v" => chr(11),
+		"f" => chr(12),
+		"r" => chr(13),
+		"\\" => "\\",
+		"\042" => "\042",
+	);
+
+	sub unquote_path {
+		local ($_) = @_;
+		my ($retval, $remainder);
+		if (!/^\042(.*)\042$/) {
+			return $_;
+		}
+		($_, $retval) = ($1, "");
+		while (/^([^\\]*)\\(.*)$/) {
+			$remainder = $2;
+			$retval .= $1;
+			for ($remainder) {
+				if (/^([0-3][0-7][0-7])(.*)$/) {
+					$retval .= chr(oct($1));
+					$_ = $2;
+					last;
+				}
+				if (/^([\\\042abtnvfr])(.*)$/) {
+					$retval .= $cquote_map{$1};
+					$_ = $2;
+					last;
+				}
+				# This is malformed
+				throw Error::Simple("invalid quoted path $_[0]");
+			}
+			$_ = $remainder;
+		}
+		$retval .= $_;
+		return $retval;
+	}
+}
+
 =item get_comment_line_char ( )
 
 Gets the core.commentchar configuration value.
diff --git a/perl/Git/I18N.pm b/perl/Git/I18N.pm
index c41425c..836a5c2 100644
--- a/perl/Git/I18N.pm
+++ b/perl/Git/I18N.pm
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@
 
 	printf __("The following error occurred: %s\n"), $error;
 
-	printf __n("commited %d file\n", "commited %d files\n", $files), $files;
+	printf __n("committed %d file\n", "committed %d files\n", $files), $files;
 
 
 =head1 DESCRIPTION
diff --git a/po/de.po b/po/de.po
index 679f8f4..42c4508 100644
--- a/po/de.po
+++ b/po/de.po
@@ -8564,7 +8564,7 @@
 #: builtin/gc.c:362
 msgid "force running gc even if there may be another gc running"
 msgstr ""
-"Ausführung von \"git gc\" erwzingen, selbst wenn ein anderes\n"
+"Ausführung von \"git gc\" erzwingen, selbst wenn ein anderes\n"
 "\"git gc\" bereits ausgeführt wird"
 
 #: builtin/gc.c:379
diff --git a/read-cache.c b/read-cache.c
index 3c4354e..2121b6e 100644
--- a/read-cache.c
+++ b/read-cache.c
@@ -2431,6 +2431,14 @@
 		delete_tempfile(&temporary_sharedindex);
 		return ret;
 	}
+	ret = adjust_shared_perm(get_tempfile_path(&temporary_sharedindex));
+	if (ret) {
+		int save_errno = errno;
+		error("cannot fix permission bits on %s", get_tempfile_path(&temporary_sharedindex));
+		delete_tempfile(&temporary_sharedindex);
+		errno = save_errno;
+		return ret;
+	}
 	ret = rename_tempfile(&temporary_sharedindex,
 			      git_path("sharedindex.%s", sha1_to_hex(si->base->sha1)));
 	if (!ret) {
diff --git a/ref-filter.c b/ref-filter.c
index 72e6cb8..ae6ecbd 100644
--- a/ref-filter.c
+++ b/ref-filter.c
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@
 
 static void refname_atom_parser(struct used_atom *atom, const char *arg)
 {
-	return refname_atom_parser_internal(&atom->u.refname, arg, atom->name);
+	refname_atom_parser_internal(&atom->u.refname, arg, atom->name);
 }
 
 static align_type parse_align_position(const char *s)
@@ -1624,7 +1624,7 @@
 	       skip_prefix(refname, "refs/", &refname));
 
 	for (; *patterns; patterns++) {
-		if (!wildmatch(*patterns, refname, flags, NULL))
+		if (!wildmatch(*patterns, refname, flags))
 			return 1;
 	}
 	return 0;
@@ -1655,7 +1655,7 @@
 		     refname[plen] == '/' ||
 		     p[plen-1] == '/'))
 			return 1;
-		if (!wildmatch(p, refname, WM_PATHNAME, NULL))
+		if (!wildmatch(p, refname, WM_PATHNAME))
 			return 1;
 	}
 	return 0;
diff --git a/reflog-walk.c b/reflog-walk.c
index ed99437..081f89b 100644
--- a/reflog-walk.c
+++ b/reflog-walk.c
@@ -38,6 +38,22 @@
 	return 0;
 }
 
+static void free_complete_reflog(struct complete_reflogs *array)
+{
+	int i;
+
+	if (!array)
+		return;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < array->nr; i++) {
+		free(array->items[i].email);
+		free(array->items[i].message);
+	}
+	free(array->items);
+	free(array->ref);
+	free(array);
+}
+
 static struct complete_reflogs *read_complete_reflog(const char *ref)
 {
 	struct complete_reflogs *reflogs =
@@ -136,6 +152,7 @@
 void init_reflog_walk(struct reflog_walk_info **info)
 {
 	*info = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct reflog_walk_info));
+	(*info)->complete_reflogs.strdup_strings = 1;
 }
 
 int add_reflog_for_walk(struct reflog_walk_info *info,
@@ -188,20 +205,14 @@
 			if (ret > 1)
 				free(b);
 			else if (ret == 1) {
-				if (reflogs) {
-					free(reflogs->ref);
-					free(reflogs);
-				}
+				free_complete_reflog(reflogs);
 				free(branch);
 				branch = b;
 				reflogs = read_complete_reflog(branch);
 			}
 		}
 		if (!reflogs || reflogs->nr == 0) {
-			if (reflogs) {
-				free(reflogs->ref);
-				free(reflogs);
-			}
+			free_complete_reflog(reflogs);
 			free(branch);
 			return -1;
 		}
@@ -214,10 +225,6 @@
 	if (recno < 0) {
 		commit_reflog->recno = get_reflog_recno_by_time(reflogs, timestamp);
 		if (commit_reflog->recno < 0) {
-			if (reflogs) {
-				free(reflogs->ref);
-				free(reflogs);
-			}
 			free(commit_reflog);
 			return -1;
 		}
@@ -259,6 +266,8 @@
 		/* a root commit, but there are still more entries to show */
 		reflog = &commit_reflog->reflogs->items[commit_reflog->recno];
 		logobj = parse_object(&reflog->noid);
+		if (!logobj)
+			logobj = parse_object(&reflog->ooid);
 	}
 
 	if (!logobj || logobj->type != OBJ_COMMIT) {
diff --git a/refs.c b/refs.c
index eef1a7b..ba22f4a 100644
--- a/refs.c
+++ b/refs.c
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@
 {
 	struct ref_filter *filter = (struct ref_filter *)data;
 
-	if (wildmatch(filter->pattern, refname, 0, NULL))
+	if (wildmatch(filter->pattern, refname, 0))
 		return 0;
 	return filter->fn(refname, oid, flags, filter->cb_data);
 }
diff --git a/refs.h b/refs.h
index aa4ecc8..6daa78e 100644
--- a/refs.h
+++ b/refs.h
@@ -574,7 +574,7 @@
 #define TRANSACTION_GENERIC_ERROR -2
 
 /*
- * Perform the preparatory stages of commiting `transaction`. Acquire
+ * Perform the preparatory stages of committing `transaction`. Acquire
  * any needed locks, check preconditions, etc.; basically, do as much
  * as possible to ensure that the transaction will be able to go
  * through, stopping just short of making any irrevocable or
@@ -586,7 +586,7 @@
  * On failure, abort the transaction, write an error message to `err`,
  * and return one of the `TRANSACTION_*` constants.
  *
- * Callers who don't need such fine-grained control over commiting
+ * Callers who don't need such fine-grained control over committing
  * reference transactions should just call `ref_transaction_commit()`.
  */
 int ref_transaction_prepare(struct ref_transaction *transaction,
diff --git a/repository.c b/repository.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..edca907
--- /dev/null
+++ b/repository.c
@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
+#include "cache.h"
+#include "repository.h"
+#include "config.h"
+#include "submodule-config.h"
+
+/* The main repository */
+static struct repository the_repo;
+struct repository *the_repository = &the_repo;
+
+static char *git_path_from_env(const char *envvar, const char *git_dir,
+			       const char *path, int fromenv)
+{
+	if (fromenv) {
+		const char *value = getenv(envvar);
+		if (value)
+			return xstrdup(value);
+	}
+
+	return xstrfmt("%s/%s", git_dir, path);
+}
+
+static int find_common_dir(struct strbuf *sb, const char *gitdir, int fromenv)
+{
+	if (fromenv) {
+		const char *value = getenv(GIT_COMMON_DIR_ENVIRONMENT);
+		if (value) {
+			strbuf_addstr(sb, value);
+			return 1;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return get_common_dir_noenv(sb, gitdir);
+}
+
+static void repo_setup_env(struct repository *repo)
+{
+	struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;
+
+	repo->different_commondir = find_common_dir(&sb, repo->gitdir,
+						    !repo->ignore_env);
+	repo->commondir = strbuf_detach(&sb, NULL);
+	repo->objectdir = git_path_from_env(DB_ENVIRONMENT, repo->commondir,
+					    "objects", !repo->ignore_env);
+	repo->graft_file = git_path_from_env(GRAFT_ENVIRONMENT, repo->commondir,
+					     "info/grafts", !repo->ignore_env);
+	repo->index_file = git_path_from_env(INDEX_ENVIRONMENT, repo->gitdir,
+					     "index", !repo->ignore_env);
+}
+
+void repo_set_gitdir(struct repository *repo, const char *path)
+{
+	const char *gitfile = read_gitfile(path);
+
+	/*
+	 * NEEDSWORK: Eventually we want to be able to free gitdir and the rest
+	 * of the environment before reinitializing it again, but we have some
+	 * crazy code paths where we try to set gitdir with the current gitdir
+	 * and we don't want to free gitdir before copying the passed in value.
+	 */
+	repo->gitdir = xstrdup(gitfile ? gitfile : path);
+
+	repo_setup_env(repo);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Attempt to resolve and set the provided 'gitdir' for repository 'repo'.
+ * Return 0 upon success and a non-zero value upon failure.
+ */
+static int repo_init_gitdir(struct repository *repo, const char *gitdir)
+{
+	int ret = 0;
+	int error = 0;
+	char *abspath = NULL;
+	const char *resolved_gitdir;
+
+	abspath = real_pathdup(gitdir, 0);
+	if (!abspath) {
+		ret = -1;
+		goto out;
+	}
+
+	/* 'gitdir' must reference the gitdir directly */
+	resolved_gitdir = resolve_gitdir_gently(abspath, &error);
+	if (!resolved_gitdir) {
+		ret = -1;
+		goto out;
+	}
+
+	repo_set_gitdir(repo, resolved_gitdir);
+
+out:
+	free(abspath);
+	return ret;
+}
+
+void repo_set_worktree(struct repository *repo, const char *path)
+{
+	repo->worktree = real_pathdup(path, 1);
+}
+
+static int read_and_verify_repository_format(struct repository_format *format,
+					     const char *commondir)
+{
+	int ret = 0;
+	struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;
+
+	strbuf_addf(&sb, "%s/config", commondir);
+	read_repository_format(format, sb.buf);
+	strbuf_reset(&sb);
+
+	if (verify_repository_format(format, &sb) < 0) {
+		warning("%s", sb.buf);
+		ret = -1;
+	}
+
+	strbuf_release(&sb);
+	return ret;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Initialize 'repo' based on the provided 'gitdir'.
+ * Return 0 upon success and a non-zero value upon failure.
+ */
+int repo_init(struct repository *repo, const char *gitdir, const char *worktree)
+{
+	struct repository_format format;
+	memset(repo, 0, sizeof(*repo));
+
+	repo->ignore_env = 1;
+
+	if (repo_init_gitdir(repo, gitdir))
+		goto error;
+
+	if (read_and_verify_repository_format(&format, repo->commondir))
+		goto error;
+
+	if (worktree)
+		repo_set_worktree(repo, worktree);
+
+	return 0;
+
+error:
+	repo_clear(repo);
+	return -1;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Initialize 'submodule' as the submodule given by 'path' in parent repository
+ * 'superproject'.
+ * Return 0 upon success and a non-zero value upon failure.
+ */
+int repo_submodule_init(struct repository *submodule,
+			struct repository *superproject,
+			const char *path)
+{
+	const struct submodule *sub;
+	struct strbuf gitdir = STRBUF_INIT;
+	struct strbuf worktree = STRBUF_INIT;
+	int ret = 0;
+
+	sub = submodule_from_cache(superproject, null_sha1, path);
+	if (!sub) {
+		ret = -1;
+		goto out;
+	}
+
+	strbuf_repo_worktree_path(&gitdir, superproject, "%s/.git", path);
+	strbuf_repo_worktree_path(&worktree, superproject, "%s", path);
+
+	if (repo_init(submodule, gitdir.buf, worktree.buf)) {
+		/*
+		 * If initilization fails then it may be due to the submodule
+		 * not being populated in the superproject's worktree.  Instead
+		 * we can try to initilize the submodule by finding it's gitdir
+		 * in the superproject's 'modules' directory.  In this case the
+		 * submodule would not have a worktree.
+		 */
+		strbuf_reset(&gitdir);
+		strbuf_repo_git_path(&gitdir, superproject,
+				     "modules/%s", sub->name);
+
+		if (repo_init(submodule, gitdir.buf, NULL)) {
+			ret = -1;
+			goto out;
+		}
+	}
+
+	submodule->submodule_prefix = xstrfmt("%s%s/",
+					      superproject->submodule_prefix ?
+					      superproject->submodule_prefix :
+					      "", path);
+
+out:
+	strbuf_release(&gitdir);
+	strbuf_release(&worktree);
+	return ret;
+}
+
+void repo_clear(struct repository *repo)
+{
+	free(repo->gitdir);
+	repo->gitdir = NULL;
+	free(repo->commondir);
+	repo->commondir = NULL;
+	free(repo->objectdir);
+	repo->objectdir = NULL;
+	free(repo->graft_file);
+	repo->graft_file = NULL;
+	free(repo->index_file);
+	repo->index_file = NULL;
+	free(repo->worktree);
+	repo->worktree = NULL;
+	free(repo->submodule_prefix);
+	repo->submodule_prefix = NULL;
+
+	if (repo->config) {
+		git_configset_clear(repo->config);
+		free(repo->config);
+		repo->config = NULL;
+	}
+
+	if (repo->submodule_cache) {
+		submodule_cache_free(repo->submodule_cache);
+		repo->submodule_cache = NULL;
+	}
+
+	if (repo->index) {
+		discard_index(repo->index);
+		free(repo->index);
+		repo->index = NULL;
+	}
+}
+
+int repo_read_index(struct repository *repo)
+{
+	if (!repo->index)
+		repo->index = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*repo->index));
+	else
+		discard_index(repo->index);
+
+	return read_index_from(repo->index, repo->index_file);
+}
diff --git a/repository.h b/repository.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..417787f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/repository.h
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+#ifndef REPOSITORY_H
+#define REPOSITORY_H
+
+struct config_set;
+struct index_state;
+struct submodule_cache;
+
+struct repository {
+	/* Environment */
+	/*
+	 * Path to the git directory.
+	 * Cannot be NULL after initialization.
+	 */
+	char *gitdir;
+
+	/*
+	 * Path to the common git directory.
+	 * Cannot be NULL after initialization.
+	 */
+	char *commondir;
+
+	/*
+	 * Path to the repository's object store.
+	 * Cannot be NULL after initialization.
+	 */
+	char *objectdir;
+
+	/*
+	 * Path to the repository's graft file.
+	 * Cannot be NULL after initialization.
+	 */
+	char *graft_file;
+
+	/*
+	 * Path to the current worktree's index file.
+	 * Cannot be NULL after initialization.
+	 */
+	char *index_file;
+
+	/*
+	 * Path to the working directory.
+	 * A NULL value indicates that there is no working directory.
+	 */
+	char *worktree;
+
+	/*
+	 * Path from the root of the top-level superproject down to this
+	 * repository.  This is only non-NULL if the repository is initialized
+	 * as a submodule of another repository.
+	 */
+	char *submodule_prefix;
+
+	/* Subsystems */
+	/*
+	 * Repository's config which contains key-value pairs from the usual
+	 * set of config files (i.e. repo specific .git/config, user wide
+	 * ~/.gitconfig, XDG config file and the global /etc/gitconfig)
+	 */
+	struct config_set *config;
+
+	/* Repository's submodule config as defined by '.gitmodules' */
+	struct submodule_cache *submodule_cache;
+
+	/*
+	 * Repository's in-memory index.
+	 * 'repo_read_index()' can be used to populate 'index'.
+	 */
+	struct index_state *index;
+
+	/* Configurations */
+	/*
+	 * Bit used during initialization to indicate if repository state (like
+	 * the location of the 'objectdir') should be read from the
+	 * environment.  By default this bit will be set at the begining of
+	 * 'repo_init()' so that all repositories will ignore the environment.
+	 * The exception to this is 'the_repository', which doesn't go through
+	 * the normal 'repo_init()' process.
+	 */
+	unsigned ignore_env:1;
+
+	/* Indicate if a repository has a different 'commondir' from 'gitdir' */
+	unsigned different_commondir:1;
+};
+
+extern struct repository *the_repository;
+
+extern void repo_set_gitdir(struct repository *repo, const char *path);
+extern void repo_set_worktree(struct repository *repo, const char *path);
+extern int repo_init(struct repository *repo, const char *gitdir, const char *worktree);
+extern int repo_submodule_init(struct repository *submodule,
+			       struct repository *superproject,
+			       const char *path);
+extern void repo_clear(struct repository *repo);
+
+extern int repo_read_index(struct repository *repo);
+
+#endif /* REPOSITORY_H */
diff --git a/revision.c b/revision.c
index e181ad1..6603af9 100644
--- a/revision.c
+++ b/revision.c
@@ -1142,7 +1142,7 @@
 	if (!ref_excludes)
 		return 0;
 	for_each_string_list_item(item, ref_excludes) {
-		if (!wildmatch(item->string, path, 0, NULL))
+		if (!wildmatch(item->string, path, 0))
 			return 1;
 	}
 	return 0;
@@ -1362,7 +1362,6 @@
 	init_grep_defaults();
 	grep_init(&revs->grep_filter, prefix);
 	revs->grep_filter.status_only = 1;
-	revs->grep_filter.regflags = REG_NEWLINE;
 
 	diff_setup(&revs->diffopt);
 	if (prefix && !revs->diffopt.prefix) {
@@ -2022,7 +2021,6 @@
 		revs->grep_filter.pattern_type_option = GREP_PATTERN_TYPE_ERE;
 	} else if (!strcmp(arg, "--regexp-ignore-case") || !strcmp(arg, "-i")) {
 		revs->grep_filter.ignore_case = 1;
-		revs->grep_filter.regflags |= REG_ICASE;
 		DIFF_OPT_SET(&revs->diffopt, PICKAXE_IGNORE_CASE);
 	} else if (!strcmp(arg, "--fixed-strings") || !strcmp(arg, "-F")) {
 		revs->grep_filter.pattern_type_option = GREP_PATTERN_TYPE_FIXED;
diff --git a/send-pack.c b/send-pack.c
index ed3cee3..11d6f3d 100644
--- a/send-pack.c
+++ b/send-pack.c
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@
 		 * For a normal non-zero exit, we assume pack-objects wrote
 		 * something useful to stderr. For death by signal, though,
 		 * we should mention it to the user. The exception is SIGPIPE
-		 * (141), because that's a normal occurence if the remote end
+		 * (141), because that's a normal occurrence if the remote end
 		 * hangs up (and we'll report that by trying to read the unpack
 		 * status).
 		 */
diff --git a/sequencer.c b/sequencer.c
index 98cdfe7..3010faf 100644
--- a/sequencer.c
+++ b/sequencer.c
@@ -1922,7 +1922,7 @@
 	argv_array_push(&child.args, "apply");
 	argv_array_push(&child.args, stash_sha1.buf);
 	if (!run_command(&child))
-		printf(_("Applied autostash.\n"));
+		fprintf(stderr, _("Applied autostash.\n"));
 	else {
 		struct child_process store = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
 
@@ -1936,10 +1936,11 @@
 		if (run_command(&store))
 			ret = error(_("cannot store %s"), stash_sha1.buf);
 		else
-			printf(_("Applying autostash resulted in conflicts.\n"
-				"Your changes are safe in the stash.\n"
-				"You can run \"git stash pop\" or"
-				" \"git stash drop\" at any time.\n"));
+			fprintf(stderr,
+				_("Applying autostash resulted in conflicts.\n"
+				  "Your changes are safe in the stash.\n"
+				  "You can run \"git stash pop\" or"
+				  " \"git stash drop\" at any time.\n"));
 	}
 
 	strbuf_release(&stash_sha1);
diff --git a/setup.c b/setup.c
index 358fbc2..860507e 100644
--- a/setup.c
+++ b/setup.c
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #include "cache.h"
+#include "repository.h"
 #include "config.h"
 #include "dir.h"
 #include "string-list.h"
@@ -398,6 +399,11 @@
 	if (getenv(GIT_WORK_TREE_ENVIRONMENT))
 		setenv(GIT_WORK_TREE_ENVIRONMENT, ".", 1);
 
+	/*
+	 * NEEDSWORK: this call can essentially be set_git_dir(get_git_dir())
+	 * which can cause some problems when trying to free the old value of
+	 * gitdir.
+	 */
 	set_git_dir(remove_leading_path(git_dir, work_tree));
 	initialized = 1;
 }
@@ -1079,6 +1085,12 @@
 		die("BUG: unhandled setup_git_directory_1() result");
 	}
 
+	/*
+	 * NEEDSWORK: This was a hack in order to get ls-files and grep to have
+	 * properly formated output when recursing submodules.  Once ls-files
+	 * and grep have been changed to perform this recursing in-process this
+	 * needs to be removed.
+	 */
 	env_prefix = getenv(GIT_TOPLEVEL_PREFIX_ENVIRONMENT);
 	if (env_prefix)
 		prefix = env_prefix;
@@ -1091,6 +1103,27 @@
 	startup_info->have_repository = !nongit_ok || !*nongit_ok;
 	startup_info->prefix = prefix;
 
+	/*
+	 * Not all paths through the setup code will call 'set_git_dir()' (which
+	 * directly sets up the environment) so in order to guarantee that the
+	 * environment is in a consistent state after setup, explicitly setup
+	 * the environment if we have a repository.
+	 *
+	 * NEEDSWORK: currently we allow bogus GIT_DIR values to be set in some
+	 * code paths so we also need to explicitly setup the environment if
+	 * the user has set GIT_DIR.  It may be beneficial to disallow bogus
+	 * GIT_DIR values at some point in the future.
+	 */
+	if (startup_info->have_repository || getenv(GIT_DIR_ENVIRONMENT)) {
+		if (!the_repository->gitdir) {
+			const char *gitdir = getenv(GIT_DIR_ENVIRONMENT);
+			if (!gitdir)
+				gitdir = DEFAULT_GIT_DIR_ENVIRONMENT;
+			repo_set_gitdir(the_repository, gitdir);
+			setup_git_env();
+		}
+	}
+
 	strbuf_release(&dir);
 	strbuf_release(&gitdir);
 
diff --git a/sha1_file.c b/sha1_file.c
index 8c523a5..fca165f 100644
--- a/sha1_file.c
+++ b/sha1_file.c
@@ -1964,7 +1964,7 @@
 	 * we're obtaining the type using '--allow-unknown-type'
 	 * option.
 	 */
-	if ((flags & LOOKUP_UNKNOWN_OBJECT) && (type < 0))
+	if ((flags & OBJECT_INFO_ALLOW_UNKNOWN_TYPE) && (type < 0))
 		type = 0;
 	else if (type < 0)
 		die("invalid object type");
@@ -2002,20 +2002,7 @@
 	struct object_info oi = OBJECT_INFO_INIT;
 
 	oi.sizep = sizep;
-	return parse_sha1_header_extended(hdr, &oi, LOOKUP_REPLACE_OBJECT);
-}
-
-static void *unpack_sha1_file(void *map, unsigned long mapsize, enum object_type *type, unsigned long *size, const unsigned char *sha1)
-{
-	int ret;
-	git_zstream stream;
-	char hdr[8192];
-
-	ret = unpack_sha1_header(&stream, map, mapsize, hdr, sizeof(hdr));
-	if (ret < Z_OK || (*type = parse_sha1_header(hdr, size)) < 0)
-		return NULL;
-
-	return unpack_sha1_rest(&stream, hdr, *size, sha1);
+	return parse_sha1_header_extended(hdr, &oi, 0);
 }
 
 unsigned long get_size_from_delta(struct packed_git *p,
@@ -2239,107 +2226,6 @@
 	goto out;
 }
 
-int packed_object_info(struct packed_git *p, off_t obj_offset,
-		       struct object_info *oi)
-{
-	struct pack_window *w_curs = NULL;
-	unsigned long size;
-	off_t curpos = obj_offset;
-	enum object_type type;
-
-	/*
-	 * We always get the representation type, but only convert it to
-	 * a "real" type later if the caller is interested.
-	 */
-	type = unpack_object_header(p, &w_curs, &curpos, &size);
-
-	if (oi->sizep) {
-		if (type == OBJ_OFS_DELTA || type == OBJ_REF_DELTA) {
-			off_t tmp_pos = curpos;
-			off_t base_offset = get_delta_base(p, &w_curs, &tmp_pos,
-							   type, obj_offset);
-			if (!base_offset) {
-				type = OBJ_BAD;
-				goto out;
-			}
-			*oi->sizep = get_size_from_delta(p, &w_curs, tmp_pos);
-			if (*oi->sizep == 0) {
-				type = OBJ_BAD;
-				goto out;
-			}
-		} else {
-			*oi->sizep = size;
-		}
-	}
-
-	if (oi->disk_sizep) {
-		struct revindex_entry *revidx = find_pack_revindex(p, obj_offset);
-		*oi->disk_sizep = revidx[1].offset - obj_offset;
-	}
-
-	if (oi->typep) {
-		*oi->typep = packed_to_object_type(p, obj_offset, type, &w_curs, curpos);
-		if (*oi->typep < 0) {
-			type = OBJ_BAD;
-			goto out;
-		}
-	}
-
-	if (oi->delta_base_sha1) {
-		if (type == OBJ_OFS_DELTA || type == OBJ_REF_DELTA) {
-			const unsigned char *base;
-
-			base = get_delta_base_sha1(p, &w_curs, curpos,
-						   type, obj_offset);
-			if (!base) {
-				type = OBJ_BAD;
-				goto out;
-			}
-
-			hashcpy(oi->delta_base_sha1, base);
-		} else
-			hashclr(oi->delta_base_sha1);
-	}
-
-out:
-	unuse_pack(&w_curs);
-	return type;
-}
-
-static void *unpack_compressed_entry(struct packed_git *p,
-				    struct pack_window **w_curs,
-				    off_t curpos,
-				    unsigned long size)
-{
-	int st;
-	git_zstream stream;
-	unsigned char *buffer, *in;
-
-	buffer = xmallocz_gently(size);
-	if (!buffer)
-		return NULL;
-	memset(&stream, 0, sizeof(stream));
-	stream.next_out = buffer;
-	stream.avail_out = size + 1;
-
-	git_inflate_init(&stream);
-	do {
-		in = use_pack(p, w_curs, curpos, &stream.avail_in);
-		stream.next_in = in;
-		st = git_inflate(&stream, Z_FINISH);
-		if (!stream.avail_out)
-			break; /* the payload is larger than it should be */
-		curpos += stream.next_in - in;
-	} while (st == Z_OK || st == Z_BUF_ERROR);
-	git_inflate_end(&stream);
-	if ((st != Z_STREAM_END) || stream.total_out != size) {
-		free(buffer);
-		return NULL;
-	}
-
-	return buffer;
-}
-
 static struct hashmap delta_base_cache;
 static size_t delta_base_cached;
 
@@ -2428,8 +2314,10 @@
 	if (!ent)
 		return unpack_entry(p, base_offset, type, base_size);
 
-	*type = ent->type;
-	*base_size = ent->size;
+	if (type)
+		*type = ent->type;
+	if (base_size)
+		*base_size = ent->size;
 	return xmemdupz(ent->data, ent->size);
 }
 
@@ -2478,6 +2366,123 @@
 	hashmap_add(&delta_base_cache, ent);
 }
 
+int packed_object_info(struct packed_git *p, off_t obj_offset,
+		       struct object_info *oi)
+{
+	struct pack_window *w_curs = NULL;
+	unsigned long size;
+	off_t curpos = obj_offset;
+	enum object_type type;
+
+	/*
+	 * We always get the representation type, but only convert it to
+	 * a "real" type later if the caller is interested.
+	 */
+	if (oi->contentp) {
+		*oi->contentp = cache_or_unpack_entry(p, obj_offset, oi->sizep,
+						      &type);
+		if (!*oi->contentp)
+			type = OBJ_BAD;
+	} else {
+		type = unpack_object_header(p, &w_curs, &curpos, &size);
+	}
+
+	if (!oi->contentp && oi->sizep) {
+		if (type == OBJ_OFS_DELTA || type == OBJ_REF_DELTA) {
+			off_t tmp_pos = curpos;
+			off_t base_offset = get_delta_base(p, &w_curs, &tmp_pos,
+							   type, obj_offset);
+			if (!base_offset) {
+				type = OBJ_BAD;
+				goto out;
+			}
+			*oi->sizep = get_size_from_delta(p, &w_curs, tmp_pos);
+			if (*oi->sizep == 0) {
+				type = OBJ_BAD;
+				goto out;
+			}
+		} else {
+			*oi->sizep = size;
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (oi->disk_sizep) {
+		struct revindex_entry *revidx = find_pack_revindex(p, obj_offset);
+		*oi->disk_sizep = revidx[1].offset - obj_offset;
+	}
+
+	if (oi->typep || oi->typename) {
+		enum object_type ptot;
+		ptot = packed_to_object_type(p, obj_offset, type, &w_curs,
+					     curpos);
+		if (oi->typep)
+			*oi->typep = ptot;
+		if (oi->typename) {
+			const char *tn = typename(ptot);
+			if (tn)
+				strbuf_addstr(oi->typename, tn);
+		}
+		if (ptot < 0) {
+			type = OBJ_BAD;
+			goto out;
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (oi->delta_base_sha1) {
+		if (type == OBJ_OFS_DELTA || type == OBJ_REF_DELTA) {
+			const unsigned char *base;
+
+			base = get_delta_base_sha1(p, &w_curs, curpos,
+						   type, obj_offset);
+			if (!base) {
+				type = OBJ_BAD;
+				goto out;
+			}
+
+			hashcpy(oi->delta_base_sha1, base);
+		} else
+			hashclr(oi->delta_base_sha1);
+	}
+
+out:
+	unuse_pack(&w_curs);
+	return type;
+}
+
+static void *unpack_compressed_entry(struct packed_git *p,
+				    struct pack_window **w_curs,
+				    off_t curpos,
+				    unsigned long size)
+{
+	int st;
+	git_zstream stream;
+	unsigned char *buffer, *in;
+
+	buffer = xmallocz_gently(size);
+	if (!buffer)
+		return NULL;
+	memset(&stream, 0, sizeof(stream));
+	stream.next_out = buffer;
+	stream.avail_out = size + 1;
+
+	git_inflate_init(&stream);
+	do {
+		in = use_pack(p, w_curs, curpos, &stream.avail_in);
+		stream.next_in = in;
+		st = git_inflate(&stream, Z_FINISH);
+		if (!stream.avail_out)
+			break; /* the payload is larger than it should be */
+		curpos += stream.next_in - in;
+	} while (st == Z_OK || st == Z_BUF_ERROR);
+	git_inflate_end(&stream);
+	if ((st != Z_STREAM_END) || stream.total_out != size) {
+		free(buffer);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	return buffer;
+}
+
 static void *read_object(const unsigned char *sha1, enum object_type *type,
 			 unsigned long *size);
 
@@ -2671,8 +2676,10 @@
 		free(external_base);
 	}
 
-	*final_type = type;
-	*final_size = size;
+	if (final_type)
+		*final_type = type;
+	if (final_size)
+		*final_size = size;
 
 	unuse_pack(&w_curs);
 
@@ -2906,6 +2913,7 @@
 	git_zstream stream;
 	char hdr[32];
 	struct strbuf hdrbuf = STRBUF_INIT;
+	unsigned long size_scratch;
 
 	if (oi->delta_base_sha1)
 		hashclr(oi->delta_base_sha1);
@@ -2918,7 +2926,7 @@
 	 * return value implicitly indicates whether the
 	 * object even exists.
 	 */
-	if (!oi->typep && !oi->typename && !oi->sizep) {
+	if (!oi->typep && !oi->typename && !oi->sizep && !oi->contentp) {
 		const char *path;
 		struct stat st;
 		if (stat_sha1_file(sha1, &st, &path) < 0)
@@ -2931,9 +2939,13 @@
 	map = map_sha1_file(sha1, &mapsize);
 	if (!map)
 		return -1;
+
+	if (!oi->sizep)
+		oi->sizep = &size_scratch;
+
 	if (oi->disk_sizep)
 		*oi->disk_sizep = mapsize;
-	if ((flags & LOOKUP_UNKNOWN_OBJECT)) {
+	if ((flags & OBJECT_INFO_ALLOW_UNKNOWN_TYPE)) {
 		if (unpack_sha1_header_to_strbuf(&stream, map, mapsize, hdr, sizeof(hdr), &hdrbuf) < 0)
 			status = error("unable to unpack %s header with --allow-unknown-type",
 				       sha1_to_hex(sha1));
@@ -2948,36 +2960,52 @@
 				       sha1_to_hex(sha1));
 	} else if ((status = parse_sha1_header_extended(hdr, oi, flags)) < 0)
 		status = error("unable to parse %s header", sha1_to_hex(sha1));
-	git_inflate_end(&stream);
+
+	if (status >= 0 && oi->contentp)
+		*oi->contentp = unpack_sha1_rest(&stream, hdr,
+						 *oi->sizep, sha1);
+	else
+		git_inflate_end(&stream);
+
 	munmap(map, mapsize);
 	if (status && oi->typep)
 		*oi->typep = status;
+	if (oi->sizep == &size_scratch)
+		oi->sizep = NULL;
 	strbuf_release(&hdrbuf);
 	return (status < 0) ? status : 0;
 }
 
 int sha1_object_info_extended(const unsigned char *sha1, struct object_info *oi, unsigned flags)
 {
-	struct cached_object *co;
+	static struct object_info blank_oi = OBJECT_INFO_INIT;
 	struct pack_entry e;
 	int rtype;
-	enum object_type real_type;
-	const unsigned char *real = lookup_replace_object_extended(sha1, flags);
+	const unsigned char *real = (flags & OBJECT_INFO_LOOKUP_REPLACE) ?
+				    lookup_replace_object(sha1) :
+				    sha1;
 
-	co = find_cached_object(real);
-	if (co) {
-		if (oi->typep)
-			*(oi->typep) = co->type;
-		if (oi->sizep)
-			*(oi->sizep) = co->size;
-		if (oi->disk_sizep)
-			*(oi->disk_sizep) = 0;
-		if (oi->delta_base_sha1)
-			hashclr(oi->delta_base_sha1);
-		if (oi->typename)
-			strbuf_addstr(oi->typename, typename(co->type));
-		oi->whence = OI_CACHED;
-		return 0;
+	if (!oi)
+		oi = &blank_oi;
+
+	if (!(flags & OBJECT_INFO_SKIP_CACHED)) {
+		struct cached_object *co = find_cached_object(real);
+		if (co) {
+			if (oi->typep)
+				*(oi->typep) = co->type;
+			if (oi->sizep)
+				*(oi->sizep) = co->size;
+			if (oi->disk_sizep)
+				*(oi->disk_sizep) = 0;
+			if (oi->delta_base_sha1)
+				hashclr(oi->delta_base_sha1);
+			if (oi->typename)
+				strbuf_addstr(oi->typename, typename(co->type));
+			if (oi->contentp)
+				*oi->contentp = xmemdupz(co->buf, co->size);
+			oi->whence = OI_CACHED;
+			return 0;
+		}
 	}
 
 	if (!find_pack_entry(real, &e)) {
@@ -2988,23 +3016,25 @@
 		}
 
 		/* Not a loose object; someone else may have just packed it. */
-		reprepare_packed_git();
-		if (!find_pack_entry(real, &e))
+		if (flags & OBJECT_INFO_QUICK) {
 			return -1;
+		} else {
+			reprepare_packed_git();
+			if (!find_pack_entry(real, &e))
+				return -1;
+		}
 	}
 
-	/*
-	 * packed_object_info() does not follow the delta chain to
-	 * find out the real type, unless it is given oi->typep.
-	 */
-	if (oi->typename && !oi->typep)
-		oi->typep = &real_type;
+	if (oi == &blank_oi)
+		/*
+		 * We know that the caller doesn't actually need the
+		 * information below, so return early.
+		 */
+		return 0;
 
 	rtype = packed_object_info(e.p, e.offset, oi);
 	if (rtype < 0) {
 		mark_bad_packed_object(e.p, real);
-		if (oi->typep == &real_type)
-			oi->typep = NULL;
 		return sha1_object_info_extended(real, oi, 0);
 	} else if (in_delta_base_cache(e.p, e.offset)) {
 		oi->whence = OI_DBCACHED;
@@ -3015,10 +3045,6 @@
 		oi->u.packed.is_delta = (rtype == OBJ_REF_DELTA ||
 					 rtype == OBJ_OFS_DELTA);
 	}
-	if (oi->typename)
-		strbuf_addstr(oi->typename, typename(*oi->typep));
-	if (oi->typep == &real_type)
-		oi->typep = NULL;
 
 	return 0;
 }
@@ -3031,7 +3057,8 @@
 
 	oi.typep = &type;
 	oi.sizep = sizep;
-	if (sha1_object_info_extended(sha1, &oi, LOOKUP_REPLACE_OBJECT) < 0)
+	if (sha1_object_info_extended(sha1, &oi,
+				      OBJECT_INFO_LOOKUP_REPLACE) < 0)
 		return -1;
 	return type;
 }
@@ -3081,28 +3108,15 @@
 static void *read_object(const unsigned char *sha1, enum object_type *type,
 			 unsigned long *size)
 {
-	unsigned long mapsize;
-	void *map, *buf;
-	struct cached_object *co;
+	struct object_info oi = OBJECT_INFO_INIT;
+	void *content;
+	oi.typep = type;
+	oi.sizep = size;
+	oi.contentp = &content;
 
-	co = find_cached_object(sha1);
-	if (co) {
-		*type = co->type;
-		*size = co->size;
-		return xmemdupz(co->buf, co->size);
-	}
-
-	buf = read_packed_sha1(sha1, type, size);
-	if (buf)
-		return buf;
-	map = map_sha1_file(sha1, &mapsize);
-	if (map) {
-		buf = unpack_sha1_file(map, mapsize, type, size, sha1);
-		munmap(map, mapsize);
-		return buf;
-	}
-	reprepare_packed_git();
-	return read_packed_sha1(sha1, type, size);
+	if (sha1_object_info_extended(sha1, &oi, 0) < 0)
+		return NULL;
+	return content;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -3113,13 +3127,14 @@
 void *read_sha1_file_extended(const unsigned char *sha1,
 			      enum object_type *type,
 			      unsigned long *size,
-			      unsigned flag)
+			      int lookup_replace)
 {
 	void *data;
 	const struct packed_git *p;
 	const char *path;
 	struct stat st;
-	const unsigned char *repl = lookup_replace_object_extended(sha1, flag);
+	const unsigned char *repl = lookup_replace ? lookup_replace_object(sha1)
+						   : sha1;
 
 	errno = 0;
 	data = read_object(repl, type, size);
@@ -3480,18 +3495,10 @@
 
 int has_sha1_file_with_flags(const unsigned char *sha1, int flags)
 {
-	struct pack_entry e;
-
 	if (!startup_info->have_repository)
 		return 0;
-	if (find_pack_entry(sha1, &e))
-		return 1;
-	if (has_loose_object(sha1))
-		return 1;
-	if (flags & HAS_SHA1_QUICK)
-		return 0;
-	reprepare_packed_git();
-	return find_pack_entry(sha1, &e);
+	return sha1_object_info_extended(sha1, NULL,
+					 flags | OBJECT_INFO_SKIP_CACHED) >= 0;
 }
 
 int has_object_file(const struct object_id *oid)
@@ -3736,22 +3743,32 @@
 		    typename(expect));
 }
 
-static int for_each_file_in_obj_subdir(int subdir_nr,
-				       struct strbuf *path,
-				       each_loose_object_fn obj_cb,
-				       each_loose_cruft_fn cruft_cb,
-				       each_loose_subdir_fn subdir_cb,
-				       void *data)
+int for_each_file_in_obj_subdir(unsigned int subdir_nr,
+				struct strbuf *path,
+				each_loose_object_fn obj_cb,
+				each_loose_cruft_fn cruft_cb,
+				each_loose_subdir_fn subdir_cb,
+				void *data)
 {
-	size_t baselen = path->len;
-	DIR *dir = opendir(path->buf);
+	size_t origlen, baselen;
+	DIR *dir;
 	struct dirent *de;
 	int r = 0;
 
+	if (subdir_nr > 0xff)
+		BUG("invalid loose object subdirectory: %x", subdir_nr);
+
+	origlen = path->len;
+	strbuf_complete(path, '/');
+	strbuf_addf(path, "%02x", subdir_nr);
+	baselen = path->len;
+
+	dir = opendir(path->buf);
 	if (!dir) {
-		if (errno == ENOENT)
-			return 0;
-		return error_errno("unable to open %s", path->buf);
+		if (errno != ENOENT)
+			r = error_errno("unable to open %s", path->buf);
+		strbuf_setlen(path, origlen);
+		return r;
 	}
 
 	while ((de = readdir(dir))) {
@@ -3789,6 +3806,8 @@
 	if (!r && subdir_cb)
 		r = subdir_cb(subdir_nr, path->buf, data);
 
+	strbuf_setlen(path, origlen);
+
 	return r;
 }
 
@@ -3798,15 +3817,12 @@
 			    each_loose_subdir_fn subdir_cb,
 			    void *data)
 {
-	size_t baselen = path->len;
 	int r = 0;
 	int i;
 
 	for (i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
-		strbuf_addf(path, "/%02x", i);
 		r = for_each_file_in_obj_subdir(i, path, obj_cb, cruft_cb,
 						subdir_cb, data);
-		strbuf_setlen(path, baselen);
 		if (r)
 			break;
 	}
diff --git a/sha1_name.c b/sha1_name.c
index d2d732c..74fcb6d 100644
--- a/sha1_name.c
+++ b/sha1_name.c
@@ -78,10 +78,19 @@
 	/* otherwise, current can be discarded and candidate is still good */
 }
 
+static int append_loose_object(const struct object_id *oid, const char *path,
+			       void *data)
+{
+	oid_array_append(data, oid);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int match_sha(unsigned, const unsigned char *, const unsigned char *);
+
 static void find_short_object_filename(struct disambiguate_state *ds)
 {
+	int subdir_nr = ds->bin_pfx.hash[0];
 	struct alternate_object_database *alt;
-	char hex[GIT_MAX_HEXSZ];
 	static struct alternate_object_database *fakeent;
 
 	if (!fakeent) {
@@ -96,29 +105,29 @@
 	}
 	fakeent->next = alt_odb_list;
 
-	xsnprintf(hex, sizeof(hex), "%.2s", ds->hex_pfx);
 	for (alt = fakeent; alt && !ds->ambiguous; alt = alt->next) {
-		struct strbuf *buf = alt_scratch_buf(alt);
-		struct dirent *de;
-		DIR *dir;
+		int pos;
 
-		strbuf_addf(buf, "%.2s/", ds->hex_pfx);
-		dir = opendir(buf->buf);
-		if (!dir)
-			continue;
-
-		while (!ds->ambiguous && (de = readdir(dir)) != NULL) {
-			struct object_id oid;
-
-			if (strlen(de->d_name) != GIT_SHA1_HEXSZ - 2)
-				continue;
-			if (memcmp(de->d_name, ds->hex_pfx + 2, ds->len - 2))
-				continue;
-			memcpy(hex + 2, de->d_name, GIT_SHA1_HEXSZ - 2);
-			if (!get_oid_hex(hex, &oid))
-				update_candidates(ds, &oid);
+		if (!alt->loose_objects_subdir_seen[subdir_nr]) {
+			struct strbuf *buf = alt_scratch_buf(alt);
+			for_each_file_in_obj_subdir(subdir_nr, buf,
+						    append_loose_object,
+						    NULL, NULL,
+						    &alt->loose_objects_cache);
+			alt->loose_objects_subdir_seen[subdir_nr] = 1;
 		}
-		closedir(dir);
+
+		pos = oid_array_lookup(&alt->loose_objects_cache, &ds->bin_pfx);
+		if (pos < 0)
+			pos = -1 - pos;
+		while (!ds->ambiguous && pos < alt->loose_objects_cache.nr) {
+			const struct object_id *oid;
+			oid = alt->loose_objects_cache.oid + pos;
+			if (!match_sha(ds->len, ds->bin_pfx.hash, oid->hash))
+				break;
+			update_candidates(ds, oid);
+			pos++;
+		}
 	}
 }
 
@@ -480,10 +489,9 @@
 		 * We now know we have on the order of 2^len objects, which
 		 * expects a collision at 2^(len/2). But we also care about hex
 		 * chars, not bits, and there are 4 bits per hex. So all
-		 * together we need to divide by 2; but we also want to round
-		 * odd numbers up, hence adding one before dividing.
+		 * together we need to divide by 2 and round up.
 		 */
-		len = (len + 1) / 2;
+		len = DIV_ROUND_UP(len, 2);
 		/*
 		 * For very small repos, we stick with our regular fallback.
 		 */
diff --git a/sha1collisiondetection b/sha1collisiondetection
new file mode 160000
index 0000000..19d97bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sha1collisiondetection
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Subproject commit 19d97bf5af05312267c2e874ee6bcf584d9e9681
diff --git a/sha1dc/sha1.c b/sha1dc/sha1.c
index facea1b..25eded1 100644
--- a/sha1dc/sha1.c
+++ b/sha1dc/sha1.c
@@ -10,6 +10,9 @@
 #include <memory.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
+#ifdef __unix__
+#include <sys/types.h> /* make sure macros like _BIG_ENDIAN visible */
+#endif
 #endif
 
 #ifdef SHA1DC_CUSTOM_INCLUDE_SHA1_C
@@ -23,6 +26,13 @@
 #include "sha1.h"
 #include "ubc_check.h"
 
+#if (defined(__amd64__) || defined(__amd64) || defined(__x86_64__) || defined(__x86_64) || \
+     defined(i386) || defined(__i386) || defined(__i386__) || defined(__i486__)  || \
+     defined(__i586__) || defined(__i686__) || defined(_M_IX86) || defined(__X86__) || \
+     defined(_X86_) || defined(__THW_INTEL__) || defined(__I86__) || defined(__INTEL__) || \
+     defined(__386) || defined(_M_X64) || defined(_M_AMD64))
+#define SHA1DC_ON_INTEL_LIKE_PROCESSOR
+#endif
 
 /*
    Because Little-Endian architectures are most common,
@@ -32,29 +42,70 @@
    If you are compiling on a big endian platform and your compiler does not define one of these,
    you will have to add whatever macros your tool chain defines to indicate Big-Endianness.
  */
-#ifdef SHA1DC_BIGENDIAN
-#undef SHA1DC_BIGENDIAN
-#endif
 
-#if (defined(_BYTE_ORDER) || defined(__BYTE_ORDER) || defined(__BYTE_ORDER__))
-
-#if ((defined(_BYTE_ORDER) && (_BYTE_ORDER == _BIG_ENDIAN)) || \
-     (defined(__BYTE_ORDER) && (__BYTE_ORDER == __BIG_ENDIAN)) || \
-     (defined(__BYTE_ORDER__) && (__BYTE_ORDER__ == __BIG_ENDIAN__)) )
+#if defined(__BYTE_ORDER__) && defined(__ORDER_BIG_ENDIAN__)
+/*
+ * Should detect Big Endian under GCC since at least 4.6.0 (gcc svn
+ * rev #165881). See
+ * https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/cpp/Common-Predefined-Macros.html
+ *
+ * This also works under clang since 3.2, it copied the GCC-ism. See
+ * clang.git's 3b198a97d2 ("Preprocessor: add __BYTE_ORDER__
+ * predefined macro", 2012-07-27)
+ */
+#if __BYTE_ORDER__ == __ORDER_BIG_ENDIAN__
 #define SHA1DC_BIGENDIAN
 #endif
 
-#else
-
-#if (defined(_BIG_ENDIAN) || defined(__BIG_ENDIAN) || defined(__BIG_ENDIAN__) || \
-     defined(__ARMEB__) || defined(__THUMBEB__) || defined(__AARCH64EB__) || \
-     defined(__MIPSEB__) || defined(__MIPSEB) || defined(_MIPSEB) || \
-     defined(__sparc))
+/* Not under GCC-alike */
+#elif defined(__BYTE_ORDER) && defined(__BIG_ENDIAN)
+/*
+ * Should detect Big Endian under glibc.git since 14245eb70e ("entered
+ * into RCS", 1992-11-25). Defined in <endian.h> which will have been
+ * brought in by standard headers. See glibc.git and
+ * https://sourceforge.net/p/predef/wiki/Endianness/
+ */
+#if __BYTE_ORDER == __BIG_ENDIAN
 #define SHA1DC_BIGENDIAN
 #endif
 
+/* Not under GCC-alike or glibc */
+#elif defined(_BYTE_ORDER) && defined(_BIG_ENDIAN) && defined(_LITTLE_ENDIAN)
+/*
+ * *BSD and newlib (embeded linux, cygwin, etc).
+ * the defined(_BIG_ENDIAN) && defined(_LITTLE_ENDIAN) part prevents
+ * this condition from matching with Solaris/sparc.
+ * (Solaris defines only one endian macro)
+ */
+#if _BYTE_ORDER == _BIG_ENDIAN
+#define SHA1DC_BIGENDIAN
 #endif
 
+/* Not under GCC-alike or glibc or *BSD or newlib */
+#elif (defined(__ARMEB__) || defined(__THUMBEB__) || defined(__AARCH64EB__) || \
+       defined(__MIPSEB__) || defined(__MIPSEB) || defined(_MIPSEB) || \
+       defined(__sparc))
+/*
+ * Should define Big Endian for a whitelist of known processors. See
+ * https://sourceforge.net/p/predef/wiki/Endianness/ and
+ * http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/server-storage/solaris/portingtosolaris-138514.html
+ */
+#define SHA1DC_BIGENDIAN
+
+/* Not under GCC-alike or glibc or *BSD or newlib or <processor whitelist> */
+#elif defined(SHA1DC_ON_INTEL_LIKE_PROCESSOR)
+/*
+ * As a last resort before we do anything else we're not 100% sure
+ * about below, we blacklist specific processors here. We could add
+ * more, see e.g. https://wiki.debian.org/ArchitectureSpecificsMemo
+ */
+#else /* Not under GCC-alike or glibc or *BSD or newlib or <processor whitelist>  or <processor blacklist> */
+
+/* We do nothing more here for now */
+/*#error "Uncomment this to see if you fall through all the detection"*/
+
+#endif /* Big Endian detection */
+
 #if (defined(SHA1DC_FORCE_LITTLEENDIAN) && defined(SHA1DC_BIGENDIAN))
 #undef SHA1DC_BIGENDIAN
 #endif
@@ -63,15 +114,8 @@
 #endif
 /*ENDIANNESS SELECTION*/
 
-#if (defined SHA1DC_FORCE_UNALIGNED_ACCESS || \
-     defined(__amd64__) || defined(__amd64) || defined(__x86_64__) || defined(__x86_64) || \
-     defined(i386) || defined(__i386) || defined(__i386__) || defined(__i486__)  || \
-     defined(__i586__) || defined(__i686__) || defined(_M_IX86) || defined(__X86__) || \
-     defined(_X86_) || defined(__THW_INTEL__) || defined(__I86__) || defined(__INTEL__) || \
-     defined(__386) || defined(_M_X64) || defined(_M_AMD64))
-
+#if defined(SHA1DC_FORCE_UNALIGNED_ACCESS) || defined(SHA1DC_ON_INTEL_LIKE_PROCESSOR)
 #define SHA1DC_ALLOW_UNALIGNED_ACCESS
-
 #endif /*UNALIGNMENT DETECTION*/
 
 
@@ -918,7 +962,7 @@
 
 #ifdef _MSC_VER
 #pragma warning(push)
-#pragma warning(disable: 4127)  /* Complier complains about the checks in the above macro being constant. */
+#pragma warning(disable: 4127)  /* Compiler complains about the checks in the above macro being constant. */
 #endif
 
 #ifdef DOSTORESTATE0
diff --git a/shallow.c b/shallow.c
index ef7ca78..54359d5 100644
--- a/shallow.c
+++ b/shallow.c
@@ -443,7 +443,7 @@
 
 static uint32_t *paint_alloc(struct paint_info *info)
 {
-	unsigned nr = (info->nr_bits + 31) / 32;
+	unsigned nr = DIV_ROUND_UP(info->nr_bits, 32);
 	unsigned size = nr * sizeof(uint32_t);
 	void *p;
 	if (!info->pool_count || size > info->end - info->free) {
@@ -471,7 +471,7 @@
 {
 	unsigned int i, nr;
 	struct commit_list *head = NULL;
-	int bitmap_nr = (info->nr_bits + 31) / 32;
+	int bitmap_nr = DIV_ROUND_UP(info->nr_bits, 32);
 	size_t bitmap_size = st_mult(sizeof(uint32_t), bitmap_nr);
 	struct commit *c = lookup_commit_reference_gently(oid, 1);
 	uint32_t *tmp; /* to be freed before return */
@@ -611,7 +611,7 @@
 		paint_down(&pi, ref->oid + i, i);
 
 	if (used) {
-		int bitmap_size = ((pi.nr_bits + 31) / 32) * sizeof(uint32_t);
+		int bitmap_size = DIV_ROUND_UP(pi.nr_bits, 32) * sizeof(uint32_t);
 		memset(used, 0, sizeof(*used) * info->shallow->nr);
 		for (i = 0; i < nr_shallow; i++) {
 			const struct commit *c = lookup_commit(&oid[shallow[i]]);
@@ -672,7 +672,7 @@
 	struct commit *c;
 	uint32_t **bitmap;
 	int dst, i, j;
-	int bitmap_nr = (info->ref->nr + 31) / 32;
+	int bitmap_nr = DIV_ROUND_UP(info->ref->nr, 32);
 	struct commit_array ca;
 
 	trace_printf_key(&trace_shallow, "shallow: post_assign_shallow\n");
diff --git a/strbuf.c b/strbuf.c
index c4e91a6..89d22e3 100644
--- a/strbuf.c
+++ b/strbuf.c
@@ -779,7 +779,7 @@
 }
 
 void strbuf_addftime(struct strbuf *sb, const char *fmt, const struct tm *tm,
-		     int tz_offset, const char *tz_name)
+		     int tz_offset, int suppress_tz_name)
 {
 	struct strbuf munged_fmt = STRBUF_INIT;
 	size_t hint = 128;
@@ -808,8 +808,7 @@
 			fmt++;
 			break;
 		case 'Z':
-			if (tz_name) {
-				strbuf_addstr(&munged_fmt, tz_name);
+			if (suppress_tz_name) {
 				fmt++;
 				break;
 			}
diff --git a/strbuf.h b/strbuf.h
index 3646a62..2075384 100644
--- a/strbuf.h
+++ b/strbuf.h
@@ -334,14 +334,15 @@
 
 /**
  * Add the time specified by `tm`, as formatted by `strftime`.
- * `tz_name` is used to expand %Z internally unless it's NULL.
  * `tz_offset` is in decimal hhmm format, e.g. -600 means six hours west
  * of Greenwich, and it's used to expand %z internally.  However, tokens
  * with modifiers (e.g. %Ez) are passed to `strftime`.
+ * `suppress_tz_name`, when set, expands %Z internally to the empty
+ * string rather than passing it to `strftime`.
  */
 extern void strbuf_addftime(struct strbuf *sb, const char *fmt,
 			    const struct tm *tm, int tz_offset,
-			    const char *tz_name);
+			    int suppress_tz_name);
 
 /**
  * Read a given size of data from a FILE* pointer to the buffer.
diff --git a/submodule-config.c b/submodule-config.c
index 0e11261..eeb154a 100644
--- a/submodule-config.c
+++ b/submodule-config.c
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #include "cache.h"
+#include "repository.h"
 #include "config.h"
 #include "submodule-config.h"
 #include "submodule.h"
@@ -15,6 +16,7 @@
 struct submodule_cache {
 	struct hashmap for_path;
 	struct hashmap for_name;
+	unsigned initialized:1;
 };
 
 /*
@@ -31,9 +33,6 @@
 	lookup_path
 };
 
-static struct submodule_cache the_submodule_cache;
-static int is_cache_init;
-
 static int config_path_cmp(const void *unused_cmp_data,
 			   const struct submodule_entry *a,
 			   const struct submodule_entry *b,
@@ -52,10 +51,16 @@
 	       hashcmp(a->config->gitmodules_sha1, b->config->gitmodules_sha1);
 }
 
-static void cache_init(struct submodule_cache *cache)
+static struct submodule_cache *submodule_cache_alloc(void)
+{
+	return xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct submodule_cache));
+}
+
+static void submodule_cache_init(struct submodule_cache *cache)
 {
 	hashmap_init(&cache->for_path, (hashmap_cmp_fn) config_path_cmp, NULL, 0);
 	hashmap_init(&cache->for_name, (hashmap_cmp_fn) config_name_cmp, NULL, 0);
+	cache->initialized = 1;
 }
 
 static void free_one_config(struct submodule_entry *entry)
@@ -67,11 +72,14 @@
 	free(entry->config);
 }
 
-static void cache_free(struct submodule_cache *cache)
+static void submodule_cache_clear(struct submodule_cache *cache)
 {
 	struct hashmap_iter iter;
 	struct submodule_entry *entry;
 
+	if (!cache->initialized)
+		return;
+
 	/*
 	 * We iterate over the name hash here to be symmetric with the
 	 * allocation of struct submodule entries. Each is allocated by
@@ -83,6 +91,13 @@
 
 	hashmap_free(&cache->for_path, 1);
 	hashmap_free(&cache->for_name, 1);
+	cache->initialized = 0;
+}
+
+void submodule_cache_free(struct submodule_cache *cache)
+{
+	submodule_cache_clear(cache);
+	free(cache);
 }
 
 static unsigned int hash_sha1_string(const unsigned char *sha1,
@@ -496,43 +511,62 @@
 	return submodule;
 }
 
-static void ensure_cache_init(void)
+static void submodule_cache_check_init(struct repository *repo)
 {
-	if (is_cache_init)
+	if (repo->submodule_cache && repo->submodule_cache->initialized)
 		return;
 
-	cache_init(&the_submodule_cache);
-	is_cache_init = 1;
+	if (!repo->submodule_cache)
+		repo->submodule_cache = submodule_cache_alloc();
+
+	submodule_cache_init(repo->submodule_cache);
 }
 
-int parse_submodule_config_option(const char *var, const char *value)
+int submodule_config_option(struct repository *repo,
+			    const char *var, const char *value)
 {
 	struct parse_config_parameter parameter;
-	parameter.cache = &the_submodule_cache;
+
+	submodule_cache_check_init(repo);
+
+	parameter.cache = repo->submodule_cache;
 	parameter.treeish_name = NULL;
 	parameter.gitmodules_sha1 = null_sha1;
 	parameter.overwrite = 1;
 
-	ensure_cache_init();
 	return parse_config(var, value, &parameter);
 }
 
+int parse_submodule_config_option(const char *var, const char *value)
+{
+	return submodule_config_option(the_repository, var, value);
+}
+
 const struct submodule *submodule_from_name(const unsigned char *treeish_name,
 		const char *name)
 {
-	ensure_cache_init();
-	return config_from(&the_submodule_cache, treeish_name, name, lookup_name);
+	submodule_cache_check_init(the_repository);
+	return config_from(the_repository->submodule_cache, treeish_name, name, lookup_name);
 }
 
 const struct submodule *submodule_from_path(const unsigned char *treeish_name,
 		const char *path)
 {
-	ensure_cache_init();
-	return config_from(&the_submodule_cache, treeish_name, path, lookup_path);
+	submodule_cache_check_init(the_repository);
+	return config_from(the_repository->submodule_cache, treeish_name, path, lookup_path);
+}
+
+const struct submodule *submodule_from_cache(struct repository *repo,
+					     const unsigned char *treeish_name,
+					     const char *key)
+{
+	submodule_cache_check_init(repo);
+	return config_from(repo->submodule_cache, treeish_name,
+			   key, lookup_path);
 }
 
 void submodule_free(void)
 {
-	cache_free(&the_submodule_cache);
-	is_cache_init = 0;
+	if (the_repository->submodule_cache)
+		submodule_cache_clear(the_repository->submodule_cache);
 }
diff --git a/submodule-config.h b/submodule-config.h
index d434ecd..bc45a25 100644
--- a/submodule-config.h
+++ b/submodule-config.h
@@ -22,14 +22,24 @@
 	int recommend_shallow;
 };
 
+struct submodule_cache;
+struct repository;
+
+extern void submodule_cache_free(struct submodule_cache *cache);
+
 extern int parse_fetch_recurse_submodules_arg(const char *opt, const char *arg);
 extern int parse_update_recurse_submodules_arg(const char *opt, const char *arg);
 extern int parse_push_recurse_submodules_arg(const char *opt, const char *arg);
 extern int parse_submodule_config_option(const char *var, const char *value);
+extern int submodule_config_option(struct repository *repo,
+				   const char *var, const char *value);
 extern const struct submodule *submodule_from_name(
 		const unsigned char *commit_or_tree, const char *name);
 extern const struct submodule *submodule_from_path(
 		const unsigned char *commit_or_tree, const char *path);
+extern const struct submodule *submodule_from_cache(struct repository *repo,
+						    const unsigned char *treeish_name,
+						    const char *key);
 extern int gitmodule_sha1_from_commit(const unsigned char *commit_sha1,
 				      unsigned char *gitmodules_sha1,
 				      struct strbuf *rev);
diff --git a/submodule.c b/submodule.c
index da0b805..da2b484 100644
--- a/submodule.c
+++ b/submodule.c
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #include "cache.h"
+#include "repository.h"
 #include "config.h"
 #include "submodule-config.h"
 #include "submodule.h"
@@ -255,6 +256,20 @@
 	}
 }
 
+static int gitmodules_cb(const char *var, const char *value, void *data)
+{
+	struct repository *repo = data;
+	return submodule_config_option(repo, var, value);
+}
+
+void repo_read_gitmodules(struct repository *repo)
+{
+	char *gitmodules_path = repo_worktree_path(repo, ".gitmodules");
+
+	git_config_from_file(gitmodules_cb, gitmodules_path, repo);
+	free(gitmodules_path);
+}
+
 void gitmodules_config_sha1(const unsigned char *commit_sha1)
 {
 	struct strbuf rev = STRBUF_INIT;
@@ -268,21 +283,17 @@
 }
 
 /*
- * NEEDSWORK: With the addition of different configuration options to determine
- * if a submodule is of interests, the validity of this function's name comes
- * into question.  Once the dust has settled and more concrete terminology is
- * decided upon, come up with a more proper name for this function.  One
- * potential candidate could be 'is_submodule_active()'.
- *
  * Determine if a submodule has been initialized at a given 'path'
  */
-int is_submodule_initialized(const char *path)
+int is_submodule_active(struct repository *repo, const char *path)
 {
 	int ret = 0;
 	char *key = NULL;
 	char *value = NULL;
 	const struct string_list *sl;
-	const struct submodule *module = submodule_from_path(null_sha1, path);
+	const struct submodule *module;
+
+	module = submodule_from_cache(repo, null_sha1, path);
 
 	/* early return if there isn't a path->module mapping */
 	if (!module)
@@ -290,14 +301,14 @@
 
 	/* submodule.<name>.active is set */
 	key = xstrfmt("submodule.%s.active", module->name);
-	if (!git_config_get_bool(key, &ret)) {
+	if (!repo_config_get_bool(repo, key, &ret)) {
 		free(key);
 		return ret;
 	}
 	free(key);
 
 	/* submodule.active is set */
-	sl = git_config_get_value_multi("submodule.active");
+	sl = repo_config_get_value_multi(repo, "submodule.active");
 	if (sl) {
 		struct pathspec ps;
 		struct argv_array args = ARGV_ARRAY_INIT;
@@ -317,7 +328,7 @@
 
 	/* fallback to checking if the URL is set */
 	key = xstrfmt("submodule.%s.url", module->name);
-	ret = !git_config_get_string(key, &value);
+	ret = !repo_config_get_string(repo, key, &value);
 
 	free(value);
 	free(key);
@@ -846,9 +857,9 @@
 	int has_commit = 1;
 
 	/*
-	 * Perform a cheap, but incorrect check for the existance of 'commits'.
+	 * Perform a cheap, but incorrect check for the existence of 'commits'.
 	 * This is done by adding the submodule's object store to the in-core
-	 * object store, and then querying for each commit's existance.  If we
+	 * object store, and then querying for each commit's existence.  If we
 	 * do not have the commit object anywhere, there is no chance we have
 	 * it in the object store of the correct submodule and have it
 	 * reachable from a ref, so we can fail early without spawning rev-list
@@ -1517,7 +1528,7 @@
 	const struct submodule *sub;
 	int *error_code_ptr, error_code;
 
-	if (!is_submodule_initialized(path))
+	if (!is_submodule_active(the_repository, path))
 		return 0;
 
 	if (flags & SUBMODULE_MOVE_HEAD_FORCE)
diff --git a/submodule.h b/submodule.h
index cbe5c17..623ce6a 100644
--- a/submodule.h
+++ b/submodule.h
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #ifndef SUBMODULE_H
 #define SUBMODULE_H
 
+struct repository;
 struct diff_options;
 struct argv_array;
 struct oid_array;
@@ -46,8 +47,9 @@
 						     const char *arg, int unset);
 void load_submodule_cache(void);
 extern void gitmodules_config(void);
+extern void repo_read_gitmodules(struct repository *repo);
 extern void gitmodules_config_sha1(const unsigned char *commit_sha1);
-extern int is_submodule_initialized(const char *path);
+extern int is_submodule_active(struct repository *repo, const char *path);
 /*
  * Determine if a submodule has been populated at a given 'path' by checking if
  * the <path>/.git resolves to a valid git repository.
diff --git a/t/helper/test-strcmp-offset.c b/t/helper/test-strcmp-offset.c
index 4a45a54..e159c9a 100644
--- a/t/helper/test-strcmp-offset.c
+++ b/t/helper/test-strcmp-offset.c
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 	result = strcmp_offset(argv[1], argv[2], &offset);
 
 	/*
-	 * Because differnt CRTs behave differently, only rely on signs
+	 * Because different CRTs behave differently, only rely on signs
 	 * of the result values.
 	 */
 	result = (result < 0 ? -1 :
diff --git a/t/helper/test-wildmatch.c b/t/helper/test-wildmatch.c
index 52be876..921d7b3 100644
--- a/t/helper/test-wildmatch.c
+++ b/t/helper/test-wildmatch.c
@@ -11,11 +11,11 @@
 			argv[i] += 3;
 	}
 	if (!strcmp(argv[1], "wildmatch"))
-		return !!wildmatch(argv[3], argv[2], WM_PATHNAME, NULL);
+		return !!wildmatch(argv[3], argv[2], WM_PATHNAME);
 	else if (!strcmp(argv[1], "iwildmatch"))
-		return !!wildmatch(argv[3], argv[2], WM_PATHNAME | WM_CASEFOLD, NULL);
+		return !!wildmatch(argv[3], argv[2], WM_PATHNAME | WM_CASEFOLD);
 	else if (!strcmp(argv[1], "pathmatch"))
-		return !!wildmatch(argv[3], argv[2], 0, NULL);
+		return !!wildmatch(argv[3], argv[2], 0);
 	else
 		return 1;
 }
diff --git a/t/perf/p4205-log-pretty-formats.sh b/t/perf/p4205-log-pretty-formats.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..7c26f4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/perf/p4205-log-pretty-formats.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+test_description='Tests the performance of various pretty format placeholders'
+
+. ./perf-lib.sh
+
+test_perf_default_repo
+
+for format in %H %h %T %t %P %p %h-%h-%h
+do
+	test_perf "log with $format" "
+		git log --format=\"$format\" >/dev/null
+	"
+done
+
+test_done
diff --git a/t/t1301-shared-repo.sh b/t/t1301-shared-repo.sh
index 1312004..dfece75 100755
--- a/t/t1301-shared-repo.sh
+++ b/t/t1301-shared-repo.sh
@@ -19,10 +19,6 @@
 	)
 '
 
-modebits () {
-	ls -l "$1" | sed -e 's|^\(..........\).*|\1|'
-}
-
 for u in 002 022
 do
 	test_expect_success POSIXPERM "shared=1 does not clear bits preset by umask $u" '
@@ -88,7 +84,7 @@
 
 		rm -f .git/info/refs &&
 		git update-server-info &&
-		actual="$(modebits .git/info/refs)" &&
+		actual="$(test_modebits .git/info/refs)" &&
 		verbose test "x$actual" = "x-$y"
 
 	'
@@ -98,7 +94,7 @@
 
 		rm -f .git/info/refs &&
 		git update-server-info &&
-		actual="$(modebits .git/info/refs)" &&
+		actual="$(test_modebits .git/info/refs)" &&
 		verbose test "x$actual" = "x-$x"
 
 	'
@@ -111,7 +107,7 @@
 	umask 002 &&
 	git update-server-info &&
 	echo "-rw-rw-r--" >expect &&
-	modebits .git/info/refs >actual &&
+	test_modebits .git/info/refs >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
@@ -177,7 +173,7 @@
 	umask 0022 &&
 	git init --bare child.git &&
 	echo "-rw-r--r--" >expect &&
-	modebits child.git/config >actual &&
+	test_modebits child.git/config >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
@@ -187,7 +183,7 @@
 	echo whatever >templates/foo &&
 	git init --template=templates &&
 	echo "-rw-rw-rw-" >expect &&
-	modebits .git/foo >actual &&
+	test_modebits .git/foo >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
@@ -198,7 +194,7 @@
 	test_path_is_missing child.git/foo &&
 	git init --bare --template=../templates child.git &&
 	echo "-rw-rw-rw-" >expect &&
-	modebits child.git/foo >actual &&
+	test_modebits child.git/foo >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
@@ -209,7 +205,7 @@
 	cp .git/config templates/config &&
 	git init --bare --template=../templates child.git &&
 	echo "-rw-rw-rw-" >expect &&
-	modebits child.git/HEAD >actual &&
+	test_modebits child.git/HEAD >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t1411-reflog-show.sh b/t/t1411-reflog-show.sh
index 6ac7734..b9cb766 100755
--- a/t/t1411-reflog-show.sh
+++ b/t/t1411-reflog-show.sh
@@ -171,4 +171,14 @@
 	! git reflog exists refs/heads/nonexistent
 '
 
+# The behavior with two reflogs is buggy and the output is in flux; for now
+# we're just checking that the program works at all without segfaulting.
+test_expect_success 'showing multiple reflogs works' '
+	git log -g HEAD HEAD >actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'showing multiple reflogs with an old date' '
+	git log -g HEAD@{1979-01-01} HEAD >actual
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t1450-fsck.sh b/t/t1450-fsck.sh
index adf0bc8..bb89e1a 100755
--- a/t/t1450-fsck.sh
+++ b/t/t1450-fsck.sh
@@ -573,7 +573,7 @@
 		remove_object $(git rev-parse julius:caesar.t) &&
 		test_must_fail git fsck --name-objects >out &&
 		tree=$(git rev-parse --verify julius:) &&
-		grep "$tree (\(refs/heads/master\|HEAD\)@{[0-9]*}:" out
+		egrep "$tree \((refs/heads/master|HEAD)@\{[0-9]*\}:" out
 	)
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t1700-split-index.sh b/t/t1700-split-index.sh
index af3ec0d..22f69a4 100755
--- a/t/t1700-split-index.sh
+++ b/t/t1700-split-index.sh
@@ -370,4 +370,34 @@
 	test $(ls .git/sharedindex.* | wc -l) -le 2
 '
 
+while read -r mode modebits
+do
+	test_expect_success POSIXPERM "split index respects core.sharedrepository $mode" '
+		# Remove existing shared index files
+		git config core.splitIndex false &&
+		git update-index --force-remove one &&
+		rm -f .git/sharedindex.* &&
+		# Create one new shared index file
+		git config core.sharedrepository "$mode" &&
+		git config core.splitIndex true &&
+		: >one &&
+		git update-index --add one &&
+		echo "$modebits" >expect &&
+		test_modebits .git/index >actual &&
+		test_cmp expect actual &&
+		shared=$(ls .git/sharedindex.*) &&
+		case "$shared" in
+		*" "*)
+			# we have more than one???
+			false ;;
+		*)
+			test_modebits "$shared" >actual &&
+			test_cmp expect actual ;;
+		esac
+	'
+done <<\EOF
+0666 -rw-rw-rw-
+0642 -rw-r---w-
+EOF
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t2203-add-intent.sh b/t/t2203-add-intent.sh
index 84a9028..1bdf38e 100755
--- a/t/t2203-add-intent.sh
+++ b/t/t2203-add-intent.sh
@@ -129,10 +129,10 @@
 	)
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'commit: ita entries ignored in empty intial commit check' '
-	git init empty-intial-commit &&
+test_expect_success 'commit: ita entries ignored in empty initial commit check' '
+	git init empty-initial-commit &&
 	(
-		cd empty-intial-commit &&
+		cd empty-initial-commit &&
 		: >one &&
 		git add -N one &&
 		test_must_fail git commit -m nothing-new-here
diff --git a/t/t3007-ls-files-recurse-submodules.sh b/t/t3007-ls-files-recurse-submodules.sh
index ebb956f..318b5bc 100755
--- a/t/t3007-ls-files-recurse-submodules.sh
+++ b/t/t3007-ls-files-recurse-submodules.sh
@@ -135,6 +135,45 @@
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'inactive submodule' '
+	test_when_finished "git config --bool submodule.submodule.active true" &&
+	test_when_finished "git -C submodule config --bool submodule.subsub.active true" &&
+	git config --bool submodule.submodule.active "false" &&
+
+	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
+	.gitmodules
+	a
+	b/b
+	h.txt
+	sib/file
+	sub/file
+	submodule
+	EOF
+
+	git ls-files --recurse-submodules >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
+
+	git config --bool submodule.submodule.active "true" &&
+	git -C submodule config --bool submodule.subsub.active "false" &&
+
+	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
+	.gitmodules
+	a
+	b/b
+	h.txt
+	sib/file
+	sub/file
+	submodule/.gitmodules
+	submodule/c
+	submodule/f.TXT
+	submodule/g.txt
+	submodule/subsub
+	EOF
+
+	git ls-files --recurse-submodules >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
 test_expect_success '--recurse-submodules and pathspecs' '
 	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
 	h.txt
diff --git a/t/t3070-wildmatch.sh b/t/t3070-wildmatch.sh
index 8fd70d3..163a14a 100755
--- a/t/t3070-wildmatch.sh
+++ b/t/t3070-wildmatch.sh
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@
 pathmatch 1 ab/cXd/efXg/hi '*/*X*/*/*i'
 pathmatch 1 ab/cXd/efXg/hi '*Xg*i'
 
-# Case-sensitivy features
+# Case-sensitivity features
 match 0 x 'a' '[A-Z]'
 match 1 x 'A' '[A-Z]'
 match 0 x 'A' '[a-z]'
diff --git a/t/t3200-branch.sh b/t/t3200-branch.sh
index 48d152b..dd37ac4 100755
--- a/t/t3200-branch.sh
+++ b/t/t3200-branch.sh
@@ -162,6 +162,17 @@
 	grep "^0\{40\}.*$msg$" .git/logs/HEAD
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'resulting reflog can be shown by log -g' '
+	oid=$(git rev-parse HEAD) &&
+	cat >expect <<-EOF &&
+	HEAD@{0} $oid $msg
+	HEAD@{1} $oid $msg
+	HEAD@{2} $oid checkout: moving from foo to baz
+	EOF
+	git log -g --format="%gd %H %gs" -3 HEAD >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'git branch -M baz bam should succeed when baz is checked out as linked working tree' '
 	git checkout master &&
 	git worktree add -b baz bazdir &&
diff --git a/t/t3205-branch-color.sh b/t/t3205-branch-color.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..9343550
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/t3205-branch-color.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+test_description='basic branch output coloring'
+. ./test-lib.sh
+
+test_expect_success 'set up some sample branches' '
+	test_commit foo &&
+	git update-ref refs/remotes/origin/master HEAD &&
+	git update-ref refs/heads/other HEAD
+'
+
+# choose non-default colors to make sure config
+# is taking effect
+test_expect_success 'set up some color config' '
+	git config color.branch always &&
+	git config color.branch.local blue &&
+	git config color.branch.remote yellow &&
+	git config color.branch.current cyan
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'regular output shows colors' '
+	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
+	* <CYAN>master<RESET>
+	  <BLUE>other<RESET>
+	  <YELLOW>remotes/origin/master<RESET>
+	EOF
+	git branch -a >actual.raw &&
+	test_decode_color <actual.raw >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'verbose output shows colors' '
+	oid=$(git rev-parse --short HEAD) &&
+	cat >expect <<-EOF &&
+	* <CYAN>master               <RESET> $oid foo
+	  <BLUE>other                <RESET> $oid foo
+	  <YELLOW>remotes/origin/master<RESET> $oid foo
+	EOF
+	git branch -v -a >actual.raw &&
+	test_decode_color <actual.raw >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
+test_done
diff --git a/t/t3404-rebase-interactive.sh b/t/t3404-rebase-interactive.sh
index 5bd0275..37821d2 100755
--- a/t/t3404-rebase-interactive.sh
+++ b/t/t3404-rebase-interactive.sh
@@ -169,6 +169,13 @@
 	test $(git rev-parse branch1@{1}) = $(git rev-parse original-branch1)
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'reflog for the branch shows correct finish message' '
+	printf "rebase -i (finish): refs/heads/branch1 onto %s\n" \
+		"$(git rev-parse branch2)" >expected &&
+	git log -g --pretty=%gs -1 refs/heads/branch1 >actual &&
+	test_cmp expected actual
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'exchange two commits' '
 	set_fake_editor &&
 	FAKE_LINES="2 1" git rebase -i HEAD~2 &&
diff --git a/t/t3420-rebase-autostash.sh b/t/t3420-rebase-autostash.sh
index ab8a63e..e243700 100755
--- a/t/t3420-rebase-autostash.sh
+++ b/t/t3420-rebase-autostash.sh
@@ -33,7 +33,123 @@
 	git commit -m "related commit"
 '
 
-testrebase() {
+create_expected_success_am () {
+	cat >expected <<-EOF
+	$(grep "^Created autostash: [0-9a-f][0-9a-f]*\$" actual)
+	HEAD is now at $(git rev-parse --short feature-branch) third commit
+	First, rewinding head to replay your work on top of it...
+	Applying: second commit
+	Applying: third commit
+	Applied autostash.
+	EOF
+}
+
+create_expected_success_interactive () {
+	q_to_cr >expected <<-EOF
+	$(grep "^Created autostash: [0-9a-f][0-9a-f]*\$" actual)
+	HEAD is now at $(git rev-parse --short feature-branch) third commit
+	Rebasing (1/2)QRebasing (2/2)QApplied autostash.
+	Successfully rebased and updated refs/heads/rebased-feature-branch.
+	EOF
+}
+
+create_expected_success_merge () {
+	cat >expected <<-EOF
+	$(grep "^Created autostash: [0-9a-f][0-9a-f]*\$" actual)
+	HEAD is now at $(git rev-parse --short feature-branch) third commit
+	First, rewinding head to replay your work on top of it...
+	Merging unrelated-onto-branch with HEAD~1
+	Merging:
+	$(git rev-parse --short unrelated-onto-branch) unrelated commit
+	$(git rev-parse --short feature-branch^) second commit
+	found 1 common ancestor:
+	$(git rev-parse --short feature-branch~2) initial commit
+	[detached HEAD $(git rev-parse --short rebased-feature-branch~1)] second commit
+	 Author: A U Thor <author@example.com>
+	 Date: Thu Apr 7 15:14:13 2005 -0700
+	 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+)
+	 create mode 100644 file1
+	 create mode 100644 file2
+	Committed: 0001 second commit
+	Merging unrelated-onto-branch with HEAD~0
+	Merging:
+	$(git rev-parse --short rebased-feature-branch~1) second commit
+	$(git rev-parse --short feature-branch) third commit
+	found 1 common ancestor:
+	$(git rev-parse --short feature-branch~1) second commit
+	[detached HEAD $(git rev-parse --short rebased-feature-branch)] third commit
+	 Author: A U Thor <author@example.com>
+	 Date: Thu Apr 7 15:15:13 2005 -0700
+	 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
+	 create mode 100644 file3
+	Committed: 0002 third commit
+	All done.
+	Applied autostash.
+	EOF
+}
+
+create_expected_failure_am () {
+	cat >expected <<-EOF
+	$(grep "^Created autostash: [0-9a-f][0-9a-f]*\$" actual)
+	HEAD is now at $(git rev-parse --short feature-branch) third commit
+	First, rewinding head to replay your work on top of it...
+	Applying: second commit
+	Applying: third commit
+	Applying autostash resulted in conflicts.
+	Your changes are safe in the stash.
+	You can run "git stash pop" or "git stash drop" at any time.
+	EOF
+}
+
+create_expected_failure_interactive () {
+	q_to_cr >expected <<-EOF
+	$(grep "^Created autostash: [0-9a-f][0-9a-f]*\$" actual)
+	HEAD is now at $(git rev-parse --short feature-branch) third commit
+	Rebasing (1/2)QRebasing (2/2)QApplying autostash resulted in conflicts.
+	Your changes are safe in the stash.
+	You can run "git stash pop" or "git stash drop" at any time.
+	Successfully rebased and updated refs/heads/rebased-feature-branch.
+	EOF
+}
+
+create_expected_failure_merge () {
+	cat >expected <<-EOF
+	$(grep "^Created autostash: [0-9a-f][0-9a-f]*\$" actual)
+	HEAD is now at $(git rev-parse --short feature-branch) third commit
+	First, rewinding head to replay your work on top of it...
+	Merging unrelated-onto-branch with HEAD~1
+	Merging:
+	$(git rev-parse --short unrelated-onto-branch) unrelated commit
+	$(git rev-parse --short feature-branch^) second commit
+	found 1 common ancestor:
+	$(git rev-parse --short feature-branch~2) initial commit
+	[detached HEAD $(git rev-parse --short rebased-feature-branch~1)] second commit
+	 Author: A U Thor <author@example.com>
+	 Date: Thu Apr 7 15:14:13 2005 -0700
+	 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+)
+	 create mode 100644 file1
+	 create mode 100644 file2
+	Committed: 0001 second commit
+	Merging unrelated-onto-branch with HEAD~0
+	Merging:
+	$(git rev-parse --short rebased-feature-branch~1) second commit
+	$(git rev-parse --short feature-branch) third commit
+	found 1 common ancestor:
+	$(git rev-parse --short feature-branch~1) second commit
+	[detached HEAD $(git rev-parse --short rebased-feature-branch)] third commit
+	 Author: A U Thor <author@example.com>
+	 Date: Thu Apr 7 15:15:13 2005 -0700
+	 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
+	 create mode 100644 file3
+	Committed: 0002 third commit
+	All done.
+	Applying autostash resulted in conflicts.
+	Your changes are safe in the stash.
+	You can run "git stash pop" or "git stash drop" at any time.
+	EOF
+}
+
+testrebase () {
 	type=$1
 	dotest=$2
 
@@ -51,14 +167,20 @@
 		test_config rebase.autostash true &&
 		git reset --hard &&
 		git checkout -b rebased-feature-branch feature-branch &&
-		test_when_finished git branch -D rebased-feature-branch &&
 		echo dirty >>file3 &&
-		git rebase$type unrelated-onto-branch &&
+		git rebase$type unrelated-onto-branch >actual 2>&1 &&
 		grep unrelated file4 &&
 		grep dirty file3 &&
 		git checkout feature-branch
 	'
 
+	test_expect_success "rebase$type --autostash: check output" '
+		test_when_finished git branch -D rebased-feature-branch &&
+		suffix=${type#\ --} && suffix=${suffix:-am} &&
+		create_expected_success_$suffix &&
+		test_i18ncmp expected actual
+	'
+
 	test_expect_success "rebase$type: dirty index, non-conflicting rebase" '
 		test_config rebase.autostash true &&
 		git reset --hard &&
@@ -137,10 +259,9 @@
 		test_config rebase.autostash true &&
 		git reset --hard &&
 		git checkout -b rebased-feature-branch feature-branch &&
-		test_when_finished git branch -D rebased-feature-branch &&
 		echo dirty >file4 &&
 		git add file4 &&
-		git rebase$type unrelated-onto-branch &&
+		git rebase$type unrelated-onto-branch >actual 2>&1 &&
 		test_path_is_missing $dotest &&
 		git reset --hard &&
 		grep unrelated file4 &&
@@ -149,6 +270,13 @@
 		git stash pop &&
 		grep dirty file4
 	'
+
+	test_expect_success "rebase$type: check output with conflicting stash" '
+		test_when_finished git branch -D rebased-feature-branch &&
+		suffix=${type#\ --} && suffix=${suffix:-am} &&
+		create_expected_failure_$suffix &&
+		test_i18ncmp expected actual
+	'
 }
 
 test_expect_success "rebase: fast-forward rebase" '
diff --git a/t/t4129-apply-samemode.sh b/t/t4129-apply-samemode.sh
index c268298..5cdd76d 100755
--- a/t/t4129-apply-samemode.sh
+++ b/t/t4129-apply-samemode.sh
@@ -13,7 +13,9 @@
 	echo modified >file &&
 	git diff --stat -p >patch-0.txt &&
 	chmod +x file &&
-	git diff --stat -p >patch-1.txt
+	git diff --stat -p >patch-1.txt &&
+	sed "s/^\(new mode \).*/\1/" <patch-1.txt >patch-empty-mode.txt &&
+	sed "s/^\(new mode \).*/\1garbage/" <patch-1.txt >patch-bogus-mode.txt
 '
 
 test_expect_success FILEMODE 'same mode (no index)' '
@@ -59,4 +61,16 @@
 	git ls-files -s file | grep "^100755"
 '
 
+test_expect_success FILEMODE 'empty mode is rejected' '
+	git reset --hard &&
+	test_must_fail git apply patch-empty-mode.txt 2>err &&
+	test_i18ngrep "invalid mode" err
+'
+
+test_expect_success FILEMODE 'bogus mode is rejected' '
+	git reset --hard &&
+	test_must_fail git apply patch-bogus-mode.txt 2>err &&
+	test_i18ngrep "invalid mode" err
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t4133-apply-filenames.sh b/t/t4133-apply-filenames.sh
index 2ecb421..c5ed3b1 100755
--- a/t/t4133-apply-filenames.sh
+++ b/t/t4133-apply-filenames.sh
@@ -35,4 +35,28 @@
 	test_i18ngrep "inconsistent old filename" err
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'apply diff with new filename missing from headers' '
+	cat >missing_new_filename.diff <<-\EOF &&
+	diff --git a/f b/f
+	index 0000000..d00491f
+	--- a/f
+	@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+	+1
+	EOF
+	test_must_fail git apply missing_new_filename.diff 2>err &&
+	test_i18ngrep "lacks filename information" err
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'apply diff with old filename missing from headers' '
+	cat >missing_old_filename.diff <<-\EOF &&
+	diff --git a/f b/f
+	index d00491f..0000000
+	+++ b/f
+	@@ -1 +0,0 @@
+	-1
+	EOF
+	test_must_fail git apply missing_old_filename.diff 2>err &&
+	test_i18ngrep "lacks filename information" err
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t4136-apply-check.sh b/t/t4136-apply-check.sh
index 4b0a374..6d92872 100755
--- a/t/t4136-apply-check.sh
+++ b/t/t4136-apply-check.sh
@@ -29,4 +29,22 @@
 	test_must_fail git apply --check input
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'invalid combination: create and copy' '
+	test_must_fail git apply --check - <<-\EOF
+	diff --git a/1 b/2
+	new file mode 100644
+	copy from 1
+	copy to 2
+	EOF
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'invalid combination: create and rename' '
+	test_must_fail git apply --check - <<-\EOF
+	diff --git a/1 b/2
+	new file mode 100644
+	rename from 1
+	rename to 2
+	EOF
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t4213-log-tabexpand.sh b/t/t4213-log-tabexpand.sh
index e01a8f6..7f90f58 100755
--- a/t/t4213-log-tabexpand.sh
+++ b/t/t4213-log-tabexpand.sh
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@
 
 	# Prefix the output with the command line arguments, and
 	# replace SP with a dot both in the expecte and actual output
-	# so that test_cmp would show the differene together with the
+	# so that test_cmp would show the difference together with the
 	# breakage in a way easier to consume by the debugging user.
 	{
 		echo "git show -s $*"
diff --git a/t/t5534-push-signed.sh b/t/t5534-push-signed.sh
index 5bcb288..464ffdd 100755
--- a/t/t5534-push-signed.sh
+++ b/t/t5534-push-signed.sh
@@ -119,8 +119,11 @@
 		sed -n -e "s/^nonce /NONCE=/p" -e "/^$/q" dst/push-cert
 	) >expect &&
 
-	grep "$(git rev-parse noop ff) refs/heads/ff" dst/push-cert &&
-	grep "$(git rev-parse noop noff) refs/heads/noff" dst/push-cert &&
+	noop=$(git rev-parse noop) &&
+	ff=$(git rev-parse ff) &&
+	noff=$(git rev-parse noff) &&
+	grep "$noop $ff refs/heads/ff" dst/push-cert &&
+	grep "$noop $noff refs/heads/noff" dst/push-cert &&
 	test_cmp expect dst/push-cert-status
 '
 
@@ -200,8 +203,11 @@
 		sed -n -e "s/^nonce /NONCE=/p" -e "/^$/q" dst/push-cert
 	) >expect &&
 
-	grep "$(git rev-parse noop ff) refs/heads/ff" dst/push-cert &&
-	grep "$(git rev-parse noop noff) refs/heads/noff" dst/push-cert &&
+	noop=$(git rev-parse noop) &&
+	ff=$(git rev-parse ff) &&
+	noff=$(git rev-parse noff) &&
+	grep "$noop $ff refs/heads/ff" dst/push-cert &&
+	grep "$noop $noff refs/heads/noff" dst/push-cert &&
 	test_cmp expect dst/push-cert-status
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t5614-clone-submodules-shallow.sh b/t/t5614-clone-submodules-shallow.sh
index a87d329..e4e6ea4 100755
--- a/t/t5614-clone-submodules-shallow.sh
+++ b/t/t5614-clone-submodules-shallow.sh
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@
 	test_when_finished "rm -rf super_clone" &&
 	git config -f .gitmodules submodule.sub.shallow true &&
 	git add .gitmodules &&
-	git commit -m "recommed shallow for sub" &&
+	git commit -m "recommend shallow for sub" &&
 	git clone --recurse-submodules --no-local "file://$pwd/." super_clone &&
 	(
 		cd super_clone &&
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@
 	test_when_finished "rm -rf super_clone" &&
 	git config -f .gitmodules submodule.sub.shallow false &&
 	git add .gitmodules &&
-	git commit -m "recommed non shallow for sub" &&
+	git commit -m "recommend non shallow for sub" &&
 	git clone --recurse-submodules --no-local "file://$pwd/." super_clone &&
 	(
 		cd super_clone &&
diff --git a/t/t6120-describe.sh b/t/t6120-describe.sh
index 16952e4..aa74eb8 100755
--- a/t/t6120-describe.sh
+++ b/t/t6120-describe.sh
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@
 	test_cmp expect out
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'describe chokes on severly broken submodules' '
+test_expect_success 'describe chokes on severely broken submodules' '
 	mv .git/modules/sub1/ .git/modules/sub_moved &&
 	test_must_fail git describe --dirty
 '
diff --git a/t/t7412-submodule-absorbgitdirs.sh b/t/t7412-submodule-absorbgitdirs.sh
index e2bbb44..ce74c12 100755
--- a/t/t7412-submodule-absorbgitdirs.sh
+++ b/t/t7412-submodule-absorbgitdirs.sh
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
 	test_cmp expect.2 actual.2
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'absorbing does not fail for deinitalized submodules' '
+test_expect_success 'absorbing does not fail for deinitialized submodules' '
 	test_when_finished "git submodule update --init" &&
 	git submodule deinit --all &&
 	git submodule absorbgitdirs &&
diff --git a/t/t7413-submodule-is-active.sh b/t/t7413-submodule-is-active.sh
index 9c785b0..c8e7e98 100755
--- a/t/t7413-submodule-is-active.sh
+++ b/t/t7413-submodule-is-active.sh
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 test_description='Test submodule--helper is-active
 
-This test verifies that `git submodue--helper is-active` correclty identifies
+This test verifies that `git submodue--helper is-active` correctly identifies
 submodules which are "active" and interesting to the user.
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t7500-commit.sh b/t/t7500-commit.sh
index 116885a..5739d3e 100755
--- a/t/t7500-commit.sh
+++ b/t/t7500-commit.sh
@@ -329,4 +329,27 @@
 	test_must_fail git commit --fixup HEAD~1 -F log
 '
 
+cat >expected-template <<EOF
+
+# Please enter the commit message for your changes. Lines starting
+# with '#' will be ignored, and an empty message aborts the commit.
+#
+# Author:    A U Thor <author@example.com>
+#
+# On branch commit-template-check
+# Changes to be committed:
+#	new file:   commit-template-check
+#
+# Untracked files not listed
+EOF
+
+test_expect_success 'new line found before status message in commit template' '
+	git checkout -b commit-template-check &&
+	git reset --hard HEAD &&
+	touch commit-template-check &&
+	git add commit-template-check &&
+	GIT_EDITOR="cat >editor-input" git commit --untracked-files=no --allow-empty-message &&
+	test_i18ncmp expected-template editor-input
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t7501-commit.sh b/t/t7501-commit.sh
index 0b6da7a..fa61b1a 100755
--- a/t/t7501-commit.sh
+++ b/t/t7501-commit.sh
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 	echo bongo bongo >file &&
 	git add file &&
 	git status >actual &&
-	test_i18ngrep "Initial commit" actual
+	test_i18ngrep "No commits yet" actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'fail initial amend' '
diff --git a/t/t7508-status.sh b/t/t7508-status.sh
index f7fe22a..43d19a9 100755
--- a/t/t7508-status.sh
+++ b/t/t7508-status.sh
@@ -1640,4 +1640,34 @@
 	test_cmp expected_without_stash actual
 '
 
+test_expect_success '"No commits yet" should be noted in status output' '
+	git checkout --orphan empty-branch-1 &&
+	git status >output &&
+	test_i18ngrep "No commits yet" output
+'
+
+test_expect_success '"No commits yet" should not be noted in status output' '
+	git checkout --orphan empty-branch-2 &&
+	test_commit test-commit-1 &&
+	git status >output &&
+	test_i18ngrep ! "No commits yet" output
+'
+
+test_expect_success '"Initial commit" should be noted in commit template' '
+	git checkout --orphan empty-branch-3 &&
+	touch to_be_committed_1 &&
+	git add to_be_committed_1 &&
+	git commit --dry-run >output &&
+	test_i18ngrep "Initial commit" output
+'
+
+test_expect_success '"Initial commit" should not be noted in commit template' '
+	git checkout --orphan empty-branch-4 &&
+	test_commit test-commit-2 &&
+	touch to_be_committed_2 &&
+	git add to_be_committed_2 &&
+	git commit --dry-run >output &&
+	test_i18ngrep ! "Initial commit" output
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t9300-fast-import.sh b/t/t9300-fast-import.sh
index 2e0ba3e..67b8c50 100755
--- a/t/t9300-fast-import.sh
+++ b/t/t9300-fast-import.sh
@@ -2822,7 +2822,7 @@
 #
 # notemodify, three ways to say dataref
 #
-test_expect_success 'S: notemodify with garabge after mark dataref must fail' '
+test_expect_success 'S: notemodify with garbage after mark dataref must fail' '
 	test_must_fail git fast-import --import-marks=marks <<-EOF 2>err &&
 	commit refs/heads/S
 	committer $GIT_COMMITTER_NAME <$GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL> $GIT_COMMITTER_DATE
diff --git a/t/t9700/test.pl b/t/t9700/test.pl
index 1b75c91..34cd013 100755
--- a/t/t9700/test.pl
+++ b/t/t9700/test.pl
@@ -133,6 +133,13 @@
 unlink $tmpfile3;
 chdir($abs_repo_dir);
 
+# unquoting paths
+is(Git::unquote_path('abc'), 'abc', 'unquote unquoted path');
+is(Git::unquote_path('"abc def"'), 'abc def', 'unquote simple quoted path');
+is(Git::unquote_path('"abc\"\\\\ \a\b\t\n\v\f\r\001\040"'),
+		     "abc\"\\ \x07\x08\x09\x0a\x0b\x0c\x0d\x01 ",
+		     'unquote escape sequences');
+
 printf "1..%d\n", Test::More->builder->current_test;
 
 my $is_passing = eval { Test::More->is_passing };
diff --git a/t/test-lib-functions.sh b/t/test-lib-functions.sh
index 5ee1243..db622c3 100644
--- a/t/test-lib-functions.sh
+++ b/t/test-lib-functions.sh
@@ -216,6 +216,11 @@
 	git update-index --add "--chmod=$@"
 }
 
+# Get the modebits from a file.
+test_modebits () {
+	ls -l "$1" | sed -e 's|^\(..........\).*|\1|'
+}
+
 # Unset a configuration variable, but don't fail if it doesn't exist.
 test_unconfig () {
 	config_dir=
diff --git a/unicode_width.h b/unicode_width.h
index 02207be..6dee2c7 100644
--- a/unicode_width.h
+++ b/unicode_width.h
@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@
 { 0x0AC7, 0x0AC8 },
 { 0x0ACD, 0x0ACD },
 { 0x0AE2, 0x0AE3 },
+{ 0x0AFA, 0x0AFF },
 { 0x0B01, 0x0B01 },
 { 0x0B3C, 0x0B3C },
 { 0x0B3F, 0x0B3F },
@@ -73,7 +74,8 @@
 { 0x0CC6, 0x0CC6 },
 { 0x0CCC, 0x0CCD },
 { 0x0CE2, 0x0CE3 },
-{ 0x0D01, 0x0D01 },
+{ 0x0D00, 0x0D01 },
+{ 0x0D3B, 0x0D3C },
 { 0x0D41, 0x0D44 },
 { 0x0D4D, 0x0D4D },
 { 0x0D62, 0x0D63 },
@@ -158,7 +160,7 @@
 { 0x1CED, 0x1CED },
 { 0x1CF4, 0x1CF4 },
 { 0x1CF8, 0x1CF9 },
-{ 0x1DC0, 0x1DF5 },
+{ 0x1DC0, 0x1DF9 },
 { 0x1DFB, 0x1DFF },
 { 0x200B, 0x200F },
 { 0x202A, 0x202E },
@@ -262,6 +264,15 @@
 { 0x1171D, 0x1171F },
 { 0x11722, 0x11725 },
 { 0x11727, 0x1172B },
+{ 0x11A01, 0x11A06 },
+{ 0x11A09, 0x11A0A },
+{ 0x11A33, 0x11A38 },
+{ 0x11A3B, 0x11A3E },
+{ 0x11A47, 0x11A47 },
+{ 0x11A51, 0x11A56 },
+{ 0x11A59, 0x11A5B },
+{ 0x11A8A, 0x11A96 },
+{ 0x11A98, 0x11A99 },
 { 0x11C30, 0x11C36 },
 { 0x11C38, 0x11C3D },
 { 0x11C3F, 0x11C3F },
@@ -269,6 +280,11 @@
 { 0x11CAA, 0x11CB0 },
 { 0x11CB2, 0x11CB3 },
 { 0x11CB5, 0x11CB6 },
+{ 0x11D31, 0x11D36 },
+{ 0x11D3A, 0x11D3A },
+{ 0x11D3C, 0x11D3D },
+{ 0x11D3F, 0x11D45 },
+{ 0x11D47, 0x11D47 },
 { 0x16AF0, 0x16AF4 },
 { 0x16B30, 0x16B36 },
 { 0x16F8F, 0x16F92 },
@@ -339,7 +355,7 @@
 { 0x3000, 0x303E },
 { 0x3041, 0x3096 },
 { 0x3099, 0x30FF },
-{ 0x3105, 0x312D },
+{ 0x3105, 0x312E },
 { 0x3131, 0x318E },
 { 0x3190, 0x31BA },
 { 0x31C0, 0x31E3 },
@@ -358,10 +374,11 @@
 { 0xFE68, 0xFE6B },
 { 0xFF01, 0xFF60 },
 { 0xFFE0, 0xFFE6 },
-{ 0x16FE0, 0x16FE0 },
+{ 0x16FE0, 0x16FE1 },
 { 0x17000, 0x187EC },
 { 0x18800, 0x18AF2 },
-{ 0x1B000, 0x1B001 },
+{ 0x1B000, 0x1B11E },
+{ 0x1B170, 0x1B2FB },
 { 0x1F004, 0x1F004 },
 { 0x1F0CF, 0x1F0CF },
 { 0x1F18E, 0x1F18E },
@@ -370,6 +387,7 @@
 { 0x1F210, 0x1F23B },
 { 0x1F240, 0x1F248 },
 { 0x1F250, 0x1F251 },
+{ 0x1F260, 0x1F265 },
 { 0x1F300, 0x1F320 },
 { 0x1F32D, 0x1F335 },
 { 0x1F337, 0x1F37C },
@@ -392,15 +410,13 @@
 { 0x1F6CC, 0x1F6CC },
 { 0x1F6D0, 0x1F6D2 },
 { 0x1F6EB, 0x1F6EC },
-{ 0x1F6F4, 0x1F6F6 },
-{ 0x1F910, 0x1F91E },
-{ 0x1F920, 0x1F927 },
-{ 0x1F930, 0x1F930 },
-{ 0x1F933, 0x1F93E },
-{ 0x1F940, 0x1F94B },
-{ 0x1F950, 0x1F95E },
-{ 0x1F980, 0x1F991 },
+{ 0x1F6F4, 0x1F6F8 },
+{ 0x1F910, 0x1F93E },
+{ 0x1F940, 0x1F94C },
+{ 0x1F950, 0x1F96B },
+{ 0x1F980, 0x1F997 },
 { 0x1F9C0, 0x1F9C0 },
+{ 0x1F9D0, 0x1F9E6 },
 { 0x20000, 0x2FFFD },
 { 0x30000, 0x3FFFD }
 };
diff --git a/urlmatch.c b/urlmatch.c
index 4bbde92..3e42bd7 100644
--- a/urlmatch.c
+++ b/urlmatch.c
@@ -42,12 +42,12 @@
 
 		from_len--;
 		if (ch == '%') {
-			if (from_len < 2 ||
-			    !isxdigit(from[0]) ||
-			    !isxdigit(from[1]))
+			if (from_len < 2)
 				return 0;
-			ch = hexval(*from++) << 4;
-			ch |= hexval(*from++);
+			ch = hex2chr(from);
+			if (ch < 0)
+				return 0;
+			from += 2;
 			from_len -= 2;
 			was_esc = 1;
 		}
diff --git a/usage.c b/usage.c
index 2f87ca6..1ea7df9 100644
--- a/usage.c
+++ b/usage.c
@@ -44,7 +44,23 @@
 static int die_is_recursing_builtin(void)
 {
 	static int dying;
-	return dying++;
+	/*
+	 * Just an arbitrary number X where "a < x < b" where "a" is
+	 * "maximum number of pthreads we'll ever plausibly spawn" and
+	 * "b" is "something less than Inf", since the point is to
+	 * prevent infinite recursion.
+	 */
+	static const int recursion_limit = 1024;
+
+	dying++;
+	if (dying > recursion_limit) {
+		return 1;
+	} else if (dying == 2) {
+		warning("die() called many times. Recursion error or racy threaded death!");
+		return 0;
+	} else {
+		return 0;
+	}
 }
 
 /* If we are in a dlopen()ed .so write to a global variable would segfault
diff --git a/wildmatch.c b/wildmatch.c
index 57c8765..d074c1b 100644
--- a/wildmatch.c
+++ b/wildmatch.c
@@ -272,8 +272,7 @@
 }
 
 /* Match the "pattern" against the "text" string. */
-int wildmatch(const char *pattern, const char *text,
-	      unsigned int flags, struct wildopts *wo)
+int wildmatch(const char *pattern, const char *text, unsigned int flags)
 {
 	return dowild((const uchar*)pattern, (const uchar*)text, flags);
 }
diff --git a/wildmatch.h b/wildmatch.h
index 4090c8f..b8c826a 100644
--- a/wildmatch.h
+++ b/wildmatch.h
@@ -10,9 +10,5 @@
 #define WM_ABORT_ALL -1
 #define WM_ABORT_TO_STARSTAR -2
 
-struct wildopts;
-
-int wildmatch(const char *pattern, const char *text,
-	      unsigned int flags,
-	      struct wildopts *wo);
+int wildmatch(const char *pattern, const char *text, unsigned int flags);
 #endif
diff --git a/worktree.c b/worktree.c
index 2801c6d..e28ffbe 100644
--- a/worktree.c
+++ b/worktree.c
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #include "cache.h"
+#include "repository.h"
 #include "refs.h"
 #include "strbuf.h"
 #include "worktree.h"
@@ -76,7 +77,7 @@
 	if (!id)
 		die("Missing linked worktree name");
 
-	strbuf_git_common_path(&path, "worktrees/%s/gitdir", id);
+	strbuf_git_common_path(&path, the_repository, "worktrees/%s/gitdir", id);
 	if (strbuf_read_file(&worktree_path, path.buf, 0) <= 0)
 		/* invalid gitdir file */
 		goto done;
diff --git a/wt-status.c b/wt-status.c
index 7992a73..77c27c5 100644
--- a/wt-status.c
+++ b/wt-status.c
@@ -1601,7 +1601,10 @@
 
 	if (s->is_initial) {
 		status_printf_ln(s, color(WT_STATUS_HEADER, s), "%s", "");
-		status_printf_ln(s, color(WT_STATUS_HEADER, s), _("Initial commit"));
+		status_printf_ln(s, color(WT_STATUS_HEADER, s),
+				 s->commit_template
+				 ? _("Initial commit")
+				 : _("No commits yet"));
 		status_printf_ln(s, color(WT_STATUS_HEADER, s), "%s", "");
 	}
 
@@ -1760,6 +1763,7 @@
 	const char *branch_color_remote = color(WT_STATUS_REMOTE_BRANCH, s);
 
 	const char *base;
+	char *short_base;
 	const char *branch_name;
 	int num_ours, num_theirs;
 	int upstream_is_gone = 0;
@@ -1773,7 +1777,7 @@
 #define LABEL(string) (s->no_gettext ? (string) : _(string))
 
 	if (s->is_initial)
-		color_fprintf(s->fp, header_color, LABEL(N_("Initial commit on ")));
+		color_fprintf(s->fp, header_color, LABEL(N_("No commits yet on ")));
 
 	if (!strcmp(s->branch, "HEAD")) {
 		color_fprintf(s->fp, color(WT_STATUS_NOBRANCH, s), "%s",
@@ -1794,10 +1798,10 @@
 		upstream_is_gone = 1;
 	}
 
-	base = shorten_unambiguous_ref(base, 0);
+	short_base = shorten_unambiguous_ref(base, 0);
 	color_fprintf(s->fp, header_color, "...");
-	color_fprintf(s->fp, branch_color_remote, "%s", base);
-	free((char *)base);
+	color_fprintf(s->fp, branch_color_remote, "%s", short_base);
+	free(short_base);
 
 	if (!upstream_is_gone && !num_ours && !num_theirs)
 		goto conclude;
diff --git a/wt-status.h b/wt-status.h
index d8ae2e5..64f4d33 100644
--- a/wt-status.h
+++ b/wt-status.h
@@ -76,6 +76,7 @@
 	char color_palette[WT_STATUS_MAXSLOT][COLOR_MAXLEN];
 	unsigned colopts;
 	int null_termination;
+	int commit_template;
 	int show_branch;
 	int show_stash;
 	int hints;