Git 2.35.3

Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>
diff --git a/.github/workflows/check-whitespace.yml b/.github/workflows/check-whitespace.yml
index 8c4358d..ad3466a 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/check-whitespace.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/check-whitespace.yml
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 name: check-whitespace
 
-# Get the repo with the commits(+1) in the series.
+# Get the repository with all commits to ensure that we can analyze
+# all of the commits contributed via the Pull Request.
 # Process `git log --check` output to extract just the check errors.
-# Add a comment to the pull request with the check errors.
+# Exit with failure upon white-space issues.
 
 on:
   pull_request:
diff --git a/.github/workflows/main.yml b/.github/workflows/main.yml
index 6ed6a9e..c35200d 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/main.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/main.yml
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-name: CI/PR
+name: CI
 
 on: [push, pull_request]
 
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 
 jobs:
   ci-config:
+    name: config
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     outputs:
       enabled: ${{ steps.check-ref.outputs.enabled }}${{ steps.skip-if-redundant.outputs.enabled }}
@@ -77,6 +78,7 @@
             }
 
   windows-build:
+    name: win build
     needs: ci-config
     if: needs.ci-config.outputs.enabled == 'yes'
     runs-on: windows-latest
@@ -97,6 +99,7 @@
         name: windows-artifacts
         path: artifacts
   windows-test:
+    name: win test
     runs-on: windows-latest
     needs: [windows-build]
     strategy:
@@ -127,6 +130,7 @@
         name: failed-tests-windows
         path: ${{env.FAILED_TEST_ARTIFACTS}}
   vs-build:
+    name: win+VS build
     needs: ci-config
     if: needs.ci-config.outputs.enabled == 'yes'
     env:
@@ -178,6 +182,7 @@
         name: vs-artifacts
         path: artifacts
   vs-test:
+    name: win+VS test
     runs-on: windows-latest
     needs: vs-build
     strategy:
@@ -210,6 +215,7 @@
         name: failed-tests-windows
         path: ${{env.FAILED_TEST_ARTIFACTS}}
   regular:
+    name: ${{matrix.vector.jobname}} (${{matrix.vector.pool}})
     needs: ci-config
     if: needs.ci-config.outputs.enabled == 'yes'
     strategy:
@@ -219,14 +225,25 @@
           - jobname: linux-clang
             cc: clang
             pool: ubuntu-latest
+          - jobname: linux-sha256
+            cc: clang
+            os: ubuntu
+            pool: ubuntu-latest
           - jobname: linux-gcc
             cc: gcc
+            cc_package: gcc-8
+            pool: ubuntu-latest
+          - jobname: linux-TEST-vars
+            cc: gcc
+            os: ubuntu
+            cc_package: gcc-8
             pool: ubuntu-latest
           - jobname: osx-clang
             cc: clang
             pool: macos-latest
           - jobname: osx-gcc
             cc: gcc
+            cc_package: gcc-9
             pool: macos-latest
           - jobname: linux-gcc-default
             cc: gcc
@@ -236,7 +253,9 @@
             pool: ubuntu-latest
     env:
       CC: ${{matrix.vector.cc}}
+      CC_PACKAGE: ${{matrix.vector.cc_package}}
       jobname: ${{matrix.vector.jobname}}
+      runs_on_pool: ${{matrix.vector.pool}}
     runs-on: ${{matrix.vector.pool}}
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v2
@@ -251,6 +270,7 @@
         name: failed-tests-${{matrix.vector.jobname}}
         path: ${{env.FAILED_TEST_ARTIFACTS}}
   dockerized:
+    name: ${{matrix.vector.jobname}} (${{matrix.vector.image}})
     needs: ci-config
     if: needs.ci-config.outputs.enabled == 'yes'
     strategy:
@@ -259,7 +279,8 @@
         vector:
         - jobname: linux-musl
           image: alpine
-        - jobname: Linux32
+        - jobname: linux32
+          os: ubuntu32
           image: daald/ubuntu32:xenial
         - jobname: pedantic
           image: fedora
@@ -289,6 +310,7 @@
     - uses: actions/checkout@v2
     - run: ci/install-dependencies.sh
     - run: ci/run-static-analysis.sh
+    - run: ci/check-directional-formatting.bash
   sparse:
     needs: ci-config
     if: needs.ci-config.outputs.enabled == 'yes'
@@ -310,6 +332,7 @@
       run: ci/install-dependencies.sh
     - run: make sparse
   documentation:
+    name: documentation
     needs: ci-config
     if: needs.ci-config.outputs.enabled == 'yes'
     env:
diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index 908330a..0000000
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,60 +0,0 @@
-language: c
-
-cache:
-  directories:
-    - $HOME/travis-cache
-
-os:
-  - linux
-  - osx
-
-osx_image: xcode10.1
-
-compiler:
-  - clang
-  - gcc
-
-matrix:
-  include:
-    - env: jobname=linux-gcc-default
-      os: linux
-      compiler:
-      addons:
-      before_install:
-    - env: jobname=linux-gcc-4.8
-      os: linux
-      dist: trusty
-      compiler:
-    - env: jobname=Linux32
-      os: linux
-      compiler:
-      addons:
-      services:
-        - docker
-      before_install:
-      script: ci/run-docker.sh
-    - env: jobname=linux-musl
-      os: linux
-      compiler:
-      addons:
-      services:
-        - docker
-      before_install:
-      script: ci/run-docker.sh
-    - env: jobname=StaticAnalysis
-      os: linux
-      compiler:
-      script: ci/run-static-analysis.sh
-      after_failure:
-    - env: jobname=Documentation
-      os: linux
-      compiler:
-      script: ci/test-documentation.sh
-      after_failure:
-
-before_install: ci/install-dependencies.sh
-script: ci/run-build-and-tests.sh
-after_failure: ci/print-test-failures.sh
-
-notifications:
-  email: false
diff --git a/Documentation/CodingGuidelines b/Documentation/CodingGuidelines
index 711cb91..0e27b53 100644
--- a/Documentation/CodingGuidelines
+++ b/Documentation/CodingGuidelines
@@ -499,6 +499,33 @@
  - Where required libraries do not restrict us to Python 2, we try to
    also be compatible with Python 3.1 and later.
 
+
+Program Output
+
+ We make a distinction between a Git command's primary output and
+ output which is merely chatty feedback (for instance, status
+ messages, running transcript, or progress display), as well as error
+ messages. Roughly speaking, a Git command's primary output is that
+ which one might want to capture to a file or send down a pipe; its
+ chatty output should not interfere with these use-cases.
+
+ As such, primary output should be sent to the standard output stream
+ (stdout), and chatty output should be sent to the standard error
+ stream (stderr). Examples of commands which produce primary output
+ include `git log`, `git show`, and `git branch --list` which generate
+ output on the stdout stream.
+
+ Not all Git commands have primary output; this is often true of
+ commands whose main function is to perform an action. Some action
+ commands are silent, whereas others are chatty. An example of a
+ chatty action commands is `git clone` with its "Cloning into
+ '<path>'..." and "Checking connectivity..." status messages which it
+ sends to the stderr stream.
+
+ Error messages from Git commands should always be sent to the stderr
+ stream.
+
+
 Error Messages
 
  - Do not end error messages with a full stop.
diff --git a/Documentation/MyFirstContribution.txt b/Documentation/MyFirstContribution.txt
index b20bc8e..63a2ef5 100644
--- a/Documentation/MyFirstContribution.txt
+++ b/Documentation/MyFirstContribution.txt
@@ -905,19 +905,34 @@
 themselves, you'll need to prepare the patches. Luckily, this is pretty simple:
 
 ----
-$ git format-patch --cover-letter -o psuh/ master..psuh
+$ git format-patch --cover-letter -o psuh/ --base=auto psuh@{u}..psuh
 ----
 
-The `--cover-letter` parameter tells `format-patch` to create a cover letter
-template for you. You will need to fill in the template before you're ready
-to send - but for now, the template will be next to your other patches.
+ . The `--cover-letter` option tells `format-patch` to create a
+   cover letter template for you. You will need to fill in the
+   template before you're ready to send - but for now, the template
+   will be next to your other patches.
 
-The `-o psuh/` parameter tells `format-patch` to place the patch files into a
-directory. This is useful because `git send-email` can take a directory and
-send out all the patches from there.
+ . The `-o psuh/` option tells `format-patch` to place the patch
+   files into a directory. This is useful because `git send-email`
+   can take a directory and send out all the patches from there.
 
-`master..psuh` tells `format-patch` to generate patches for the difference
-between `master` and `psuh`. It will make one patch file per commit. After you
+ . The `--base=auto` option tells the command to record the "base
+   commit", on which the recipient is expected to apply the patch
+   series.  The `auto` value will cause `format-patch` to compute
+   the base commit automatically, which is the merge base of tip
+   commit of the remote-tracking branch and the specified revision
+   range.
+
+ . The `psuh@{u}..psuh` option tells `format-patch` to generate
+   patches for the commits you created on the `psuh` branch since it
+   forked from its upstream (which is `origin/master` if you
+   followed the example in the "Set up your workspace" section).  If
+   you are already on the `psuh` branch, you can just say `@{u}`,
+   which means "commits on the current branch since it forked from
+   its upstream", which is the same thing.
+
+The command will make one patch file per commit. After you
 run, you can go have a look at each of the patches with your favorite text
 editor and make sure everything looks alright; however, it's not recommended to
 make code fixups via the patch file. It's a better idea to make the change the
diff --git a/Documentation/MyFirstObjectWalk.txt b/Documentation/MyFirstObjectWalk.txt
index 45eb84d..ca26794 100644
--- a/Documentation/MyFirstObjectWalk.txt
+++ b/Documentation/MyFirstObjectWalk.txt
@@ -58,14 +58,19 @@
 
 Add usage text and `-h` handling, like all subcommands should consistently do
 (our test suite will notice and complain if you fail to do so).
+We'll need to include the `parse-options.h` header.
 
 ----
+#include "parse-options.h"
+
+...
+
 int cmd_walken(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 {
 	const char * const walken_usage[] = {
 		N_("git walken"),
 		NULL,
-	}
+	};
 	struct option options[] = {
 		OPT_END()
 	};
@@ -195,9 +200,14 @@
 ourselves; however, we should call `git_default_config()` if we aren't calling
 any other existing config callbacks.
 
-Add a new function to `builtin/walken.c`:
+Add a new function to `builtin/walken.c`.
+We'll also need to include the `config.h` header:
 
 ----
+#include "config.h"
+
+...
+
 static int git_walken_config(const char *var, const char *value, void *cb)
 {
 	/*
@@ -229,8 +239,14 @@
 to target, as well as the `prefix` argument of `cmd_walken` and your `rev_info`
 struct.
 
-Add the `struct rev_info` and the `repo_init_revisions()` call:
+Add the `struct rev_info` and the `repo_init_revisions()` call.
+We'll also need to include the `revision.h` header:
+
 ----
+#include "revision.h"
+
+...
+
 int cmd_walken(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 {
 	/* This can go wherever you like in your declarations.*/
@@ -624,9 +640,14 @@
 ----
 
 Let's start by calling just the unfiltered walk and reporting our counts.
-Complete your implementation of `walken_object_walk()`:
+Complete your implementation of `walken_object_walk()`.
+We'll also need to include the `list-objects.h` header.
 
 ----
+#include "list-objects.h"
+
+...
+
 	traverse_commit_list(rev, walken_show_commit, walken_show_object, NULL);
 
 	printf("commits %d\nblobs %d\ntags %d\ntrees %d\n", commit_count,
@@ -697,7 +718,7 @@
 ----
 static void walken_object_walk(struct rev_info *rev)
 {
-	struct list_objects_filter_options filter_options = {};
+	struct list_objects_filter_options filter_options = { 0 };
 
 	...
 ----
diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.35.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.35.0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d69b50d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.35.0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,412 @@
+Git 2.35 Release Notes
+======================
+
+Updates since Git 2.34
+----------------------
+
+Backward compatibility warts
+
+ * "_" is now treated as any other URL-valid characters in an URL when
+   matching the per-URL configuration variable names.
+
+ * The color palette used by "git grep" has been updated to match that
+   of GNU grep.
+
+
+Note to those who build from the source
+
+ * You may need to define NO_UNCOMPRESS2 Makefile macro if you build
+   with zlib older than 1.2.9.
+
+ * If your compiler cannot grok C99, the build will fail.  See the
+   instruction at the beginning of git-compat-util.h if this happens
+   to you.
+
+
+UI, Workflows & Features
+
+ * "git status --porcelain=v2" now show the number of stash entries
+   with --show-stash like the normal output does.
+
+ * "git stash" learned the "--staged" option to stash away what has
+   been added to the index (and nothing else).
+
+ * "git var GIT_DEFAULT_BRANCH" is a way to see what name is used for
+   the newly created branch if "git init" is run.
+
+ * Various operating modes of "git reset" have been made to work
+   better with the sparse index.
+
+ * "git submodule deinit" for a submodule whose .git metadata
+   directory is embedded in its working tree refused to work, until
+   the submodule gets converted to use the "absorbed" form where the
+   metadata directory is stored in superproject, and a gitfile at the
+   top-level of the working tree of the submodule points at it.  The
+   command is taught to convert such submodules to the absorbed form
+   as needed.
+
+ * The completion script (in contrib/) learns that the "--date"
+   option of commands from the "git log" family takes "human" and
+   "auto" as valid values.
+
+ * "Zealous diff3" style of merge conflict presentation has been added.
+
+ * The "git log --format=%(describe)" placeholder has been extended to
+   allow passing selected command-line options to the underlying "git
+   describe" command.
+
+ * "default" and "reset" have been added to our color palette.
+
+ * The cryptographic signing using ssh keys can specify literal keys
+   for keytypes whose name do not begin with the "ssh-" prefix by
+   using the "key::" prefix mechanism (e.g. "key::ecdsa-sha2-nistp256").
+
+ * "git fetch" without the "--update-head-ok" option ought to protect
+   a checked out branch from getting updated, to prevent the working
+   tree that checks it out to go out of sync.  The code was written
+   before the use of "git worktree" got widespread, and only checked
+   the branch that was checked out in the current worktree, which has
+   been updated.
+
+ * "git name-rev" has been tweaked to give output that is shorter and
+   easier to understand.
+
+ * "git apply" has been taught to ignore a message without a patch
+   with the "--allow-empty" option.  It also learned to honor the
+   "--quiet" option given from the command line.
+
+ * The "init" and "set" subcommands in "git sparse-checkout" have been
+   unified for a better user experience and performance.
+
+ * Many git commands that deal with working tree files try to remove a
+   directory that becomes empty (i.e. "git switch" from a branch that
+   has the directory to another branch that does not would attempt
+   remove all files in the directory and the directory itself).  This
+   drops users into an unfamiliar situation if the command was run in
+   a subdirectory that becomes subject to removal due to the command.
+   The commands have been taught to keep an empty directory if it is
+   the directory they were started in to avoid surprising users.
+
+ * "git am" learns "--empty=(stop|drop|keep)" option to tweak what is
+   done to a piece of e-mail without a patch in it.
+
+ * The default merge message prepared by "git merge" records the name
+   of the current branch; the name can be overridden with a new option
+   to allow users to pretend a merge is made on a different branch.
+
+ * The way "git p4" shows file sizes in its output has been updated to
+   use human-readable units.
+
+ * "git -c branch.autosetupmerge=inherit branch new old" makes "new"
+   to have the same upstream as the "old" branch, instead of marking
+   "old" itself as its upstream.
+
+
+Performance, Internal Implementation, Development Support etc.
+
+ * The use of errno as a means to carry the nature of error in the ref
+   API implementation has been reworked and reduced.
+
+ * Teach and encourage first-time contributors to this project to
+   state the base commit when they submit their topic.
+
+ * The command line completion for "git send-email" options have been
+   tweaked to make it easier to keep it in sync with the command itself.
+
+ * Ensure that the sparseness of the in-core index matches the
+   index.sparse configuration specified by the repository immediately
+   after the on-disk index file is read.
+
+ * Code clean-up to eventually allow information on remotes defined
+   for an arbitrary repository to be read.
+
+ * Build optimization.
+
+ * Tighten code for testing pack-bitmap.
+
+ * Weather balloon to break people with compilers that do not support
+   C99.
+
+ * The "reftable" backend for the refs API, without integrating into
+   the refs subsystem, has been added.
+
+ * More tests are marked as leak-free.
+
+ * The test framework learns to list unsatisfied test prerequisites,
+   and optionally error out when prerequisites that are expected to be
+   satisfied are not.
+
+ * The default setting for trace2 event nesting was too low to cause
+   test failures, which is worked around by bumping it up in the test
+   framework.
+
+ * Drop support for TravisCI and update test workflows at GitHub.
+
+ * Many tests that used to need GIT_TEST_DEFAULT_INITIAL_BRANCH_NAME
+   mechanism to force "git" to use 'master' as the default name for
+   the initial branch no longer need it; the use of the mechanism from
+   them have been removed.
+
+ * Allow running our tests while disabling fsync.
+
+ * Document the parameters given to the reflog entry iterator callback
+   functions.
+   (merge e6e94f34b2 jc/reflog-iterator-callback-doc later to maint).
+
+ * The test helper for refs subsystem learned to write bogus and/or
+   nonexistent object name to refs to simulate error situations we
+   want to test Git in.
+
+ * "diff --histogram" optimization.
+
+ * Weather balloon to find compilers that do not grok variable
+   declaration in the for() loop.
+
+ * diff and blame commands have been taught to work better with sparse
+   index.
+
+ * The chainlint test script linter in the test suite has been updated.
+
+ * The DEVELOPER=yes build uses -std=gnu99 now.
+
+ * "git format-patch" uses a single rev_info instance and then exits.
+   Mark the structure with UNLEAK() macro to squelch leak sanitizer.
+
+ * New interface into the tmp-objdir API to help in-core use of the
+   quarantine feature.
+
+ * Broken &&-chains in the test scripts have been corrected.
+
+ * The RCS keyword substitution in "git p4" used to be done assuming
+   that the contents are UTF-8 text, which can trigger decoding
+   errors.  We now treat the contents as a bytestring for robustness
+   and correctness.
+
+ * The conditions to choose different definitions of the FLEX_ARRAY
+   macro for vendor compilers has been simplified to make it easier to
+   maintain.
+
+ * Correctness and performance update to "diff --color-moved" feature.
+
+ * "git upload-pack" (the other side of "git fetch") used a 8kB buffer
+   but most of its payload came on 64kB "packets".  The buffer size
+   has been enlarged so that such a packet fits.
+
+ * "git fetch" and "git pull" are now declared sparse-index clean.
+   Also "git ls-files" learns the "--sparse" option to help debugging.
+
+ * Similar message templates have been consolidated so that
+   translators need to work on fewer number of messages.
+
+
+Fixes since v2.34
+-----------------
+
+ * "git grep" looking in a blob that has non-UTF8 payload was
+   completely broken when linked with certain versions of PCREv2
+   library in the latest release.
+
+ * Other code cleanup, docfix, build fix, etc.
+
+ * "git pull" with any strategy when the other side is behind us
+   should succeed as it is a no-op, but doesn't.
+
+ * An earlier change in 2.34.0 caused JGit application (that abused
+   GIT_EDITOR mechanism when invoking "git config") to get stuck with
+   a SIGTTOU signal; it has been reverted.
+
+ * An earlier change that broke .gitignore matching has been reverted.
+
+ * Things like "git -c branch.sort=bogus branch new HEAD", i.e. the
+   operation modes of the "git branch" command that do not need the
+   sort key information, no longer errors out by seeing a bogus sort
+   key.
+   (merge 98e7ab6d42 jc/fix-ref-sorting-parse later to maint).
+
+ * The compatibility implementation for unsetenv(3) were written to
+   mimic ancient, non-POSIX, variant seen in an old glibc; it has been
+   changed to return an integer to match the more modern era.
+   (merge a38989bd5b jc/unsetenv-returns-an-int later to maint).
+
+ * The clean/smudge conversion code path has been prepared to better
+   work on platforms where ulong is narrower than size_t.
+   (merge 596b5e77c9 mc/clean-smudge-with-llp64 later to maint).
+
+ * Redact the path part of packfile URI that appears in the trace output.
+   (merge 0ba558ffb1 if/redact-packfile-uri later to maint).
+
+ * CI has been taught to catch some Unicode directional formatting
+   sequence that can be used in certain mischief.
+   (merge 0e7696c64d js/ci-no-directional-formatting later to maint).
+
+ * The "--date=format:<strftime>" gained a workaround for the lack of
+   system support for a non-local timezone to handle "%s" placeholder.
+   (merge 9b591b9403 jk/strbuf-addftime-seconds-since-epoch later to maint).
+
+ * The "merge" subcommand of "git jump" (in contrib/) silently ignored
+   pathspec and other parameters.
+   (merge 67ba13e5a4 jk/jump-merge-with-pathspec later to maint).
+
+ * The code to decode the length of packed object size has been
+   corrected.
+   (merge 34de5b8eac jt/pack-header-lshift-overflow later to maint).
+
+ * The advice message given by "git pull" when the user hasn't made a
+   choice between merge and rebase still said that the merge is the
+   default, which no longer is the case.  This has been corrected.
+   (merge 71076d0edd ah/advice-pull-has-no-preference-between-rebase-and-merge later to maint).
+
+ * "git fetch", when received a bad packfile, can fail with SIGPIPE.
+   This wasn't wrong per-se, but we now detect the situation and fail
+   in a more predictable way.
+   (merge 2a4aed42ec jk/fetch-pack-avoid-sigpipe-to-index-pack later to maint).
+
+ * The function to cull a child process and determine the exit status
+   had two separate code paths for normal callers and callers in a
+   signal handler, and the latter did not yield correct value when the
+   child has caught a signal.  The handling of the exit status has
+   been unified for these two code paths.  An existing test with
+   flakiness has also been corrected.
+   (merge 5263e22cba jk/t7006-sigpipe-tests-fix later to maint).
+
+ * When a non-existent program is given as the pager, we tried to
+   reuse an uninitialized child_process structure and crashed, which
+   has been fixed.
+   (merge f917f57f40 em/missing-pager later to maint).
+
+ * The single-key-input mode in "git add -p" had some code to handle
+   keys that generate a sequence of input via ReadKey(), which did not
+   handle end-of-file correctly, which has been fixed.
+   (merge fc8a8126df cb/add-p-single-key-fix later to maint).
+
+ * "git rebase -x" added an unnecessary 'exec' instructions before
+   'noop', which has been corrected.
+   (merge cc9dcdee61 en/rebase-x-fix later to maint).
+
+ * When the "git push" command is killed while the receiving end is
+   trying to report what happened to the ref update proposals, the
+   latter used to die, due to SIGPIPE.  The code now ignores SIGPIPE
+   to increase our chances to run the post-receive hook after it
+   happens.
+   (merge d34182b9e3 rj/receive-pack-avoid-sigpipe-during-status-reporting later to maint).
+
+ * "git worktree add" showed "Preparing worktree" message to the
+   standard output stream, but when it failed, the message from die()
+   went to the standard error stream.  Depending on the order the
+   stdio streams are flushed at the program end, this resulted in
+   confusing output.  It has been corrected by sending all the chatty
+   messages to the standard error stream.
+   (merge b50252484f es/worktree-chatty-to-stderr later to maint).
+
+ * Coding guideline document has been updated to clarify what goes to
+   standard error in our system.
+   (merge e258eb4800 es/doc-stdout-vs-stderr later to maint).
+
+ * The sparse-index/sparse-checkout feature had a bug in its use of
+   the matching code to determine which path is in or outside the
+   sparse checkout patterns.
+   (merge 8c5de0d265 ds/sparse-deep-pattern-checkout-fix later to maint).
+
+ * "git rebase -x" by mistake started exporting the GIT_DIR and
+   GIT_WORK_TREE environment variables when the command was rewritten
+   in C, which has been corrected.
+   (merge 434e0636db en/rebase-x-wo-git-dir-env later to maint).
+
+ * When "git log" implicitly enabled the "decoration" processing
+   without being explicitly asked with "--decorate" option, it failed
+   to read and honor the settings given by the "--decorate-refs"
+   option.
+
+ * "git fetch --set-upstream" did not check if there is a current
+   branch, leading to a segfault when it is run on a detached HEAD,
+   which has been corrected.
+   (merge 17baeaf82d ab/fetch-set-upstream-while-detached later to maint).
+
+ * Among some code paths that ask an yes/no question, only one place
+   gave a prompt that looked different from the others, which has been
+   updated to match what the others create.
+   (merge 0fc8ed154c km/help-prompt-fix later to maint).
+
+ * "git log --invert-grep --author=<name>" used to exclude commits
+   written by the given author, but now "--invert-grep" only affects
+   the matches made by the "--grep=<pattern>" option.
+   (merge 794c000267 rs/log-invert-grep-with-headers later to maint).
+
+ * "git grep --perl-regexp" failed to match UTF-8 characters with
+   wildcard when the pattern consists only of ASCII letters, which has
+   been corrected.
+   (merge 32e3e8bc55 rs/pcre2-utf later to maint).
+
+ * Certain sparse-checkout patterns that are valid in non-cone mode
+   led to segfault in cone mode, which has been corrected.
+
+ * Use of certain "git rev-list" options with "git fast-export"
+   created nonsense results (the worst two of which being "--reverse"
+   and "--invert-grep --grep=<foo>").  The use of "--first-parent" is
+   made to behave a bit more sensible than before.
+   (merge 726a228dfb ws/fast-export-with-revision-options later to maint).
+
+ * Perf tests were run with end-user's shell, but it has been
+   corrected to use the shell specified by $TEST_SHELL_PATH.
+   (merge 9ccab75608 ja/perf-use-specified-shell later to maint).
+
+ * Fix dependency rules to generate hook-list.h header file.
+   (merge d3fd1a6667 ab/makefile-hook-list-dependency-fix later to maint).
+
+ * "git stash" by default triggers its "push" action, but its
+   implementation also made "git stash -h" to show short help only for
+   "git stash push", which has been corrected.
+   (merge ca7990cea5 ab/do-not-limit-stash-help-to-push later to maint).
+
+ * "git apply --3way" bypasses the attempt to do a three-way
+   application in more cases to address the regression caused by the
+   recent change to use direct application as a fallback.
+   (merge 34d607032c jz/apply-3-corner-cases later to maint).
+
+ * Fix performance-releated bug in "git subtree" (in contrib/).
+   (merge 3ce8888fb4 jl/subtree-check-parents-argument-passing-fix later to maint).
+
+ * Extend the guidance to choose the base commit to build your work
+   on, and hint/nudge contributors to read others' changes.
+   (merge fdfae830f8 jc/doc-submitting-patches-choice-of-base later to maint).
+
+ * A corner case bug in the ort merge strategy has been corrected.
+   (merge d30126c20d en/merge-ort-renorm-with-rename-delete-conflict-fix later to maint).
+
+ * "git stash apply" forgot to attempt restoring untracked files when
+   it failed to restore changes to tracked ones.
+   (merge 71cade5a0b en/stash-df-fix later to maint).
+
+ * Calling dynamically loaded functions on Windows has been corrected.
+   (merge 4a9b204920 ma/windows-dynload-fix later to maint).
+
+ * Some lockfile code called free() in signal-death code path, which
+   has been corrected.
+   (merge 58d4d7f1c5 ps/lockfile-cleanup-fix later to maint).
+
+ * Other code cleanup, docfix, build fix, etc.
+   (merge 74db416c9c cw/protocol-v2-doc-fix later to maint).
+   (merge f9b2b6684d ja/doc-cleanup later to maint).
+   (merge 7d1b866778 jc/fix-first-object-walk later to maint).
+   (merge 538ac74604 js/trace2-avoid-recursive-errors later to maint).
+   (merge 152923b132 jk/t5319-midx-corruption-test-deflake later to maint).
+   (merge 9081a421a6 ab/checkout-branch-info-leakfix later to maint).
+   (merge 42c456ff81 rs/mergesort later to maint).
+   (merge ad506e6780 tl/midx-docfix later to maint).
+   (merge bf5b83fd8a hk/ci-checkwhitespace-commentfix later to maint).
+   (merge 49f1eb3b34 jk/refs-g11-workaround later to maint).
+   (merge 7d3fc7df70 jt/midx-doc-fix later to maint).
+   (merge 7b089120d9 hn/create-reflog-simplify later to maint).
+   (merge 9e12400da8 cb/mingw-gmtime-r later to maint).
+   (merge 0bf0de6cc7 tb/pack-revindex-on-disk-cleanup later to maint).
+   (merge 2c68f577fc ew/cbtree-remove-unused-and-broken-cb-unlink later to maint).
+   (merge eafd6e7e55 ab/die-with-bug later to maint).
+   (merge 91028f7659 jc/grep-patterntype-default-doc later to maint).
+   (merge 47ca93d071 ds/repack-fixlets later to maint).
+   (merge e6a9bc0c60 rs/t4202-invert-grep-test-fix later to maint).
+   (merge deb5407a42 gh/gpg-doc-markup-fix later to maint).
+   (merge 999bba3e0b rs/daemon-plug-leak later to maint).
+   (merge 786eb1ba39 js/l10n-mention-ngettext-early-in-readme later to maint).
+   (merge 2f12b31b74 ab/makefile-msgfmt-wo-stats later to maint).
+   (merge 0517f591ca fs/gpg-unknown-key-test-fix later to maint).
+   (merge 97d6fb5a1f ma/header-dup-cleanup later to maint).
diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.35.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.35.1.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..726ba25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.35.1.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+Git v2.35.1 Release Notes
+=========================
+
+Git 2.35 shipped with a regression that broke use of "rebase" and
+"stash" in a secondary worktree.  This maintenance release ought to
+fix it.
diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.35.2.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.35.2.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..290bfa9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.35.2.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Git v2.35.2 Release Notes
+=========================
+
+This release merges up the fixes that appear in v2.30.3,
+v2.31.2, v2.32.1, v2.33.2 and v2.34.2 to address the security
+issue CVE-2022-24765; see the release notes for these versions
+for details.
diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.35.3.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.35.3.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5458ba3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.35.3.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Git Documentation/RelNotes/2.35.3.txt Release Notes
+=========================
+
+This release merges up the fixes that appear in v2.35.3.
diff --git a/Documentation/SubmittingPatches b/Documentation/SubmittingPatches
index 11e0305..92b80d9 100644
--- a/Documentation/SubmittingPatches
+++ b/Documentation/SubmittingPatches
@@ -19,8 +19,10 @@
   base your work on the tip of the topic.
 
 * A new feature should be based on `master` in general. If the new
-  feature depends on a topic that is in `seen`, but not in `master`,
-  base your work on the tip of that topic.
+  feature depends on other topics that are in `next`, but not in
+  `master`, fork a branch from the tip of `master`, merge these topics
+  to the branch, and work on that branch.  You can remind yourself of
+  how you prepared the base with `git log --first-parent master..`.
 
 * Corrections and enhancements to a topic not yet in `master` should
   be based on the tip of that topic. If the topic has not been merged
@@ -28,10 +30,10 @@
   into the series.
 
 * In the exceptional case that a new feature depends on several topics
-  not in `master`, start working on `next` or `seen` privately and send
-  out patches for discussion. Before the final merge, you may have to
-  wait until some of the dependent topics graduate to `master`, and
-  rebase your work.
+  not in `master`, start working on `next` or `seen` privately and
+  send out patches only for discussion. Once your new feature starts
+  to stabilize, you would have to rebase it (see the "depends on other
+  topics" above).
 
 * Some parts of the system have dedicated maintainers with their own
   repositories (see the section "Subsystems" below).  Changes to
@@ -71,8 +73,13 @@
 [[tests]]
 When adding a new feature, make sure that you have new tests to show
 the feature triggers the new behavior when it should, and to show the
-feature does not trigger when it shouldn't.  After any code change, make
-sure that the entire test suite passes.
+feature does not trigger when it shouldn't.  After any code change,
+make sure that the entire test suite passes.  When fixing a bug, make
+sure you have new tests that break if somebody else breaks what you
+fixed by accident to avoid regression.  Also, try merging your work to
+'next' and 'seen' and make sure the tests still pass; topics by others
+that are still in flight may have unexpected interactions with what
+you are trying to do in your topic.
 
 Pushing to a fork of https://github.com/git/git will use their CI
 integration to test your changes on Linux, Mac and Windows. See the
@@ -144,8 +151,21 @@
 archive, summarize the relevant points of the discussion.
 
 [[commit-reference]]
-If you want to reference a previous commit in the history of a stable
-branch, use the format "abbreviated hash (subject, date)", like this:
+
+There are a few reasons why you may want to refer to another commit in
+the "more stable" part of the history (i.e. on branches like `maint`,
+`master`, and `next`):
+
+. A commit that introduced the root cause of a bug you are fixing.
+
+. A commit that introduced a feature that you are enhancing.
+
+. A commit that conflicts with your work when you made a trial merge
+  of your work into `next` and `seen` for testing.
+
+When you reference a commit on a more stable branch (like `master`,
+`maint` and `next`), use the format "abbreviated hash (subject,
+date)", like this:
 
 ....
 	Commit f86a374 (pack-bitmap.c: fix a memleak, 2015-03-30)
@@ -259,9 +279,11 @@
 or include any extra files which do not relate to what your patch
 is trying to achieve. Make sure to review
 your patch after generating it, to ensure accuracy.  Before
-sending out, please make sure it cleanly applies to the `master`
-branch head.  If you are preparing a work based on "next" branch,
-that is fine, but please mark it as such.
+sending out, please make sure it cleanly applies to the base you
+have chosen in the "Decide what to base your work on" section,
+and unless it targets the `master` branch (which is the default),
+mark your patches as such.
+
 
 [[send-patches]]
 === Sending your patches.
@@ -365,7 +387,10 @@
 Send your patch with "To:" set to the mailing list, with "cc:" listing
 people who are involved in the area you are touching (the `git
 contacts` command in `contrib/contacts/` can help to
-identify them), to solicit comments and reviews.
+identify them), to solicit comments and reviews.  Also, when you made
+trial merges of your topic to `next` and `seen`, you may have noticed
+work by others conflicting with your changes.  There is a good possibility
+that these people may know the area you are touching well.
 
 :current-maintainer: footnote:[The current maintainer: gitster@pobox.com]
 :git-ml: footnote:[The mailing list: git@vger.kernel.org]
diff --git a/Documentation/config.txt b/Documentation/config.txt
index cdff79b..8d3f518 100644
--- a/Documentation/config.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config.txt
@@ -262,11 +262,19 @@
        colors (at most two, one for foreground and one for background)
        and attributes (as many as you want), separated by spaces.
 +
-The basic colors accepted are `normal`, `black`, `red`, `green`, `yellow`,
-`blue`, `magenta`, `cyan` and `white`.  The first color given is the
-foreground; the second is the background.  All the basic colors except
-`normal` have a bright variant that can be specified by prefixing the
-color with `bright`, like `brightred`.
+The basic colors accepted are `normal`, `black`, `red`, `green`,
+`yellow`, `blue`, `magenta`, `cyan`, `white` and `default`.  The first
+color given is the foreground; the second is the background.  All the
+basic colors except `normal` and `default` have a bright variant that can
+be specified by prefixing the color with `bright`, like `brightred`.
++
+The color `normal` makes no change to the color. It is the same as an
+empty string, but can be used as the foreground color when specifying a
+background color alone (for example, "normal red").
++
+The color `default` explicitly resets the color to the terminal default,
+for example to specify a cleared background. Although it varies between
+terminals, this is usually not the same as setting to "white black".
 +
 Colors may also be given as numbers between 0 and 255; these use ANSI
 256-color mode (but note that not all terminals may support this).  If
@@ -280,6 +288,11 @@
 be turned off by prefixing them with `no` or `no-` (e.g., `noreverse`,
 `no-ul`, etc).
 +
+The pseudo-attribute `reset` resets all colors and attributes before
+applying the specified coloring. For example, `reset green` will result
+in a green foreground and default background without any active
+attributes.
++
 An empty color string produces no color effect at all. This can be used
 to avoid coloring specific elements without disabling color entirely.
 +
diff --git a/Documentation/config/branch.txt b/Documentation/config/branch.txt
index d323d73..1e0c7af 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/branch.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/branch.txt
@@ -7,7 +7,8 @@
 	automatic setup is done; `true` -- automatic setup is done when the
 	starting point is a remote-tracking branch; `always` --
 	automatic setup is done when the starting point is either a
-	local branch or remote-tracking
+	local branch or remote-tracking branch; `inherit` -- if the starting point
+	has a tracking configuration, it is copied to the new
 	branch. This option defaults to true.
 
 branch.autoSetupRebase::
diff --git a/Documentation/config/gpg.txt b/Documentation/config/gpg.txt
index 4f30c7d..0cb189a 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/gpg.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/gpg.txt
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
 * `fully`
 * `ultimate`
 
-gpg.ssh.defaultKeyCommand:
+gpg.ssh.defaultKeyCommand::
 	This command that will be run when user.signingkey is not set and a ssh
 	signature is requested. On successful exit a valid ssh public key is
 	expected in the	first line of its output. To automatically use the first
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@
 	A file containing ssh public keys which you are willing to trust.
 	The file consists of one or more lines of principals followed by an ssh
 	public key.
-	e.g.: user1@example.com,user2@example.com ssh-rsa AAAAX1...
+	e.g.: `user1@example.com,user2@example.com ssh-rsa AAAAX1...`
 	See ssh-keygen(1) "ALLOWED SIGNERS" for details.
 	The principal is only used to identify the key and is available when
 	verifying a signature.
@@ -64,6 +64,11 @@
 in the repository itself using a path relative to the top-level of the working tree.
 This way only committers with an already valid key can add or change keys in the keyring.
 +
+Since OpensSSH 8.8 this file allows specifying a key lifetime using valid-after &
+valid-before options. Git will mark signatures as valid if the signing key was
+valid at the time of the signatures creation. This allows users to change a
+signing key without invalidating all previously made signatures.
++
 Using a SSH CA key with the cert-authority option
 (see ssh-keygen(1) "CERTIFICATES") is also valid.
 
diff --git a/Documentation/config/grep.txt b/Documentation/config/grep.txt
index 44abe45..182edd8 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/grep.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/grep.txt
@@ -8,7 +8,8 @@
 	Set the default matching behavior. Using a value of 'basic', 'extended',
 	'fixed', or 'perl' will enable the `--basic-regexp`, `--extended-regexp`,
 	`--fixed-strings`, or `--perl-regexp` option accordingly, while the
-	value 'default' will return to the default matching behavior.
+	value 'default' will use the `grep.extendedRegexp` option to choose
+	between 'basic' and 'extended'.
 
 grep.extendedRegexp::
 	If set to true, enable `--extended-regexp` option by default. This
diff --git a/Documentation/config/merge.txt b/Documentation/config/merge.txt
index e27cc63..99e83dd 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/merge.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/merge.txt
@@ -4,7 +4,14 @@
 	shows a `<<<<<<<` conflict marker, changes made by one side,
 	a `=======` marker, changes made by the other side, and then
 	a `>>>>>>>` marker.  An alternate style, "diff3", adds a `|||||||`
-	marker and the original text before the `=======` marker.
+	marker and the original text before the `=======` marker.  The
+	"merge" style tends to produce smaller conflict regions than diff3,
+	both because of the exclusion of the original text, and because
+	when a subset of lines match on the two sides they are just pulled
+	out of the conflict region.  Another alternate style, "zdiff3", is
+	similar to diff3 but removes matching lines on the two sides from
+	the conflict region when those matching lines appear near either
+	the beginning or end of a conflict region.
 
 merge.defaultToUpstream::
 	If merge is called without any commit argument, merge the upstream
diff --git a/Documentation/config/user.txt b/Documentation/config/user.txt
index ad78dce..ec9233b 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/user.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/user.txt
@@ -36,10 +36,13 @@
 	commit, you can override the default selection with this variable.
 	This option is passed unchanged to gpg's --local-user parameter,
 	so you may specify a key using any method that gpg supports.
-	If gpg.format is set to "ssh" this can contain the literal ssh public
-	key (e.g.: "ssh-rsa XXXXXX identifier") or a file which contains it and
-	corresponds to the private key used for signing. The private key
-	needs to be available via ssh-agent. Alternatively it can be set to
-	a file containing a private key directly. If not set git will call
-	gpg.ssh.defaultKeyCommand (e.g.: "ssh-add -L") and try to use the first
-	key available.
+	If gpg.format is set to `ssh` this can contain the path to either
+	your private ssh key or the public key when ssh-agent is used.
+	Alternatively it can contain a public key prefixed with `key::`
+	directly (e.g.: "key::ssh-rsa XXXXXX identifier"). The private key
+	needs to be available via ssh-agent. If not set git will call
+	gpg.ssh.defaultKeyCommand (e.g.: "ssh-add -L") and try to use the
+	first key available. For backward compatibility, a raw key which
+	begins with "ssh-", such as "ssh-rsa XXXXXX identifier", is treated
+	as "key::ssh-rsa XXXXXX identifier", but this form is deprecated;
+	use the `key::` form instead.
diff --git a/Documentation/date-formats.txt b/Documentation/date-formats.txt
index 99c455f..67645ca 100644
--- a/Documentation/date-formats.txt
+++ b/Documentation/date-formats.txt
@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@
 support the following date formats:
 
 Git internal format::
-	It is `<unix timestamp> <time zone offset>`, where `<unix
-	timestamp>` is the number of seconds since the UNIX epoch.
-	`<time zone offset>` is a positive or negative offset from UTC.
+	It is `<unix-timestamp> <time-zone-offset>`, where
+	`<unix-timestamp>` is the number of seconds since the UNIX epoch.
+	`<time-zone-offset>` is a positive or negative offset from UTC.
 	For example CET (which is 1 hour ahead of UTC) is `+0100`.
 
 RFC 2822::
diff --git a/Documentation/git-am.txt b/Documentation/git-am.txt
index 0a4a984..09107fb 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-am.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-am.txt
@@ -16,8 +16,9 @@
 	 [--exclude=<path>] [--include=<path>] [--reject] [-q | --quiet]
 	 [--[no-]scissors] [-S[<keyid>]] [--patch-format=<format>]
 	 [--quoted-cr=<action>]
+	 [--empty=(stop|drop|keep)]
 	 [(<mbox> | <Maildir>)...]
-'git am' (--continue | --skip | --abort | --quit | --show-current-patch[=(diff|raw)])
+'git am' (--continue | --skip | --abort | --quit | --show-current-patch[=(diff|raw)] | --allow-empty)
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
@@ -63,6 +64,14 @@
 --quoted-cr=<action>::
 	This flag will be passed down to 'git mailinfo' (see linkgit:git-mailinfo[1]).
 
+--empty=(stop|drop|keep)::
+	By default, or when the option is set to 'stop', the command
+	errors out on an input e-mail message lacking a patch
+	and stops into the middle of the current am session. When this
+	option is set to 'drop', skip such an e-mail message instead.
+	When this option is set to 'keep', create an empty commit,
+	recording the contents of the e-mail message as its log.
+
 -m::
 --message-id::
 	Pass the `-m` flag to 'git mailinfo' (see linkgit:git-mailinfo[1]),
@@ -191,6 +200,11 @@
 	the e-mail message; if `diff`, show the diff portion only.
 	Defaults to `raw`.
 
+--allow-empty::
+	After a patch failure on an input e-mail message lacking a patch,
+	create an empty commit with the contents of the e-mail message
+	as its log message.
+
 DISCUSSION
 ----------
 
diff --git a/Documentation/git-apply.txt b/Documentation/git-apply.txt
index aa1ae56..b6d77f4 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-apply.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-apply.txt
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 	  [--ignore-space-change | --ignore-whitespace]
 	  [--whitespace=(nowarn|warn|fix|error|error-all)]
 	  [--exclude=<path>] [--include=<path>] [--directory=<root>]
-	  [--verbose] [--unsafe-paths] [<patch>...]
+	  [--verbose | --quiet] [--unsafe-paths] [--allow-empty] [<patch>...]
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
@@ -228,6 +228,11 @@
 	current patch being applied will be printed. This option will cause
 	additional information to be reported.
 
+-q::
+--quiet::
+	Suppress stderr output. Messages about patch status and progress
+	will not be printed.
+
 --recount::
 	Do not trust the line counts in the hunk headers, but infer them
 	by inspecting the patch (e.g. after editing the patch without
@@ -251,6 +256,10 @@
 the `--unsafe-paths` option to override this safety check.  This option
 has no effect when `--index` or `--cached` is in use.
 
+--allow-empty::
+	Don't return error for patches containing no diff. This includes
+	empty patches and patches with commit text only.
+
 CONFIGURATION
 -------------
 
diff --git a/Documentation/git-archimport.txt b/Documentation/git-archimport.txt
index a595a0f..847777f 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-archimport.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-archimport.txt
@@ -9,14 +9,14 @@
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
-'git archimport' [-h] [-v] [-o] [-a] [-f] [-T] [-D depth] [-t tempdir]
-               <archive/branch>[:<git-branch>] ...
+'git archimport' [-h] [-v] [-o] [-a] [-f] [-T] [-D <depth>] [-t <tempdir>]
+	       <archive>/<branch>[:<git-branch>]...
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
 Imports a project from one or more GNU Arch repositories.
 It will follow branches
-and repositories within the namespaces defined by the <archive/branch>
+and repositories within the namespaces defined by the <archive>/<branch>
 parameters supplied. If it cannot find the remote branch a merge comes from
 it will just import it as a regular commit. If it can find it, it will mark it
 as a merge whenever possible (see discussion below).
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
 
 It expects to be dealing with one project only. If it sees
 branches that have different roots, it will refuse to run. In that case,
-edit your <archive/branch> parameters to define clearly the scope of the
+edit your <archive>/<branch> parameters to define clearly the scope of the
 import.
 
 'git archimport' uses `tla` extensively in the background to access the
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@
 
 While 'git archimport' will try to create sensible branch names for the
 archives that it imports, it is also possible to specify Git branch names
-manually.  To do so, write a Git branch name after each <archive/branch>
+manually.  To do so, write a Git branch name after each <archive>/<branch>
 parameter, separated by a colon.  This way, you can shorten the Arch
 branch names and convert Arch jargon to Git jargon, for example mapping a
 "PROJECT{litdd}devo{litdd}VERSION" branch to "master".
@@ -104,8 +104,8 @@
 	Override the default tempdir.
 
 
-<archive/branch>::
-	Archive/branch identifier in a format that `tla log` understands.
+<archive>/<branch>::
+	<archive>/<branch> identifier in a format that `tla log` understands.
 
 
 GIT
diff --git a/Documentation/git-branch.txt b/Documentation/git-branch.txt
index 8af42ef..731e340 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-branch.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-branch.txt
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 	[--points-at <object>] [--format=<format>]
 	[(-r | --remotes) | (-a | --all)]
 	[--list] [<pattern>...]
-'git branch' [--track | --no-track] [-f] <branchname> [<start-point>]
+'git branch' [--track[=(direct|inherit)] | --no-track] [-f] <branchname> [<start-point>]
 'git branch' (--set-upstream-to=<upstream> | -u <upstream>) [<branchname>]
 'git branch' --unset-upstream [<branchname>]
 'git branch' (-m | -M) [<oldbranch>] <newbranch>
@@ -206,24 +206,34 @@
 	Display the full sha1s in the output listing rather than abbreviating them.
 
 -t::
---track::
+--track[=(direct|inherit)]::
 	When creating a new branch, set up `branch.<name>.remote` and
-	`branch.<name>.merge` configuration entries to mark the
-	start-point branch as "upstream" from the new branch. This
+	`branch.<name>.merge` configuration entries to set "upstream" tracking
+	configuration for the new branch. This
 	configuration will tell git to show the relationship between the
 	two branches in `git status` and `git branch -v`. Furthermore,
 	it directs `git pull` without arguments to pull from the
 	upstream when the new branch is checked out.
 +
-This behavior is the default when the start point is a remote-tracking branch.
+The exact upstream branch is chosen depending on the optional argument:
+`-t`, `--track`, or `--track=direct` means to use the start-point branch
+itself as the upstream; `--track=inherit` means to copy the upstream
+configuration of the start-point branch.
++
+`--track=direct` is the default when the start point is a remote-tracking branch.
 Set the branch.autoSetupMerge configuration variable to `false` if you
 want `git switch`, `git checkout` and `git branch` to always behave as if `--no-track`
 were given. Set it to `always` if you want this behavior when the
-start-point is either a local or remote-tracking branch.
+start-point is either a local or remote-tracking branch. Set it to
+`inherit` if you want to copy the tracking configuration from the
+branch point.
++
+See linkgit:git-pull[1] and linkgit:git-config[1] for additional discussion on
+how the `branch.<name>.remote` and `branch.<name>.merge` options are used.
 
 --no-track::
 	Do not set up "upstream" configuration, even if the
-	branch.autoSetupMerge configuration variable is true.
+	branch.autoSetupMerge configuration variable is set.
 
 --set-upstream::
 	As this option had confusing syntax, it is no longer supported.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-checkout.txt b/Documentation/git-checkout.txt
index d473c9b..9f37e22 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-checkout.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-checkout.txt
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 'git checkout' [-q] [-f] [-m] [<branch>]
 'git checkout' [-q] [-f] [-m] --detach [<branch>]
 'git checkout' [-q] [-f] [-m] [--detach] <commit>
-'git checkout' [-q] [-f] [-m] [[-b|-B|--orphan] <new_branch>] [<start_point>]
+'git checkout' [-q] [-f] [-m] [[-b|-B|--orphan] <new-branch>] [<start-point>]
 'git checkout' [-f|--ours|--theirs|-m|--conflict=<style>] [<tree-ish>] [--] <pathspec>...
 'git checkout' [-f|--ours|--theirs|-m|--conflict=<style>] [<tree-ish>] --pathspec-from-file=<file> [--pathspec-file-nul]
 'git checkout' (-p|--patch) [<tree-ish>] [--] [<pathspec>...]
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@
 rather expensive side-effects to show only the tracking information,
 if exists, for the current branch.
 
-'git checkout' -b|-B <new_branch> [<start point>]::
+'git checkout' -b|-B <new-branch> [<start-point>]::
 
 	Specifying `-b` causes a new branch to be created as if
 	linkgit:git-branch[1] were called and then checked out.  In
@@ -52,11 +52,11 @@
 	`--track` without `-b` implies branch creation; see the
 	description of `--track` below.
 +
-If `-B` is given, `<new_branch>` is created if it doesn't exist; otherwise, it
+If `-B` is given, `<new-branch>` is created if it doesn't exist; otherwise, it
 is reset. This is the transactional equivalent of
 +
 ------------
-$ git branch -f <branch> [<start point>]
+$ git branch -f <branch> [<start-point>]
 $ git checkout <branch>
 ------------
 +
@@ -145,18 +145,18 @@
 on your side branch as `theirs` (i.e. "one contributor's work on top
 of it").
 
--b <new_branch>::
-	Create a new branch named `<new_branch>` and start it at
-	`<start_point>`; see linkgit:git-branch[1] for details.
+-b <new-branch>::
+	Create a new branch named `<new-branch>` and start it at
+	`<start-point>`; see linkgit:git-branch[1] for details.
 
--B <new_branch>::
-	Creates the branch `<new_branch>` and start it at `<start_point>`;
-	if it already exists, then reset it to `<start_point>`. This is
+-B <new-branch>::
+	Creates the branch `<new-branch>` and start it at `<start-point>`;
+	if it already exists, then reset it to `<start-point>`. This is
 	equivalent to running "git branch" with "-f"; see
 	linkgit:git-branch[1] for details.
 
 -t::
---track::
+--track[=(direct|inherit)]::
 	When creating a new branch, set up "upstream" configuration. See
 	"--track" in linkgit:git-branch[1] for details.
 +
@@ -210,16 +210,16 @@
 	`<commit>` is not a branch name.  See the "DETACHED HEAD" section
 	below for details.
 
---orphan <new_branch>::
-	Create a new 'orphan' branch, named `<new_branch>`, started from
-	`<start_point>` and switch to it.  The first commit made on this
+--orphan <new-branch>::
+	Create a new 'orphan' branch, named `<new-branch>`, started from
+	`<start-point>` and switch to it.  The first commit made on this
 	new branch will have no parents and it will be the root of a new
 	history totally disconnected from all the other branches and
 	commits.
 +
 The index and the working tree are adjusted as if you had previously run
-`git checkout <start_point>`.  This allows you to start a new history
-that records a set of paths similar to `<start_point>` by easily running
+`git checkout <start-point>`.  This allows you to start a new history
+that records a set of paths similar to `<start-point>` by easily running
 `git commit -a` to make the root commit.
 +
 This can be useful when you want to publish the tree from a commit
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@
 code.
 +
 If you want to start a disconnected history that records a set of paths
-that is totally different from the one of `<start_point>`, then you should
+that is totally different from the one of `<start-point>`, then you should
 clear the index and the working tree right after creating the orphan
 branch by running `git rm -rf .` from the top level of the working tree.
 Afterwards you will be ready to prepare your new files, repopulating the
@@ -266,8 +266,7 @@
 	The same as `--merge` option above, but changes the way the
 	conflicting hunks are presented, overriding the
 	`merge.conflictStyle` configuration variable.  Possible values are
-	"merge" (default) and "diff3" (in addition to what is shown by
-	"merge" style, shows the original contents).
+	"merge" (default), "diff3", and "zdiff3".
 
 -p::
 --patch::
@@ -341,10 +340,10 @@
 merge base of `A` and `B` if there is exactly one merge base. You can
 leave out at most one of `A` and `B`, in which case it defaults to `HEAD`.
 
-<new_branch>::
+<new-branch>::
 	Name for the new branch.
 
-<start_point>::
+<start-point>::
 	The name of a commit at which to start the new branch; see
 	linkgit:git-branch[1] for details. Defaults to `HEAD`.
 +
diff --git a/Documentation/git-cherry-pick.txt b/Documentation/git-cherry-pick.txt
index 5d75031..78dcc91 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-cherry-pick.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-cherry-pick.txt
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
-'git cherry-pick' [--edit] [-n] [-m parent-number] [-s] [-x] [--ff]
+'git cherry-pick' [--edit] [-n] [-m <parent-number>] [-s] [-x] [--ff]
 		  [-S[<keyid>]] <commit>...
 'git cherry-pick' (--continue | --skip | --abort | --quit)
 
@@ -81,8 +81,8 @@
 	described above, and `-r` was to disable it.  Now the
 	default is not to do `-x` so this option is a no-op.
 
--m parent-number::
---mainline parent-number::
+-m <parent-number>::
+--mainline <parent-number>::
 	Usually you cannot cherry-pick a merge because you do not know which
 	side of the merge should be considered the mainline.  This
 	option specifies the parent number (starting from 1) of
diff --git a/Documentation/git-clone.txt b/Documentation/git-clone.txt
index 3fe3810..984d194 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-clone.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-clone.txt
@@ -9,10 +9,10 @@
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
-'git clone' [--template=<template_directory>]
+'git clone' [--template=<template-directory>]
 	  [-l] [-s] [--no-hardlinks] [-q] [-n] [--bare] [--mirror]
 	  [-o <name>] [-b <name>] [-u <upload-pack>] [--reference <repository>]
-	  [--dissociate] [--separate-git-dir <git dir>]
+	  [--dissociate] [--separate-git-dir <git-dir>]
 	  [--depth <depth>] [--[no-]single-branch] [--no-tags]
 	  [--recurse-submodules[=<pathspec>]] [--[no-]shallow-submodules]
 	  [--[no-]remote-submodules] [--jobs <n>] [--sparse] [--[no-]reject-shallow]
@@ -167,10 +167,10 @@
 	configuration variables are created.
 
 --sparse::
-	Initialize the sparse-checkout file so the working
-	directory starts with only the files in the root
-	of the repository. The sparse-checkout file can be
-	modified to grow the working directory as needed.
+	Employ a sparse-checkout, with only files in the toplevel
+	directory initially being present.  The
+	linkgit:git-sparse-checkout[1] command can be used to grow the
+	working directory as needed.
 
 --filter=<filter-spec>::
 	Use the partial clone feature and request that the server sends
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@
 	via ssh, this specifies a non-default path for the command
 	run on the other end.
 
---template=<template_directory>::
+--template=<template-directory>::
 	Specify the directory from which templates will be used;
 	(See the "TEMPLATE DIRECTORY" section of linkgit:git-init[1].)
 
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@
 	superproject's recorded SHA-1. Equivalent to passing `--remote` to
 	`git submodule update`.
 
---separate-git-dir=<git dir>::
+--separate-git-dir=<git-dir>::
 	Instead of placing the cloned repository where it is supposed
 	to be, place the cloned repository at the specified directory,
 	then make a filesystem-agnostic Git symbolic link to there.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-config.txt b/Documentation/git-config.txt
index 992225f..2285eff 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-config.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-config.txt
@@ -9,20 +9,20 @@
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
-'git config' [<file-option>] [--type=<type>] [--fixed-value] [--show-origin] [--show-scope] [-z|--null] name [value [value-pattern]]
-'git config' [<file-option>] [--type=<type>] --add name value
-'git config' [<file-option>] [--type=<type>] [--fixed-value] --replace-all name value [value-pattern]
-'git config' [<file-option>] [--type=<type>] [--show-origin] [--show-scope] [-z|--null] [--fixed-value] --get name [value-pattern]
-'git config' [<file-option>] [--type=<type>] [--show-origin] [--show-scope] [-z|--null] [--fixed-value] --get-all name [value-pattern]
-'git config' [<file-option>] [--type=<type>] [--show-origin] [--show-scope] [-z|--null] [--fixed-value] [--name-only] --get-regexp name_regex [value-pattern]
-'git config' [<file-option>] [--type=<type>] [-z|--null] --get-urlmatch name URL
-'git config' [<file-option>] [--fixed-value] --unset name [value-pattern]
-'git config' [<file-option>] [--fixed-value] --unset-all name [value-pattern]
-'git config' [<file-option>] --rename-section old_name new_name
-'git config' [<file-option>] --remove-section name
+'git config' [<file-option>] [--type=<type>] [--fixed-value] [--show-origin] [--show-scope] [-z|--null] <name> [<value> [<value-pattern>]]
+'git config' [<file-option>] [--type=<type>] --add <name> <value>
+'git config' [<file-option>] [--type=<type>] [--fixed-value] --replace-all <name> <value> [<value-pattern>]
+'git config' [<file-option>] [--type=<type>] [--show-origin] [--show-scope] [-z|--null] [--fixed-value] --get <name> [<value-pattern>]
+'git config' [<file-option>] [--type=<type>] [--show-origin] [--show-scope] [-z|--null] [--fixed-value] --get-all <name> [<value-pattern>]
+'git config' [<file-option>] [--type=<type>] [--show-origin] [--show-scope] [-z|--null] [--fixed-value] [--name-only] --get-regexp <name-regex> [<value-pattern>]
+'git config' [<file-option>] [--type=<type>] [-z|--null] --get-urlmatch <name> <URL>
+'git config' [<file-option>] [--fixed-value] --unset <name> [<value-pattern>]
+'git config' [<file-option>] [--fixed-value] --unset-all <name> [<value-pattern>]
+'git config' [<file-option>] --rename-section <old-name> <new-name>
+'git config' [<file-option>] --remove-section <name>
 'git config' [<file-option>] [--show-origin] [--show-scope] [-z|--null] [--name-only] -l | --list
-'git config' [<file-option>] --get-color name [default]
-'git config' [<file-option>] --get-colorbool name [stdout-is-tty]
+'git config' [<file-option>] --get-color <name> [<default>]
+'git config' [<file-option>] --get-colorbool <name> [<stdout-is-tty>]
 'git config' [<file-option>] -e | --edit
 
 DESCRIPTION
@@ -102,9 +102,9 @@
 	in which section and variable names are lowercased, but subsection
 	names are not.
 
---get-urlmatch name URL::
+--get-urlmatch <name> <URL>::
 	When given a two-part name section.key, the value for
-	section.<url>.key whose <url> part matches the best to the
+	section.<URL>.key whose <URL> part matches the best to the
 	given URL is returned (if no such key exists, the value for
 	section.key is used as a fallback).  When given just the
 	section as name, do so for all the keys in the section and
@@ -145,8 +145,8 @@
 	read from or written to if `extensions.worktreeConfig` is
 	present. If not it's the same as `--local`.
 
--f config-file::
---file config-file::
+-f <config-file>::
+--file <config-file>::
 	For writing options: write to the specified file rather than the
 	repository `.git/config`.
 +
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@
 +
 See also <<FILES>>.
 
---blob blob::
+--blob <blob>::
 	Similar to `--file` but use the given blob instead of a file. E.g.
 	you can use 'master:.gitmodules' to read values from the file
 	'.gitmodules' in the master branch. See "SPECIFYING REVISIONS"
@@ -246,18 +246,18 @@
 	all queried config options with the scope of that value
 	(local, global, system, command).
 
---get-colorbool name [stdout-is-tty]::
+--get-colorbool <name> [<stdout-is-tty>]::
 
-	Find the color setting for `name` (e.g. `color.diff`) and output
-	"true" or "false".  `stdout-is-tty` should be either "true" or
+	Find the color setting for `<name>` (e.g. `color.diff`) and output
+	"true" or "false".  `<stdout-is-tty>` should be either "true" or
 	"false", and is taken into account when configuration says
-	"auto".  If `stdout-is-tty` is missing, then checks the standard
+	"auto".  If `<stdout-is-tty>` is missing, then checks the standard
 	output of the command itself, and exits with status 0 if color
 	is to be used, or exits with status 1 otherwise.
 	When the color setting for `name` is undefined, the command uses
 	`color.ui` as fallback.
 
---get-color name [default]::
+--get-color <name> [<default>]::
 
 	Find the color configured for `name` (e.g. `color.diff.new`) and
 	output it as the ANSI color escape sequence to the standard
diff --git a/Documentation/git-credential.txt b/Documentation/git-credential.txt
index 206e3c5..f186730 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-credential.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-credential.txt
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 ------------------
-git credential <fill|approve|reject>
+'git credential' (fill|approve|reject)
 ------------------
 
 DESCRIPTION
diff --git a/Documentation/git-cvsexportcommit.txt b/Documentation/git-cvsexportcommit.txt
index 00154b6..41c8a8a 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-cvsexportcommit.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-cvsexportcommit.txt
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
-'git cvsexportcommit' [-h] [-u] [-v] [-c] [-P] [-p] [-a] [-d cvsroot]
-	[-w cvsworkdir] [-W] [-f] [-m msgprefix] [PARENTCOMMIT] COMMITID
+'git cvsexportcommit' [-h] [-u] [-v] [-c] [-P] [-p] [-a] [-d <cvsroot>]
+	[-w <cvs-workdir>] [-W] [-f] [-m <msgprefix>] [<parent-commit>] <commit-id>
 
 
 DESCRIPTION
diff --git a/Documentation/git-cvsimport.txt b/Documentation/git-cvsimport.txt
index de1ebed..b3f2767 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-cvsimport.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-cvsimport.txt
@@ -11,9 +11,9 @@
 [verse]
 'git cvsimport' [-o <branch-for-HEAD>] [-h] [-v] [-d <CVSROOT>]
 	      [-A <author-conv-file>] [-p <options-for-cvsps>] [-P <file>]
-	      [-C <git_repository>] [-z <fuzz>] [-i] [-k] [-u] [-s <subst>]
-	      [-a] [-m] [-M <regex>] [-S <regex>] [-L <commitlimit>]
-	      [-r <remote>] [-R] [<CVS_module>]
+	      [-C <git-repository>] [-z <fuzz>] [-i] [-k] [-u] [-s <subst>]
+	      [-a] [-m] [-M <regex>] [-S <regex>] [-L <commit-limit>]
+	      [-r <remote>] [-R] [<CVS-module>]
 
 
 DESCRIPTION
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@
 	from `CVS/Root`. If no such file exists, it checks for the
 	`CVSROOT` environment variable.
 
-<CVS_module>::
+<CVS-module>::
 	The CVS module you want to import. Relative to <CVSROOT>.
 	If not given, 'git cvsimport' tries to read it from
 	`CVS/Repository`.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-diff-files.txt b/Documentation/git-diff-files.txt
index 906774f..bf1febb 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-diff-files.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-diff-files.txt
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
-'git diff-files' [-q] [-0|-1|-2|-3|-c|--cc] [<common diff options>] [<path>...]
+'git diff-files' [-q] [-0|-1|-2|-3|-c|--cc] [<common-diff-options>] [<path>...]
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
diff --git a/Documentation/git-diff-index.txt b/Documentation/git-diff-index.txt
index 27acb31..679cae2 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-diff-index.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-diff-index.txt
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
-'git diff-index' [-m] [--cached] [--merge-base] [<common diff options>] <tree-ish> [<path>...]
+'git diff-index' [-m] [--cached] [--merge-base] [<common-diff-options>] <tree-ish> [<path>...]
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
diff --git a/Documentation/git-diff-tree.txt b/Documentation/git-diff-tree.txt
index 2fc24c5..274d5ea 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-diff-tree.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-diff-tree.txt
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 [verse]
 'git diff-tree' [--stdin] [-m] [-s] [-v] [--no-commit-id] [--pretty]
 	      [-t] [-r] [-c | --cc] [--combined-all-paths] [--root] [--merge-base]
-	      [<common diff options>] <tree-ish> [<tree-ish>] [<path>...]
+	      [<common-diff-options>] <tree-ish> [<tree-ish>] [<path>...]
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
diff --git a/Documentation/git-fmt-merge-msg.txt b/Documentation/git-fmt-merge-msg.txt
index 6793d8f..6f28812 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-fmt-merge-msg.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-fmt-merge-msg.txt
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
-'git fmt-merge-msg' [-m <message>] [--log[=<n>] | --no-log]
+'git fmt-merge-msg' [-m <message>] [--into-name <branch>] [--log[=<n>] | --no-log]
 'git fmt-merge-msg' [-m <message>] [--log[=<n>] | --no-log] -F <file>
 
 DESCRIPTION
@@ -44,6 +44,10 @@
 	Use <message> instead of the branch names for the first line
 	of the log message.  For use with `--log`.
 
+--into-name <branch>::
+	Prepare the merge message as if merging to the branch `<branch>`,
+	instead of the name of the real branch to which the merge is made.
+
 -F <file>::
 --file <file>::
 	Take the list of merged objects from <file> instead of
diff --git a/Documentation/git-format-patch.txt b/Documentation/git-format-patch.txt
index 113eabc..be797d7 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-format-patch.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-format-patch.txt
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 		   [-n | --numbered | -N | --no-numbered]
 		   [--start-number <n>] [--numbered-files]
 		   [--in-reply-to=<message id>] [--suffix=.<sfx>]
-		   [--ignore-if-in-upstream]
+		   [--ignore-if-in-upstream] [--always]
 		   [--cover-from-description=<mode>]
 		   [--rfc] [--subject-prefix=<subject prefix>]
 		   [(--reroll-count|-v) <n>]
@@ -192,6 +192,10 @@
 	patches being generated, and any patch that matches is
 	ignored.
 
+--always::
+	Include patches for commits that do not introduce any change,
+	which are omitted by default.
+
 --cover-from-description=<mode>::
 	Controls which parts of the cover letter will be automatically
 	populated using the branch's description.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-fsck.txt b/Documentation/git-fsck.txt
index bd59661..5088783 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-fsck.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-fsck.txt
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 'git fsck' [--tags] [--root] [--unreachable] [--cache] [--no-reflogs]
 	 [--[no-]full] [--strict] [--verbose] [--lost-found]
 	 [--[no-]dangling] [--[no-]progress] [--connectivity-only]
-	 [--[no-]name-objects] [<object>*]
+	 [--[no-]name-objects] [<object>...]
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
diff --git a/Documentation/git-gui.txt b/Documentation/git-gui.txt
index c9d7e96..e8f3ccb 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-gui.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-gui.txt
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
-'git gui' [<command>] [arguments]
+'git gui' [<command>] [<arguments>]
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
diff --git a/Documentation/git-help.txt b/Documentation/git-help.txt
index 96d5f59..44ea63c 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-help.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-help.txt
@@ -9,14 +9,14 @@
 --------
 [verse]
 'git help' [-a|--all [--[no-]verbose]]
-	   [[-i|--info] [-m|--man] [-w|--web]] [COMMAND|GUIDE]
+	   [[-i|--info] [-m|--man] [-w|--web]] [<command>|<guide>]
 'git help' [-g|--guides]
 'git help' [-c|--config]
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
 
-With no options and no COMMAND or GUIDE given, the synopsis of the 'git'
+With no options and no '<command>' or '<guide>' given, the synopsis of the 'git'
 command and a list of the most commonly used Git commands are printed
 on the standard output.
 
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
 
 If an alias is given, git shows the definition of the alias on
 standard output. To get the manual page for the aliased command, use
-`git COMMAND --help`.
+`git <command> --help`.
 
 Note that `git --help ...` is identical to `git help ...` because the
 former is internally converted into the latter.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-http-fetch.txt b/Documentation/git-http-fetch.txt
index 9fa17b6..319062c 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-http-fetch.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-http-fetch.txt
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
-'git http-fetch' [-c] [-t] [-a] [-d] [-v] [-w filename] [--recover] [--stdin | --packfile=<hash> | <commit>] <url>
+'git http-fetch' [-c] [-t] [-a] [-d] [-v] [-w <filename>] [--recover] [--stdin | --packfile=<hash> | <commit>] <URL>
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
diff --git a/Documentation/git-http-push.txt b/Documentation/git-http-push.txt
index ea03a4e..7c6a6dd 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-http-push.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-http-push.txt
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
-'git http-push' [--all] [--dry-run] [--force] [--verbose] <url> <ref> [<ref>...]
+'git http-push' [--all] [--dry-run] [--force] [--verbose] <URL> <ref> [<ref>...]
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
@@ -63,16 +63,15 @@
 cannot have a colon in it).  A single pattern '<name>' is just a
 shorthand for '<name>:<name>'.
 
-Each pattern pair consists of the source side (before the colon)
-and the destination side (after the colon).  The ref to be
-pushed is determined by finding a match that matches the source
-side, and where it is pushed is determined by using the
-destination side.
+Each pattern pair '<src>:<dst>' consists of the source side (before
+the colon) and the destination side (after the colon).  The ref to be
+pushed is determined by finding a match that matches the source side,
+and where it is pushed is determined by using the destination side.
 
- - It is an error if <src> does not match exactly one of the
+ - It is an error if '<src>' does not match exactly one of the
    local refs.
 
- - If <dst> does not match any remote ref, either
+ - If '<dst>' does not match any remote ref, either
 
    * it has to start with "refs/"; <dst> is used as the
      destination literally in this case.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-init-db.txt b/Documentation/git-init-db.txt
index 648a6cd..18bf1a3 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-init-db.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-init-db.txt
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
-'git init-db' [-q | --quiet] [--bare] [--template=<template_directory>] [--separate-git-dir <git dir>] [--shared[=<permissions>]]
+'git init-db' [-q | --quiet] [--bare] [--template=<template-directory>] [--separate-git-dir <git-dir>] [--shared[=<permissions>]]
 
 
 DESCRIPTION
diff --git a/Documentation/git-init.txt b/Documentation/git-init.txt
index b611d80..ad921fe 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-init.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-init.txt
@@ -9,10 +9,10 @@
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
-'git init' [-q | --quiet] [--bare] [--template=<template_directory>]
-	  [--separate-git-dir <git dir>] [--object-format=<format>]
+'git init' [-q | --quiet] [--bare] [--template=<template-directory>]
+	  [--separate-git-dir <git-dir>] [--object-format=<format>]
 	  [-b <branch-name> | --initial-branch=<branch-name>]
-	  [--shared[=<permissions>]] [directory]
+	  [--shared[=<permissions>]] [<directory>]
 
 
 DESCRIPTION
@@ -57,12 +57,12 @@
 +
 include::object-format-disclaimer.txt[]
 
---template=<template_directory>::
+--template=<template-directory>::
 
 Specify the directory from which templates will be used.  (See the "TEMPLATE
 DIRECTORY" section below.)
 
---separate-git-dir=<git dir>::
+--separate-git-dir=<git-dir>::
 
 Instead of initializing the repository as a directory to either `$GIT_DIR` or
 `./.git/`, create a text file there containing the path to the actual
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@
 `master`, but this is subject to change in the future; the name can be
 customized via the `init.defaultBranch` configuration variable).
 
---shared[=(false|true|umask|group|all|world|everybody|0xxx)]::
+--shared[=(false|true|umask|group|all|world|everybody|<perm>)]::
 
 Specify that the Git repository is to be shared amongst several users.  This
 allows users belonging to the same group to push into that
@@ -110,13 +110,16 @@
 
 Same as 'group', but make the repository readable by all users.
 
-'0xxx'::
+'<perm>'::
 
-'0xxx' is an octal number and each file will have mode '0xxx'. '0xxx' will
-override users' umask(2) value (and not only loosen permissions as 'group' and
-'all' does). '0640' will create a repository which is group-readable, but not
-group-writable or accessible to others. '0660' will create a repo that is
-readable and writable to the current user and group, but inaccessible to others.
+'<perm>' is a 3-digit octal number prefixed with `0` and each file
+will have mode '<perm>'. '<perm>' will override users' umask(2)
+value (and not only loosen permissions as 'group' and 'all'
+does). '0640' will create a repository which is group-readable, but
+not group-writable or accessible to others. '0660' will create a repo
+that is readable and writable to the current user and group, but
+inaccessible to others (directories and executable files get their
+`x` bit from the `r` bit for corresponding classes of users).
 --
 
 By default, the configuration flag `receive.denyNonFastForwards` is enabled
diff --git a/Documentation/git-log.txt b/Documentation/git-log.txt
index 0498e7b..20e87ce 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-log.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-log.txt
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
-'git log' [<options>] [<revision range>] [[--] <path>...]
+'git log' [<options>] [<revision-range>] [[--] <path>...]
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
@@ -81,13 +81,13 @@
 
 include::line-range-options.txt[]
 
-<revision range>::
+<revision-range>::
 	Show only commits in the specified revision range.  When no
-	<revision range> is specified, it defaults to `HEAD` (i.e. the
+	<revision-range> is specified, it defaults to `HEAD` (i.e. the
 	whole history leading to the current commit).  `origin..HEAD`
 	specifies all the commits reachable from the current commit
 	(i.e. `HEAD`), but not from `origin`. For a complete list of
-	ways to spell <revision range>, see the 'Specifying Ranges'
+	ways to spell <revision-range>, see the 'Specifying Ranges'
 	section of linkgit:gitrevisions[7].
 
 [--] <path>...::
diff --git a/Documentation/git-ls-files.txt b/Documentation/git-ls-files.txt
index 6d11ab5..48cc7c0 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-ls-files.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-ls-files.txt
@@ -10,9 +10,9 @@
 --------
 [verse]
 'git ls-files' [-z] [-t] [-v] [-f]
-		(--[cached|deleted|others|ignored|stage|unmerged|killed|modified])*
-		(-[c|d|o|i|s|u|k|m])*
-		[--eol]
+		[-c|--cached] [-d|--deleted] [-o|--others] [-i|--|ignored]
+		[-s|--stage] [-u|--unmerged] [-k|--|killed] [-m|--modified]
+		[--directory [--no-empty-directory]] [--eol]
 		[--deduplicate]
 		[-x <pattern>|--exclude=<pattern>]
 		[-X <file>|--exclude-from=<file>]
@@ -187,6 +187,11 @@
 and in the working tree ("w/<eolinfo>") are shown for regular files,
 followed by the  ("attr/<eolattr>").
 
+--sparse::
+	If the index is sparse, show the sparse directories without expanding
+	to the contained files. Sparse directories will be shown with a
+	trailing slash, such as "x/" for a sparse directory "x".
+
 \--::
 	Do not interpret any more arguments as options.
 
diff --git a/Documentation/git-merge-file.txt b/Documentation/git-merge-file.txt
index f856032..7e9093f 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-merge-file.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-merge-file.txt
@@ -70,6 +70,9 @@
 --diff3::
 	Show conflicts in "diff3" style.
 
+--zdiff3::
+	Show conflicts in "zdiff3" style.
+
 --ours::
 --theirs::
 --union::
diff --git a/Documentation/git-merge-index.txt b/Documentation/git-merge-index.txt
index 2ab84a9..eea56b3 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-merge-index.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-merge-index.txt
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
-'git merge-index' [-o] [-q] <merge-program> (-a | [--] <file>*)
+'git merge-index' [-o] [-q] <merge-program> (-a | ( [--] <file>...) )
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
diff --git a/Documentation/git-merge.txt b/Documentation/git-merge.txt
index e4f3352..3125473 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-merge.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-merge.txt
@@ -12,7 +12,8 @@
 'git merge' [-n] [--stat] [--no-commit] [--squash] [--[no-]edit]
 	[--no-verify] [-s <strategy>] [-X <strategy-option>] [-S[<keyid>]]
 	[--[no-]allow-unrelated-histories]
-	[--[no-]rerere-autoupdate] [-m <msg>] [-F <file>] [<commit>...]
+	[--[no-]rerere-autoupdate] [-m <msg>] [-F <file>]
+	[--into-name <branch>] [<commit>...]
 'git merge' (--continue | --abort | --quit)
 
 DESCRIPTION
@@ -76,6 +77,11 @@
 used to give a good default for automated 'git merge'
 invocations. The automated message can include the branch description.
 
+--into-name <branch>::
+	Prepare the default merge message as if merging to the branch
+	`<branch>`, instead of the name of the real branch to which
+	the merge is made.
+
 -F <file>::
 --file=<file>::
 	Read the commit message to be used for the merge commit (in
@@ -240,7 +246,8 @@
 
 ------------
 Here are lines that are either unchanged from the common
-ancestor, or cleanly resolved because only one side changed.
+ancestor, or cleanly resolved because only one side changed,
+or cleanly resolved because both sides changed the same way.
 <<<<<<< yours:sample.txt
 Conflict resolution is hard;
 let's go shopping.
@@ -261,16 +268,37 @@
 other side wants to claim it is easy.
 
 An alternative style can be used by setting the "merge.conflictStyle"
-configuration variable to "diff3".  In "diff3" style, the above conflict
-may look like this:
+configuration variable to either "diff3" or "zdiff3".  In "diff3"
+style, the above conflict may look like this:
 
 ------------
 Here are lines that are either unchanged from the common
-ancestor, or cleanly resolved because only one side changed.
+ancestor, or cleanly resolved because only one side changed,
+<<<<<<< yours:sample.txt
+or cleanly resolved because both sides changed the same way.
+Conflict resolution is hard;
+let's go shopping.
+||||||| base:sample.txt
+or cleanly resolved because both sides changed identically.
+Conflict resolution is hard.
+=======
+or cleanly resolved because both sides changed the same way.
+Git makes conflict resolution easy.
+>>>>>>> theirs:sample.txt
+And here is another line that is cleanly resolved or unmodified.
+------------
+
+while in "zdiff3" style, it may look like this:
+
+------------
+Here are lines that are either unchanged from the common
+ancestor, or cleanly resolved because only one side changed,
+or cleanly resolved because both sides changed the same way.
 <<<<<<< yours:sample.txt
 Conflict resolution is hard;
 let's go shopping.
-|||||||
+||||||| base:sample.txt
+or cleanly resolved because both sides changed identically.
 Conflict resolution is hard.
 =======
 Git makes conflict resolution easy.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-p4.txt b/Documentation/git-p4.txt
index 38e5257..e21fcd8 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-p4.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-p4.txt
@@ -9,10 +9,10 @@
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
-'git p4 clone' [<sync options>] [<clone options>] <p4 depot path>...
-'git p4 sync' [<sync options>] [<p4 depot path>...]
+'git p4 clone' [<sync-options>] [<clone-options>] <p4-depot-path>...
+'git p4 sync' [<sync-options>] [<p4-depot-path>...]
 'git p4 rebase'
-'git p4 submit' [<submit options>] [<master branch name>]
+'git p4 submit' [<submit-options>] [<master-branch-name>]
 
 
 DESCRIPTION
@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@
 	p4/master.  See the "Sync options" section above for more
 	information.
 
---commit <sha1>|<sha1..sha1>::
+--commit (<sha1>|<sha1>..<sha1>)::
     Submit only the specified commit or range of commits, instead of the full
     list of changes that are in the current Git branch.
 
diff --git a/Documentation/git-pack-objects.txt b/Documentation/git-pack-objects.txt
index dbfd1f9..f8344e1 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-pack-objects.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-pack-objects.txt
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@
 	[--no-reuse-delta] [--delta-base-offset] [--non-empty]
 	[--local] [--incremental] [--window=<n>] [--depth=<n>]
 	[--revs [--unpacked | --all]] [--keep-pack=<pack-name>]
-	[--stdout [--filter=<filter-spec>] | base-name]
-	[--shallow] [--keep-true-parents] [--[no-]sparse] < object-list
+	[--stdout [--filter=<filter-spec>] | <base-name>]
+	[--shallow] [--keep-true-parents] [--[no-]sparse] < <object-list>
 
 
 DESCRIPTION
diff --git a/Documentation/git-pack-redundant.txt b/Documentation/git-pack-redundant.txt
index f2869da..ee7034b 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-pack-redundant.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-pack-redundant.txt
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
-'git pack-redundant' [ --verbose ] [ --alt-odb ] < --all | .pack filename ... >
+'git pack-redundant' [ --verbose ] [ --alt-odb ] ( --all | <pack-filename>... )
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
diff --git a/Documentation/git-rebase.txt b/Documentation/git-rebase.txt
index a1af21f..9da4647 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-rebase.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-rebase.txt
@@ -714,9 +714,9 @@
 generates new fake commits based off limited information in the
 generated patches), those commits cannot be identified; instead it has
 to fall back to a commit summary.  Also, when merge.conflictStyle is
-set to diff3, the apply backend will use "constructed merge base" to
-label the content from the merge base, and thus provide no information
-about the merge base commit whatsoever.
+set to diff3 or zdiff3, the apply backend will use "constructed merge
+base" to label the content from the merge base, and thus provide no
+information about the merge base commit whatsoever.
 
 The merge backend works with the full commits on both sides of history
 and thus has no such limitations.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-reflog.txt b/Documentation/git-reflog.txt
index ff487ff..5ced7ad 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-reflog.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-reflog.txt
@@ -17,12 +17,12 @@
 depending on the subcommand:
 
 [verse]
-'git reflog' ['show'] [log-options] [<ref>]
+'git reflog' ['show'] [<log-options>] [<ref>]
 'git reflog expire' [--expire=<time>] [--expire-unreachable=<time>]
 	[--rewrite] [--updateref] [--stale-fix]
 	[--dry-run | -n] [--verbose] [--all [--single-worktree] | <refs>...]
 'git reflog delete' [--rewrite] [--updateref]
-	[--dry-run | -n] [--verbose] ref@\{specifier\}...
+	[--dry-run | -n] [--verbose] <ref>@\{<specifier>\}...
 'git reflog exists' <ref>
 
 Reference logs, or "reflogs", record when the tips of branches and
diff --git a/Documentation/git-remote.txt b/Documentation/git-remote.txt
index 31c29c9..2bebc32 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-remote.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-remote.txt
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 --------
 [verse]
 'git remote' [-v | --verbose]
-'git remote add' [-t <branch>] [-m <master>] [-f] [--[no-]tags] [--mirror=(fetch|push)] <name> <url>
+'git remote add' [-t <branch>] [-m <master>] [-f] [--[no-]tags] [--mirror=(fetch|push)] <name> <URL>
 'git remote rename' <old> <new>
 'git remote remove' <name>
 'git remote set-head' <name> (-a | --auto | -d | --delete | <branch>)
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 'git remote get-url' [--push] [--all] <name>
 'git remote set-url' [--push] <name> <newurl> [<oldurl>]
 'git remote set-url --add' [--push] <name> <newurl>
-'git remote set-url --delete' [--push] <name> <url>
+'git remote set-url --delete' [--push] <name> <URL>
 'git remote' [-v | --verbose] 'show' [-n] <name>...
 'git remote prune' [-n | --dry-run] <name>...
 'git remote' [-v | --verbose] 'update' [-p | --prune] [(<group> | <remote>)...]
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@
 'add'::
 
 Add a remote named <name> for the repository at
-<url>.  The command `git fetch <name>` can then be used to create and
+<URL>.  The command `git fetch <name>` can then be used to create and
 update remote-tracking branches <name>/<branch>.
 +
 With `-f` option, `git fetch <name>` is run immediately after
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@
 With `--add`, instead of changing existing URLs, new URL is added.
 +
 With `--delete`, instead of changing existing URLs, all URLs matching
-regex <url> are deleted for remote <name>.  Trying to delete all
+regex <URL> are deleted for remote <name>.  Trying to delete all
 non-push URLs is an error.
 +
 Note that the push URL and the fetch URL, even though they can
diff --git a/Documentation/git-repack.txt b/Documentation/git-repack.txt
index 7183fb4..ee30edc 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-repack.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-repack.txt
@@ -76,8 +76,9 @@
 	linkgit:git-pack-objects[1].
 
 -q::
-	Pass the `-q` option to 'git pack-objects'. See
-	linkgit:git-pack-objects[1].
+--quiet::
+	Show no progress over the standard error stream and pass the `-q`
+	option to 'git pack-objects'. See linkgit:git-pack-objects[1].
 
 -n::
 	Do not update the server information with
diff --git a/Documentation/git-request-pull.txt b/Documentation/git-request-pull.txt
index 4d4392d..fa5a426 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-request-pull.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-request-pull.txt
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
-'git request-pull' [-p] <start> <url> [<end>]
+'git request-pull' [-p] <start> <URL> [<end>]
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 The upstream project is expected to have the commit named by
 `<start>` and the output asks it to integrate the changes you made
 since that commit, up to the commit named by `<end>`, by visiting
-the repository named by `<url>`.
+the repository named by `<URL>`.
 
 
 OPTIONS
@@ -33,14 +33,14 @@
 	Commit to start at.  This names a commit that is already in
 	the upstream history.
 
-<url>::
+<URL>::
 	The repository URL to be pulled from.
 
 <end>::
 	Commit to end at (defaults to HEAD).  This names the commit
 	at the tip of the history you are asking to be pulled.
 +
-When the repository named by `<url>` has the commit at a tip of a
+When the repository named by `<URL>` has the commit at a tip of a
 ref that is different from the ref you have locally, you can use the
 `<local>:<remote>` syntax, to have its local name, a colon `:`, and
 its remote name.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-restore.txt b/Documentation/git-restore.txt
index 55bde91..5964810 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-restore.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-restore.txt
@@ -92,8 +92,7 @@
 	The same as `--merge` option above, but changes the way the
 	conflicting hunks are presented, overriding the
 	`merge.conflictStyle` configuration variable.  Possible values
-	are "merge" (default) and "diff3" (in addition to what is
-	shown by "merge" style, shows the original contents).
+	are "merge" (default), "diff3", and "zdiff3".
 
 --ignore-unmerged::
 	When restoring files on the working tree from the index, do
diff --git a/Documentation/git-send-email.txt b/Documentation/git-send-email.txt
index 3db4eab..41cd8cb 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-send-email.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-send-email.txt
@@ -9,7 +9,8 @@
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
-'git send-email' [<options>] <file|directory|rev-list options>...
+'git send-email' [<options>] <file|directory>...
+'git send-email' [<options>] <format-patch options>
 'git send-email' --dump-aliases
 
 
@@ -19,7 +20,8 @@
 Patches can be specified as files, directories (which will send all
 files in the directory), or directly as a revision list.  In the
 last case, any format accepted by linkgit:git-format-patch[1] can
-be passed to git send-email.
+be passed to git send-email, as well as options understood by
+linkgit:git-format-patch[1].
 
 The header of the email is configurable via command-line options.  If not
 specified on the command line, the user will be prompted with a ReadLine
diff --git a/Documentation/git-shortlog.txt b/Documentation/git-shortlog.txt
index c9c7f30..f64e770 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-shortlog.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-shortlog.txt
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
-'git shortlog' [<options>] [<revision range>] [[--] <path>...]
+'git shortlog' [<options>] [<revision-range>] [[--] <path>...]
 git log --pretty=short | 'git shortlog' [<options>]
 
 DESCRIPTION
@@ -89,13 +89,13 @@
 If width is `0` (zero) then indent the lines of the output without wrapping
 them.
 
-<revision range>::
+<revision-range>::
 	Show only commits in the specified revision range.  When no
-	<revision range> is specified, it defaults to `HEAD` (i.e. the
+	<revision-range> is specified, it defaults to `HEAD` (i.e. the
 	whole history leading to the current commit).  `origin..HEAD`
 	specifies all the commits reachable from the current commit
 	(i.e. `HEAD`), but not from `origin`. For a complete list of
-	ways to spell <revision range>, see the "Specifying Ranges"
+	ways to spell <revision-range>, see the "Specifying Ranges"
 	section of linkgit:gitrevisions[7].
 
 [--] <path>...::
diff --git a/Documentation/git-sparse-checkout.txt b/Documentation/git-sparse-checkout.txt
index 42056ee..b81dbe0 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-sparse-checkout.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-sparse-checkout.txt
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
-'git sparse-checkout <subcommand> [options]'
+'git sparse-checkout <subcommand> [<options>]'
 
 
 DESCRIPTION
@@ -30,28 +30,36 @@
 'list'::
 	Describe the patterns in the sparse-checkout file.
 
-'init'::
-	Enable the `core.sparseCheckout` setting. If the
-	sparse-checkout file does not exist, then populate it with
-	patterns that match every file in the root directory and
-	no other directories, then will remove all directories tracked
-	by Git. Add patterns to the sparse-checkout file to
-	repopulate the working directory.
+'set'::
+	Enable the necessary config settings
+	(extensions.worktreeConfig, core.sparseCheckout,
+	core.sparseCheckoutCone) if they are not already enabled, and
+	write a set of patterns to the sparse-checkout file from the
+	list of arguments following the 'set' subcommand. Update the
+	working directory to match the new patterns.
 +
-To avoid interfering with other worktrees, it first enables the
-`extensions.worktreeConfig` setting and makes sure to set the
-`core.sparseCheckout` setting in the worktree-specific config file.
+When the `--stdin` option is provided, the patterns are read from
+standard in as a newline-delimited list instead of from the arguments.
 +
-When `--cone` is provided, the `core.sparseCheckoutCone` setting is
-also set, allowing for better performance with a limited set of
-patterns (see 'CONE PATTERN SET' below).
+When `--cone` is passed or `core.sparseCheckoutCone` is enabled, the
+input list is considered a list of directories instead of
+sparse-checkout patterns.  This allows for better performance with a
+limited set of patterns (see 'CONE PATTERN SET' below).  Note that the
+set command will write patterns to the sparse-checkout file to include
+all files contained in those directories (recursively) as well as
+files that are siblings of ancestor directories. The input format
+matches the output of `git ls-tree --name-only`.  This includes
+interpreting pathnames that begin with a double quote (") as C-style
+quoted strings.  This may become the default in the future; --no-cone
+can be passed to request non-cone mode.
 +
-Use the `--[no-]sparse-index` option to toggle the use of the sparse
-index format. This reduces the size of the index to be more closely
-aligned with your sparse-checkout definition. This can have significant
-performance advantages for commands such as `git status` or `git add`.
-This feature is still experimental. Some commands might be slower with
-a sparse index until they are properly integrated with the feature.
+Use the `--[no-]sparse-index` option to use a sparse index (the
+default is to not use it).  A sparse index reduces the size of the
+index to be more closely aligned with your sparse-checkout
+definition. This can have significant performance advantages for
+commands such as `git status` or `git add`.  This feature is still
+experimental. Some commands might be slower with a sparse index until
+they are properly integrated with the feature.
 +
 **WARNING:** Using a sparse index requires modifying the index in a way
 that is not completely understood by external tools. If you have trouble
@@ -60,23 +68,6 @@
 understand the sparse directory entries index extension and may fail to
 interact with your repository until it is disabled.
 
-'set'::
-	Write a set of patterns to the sparse-checkout file, as given as
-	a list of arguments following the 'set' subcommand. Update the
-	working directory to match the new patterns. Enable the
-	core.sparseCheckout config setting if it is not already enabled.
-+
-When the `--stdin` option is provided, the patterns are read from
-standard in as a newline-delimited list instead of from the arguments.
-+
-When `core.sparseCheckoutCone` is enabled, the input list is considered a
-list of directories instead of sparse-checkout patterns. The command writes
-patterns to the sparse-checkout file to include all files contained in those
-directories (recursively) as well as files that are siblings of ancestor
-directories. The input format matches the output of `git ls-tree --name-only`.
-This includes interpreting pathnames that begin with a double quote (") as
-C-style quoted strings.
-
 'add'::
 	Update the sparse-checkout file to include additional patterns.
 	By default, these patterns are read from the command-line arguments,
@@ -93,12 +84,35 @@
 	cases, it can make sense to run `git sparse-checkout reapply` later
 	after cleaning up affected paths (e.g. resolving conflicts, undoing
 	or committing changes, etc.).
++
+The `reapply` command can also take `--[no-]cone` and `--[no-]sparse-index`
+flags, with the same meaning as the flags from the `set` command, in order
+to change which sparsity mode you are using without needing to also respecify
+all sparsity paths.
 
 'disable'::
 	Disable the `core.sparseCheckout` config setting, and restore the
-	working directory to include all files. Leaves the sparse-checkout
-	file intact so a later 'git sparse-checkout init' command may
-	return the working directory to the same state.
+	working directory to include all files.
+
+'init'::
+	Deprecated command that behaves like `set` with no specified paths.
+	May be removed in the future.
++
+Historically, `set` did not handle all the necessary config settings,
+which meant that both `init` and `set` had to be called.  Invoking
+both meant the `init` step would first remove nearly all tracked files
+(and in cone mode, ignored files too), then the `set` step would add
+many of the tracked files (but not ignored files) back.  In addition
+to the lost files, the performance and UI of this combination was
+poor.
++
+Also, historically, `init` would not actually initialize the
+sparse-checkout file if it already existed.  This meant it was
+possible to return to a sparse-checkout without remembering which
+paths to pass to a subsequent 'set' or 'add' command.  However,
+`--cone` and `--sparse-index` options would not be remembered across
+the disable command, so the easy restore of calling a plain `init`
+decreased in utility.
 
 SPARSE CHECKOUT
 ---------------
@@ -107,7 +121,7 @@
 It uses the skip-worktree bit (see linkgit:git-update-index[1]) to tell
 Git whether a file in the working directory is worth looking at. If
 the skip-worktree bit is set, then the file is ignored in the working
-directory. Git will not populate the contents of those files, which
+directory. Git will avoid populating the contents of those files, which
 makes a sparse checkout helpful when working in a repository with many
 files, but only a few are important to the current user.
 
@@ -117,10 +131,8 @@
 on this file. The files matching the patterns in the file will
 appear in the working directory, and the rest will not.
 
-To enable the sparse-checkout feature, run `git sparse-checkout init` to
-initialize a simple sparse-checkout file and enable the `core.sparseCheckout`
-config setting. Then, run `git sparse-checkout set` to modify the patterns in
-the sparse-checkout file.
+To enable the sparse-checkout feature, run `git sparse-checkout set` to
+set the patterns you want to use.
 
 To repopulate the working directory with all files, use the
 `git sparse-checkout disable` command.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-stage.txt b/Documentation/git-stage.txt
index 25bcda9..2f6aaa7 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-stage.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-stage.txt
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
-'git stage' args...
+'git stage' <arg>...
 
 
 DESCRIPTION
diff --git a/Documentation/git-stash.txt b/Documentation/git-stash.txt
index be6084c..6e15f47 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-stash.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-stash.txt
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 'git stash' drop [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]
 'git stash' ( pop | apply ) [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]
 'git stash' branch <branchname> [<stash>]
-'git stash' [push [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet]
+'git stash' [push [-p|--patch] [-S|--staged] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet]
 	     [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-m|--message <message>]
 	     [--pathspec-from-file=<file> [--pathspec-file-nul]]
 	     [--] [<pathspec>...]]
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@
 COMMANDS
 --------
 
-push [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-q|--quiet] [-m|--message <message>] [--pathspec-from-file=<file> [--pathspec-file-nul]] [--] [<pathspec>...]::
+push [-p|--patch] [-S|--staged] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-q|--quiet] [-m|--message <message>] [--pathspec-from-file=<file> [--pathspec-file-nul]] [--] [<pathspec>...]::
 
 	Save your local modifications to a new 'stash entry' and roll them
 	back to HEAD (in the working tree and in the index).
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@
 are `stash -p` which acts as alias for `stash push -p` and pathspec elements,
 which are allowed after a double hyphen `--` for disambiguation.
 
-save [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-q|--quiet] [<message>]::
+save [-p|--patch] [-S|--staged] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-q|--quiet] [<message>]::
 
 	This option is deprecated in favour of 'git stash push'.  It
 	differs from "stash push" in that it cannot take pathspec.
@@ -205,6 +205,16 @@
 The `--patch` option implies `--keep-index`.  You can use
 `--no-keep-index` to override this.
 
+-S::
+--staged::
+	This option is only valid for `push` and `save` commands.
++
+Stash only the changes that are currently staged. This is similar to
+basic `git commit` except the state is committed to the stash instead
+of current branch.
++
+The `--patch` option has priority over this one.
+
 --pathspec-from-file=<file>::
 	This option is only valid for `push` command.
 +
@@ -341,6 +351,24 @@
 $ git commit foo -m 'Remaining parts'
 ----------------------------------------------------------------
 
+Saving unrelated changes for future use::
+
+When you are in the middle of massive changes and you find some
+unrelated issue that you don't want to forget to fix, you can do the
+change(s), stage them, and use `git stash push --staged` to stash them
+out for future use. This is similar to committing the staged changes,
+only the commit ends-up being in the stash and not on the current branch.
++
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+# ... hack hack hack ...
+$ git add --patch foo           # add unrelated changes to the index
+$ git stash push --staged       # save these changes to the stash
+# ... hack hack hack, finish curent changes ...
+$ git commit -m 'Massive'       # commit fully tested changes
+$ git switch fixup-branch       # switch to another branch
+$ git stash pop                 # to finish work on the saved changes
+----------------------------------------------------------------
+
 Recovering stash entries that were cleared/dropped erroneously::
 
 If you mistakenly drop or clear stash entries, they cannot be recovered
diff --git a/Documentation/git-status.txt b/Documentation/git-status.txt
index 4a2c3e0..54a4b29 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-status.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-status.txt
@@ -314,6 +314,14 @@
 ------------------------------------------------------------
 ....
 
+Stash Information
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+If `--show-stash` is given, one line is printed showing the number of stash
+entries if non-zero:
+
+    # stash <N>
+
 Changed Tracked Entries
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
diff --git a/Documentation/git-svn.txt b/Documentation/git-svn.txt
index 222b556..4e92308 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-svn.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-svn.txt
@@ -575,7 +575,7 @@
 -------
 
 --shared[=(false|true|umask|group|all|world|everybody)]::
---template=<template_directory>::
+--template=<template-directory>::
 	Only used with the 'init' command.
 	These are passed directly to 'git init'.
 
diff --git a/Documentation/git-switch.txt b/Documentation/git-switch.txt
index 5c438cd..bbcbdce 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-switch.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-switch.txt
@@ -137,8 +137,7 @@
 	The same as `--merge` option above, but changes the way the
 	conflicting hunks are presented, overriding the
 	`merge.conflictStyle` configuration variable.  Possible values are
-	"merge" (default) and "diff3" (in addition to what is shown by
-	"merge" style, shows the original contents).
+	"merge" (default), "diff3", and "zdiff3".
 
 -q::
 --quiet::
@@ -152,7 +151,7 @@
 	attached to a terminal, regardless of `--quiet`.
 
 -t::
---track::
+--track [direct|inherit]::
 	When creating a new branch, set up "upstream" configuration.
 	`-c` is implied. See `--track` in linkgit:git-branch[1] for
 	details.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-var.txt b/Documentation/git-var.txt
index 6072f93..387cc1b 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-var.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-var.txt
@@ -59,6 +59,9 @@
     The build you are using chose '{git-default-pager}' as the default.
 endif::git-default-pager[]
 
+GIT_DEFAULT_BRANCH::
+    The name of the first branch created in newly initialized repositories.
+
 SEE ALSO
 --------
 linkgit:git-commit-tree[1]
diff --git a/Documentation/git-web--browse.txt b/Documentation/git-web--browse.txt
index 8d162b5..f2f996c 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-web--browse.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-web--browse.txt
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
-'git web{litdd}browse' [<options>] <url|file>...
+'git web{litdd}browse' [<options>] (<URL>|<file>)...
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
diff --git a/Documentation/git-worktree.txt b/Documentation/git-worktree.txt
index 8a7cbdd..9e862fb 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-worktree.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-worktree.txt
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 --------
 [verse]
 'git worktree add' [-f] [--detach] [--checkout] [--lock [--reason <string>]] [-b <new-branch>] <path> [<commit-ish>]
-'git worktree list' [--porcelain]
+'git worktree list' [-v | --porcelain]
 'git worktree lock' [--reason <string>] <worktree>
 'git worktree move' <worktree> <new-path>
 'git worktree prune' [-n] [-v] [--expire <expire>]
diff --git a/Documentation/git.txt b/Documentation/git.txt
index 281c5f8..13f83a2 100644
--- a/Documentation/git.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git.txt
@@ -832,8 +832,9 @@
 
 `GIT_TRACE_REDACT`::
 	By default, when tracing is activated, Git redacts the values of
-	cookies, the "Authorization:" header, and the "Proxy-Authorization:"
-	header. Set this variable to `0` to prevent this redaction.
+	cookies, the "Authorization:" header, the "Proxy-Authorization:"
+	header and packfile URIs. Set this variable to `0` to prevent this
+	redaction.
 
 `GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS`::
 	Setting this variable to `1` will cause Git to treat all
diff --git a/Documentation/gitcredentials.txt b/Documentation/gitcredentials.txt
index 758bf39..80517b4 100644
--- a/Documentation/gitcredentials.txt
+++ b/Documentation/gitcredentials.txt
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@
 compares hostnames exactly, without considering whether two hosts are part of
 the same domain. Likewise, a config entry for `http://example.com` would not
 match: Git compares the protocols exactly.  However, you may use wildcards in
-the domain name and other pattern matching techniques as with the `http.<url>.*`
+the domain name and other pattern matching techniques as with the `http.<URL>.*`
 options.
 
 If the "pattern" URL does include a path component, then this too must match
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@
 
 Options for a credential context can be configured either in
 `credential.*` (which applies to all credentials), or
-`credential.<url>.*`, where <url> matches the context as described
+`credential.<URL>.*`, where <URL> matches the context as described
 above.
 
 The following options are available in either location:
diff --git a/Documentation/gitsubmodules.txt b/Documentation/gitsubmodules.txt
index 891c8da..941858a 100644
--- a/Documentation/gitsubmodules.txt
+++ b/Documentation/gitsubmodules.txt
@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@
 ----------------------------------
 
   # Add a submodule
-  git submodule add <url> <path>
+  git submodule add <URL> <path>
 
   # Occasionally update the submodule to a new version:
   git -C <path> checkout <new version>
diff --git a/Documentation/gitworkflows.txt b/Documentation/gitworkflows.txt
index 47cf97f..5930526 100644
--- a/Documentation/gitworkflows.txt
+++ b/Documentation/gitworkflows.txt
@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@
 
 -------------------------------------
 Please pull from
-    <url> <branch>
+    <URL> <branch>
 -------------------------------------
 
 In that case, 'git pull' can do the fetch and merge in one go, as
@@ -403,7 +403,7 @@
 .Push/pull: Merging remote topics
 [caption="Recipe: "]
 =====================================
-`git pull <url> <branch>`
+`git pull <URL> <branch>`
 =====================================
 
 Occasionally, the maintainer may get merge conflicts when they try to
@@ -440,7 +440,7 @@
 .format-patch/am: Keeping topics up to date
 [caption="Recipe: "]
 =====================================
-`git pull --rebase <url> <branch>`
+`git pull --rebase <URL> <branch>`
 =====================================
 
 You can then fix the conflicts during the rebase.  Presumably you have
diff --git a/Documentation/pretty-formats.txt b/Documentation/pretty-formats.txt
index ef6bd42..0b4c1c8 100644
--- a/Documentation/pretty-formats.txt
+++ b/Documentation/pretty-formats.txt
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 
 * 'oneline'
 
-	  <hash> <title line>
+	  <hash> <title-line>
 +
 This is designed to be as compact as possible.
 
@@ -29,17 +29,17 @@
 	  commit <hash>
 	  Author: <author>
 
-	      <title line>
+	      <title-line>
 
 * 'medium'
 
 	  commit <hash>
 	  Author: <author>
-	  Date:   <author date>
+	  Date:   <author-date>
 
-	      <title line>
+	      <title-line>
 
-	      <full commit message>
+	      <full-commit-message>
 
 * 'full'
 
@@ -47,25 +47,25 @@
 	  Author: <author>
 	  Commit: <committer>
 
-	      <title line>
+	      <title-line>
 
-	      <full commit message>
+	      <full-commit-message>
 
 * 'fuller'
 
 	  commit <hash>
 	  Author:     <author>
-	  AuthorDate: <author date>
+	  AuthorDate: <author-date>
 	  Commit:     <committer>
-	  CommitDate: <committer date>
+	  CommitDate: <committer-date>
 
-	       <title line>
+	       <title-line>
 
-	       <full commit message>
+	       <full-commit-message>
 
 * 'reference'
 
-	  <abbrev hash> (<title line>, <short author date>)
+	  <abbrev-hash> (<title-line>, <short-author-date>)
 +
 This format is used to refer to another commit in a commit message and
 is the same as `--pretty='format:%C(auto)%h (%s, %ad)'`.  By default,
@@ -78,10 +78,10 @@
 
 	  From <hash> <date>
 	  From: <author>
-	  Date: <author date>
-	  Subject: [PATCH] <title line>
+	  Date: <author-date>
+	  Subject: [PATCH] <title-line>
 
-	  <full commit message>
+	  <full-commit-message>
 
 * 'mboxrd'
 +
@@ -101,9 +101,9 @@
 `git log --raw`. To get full object names in a raw diff format,
 use `--no-abbrev`.
 
-* 'format:<string>'
+* 'format:<format-string>'
 +
-The 'format:<string>' format allows you to specify which information
+The 'format:<format-string>' format allows you to specify which information
 you want to show. It works a little bit like printf format,
 with the notable exception that you get a newline with '%n'
 instead of '\n'.
@@ -220,6 +220,12 @@
 			  inconsistent when tags are added or removed at
 			  the same time.
 +
+** 'tags[=<bool-value>]': Instead of only considering annotated tags,
+   consider lightweight tags as well.
+** 'abbrev=<number>': Instead of using the default number of hexadecimal digits
+   (which will vary according to the number of objects in the repository with a
+   default of 7) of the abbreviated object name, use <number> digits, or as many
+   digits as needed to form a unique object name.
 ** 'match=<pattern>': Only consider tags matching the given
    `glob(7)` pattern, excluding the "refs/tags/" prefix.
 ** 'exclude=<pattern>': Do not consider tags matching the given
@@ -273,12 +279,7 @@
 			  If any option is provided multiple times the
 			  last occurrence wins.
 +
-The boolean options accept an optional value `[=<BOOL>]`. The values
-`true`, `false`, `on`, `off` etc. are all accepted. See the "boolean"
-sub-section in "EXAMPLES" in linkgit:git-config[1]. If a boolean
-option is given with no value, it's enabled.
-+
-** 'key=<K>': only show trailers with specified key. Matching is done
+** 'key=<key>': only show trailers with specified <key>. Matching is done
    case-insensitively and trailing colon is optional. If option is
    given multiple times trailer lines matching any of the keys are
    shown. This option automatically enables the `only` option so that
@@ -286,25 +287,25 @@
    desired it can be disabled with `only=false`.  E.g.,
    `%(trailers:key=Reviewed-by)` shows trailer lines with key
    `Reviewed-by`.
-** 'only[=<BOOL>]': select whether non-trailer lines from the trailer
+** 'only[=<bool>]': select whether non-trailer lines from the trailer
    block should be included.
-** 'separator=<SEP>': specify a separator inserted between trailer
+** 'separator=<sep>': specify a separator inserted between trailer
    lines. When this option is not given each trailer line is
-   terminated with a line feed character. The string SEP may contain
+   terminated with a line feed character. The string <sep> may contain
    the literal formatting codes described above. To use comma as
    separator one must use `%x2C` as it would otherwise be parsed as
    next option. E.g., `%(trailers:key=Ticket,separator=%x2C )`
    shows all trailer lines whose key is "Ticket" separated by a comma
    and a space.
-** 'unfold[=<BOOL>]': make it behave as if interpret-trailer's `--unfold`
+** 'unfold[=<bool>]': make it behave as if interpret-trailer's `--unfold`
    option was given. E.g.,
    `%(trailers:only,unfold=true)` unfolds and shows all trailer lines.
-** 'keyonly[=<BOOL>]': only show the key part of the trailer.
-** 'valueonly[=<BOOL>]': only show the value part of the trailer.
-** 'key_value_separator=<SEP>': specify a separator inserted between
+** 'keyonly[=<bool>]': only show the key part of the trailer.
+** 'valueonly[=<bool>]': only show the value part of the trailer.
+** 'key_value_separator=<sep>': specify a separator inserted between
    trailer lines. When this option is not given each trailer key-value
    pair is separated by ": ". Otherwise it shares the same semantics
-   as 'separator=<SEP>' above.
+   as 'separator=<sep>' above.
 
 NOTE: Some placeholders may depend on other options given to the
 revision traversal engine. For example, the `%g*` reflog options will
@@ -313,6 +314,11 @@
 decoration format if `--decorate` was not already provided on the command
 line.
 
+The boolean options accept an optional value `[=<bool-value>]`. The values
+`true`, `false`, `on`, `off` etc. are all accepted. See the "boolean"
+sub-section in "EXAMPLES" in linkgit:git-config[1]. If a boolean
+option is given with no value, it's enabled.
+
 If you add a `+` (plus sign) after '%' of a placeholder, a line-feed
 is inserted immediately before the expansion if and only if the
 placeholder expands to a non-empty string.
diff --git a/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt b/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt
index 24569b0..43a86fa 100644
--- a/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt
+++ b/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt
@@ -1047,7 +1047,7 @@
 has no effect.
 
 `--date=format:...` feeds the format `...` to your system `strftime`,
-except for %z and %Z, which are handled internally.
+except for %s, %z, and %Z, which are handled internally.
 Use `--date=format:%c` to show the date in your system locale's
 preferred format.  See the `strftime` manual for a complete list of
 format placeholders. When using `-local`, the correct syntax is
diff --git a/Documentation/technical/multi-pack-index.txt b/Documentation/technical/multi-pack-index.txt
index 86f40f2..b39c69d 100644
--- a/Documentation/technical/multi-pack-index.txt
+++ b/Documentation/technical/multi-pack-index.txt
@@ -17,12 +17,12 @@
 The multi-pack-index (MIDX for short) stores a list of objects
 and their offsets into multiple packfiles. It contains:
 
-- A list of packfile names.
-- A sorted list of object IDs.
-- A list of metadata for the ith object ID including:
-  - A value j referring to the jth packfile.
-  - An offset within the jth packfile for the object.
-- If large offsets are required, we use another list of large
+* A list of packfile names.
+* A sorted list of object IDs.
+* A list of metadata for the ith object ID including:
+** A value j referring to the jth packfile.
+** An offset within the jth packfile for the object.
+* If large offsets are required, we use another list of large
   offsets similar to version 2 pack-indexes.
 
 Thus, we can provide O(log N) lookup time for any number
@@ -87,11 +87,6 @@
   helpful to organize packfiles by object type (commit, tree, blob,
   etc.) and use this metadata to help that maintenance.
 
-- The partial clone feature records special "promisor" packs that
-  may point to objects that are not stored locally, but available
-  on request to a server. The multi-pack-index does not currently
-  track these promisor packs.
-
 Related Links
 -------------
 [0] https://bugs.chromium.org/p/git/issues/detail?id=6
diff --git a/Documentation/technical/protocol-v2.txt b/Documentation/technical/protocol-v2.txt
index 21e8258..8a877d2 100644
--- a/Documentation/technical/protocol-v2.txt
+++ b/Documentation/technical/protocol-v2.txt
@@ -125,11 +125,11 @@
     empty-request = flush-pkt
     command-request = command
 		      capability-list
-		      [command-args]
+		      delim-pkt
+		      command-args
 		      flush-pkt
     command = PKT-LINE("command=" key LF)
-    command-args = delim-pkt
-		   *command-specific-arg
+    command-args = *command-specific-arg
 
     command-specific-args are packet line framed arguments defined by
     each individual command.
diff --git a/Documentation/technical/rerere.txt b/Documentation/technical/rerere.txt
index af5f9fc..35d4541 100644
--- a/Documentation/technical/rerere.txt
+++ b/Documentation/technical/rerere.txt
@@ -14,9 +14,9 @@
 
 Different conflict styles and branch names are normalized by stripping
 the labels from the conflict markers, and removing the common ancestor
-version from the `diff3` conflict style. Branches that are merged
-in different order are normalized by sorting the conflict hunks.  More
-on each of those steps in the following sections.
+version from the `diff3` or `zdiff3` conflict styles.  Branches that
+are merged in different order are normalized by sorting the conflict
+hunks.  More on each of those steps in the following sections.
 
 Once these two normalization operations are applied, a conflict ID is
 calculated based on the normalized conflict, which is later used by
@@ -42,8 +42,8 @@
     >>>>>>> AC
 
 Doing the analogous with AC2 (forking a branch ABAC2 off of branch AB
-and then merging branch AC2 into it), using the diff3 conflict style,
-we get a conflict like the following:
+and then merging branch AC2 into it), using the diff3 or zdiff3
+conflict style, we get a conflict like the following:
 
     <<<<<<< HEAD
     B
diff --git a/Documentation/urls-remotes.txt b/Documentation/urls-remotes.txt
index bd184cd..86d0008 100644
--- a/Documentation/urls-remotes.txt
+++ b/Documentation/urls-remotes.txt
@@ -26,14 +26,14 @@
 
 ------------
 	[remote "<name>"]
-		url = <url>
+		url = <URL>
 		pushurl = <pushurl>
 		push = <refspec>
 		fetch = <refspec>
 ------------
 
 The `<pushurl>` is used for pushes only. It is optional and defaults
-to `<url>`.
+to `<URL>`.
 
 Named file in `$GIT_DIR/remotes`
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
@@ -67,10 +67,10 @@
 
 
 ------------
-	<url>#<head>
+	<URL>#<head>
 ------------
 
-`<url>` is required; `#<head>` is optional.
+`<URL>` is required; `#<head>` is optional.
 
 Depending on the operation, git will use one of the following
 refspecs, if you don't provide one on the command line.
diff --git a/GIT-VERSION-GEN b/GIT-VERSION-GEN
index 3ae7610..002b1d7 100755
--- a/GIT-VERSION-GEN
+++ b/GIT-VERSION-GEN
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #!/bin/sh
 
 GVF=GIT-VERSION-FILE
-DEF_VER=v2.34.3
+DEF_VER=v2.35.3
 
 LF='
 '
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index 12be39a..5580859 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -256,6 +256,8 @@
 #
 # Define NO_DEFLATE_BOUND if your zlib does not have deflateBound.
 #
+# Define NO_UNCOMPRESS2 if your zlib does not have uncompress2.
+#
 # Define NO_NORETURN if using buggy versions of gcc 4.6+ and profile feedback,
 # as the compiler can crash (http://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=49299)
 #
@@ -305,9 +307,6 @@
 #
 # Define NO_TCLTK if you do not want Tcl/Tk GUI.
 #
-# Define SANE_TEXT_GREP to "-a" if you use recent versions of GNU grep
-# and egrep that are pickier when their input contains non-ASCII data.
-#
 # The TCL_PATH variable governs the location of the Tcl interpreter
 # used to optimize git-gui for your system.  Only used if NO_TCLTK
 # is not set.  Defaults to the bare 'tclsh'.
@@ -735,6 +734,7 @@
 TEST_BUILTINS_OBJS += test-read-graph.o
 TEST_BUILTINS_OBJS += test-read-midx.o
 TEST_BUILTINS_OBJS += test-ref-store.o
+TEST_BUILTINS_OBJS += test-reftable.o
 TEST_BUILTINS_OBJS += test-regex.o
 TEST_BUILTINS_OBJS += test-repository.o
 TEST_BUILTINS_OBJS += test-revision-walking.o
@@ -813,6 +813,8 @@
 
 LIB_FILE = libgit.a
 XDIFF_LIB = xdiff/lib.a
+REFTABLE_LIB = reftable/libreftable.a
+REFTABLE_TEST_LIB = reftable/libreftable_test.a
 
 GENERATED_H += command-list.h
 GENERATED_H += config-list.h
@@ -1192,7 +1194,7 @@
 THIRD_PARTY_SOURCES += sha1collisiondetection/%
 THIRD_PARTY_SOURCES += sha1dc/%
 
-GITLIBS = common-main.o $(LIB_FILE) $(XDIFF_LIB)
+GITLIBS = common-main.o $(LIB_FILE) $(XDIFF_LIB) $(REFTABLE_LIB)
 EXTLIBS =
 
 GIT_USER_AGENT = git/$(GIT_VERSION)
@@ -1204,6 +1206,7 @@
 # Set CFLAGS, LDFLAGS and other *FLAGS variables. These might be
 # tweaked by config.* below as well as the command-line, both of
 # which'll override these defaults.
+# Older versions of GCC may require adding "-std=gnu99" at the end.
 CFLAGS = -g -O2 -Wall
 LDFLAGS =
 CC_LD_DYNPATH = -Wl,-rpath,
@@ -1215,7 +1218,7 @@
 PTHREAD_CFLAGS =
 
 # For the 'sparse' target
-SPARSE_FLAGS ?=
+SPARSE_FLAGS ?= -std=gnu99
 SP_EXTRA_FLAGS = -Wno-universal-initializer
 
 # For informing GIT-BUILD-OPTIONS of the SANITIZE=leak target
@@ -1723,6 +1726,11 @@
 	BASIC_CFLAGS += -DNO_DEFLATE_BOUND
 endif
 
+ifdef NO_UNCOMPRESS2
+	BASIC_CFLAGS += -DNO_UNCOMPRESS2
+	REFTABLE_OBJS += compat/zlib-uncompress2.o
+endif
+
 ifdef NO_POSIX_GOODIES
 	BASIC_CFLAGS += -DNO_POSIX_GOODIES
 endif
@@ -1873,7 +1881,7 @@
 endif
 
 ifndef NO_MSGFMT_EXTENDED_OPTIONS
-	MSGFMT += --check --statistics
+	MSGFMT += --check
 endif
 
 ifdef HAVE_CLOCK_GETTIME
@@ -2104,11 +2112,6 @@
 BASIC_CFLAGS += -DDEFAULT_HELP_FORMAT='"$(DEFAULT_HELP_FORMAT)"'
 endif
 
-PAGER_ENV_SQ = $(subst ','\'',$(PAGER_ENV))
-PAGER_ENV_CQ = "$(subst ",\",$(subst \,\\,$(PAGER_ENV)))"
-PAGER_ENV_CQ_SQ = $(subst ','\'',$(PAGER_ENV_CQ))
-BASIC_CFLAGS += -DPAGER_ENV='$(PAGER_ENV_CQ_SQ)'
-
 ALL_CFLAGS += $(BASIC_CFLAGS)
 ALL_LDFLAGS += $(BASIC_LDFLAGS)
 
@@ -2215,14 +2218,20 @@
 		$(filter %.o,$^) $(LIBS)
 
 help.sp help.s help.o: command-list.h
-hook.sp hook.s hook.o: hook-list.h
+builtin/bugreport.sp builtin/bugreport.s builtin/bugreport.o: hook-list.h
 
-builtin/help.sp builtin/help.s builtin/help.o: config-list.h hook-list.h GIT-PREFIX
+builtin/help.sp builtin/help.s builtin/help.o: config-list.h GIT-PREFIX
 builtin/help.sp builtin/help.s builtin/help.o: EXTRA_CPPFLAGS = \
 	'-DGIT_HTML_PATH="$(htmldir_relative_SQ)"' \
 	'-DGIT_MAN_PATH="$(mandir_relative_SQ)"' \
 	'-DGIT_INFO_PATH="$(infodir_relative_SQ)"'
 
+PAGER_ENV_SQ = $(subst ','\'',$(PAGER_ENV))
+PAGER_ENV_CQ = "$(subst ",\",$(subst \,\\,$(PAGER_ENV)))"
+PAGER_ENV_CQ_SQ = $(subst ','\'',$(PAGER_ENV_CQ))
+pager.sp pager.s pager.o: EXTRA_CPPFLAGS = \
+	-DPAGER_ENV='$(PAGER_ENV_CQ_SQ)'
+
 version.sp version.s version.o: GIT-VERSION-FILE GIT-USER-AGENT
 version.sp version.s version.o: EXTRA_CPPFLAGS = \
 	'-DGIT_VERSION="$(GIT_VERSION)"' \
@@ -2252,25 +2261,10 @@
 hook-list.h: generate-hooklist.sh Documentation/githooks.txt
 	$(QUIET_GEN)$(SHELL_PATH) ./generate-hooklist.sh >$@
 
-SCRIPT_DEFINES = $(SHELL_PATH_SQ):$(DIFF_SQ):$(GIT_VERSION):\
-	$(localedir_SQ):$(NO_CURL):$(USE_GETTEXT_SCHEME):$(SANE_TOOL_PATH_SQ):\
-	$(gitwebdir_SQ):$(PERL_PATH_SQ):$(SANE_TEXT_GREP):$(PAGER_ENV):\
+SCRIPT_DEFINES = $(SHELL_PATH_SQ):$(DIFF_SQ):\
+	$(localedir_SQ):$(USE_GETTEXT_SCHEME):$(SANE_TOOL_PATH_SQ):\
+	$(gitwebdir_SQ):$(PERL_PATH_SQ):$(PAGER_ENV):\
 	$(perllibdir_SQ)
-define cmd_munge_script
-sed -e '1s|#!.*/sh|#!$(SHELL_PATH_SQ)|' \
-    -e 's|@SHELL_PATH@|$(SHELL_PATH_SQ)|' \
-    -e 's|@@DIFF@@|$(DIFF_SQ)|' \
-    -e 's|@@LOCALEDIR@@|$(localedir_SQ)|g' \
-    -e 's/@@NO_CURL@@/$(NO_CURL)/g' \
-    -e 's/@@USE_GETTEXT_SCHEME@@/$(USE_GETTEXT_SCHEME)/g' \
-    -e $(BROKEN_PATH_FIX) \
-    -e 's|@@GITWEBDIR@@|$(gitwebdir_SQ)|g' \
-    -e 's|@@PERL@@|$(PERL_PATH_SQ)|g' \
-    -e 's|@@SANE_TEXT_GREP@@|$(SANE_TEXT_GREP)|g' \
-    -e 's|@@PAGER_ENV@@|$(PAGER_ENV_SQ)|g' \
-    $@.sh >$@+
-endef
-
 GIT-SCRIPT-DEFINES: FORCE
 	@FLAGS='$(SCRIPT_DEFINES)'; \
 	    if test x"$$FLAGS" != x"`cat $@ 2>/dev/null`" ; then \
@@ -2278,6 +2272,18 @@
 		echo "$$FLAGS" >$@; \
             fi
 
+define cmd_munge_script
+sed -e '1s|#!.*/sh|#!$(SHELL_PATH_SQ)|' \
+    -e 's|@SHELL_PATH@|$(SHELL_PATH_SQ)|' \
+    -e 's|@@DIFF@@|$(DIFF_SQ)|' \
+    -e 's|@@LOCALEDIR@@|$(localedir_SQ)|g' \
+    -e 's/@@USE_GETTEXT_SCHEME@@/$(USE_GETTEXT_SCHEME)/g' \
+    -e $(BROKEN_PATH_FIX) \
+    -e 's|@@GITWEBDIR@@|$(gitwebdir_SQ)|g' \
+    -e 's|@@PERL@@|$(PERL_PATH_SQ)|g' \
+    -e 's|@@PAGER_ENV@@|$(PAGER_ENV_SQ)|g' \
+    $@.sh >$@+
+endef
 
 $(SCRIPT_SH_GEN) : % : %.sh GIT-SCRIPT-DEFINES
 	$(QUIET_GEN)$(cmd_munge_script) && \
@@ -2437,7 +2443,36 @@
 .PHONY: xdiff-objs
 xdiff-objs: $(XDIFF_OBJS)
 
+REFTABLE_OBJS += reftable/basics.o
+REFTABLE_OBJS += reftable/error.o
+REFTABLE_OBJS += reftable/block.o
+REFTABLE_OBJS += reftable/blocksource.o
+REFTABLE_OBJS += reftable/iter.o
+REFTABLE_OBJS += reftable/publicbasics.o
+REFTABLE_OBJS += reftable/merged.o
+REFTABLE_OBJS += reftable/pq.o
+REFTABLE_OBJS += reftable/reader.o
+REFTABLE_OBJS += reftable/record.o
+REFTABLE_OBJS += reftable/refname.o
+REFTABLE_OBJS += reftable/generic.o
+REFTABLE_OBJS += reftable/stack.o
+REFTABLE_OBJS += reftable/tree.o
+REFTABLE_OBJS += reftable/writer.o
+
+REFTABLE_TEST_OBJS += reftable/basics_test.o
+REFTABLE_TEST_OBJS += reftable/block_test.o
+REFTABLE_TEST_OBJS += reftable/dump.o
+REFTABLE_TEST_OBJS += reftable/merged_test.o
+REFTABLE_TEST_OBJS += reftable/pq_test.o
+REFTABLE_TEST_OBJS += reftable/record_test.o
+REFTABLE_TEST_OBJS += reftable/readwrite_test.o
+REFTABLE_TEST_OBJS += reftable/refname_test.o
+REFTABLE_TEST_OBJS += reftable/stack_test.o
+REFTABLE_TEST_OBJS += reftable/test_framework.o
+REFTABLE_TEST_OBJS += reftable/tree_test.o
+
 TEST_OBJS := $(patsubst %$X,%.o,$(TEST_PROGRAMS)) $(patsubst %,t/helper/%,$(TEST_BUILTINS_OBJS))
+
 .PHONY: test-objs
 test-objs: $(TEST_OBJS)
 
@@ -2453,9 +2488,16 @@
 OBJECTS += $(TEST_OBJS)
 OBJECTS += $(XDIFF_OBJS)
 OBJECTS += $(FUZZ_OBJS)
+OBJECTS += $(REFTABLE_OBJS) $(REFTABLE_TEST_OBJS)
+
 ifndef NO_CURL
 	OBJECTS += http.o http-walker.o remote-curl.o
 endif
+
+SCALAR_SOURCES := contrib/scalar/scalar.c
+SCALAR_OBJECTS := $(SCALAR_SOURCES:c=o)
+OBJECTS += $(SCALAR_OBJECTS)
+
 .PHONY: objects
 objects: $(OBJECTS)
 
@@ -2589,12 +2631,22 @@
 	$(QUIET_LINK)$(CC) $(ALL_CFLAGS) -o $@ $(ALL_LDFLAGS) $(filter %.o,$^) \
 		$(CURL_LIBCURL) $(EXPAT_LIBEXPAT) $(LIBS)
 
+contrib/scalar/scalar$X: $(SCALAR_OBJECTS) GIT-LDFLAGS $(GITLIBS)
+	$(QUIET_LINK)$(CC) $(ALL_CFLAGS) -o $@ $(ALL_LDFLAGS) \
+		$(filter %.o,$^) $(LIBS)
+
 $(LIB_FILE): $(LIB_OBJS)
 	$(QUIET_AR)$(RM) $@ && $(AR) $(ARFLAGS) $@ $^
 
 $(XDIFF_LIB): $(XDIFF_OBJS)
 	$(QUIET_AR)$(RM) $@ && $(AR) $(ARFLAGS) $@ $^
 
+$(REFTABLE_LIB): $(REFTABLE_OBJS)
+	$(QUIET_AR)$(RM) $@ && $(AR) $(ARFLAGS) $@ $^
+
+$(REFTABLE_TEST_LIB): $(REFTABLE_TEST_OBJS)
+	$(QUIET_AR)$(RM) $@ && $(AR) $(ARFLAGS) $@ $^
+
 export DEFAULT_EDITOR DEFAULT_PAGER
 
 Documentation/GIT-EXCLUDED-PROGRAMS: FORCE
@@ -2893,7 +2945,7 @@
 
 t/helper/test-tool$X: $(patsubst %,t/helper/%,$(TEST_BUILTINS_OBJS))
 
-t/helper/test-%$X: t/helper/test-%.o GIT-LDFLAGS $(GITLIBS)
+t/helper/test-%$X: t/helper/test-%.o GIT-LDFLAGS $(GITLIBS) $(REFTABLE_TEST_LIB)
 	$(QUIET_LINK)$(CC) $(ALL_CFLAGS) -o $@ $(ALL_LDFLAGS) $(filter %.o,$^) $(filter %.a,$^) $(LIBS)
 
 check-sha1:: t/helper/test-tool$X
@@ -3231,7 +3283,7 @@
 clean: profile-clean coverage-clean cocciclean
 	$(RM) *.res
 	$(RM) $(OBJECTS)
-	$(RM) $(LIB_FILE) $(XDIFF_LIB)
+	$(RM) $(LIB_FILE) $(XDIFF_LIB) $(REFTABLE_LIB) $(REFTABLE_TEST_LIB)
 	$(RM) $(ALL_PROGRAMS) $(SCRIPT_LIB) $(BUILT_INS) git$X
 	$(RM) $(TEST_PROGRAMS)
 	$(RM) $(FUZZ_PROGRAMS)
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index eb8115e..f6f43e7 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-[![Build status](https://github.com/git/git/workflows/CI/PR/badge.svg)](https://github.com/git/git/actions?query=branch%3Amaster+event%3Apush)
+[![Build status](https://github.com/git/git/workflows/CI/badge.svg)](https://github.com/git/git/actions?query=branch%3Amaster+event%3Apush)
 
 Git - fast, scalable, distributed revision control system
 =========================================================
diff --git a/RelNotes b/RelNotes
index 1065723..e271ea5 120000
--- a/RelNotes
+++ b/RelNotes
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Documentation/RelNotes/2.34.3.txt
\ No newline at end of file
+Documentation/RelNotes/2.35.3.txt
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/add-patch.c b/add-patch.c
index 8c41cdf..573eef0 100644
--- a/add-patch.c
+++ b/add-patch.c
@@ -413,7 +413,7 @@
 		strvec_push(&args, ps->items[i].original);
 
 	setup_child_process(s, &cp, NULL);
-	cp.argv = args.v;
+	strvec_pushv(&cp.args, args.v);
 	res = capture_command(&cp, plain, 0);
 	if (res) {
 		strvec_clear(&args);
@@ -431,7 +431,7 @@
 
 		setup_child_process(s, &colored_cp, NULL);
 		xsnprintf((char *)args.v[color_arg_index], 8, "--color");
-		colored_cp.argv = args.v;
+		strvec_pushv(&colored_cp.args, args.v);
 		colored = &s->colored;
 		res = capture_command(&colored_cp, colored, 0);
 		strvec_clear(&args);
diff --git a/apply.c b/apply.c
index 43a0aeb..7ffadc3 100644
--- a/apply.c
+++ b/apply.c
@@ -133,10 +133,10 @@
 	int is_not_gitdir = !startup_info->have_repository;
 
 	if (state->apply_with_reject && state->threeway)
-		return error(_("--reject and --3way cannot be used together."));
+		return error(_("options '%s' and '%s' cannot be used together"), "--reject", "--3way");
 	if (state->threeway) {
 		if (is_not_gitdir)
-			return error(_("--3way outside a repository"));
+			return error(_("'%s' outside a repository"), "--3way");
 		state->check_index = 1;
 	}
 	if (state->apply_with_reject) {
@@ -147,10 +147,10 @@
 	if (!force_apply && (state->diffstat || state->numstat || state->summary || state->check || state->fake_ancestor))
 		state->apply = 0;
 	if (state->check_index && is_not_gitdir)
-		return error(_("--index outside a repository"));
+		return error(_("'%s' outside a repository"), "--index");
 	if (state->cached) {
 		if (is_not_gitdir)
-			return error(_("--cached outside a repository"));
+			return error(_("'%s' outside a repository"), "--cached");
 		state->check_index = 1;
 	}
 	if (state->ita_only && (state->check_index || is_not_gitdir))
@@ -3582,7 +3582,9 @@
 
 	/* No point falling back to 3-way merge in these cases */
 	if (patch->is_delete ||
-	    S_ISGITLINK(patch->old_mode) || S_ISGITLINK(patch->new_mode))
+	    S_ISGITLINK(patch->old_mode) || S_ISGITLINK(patch->new_mode) ||
+	    (patch->is_new && !patch->direct_to_threeway) ||
+	    (patch->is_rename && !patch->lines_added && !patch->lines_deleted))
 		return -1;
 
 	/* Preimage the patch was prepared for */
@@ -4752,8 +4754,10 @@
 	}
 
 	if (!list && !skipped_patch) {
-		error(_("unrecognized input"));
-		res = -128;
+		if (!state->allow_empty) {
+			error(_("No valid patches in input (allow with \"--allow-empty\")"));
+			res = -128;
+		}
 		goto end;
 	}
 
@@ -5071,7 +5075,7 @@
 			N_("leave the rejected hunks in corresponding *.rej files")),
 		OPT_BOOL(0, "allow-overlap", &state->allow_overlap,
 			N_("allow overlapping hunks")),
-		OPT__VERBOSE(&state->apply_verbosity, N_("be verbose")),
+		OPT__VERBOSITY(&state->apply_verbosity),
 		OPT_BIT(0, "inaccurate-eof", options,
 			N_("tolerate incorrectly detected missing new-line at the end of file"),
 			APPLY_OPT_INACCURATE_EOF),
@@ -5081,6 +5085,8 @@
 		OPT_CALLBACK(0, "directory", state, N_("root"),
 			N_("prepend <root> to all filenames"),
 			apply_option_parse_directory),
+		OPT_BOOL(0, "allow-empty", &state->allow_empty,
+			N_("don't return error for empty patches")),
 		OPT_END()
 	};
 
diff --git a/apply.h b/apply.h
index da3d95f..16202da 100644
--- a/apply.h
+++ b/apply.h
@@ -66,6 +66,7 @@
 	int threeway;
 	int unidiff_zero;
 	int unsafe_paths;
+	int allow_empty;
 
 	/* Other non boolean parameters */
 	struct repository *repo;
diff --git a/archive-tar.c b/archive-tar.c
index 05d2455..3c74db1 100644
--- a/archive-tar.c
+++ b/archive-tar.c
@@ -430,7 +430,6 @@
 {
 	struct strbuf cmd = STRBUF_INIT;
 	struct child_process filter = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
-	const char *argv[2];
 	int r;
 
 	if (!ar->data)
@@ -440,14 +439,12 @@
 	if (args->compression_level >= 0)
 		strbuf_addf(&cmd, " -%d", args->compression_level);
 
-	argv[0] = cmd.buf;
-	argv[1] = NULL;
-	filter.argv = argv;
+	strvec_push(&filter.args, cmd.buf);
 	filter.use_shell = 1;
 	filter.in = -1;
 
 	if (start_command(&filter) < 0)
-		die_errno(_("unable to start '%s' filter"), argv[0]);
+		die_errno(_("unable to start '%s' filter"), cmd.buf);
 	close(1);
 	if (dup2(filter.in, 1) < 0)
 		die_errno(_("unable to redirect descriptor"));
@@ -457,7 +454,7 @@
 
 	close(1);
 	if (finish_command(&filter) != 0)
-		die(_("'%s' filter reported error"), argv[0]);
+		die(_("'%s' filter reported error"), cmd.buf);
 
 	strbuf_release(&cmd);
 	return r;
diff --git a/archive.c b/archive.c
index a3bbb09..d571249 100644
--- a/archive.c
+++ b/archive.c
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@
 
 	buffer = object_file_to_archive(args, path.buf, oid, mode, &type, &size);
 	if (!buffer)
-		return error(_("cannot read %s"), oid_to_hex(oid));
+		return error(_("cannot read '%s'"), oid_to_hex(oid));
 	err = write_entry(args, oid, path.buf, path.len, mode, buffer, size);
 	free(buffer);
 	return err;
@@ -338,7 +338,7 @@
 
 		strbuf_reset(&content);
 		if (strbuf_read_file(&content, path, info->stat.st_size) < 0)
-			err = error_errno(_("could not read '%s'"), path);
+			err = error_errno(_("cannot read '%s'"), path);
 		else
 			err = write_entry(args, &fake_oid, path_in_archive.buf,
 					  path_in_archive.len,
@@ -577,11 +577,11 @@
 	if (remote)
 		die(_("Unexpected option --remote"));
 	if (exec)
-		die(_("Option --exec can only be used together with --remote"));
+		die(_("the option '%s' requires '%s'"), "--exec", "--remote");
 	if (output)
 		die(_("Unexpected option --output"));
 	if (is_remote && args->extra_files.nr)
-		die(_("Options --add-file and --remote cannot be used together"));
+		die(_("options '%s' and '%s' cannot be used together"), "--add-file", "--remote");
 
 	if (!base)
 		base = "";
diff --git a/branch.c b/branch.c
index 07a4643..5d20a2e 100644
--- a/branch.c
+++ b/branch.c
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 
 struct tracking {
 	struct refspec_item spec;
-	char *src;
+	struct string_list *srcs;
 	const char *remote;
 	int matches;
 };
@@ -22,11 +22,11 @@
 
 	if (!remote_find_tracking(remote, &tracking->spec)) {
 		if (++tracking->matches == 1) {
-			tracking->src = tracking->spec.src;
+			string_list_append(tracking->srcs, tracking->spec.src);
 			tracking->remote = remote->name;
 		} else {
 			free(tracking->spec.src);
-			FREE_AND_NULL(tracking->src);
+			string_list_clear(tracking->srcs, 0);
 		}
 		tracking->spec.src = NULL;
 	}
@@ -49,25 +49,46 @@
 	return 0;
 }
 
-static const char tracking_advice[] =
-N_("\n"
-"After fixing the error cause you may try to fix up\n"
-"the remote tracking information by invoking\n"
-"\"git branch --set-upstream-to=%s%s%s\".");
-
-int install_branch_config(int flag, const char *local, const char *origin, const char *remote)
+/**
+ * Install upstream tracking configuration for a branch; specifically, add
+ * `branch.<name>.remote` and `branch.<name>.merge` entries.
+ *
+ * `flag` contains integer flags for options; currently only
+ * BRANCH_CONFIG_VERBOSE is checked.
+ *
+ * `local` is the name of the branch whose configuration we're installing.
+ *
+ * `origin` is the name of the remote owning the upstream branches. NULL means
+ * the upstream branches are local to this repo.
+ *
+ * `remotes` is a list of refs that are upstream of local
+ */
+static int install_branch_config_multiple_remotes(int flag, const char *local,
+		const char *origin, struct string_list *remotes)
 {
 	const char *shortname = NULL;
 	struct strbuf key = STRBUF_INIT;
+	struct string_list_item *item;
 	int rebasing = should_setup_rebase(origin);
 
-	if (skip_prefix(remote, "refs/heads/", &shortname)
-	    && !strcmp(local, shortname)
-	    && !origin) {
-		warning(_("Not setting branch %s as its own upstream."),
-			local);
-		return 0;
-	}
+	if (!remotes->nr)
+		BUG("must provide at least one remote for branch config");
+	if (rebasing && remotes->nr > 1)
+		die(_("cannot inherit upstream tracking configuration of "
+		      "multiple refs when rebasing is requested"));
+
+	/*
+	 * If the new branch is trying to track itself, something has gone
+	 * wrong. Warn the user and don't proceed any further.
+	 */
+	if (!origin)
+		for_each_string_list_item(item, remotes)
+			if (skip_prefix(item->string, "refs/heads/", &shortname)
+			    && !strcmp(local, shortname)) {
+				warning(_("not setting branch '%s' as its own upstream"),
+					local);
+				return 0;
+			}
 
 	strbuf_addf(&key, "branch.%s.remote", local);
 	if (git_config_set_gently(key.buf, origin ? origin : ".") < 0)
@@ -75,8 +96,17 @@
 
 	strbuf_reset(&key);
 	strbuf_addf(&key, "branch.%s.merge", local);
-	if (git_config_set_gently(key.buf, remote) < 0)
+	/*
+	 * We want to overwrite any existing config with all the branches in
+	 * "remotes". Override any existing config, then write our branches. If
+	 * more than one is provided, use CONFIG_REGEX_NONE to preserve what
+	 * we've written so far.
+	 */
+	if (git_config_set_gently(key.buf, NULL) < 0)
 		goto out_err;
+	for_each_string_list_item(item, remotes)
+		if (git_config_set_multivar_gently(key.buf, item->string, CONFIG_REGEX_NONE, 0) < 0)
+			goto out_err;
 
 	if (rebasing) {
 		strbuf_reset(&key);
@@ -87,45 +117,106 @@
 	strbuf_release(&key);
 
 	if (flag & BRANCH_CONFIG_VERBOSE) {
-		if (shortname) {
-			if (origin)
-				printf_ln(rebasing ?
-					  _("Branch '%s' set up to track remote branch '%s' from '%s' by rebasing.") :
-					  _("Branch '%s' set up to track remote branch '%s' from '%s'."),
-					  local, shortname, origin);
-			else
-				printf_ln(rebasing ?
-					  _("Branch '%s' set up to track local branch '%s' by rebasing.") :
-					  _("Branch '%s' set up to track local branch '%s'."),
-					  local, shortname);
-		} else {
-			if (origin)
-				printf_ln(rebasing ?
-					  _("Branch '%s' set up to track remote ref '%s' by rebasing.") :
-					  _("Branch '%s' set up to track remote ref '%s'."),
-					  local, remote);
-			else
-				printf_ln(rebasing ?
-					  _("Branch '%s' set up to track local ref '%s' by rebasing.") :
-					  _("Branch '%s' set up to track local ref '%s'."),
-					  local, remote);
+		struct strbuf tmp_ref_name = STRBUF_INIT;
+		struct string_list friendly_ref_names = STRING_LIST_INIT_DUP;
+
+		for_each_string_list_item(item, remotes) {
+			shortname = item->string;
+			skip_prefix(shortname, "refs/heads/", &shortname);
+			if (origin) {
+				strbuf_addf(&tmp_ref_name, "%s/%s",
+					    origin, shortname);
+				string_list_append_nodup(
+					&friendly_ref_names,
+					strbuf_detach(&tmp_ref_name, NULL));
+			} else {
+				string_list_append(
+					&friendly_ref_names, shortname);
+			}
 		}
+
+		if (remotes->nr == 1) {
+			/*
+			 * Rebasing is only allowed in the case of a single
+			 * upstream branch.
+			 */
+			printf_ln(rebasing ?
+				_("branch '%s' set up to track '%s' by rebasing.") :
+				_("branch '%s' set up to track '%s'."),
+				local, friendly_ref_names.items[0].string);
+		} else {
+			printf_ln(_("branch '%s' set up to track:"), local);
+			for_each_string_list_item(item, &friendly_ref_names)
+				printf_ln("  %s", item->string);
+		}
+
+		string_list_clear(&friendly_ref_names, 0);
 	}
 
 	return 0;
 
 out_err:
 	strbuf_release(&key);
-	error(_("Unable to write upstream branch configuration"));
+	error(_("unable to write upstream branch configuration"));
 
-	advise(_(tracking_advice),
-	       origin ? origin : "",
-	       origin ? "/" : "",
-	       shortname ? shortname : remote);
+	advise(_("\nAfter fixing the error cause you may try to fix up\n"
+		"the remote tracking information by invoking:"));
+	if (remotes->nr == 1)
+		advise("  git branch --set-upstream-to=%s%s%s",
+			origin ? origin : "",
+			origin ? "/" : "",
+			remotes->items[0].string);
+	else {
+		advise("  git config --add branch.\"%s\".remote %s",
+			local, origin ? origin : ".");
+		for_each_string_list_item(item, remotes)
+			advise("  git config --add branch.\"%s\".merge %s",
+				local, item->string);
+	}
 
 	return -1;
 }
 
+int install_branch_config(int flag, const char *local, const char *origin,
+		const char *remote)
+{
+	int ret;
+	struct string_list remotes = STRING_LIST_INIT_DUP;
+
+	string_list_append(&remotes, remote);
+	ret = install_branch_config_multiple_remotes(flag, local, origin, &remotes);
+	string_list_clear(&remotes, 0);
+	return ret;
+}
+
+static int inherit_tracking(struct tracking *tracking, const char *orig_ref)
+{
+	const char *bare_ref;
+	struct branch *branch;
+	int i;
+
+	bare_ref = orig_ref;
+	skip_prefix(orig_ref, "refs/heads/", &bare_ref);
+
+	branch = branch_get(bare_ref);
+	if (!branch->remote_name) {
+		warning(_("asked to inherit tracking from '%s', but no remote is set"),
+			bare_ref);
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	if (branch->merge_nr < 1 || !branch->merge_name || !branch->merge_name[0]) {
+		warning(_("asked to inherit tracking from '%s', but no merge configuration is set"),
+			bare_ref);
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	tracking->remote = xstrdup(branch->remote_name);
+	for (i = 0; i < branch->merge_nr; i++)
+		string_list_append(tracking->srcs, branch->merge_name[i]);
+	return 0;
+}
+
 /*
  * This is called when new_ref is branched off of orig_ref, and tries
  * to infer the settings for branch.<new_ref>.{remote,merge} from the
@@ -135,11 +226,15 @@
 			   enum branch_track track, int quiet)
 {
 	struct tracking tracking;
+	struct string_list tracking_srcs = STRING_LIST_INIT_DUP;
 	int config_flags = quiet ? 0 : BRANCH_CONFIG_VERBOSE;
 
 	memset(&tracking, 0, sizeof(tracking));
 	tracking.spec.dst = (char *)orig_ref;
-	if (for_each_remote(find_tracked_branch, &tracking))
+	tracking.srcs = &tracking_srcs;
+	if (track != BRANCH_TRACK_INHERIT)
+		for_each_remote(find_tracked_branch, &tracking);
+	else if (inherit_tracking(&tracking, orig_ref))
 		return;
 
 	if (!tracking.matches)
@@ -147,20 +242,23 @@
 		case BRANCH_TRACK_ALWAYS:
 		case BRANCH_TRACK_EXPLICIT:
 		case BRANCH_TRACK_OVERRIDE:
+		case BRANCH_TRACK_INHERIT:
 			break;
 		default:
 			return;
 		}
 
 	if (tracking.matches > 1)
-		die(_("Not tracking: ambiguous information for ref %s"),
+		die(_("not tracking: ambiguous information for ref %s"),
 		    orig_ref);
 
-	if (install_branch_config(config_flags, new_ref, tracking.remote,
-			      tracking.src ? tracking.src : orig_ref) < 0)
+	if (tracking.srcs->nr < 1)
+		string_list_append(tracking.srcs, orig_ref);
+	if (install_branch_config_multiple_remotes(config_flags, new_ref,
+				tracking.remote, tracking.srcs) < 0)
 		exit(-1);
 
-	free(tracking.src);
+	string_list_clear(tracking.srcs, 0);
 }
 
 int read_branch_desc(struct strbuf *buf, const char *branch_name)
@@ -186,7 +284,7 @@
 int validate_branchname(const char *name, struct strbuf *ref)
 {
 	if (strbuf_check_branch_ref(ref, name))
-		die(_("'%s' is not a valid branch name."), name);
+		die(_("'%s' is not a valid branch name"), name);
 
 	return ref_exists(ref->buf);
 }
@@ -199,18 +297,23 @@
  */
 int validate_new_branchname(const char *name, struct strbuf *ref, int force)
 {
-	const char *head;
+	struct worktree **worktrees;
+	const struct worktree *wt;
 
 	if (!validate_branchname(name, ref))
 		return 0;
 
 	if (!force)
-		die(_("A branch named '%s' already exists."),
+		die(_("a branch named '%s' already exists"),
 		    ref->buf + strlen("refs/heads/"));
 
-	head = resolve_ref_unsafe("HEAD", 0, NULL, NULL);
-	if (!is_bare_repository() && head && !strcmp(head, ref->buf))
-		die(_("Cannot force update the current branch."));
+	worktrees = get_worktrees();
+	wt = find_shared_symref(worktrees, "HEAD", ref->buf);
+	if (wt && !wt->is_bare)
+		die(_("cannot force update the branch '%s' "
+		      "checked out at '%s'"),
+		    ref->buf + strlen("refs/heads/"), wt->path);
+	free_worktrees(worktrees);
 
 	return 1;
 }
@@ -230,7 +333,7 @@
 }
 
 static const char upstream_not_branch[] =
-N_("Cannot setup tracking information; starting point '%s' is not a branch.");
+N_("cannot set up tracking information; starting point '%s' is not a branch");
 static const char upstream_missing[] =
 N_("the requested upstream branch '%s' does not exist");
 static const char upstream_advice[] =
@@ -278,7 +381,7 @@
 			}
 			die(_(upstream_missing), start_name);
 		}
-		die(_("Not a valid object name: '%s'."), start_name);
+		die(_("not a valid object name: '%s'"), start_name);
 	}
 
 	switch (dwim_ref(start_name, strlen(start_name), &oid, &real_ref, 0)) {
@@ -298,12 +401,12 @@
 		}
 		break;
 	default:
-		die(_("Ambiguous object name: '%s'."), start_name);
+		die(_("ambiguous object name: '%s'"), start_name);
 		break;
 	}
 
 	if ((commit = lookup_commit_reference(r, &oid)) == NULL)
-		die(_("Not a valid branch point: '%s'."), start_name);
+		die(_("not a valid branch point: '%s'"), start_name);
 	oidcpy(&oid, &commit->object.oid);
 
 	if (reflog)
@@ -357,14 +460,16 @@
 
 void die_if_checked_out(const char *branch, int ignore_current_worktree)
 {
+	struct worktree **worktrees = get_worktrees();
 	const struct worktree *wt;
 
-	wt = find_shared_symref("HEAD", branch);
-	if (!wt || (ignore_current_worktree && wt->is_current))
-		return;
-	skip_prefix(branch, "refs/heads/", &branch);
-	die(_("'%s' is already checked out at '%s'"),
-	    branch, wt->path);
+	wt = find_shared_symref(worktrees, "HEAD", branch);
+	if (wt && (!ignore_current_worktree || !wt->is_current)) {
+		skip_prefix(branch, "refs/heads/", &branch);
+		die(_("'%s' is already checked out at '%s'"), branch, wt->path);
+	}
+
+	free_worktrees(worktrees);
 }
 
 int replace_each_worktree_head_symref(const char *oldref, const char *newref,
diff --git a/branch.h b/branch.h
index df0be61..815dcd4 100644
--- a/branch.h
+++ b/branch.h
@@ -10,7 +10,8 @@
 	BRANCH_TRACK_REMOTE,
 	BRANCH_TRACK_ALWAYS,
 	BRANCH_TRACK_EXPLICIT,
-	BRANCH_TRACK_OVERRIDE
+	BRANCH_TRACK_OVERRIDE,
+	BRANCH_TRACK_INHERIT,
 };
 
 extern enum branch_track git_branch_track;
diff --git a/builtin/add.c b/builtin/add.c
index ef6b619..84dff3e 100644
--- a/builtin/add.c
+++ b/builtin/add.c
@@ -302,15 +302,11 @@
 static int edit_patch(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 {
 	char *file = git_pathdup("ADD_EDIT.patch");
-	const char *apply_argv[] = { "apply", "--recount", "--cached",
-		NULL, NULL };
 	struct child_process child = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
 	struct rev_info rev;
 	int out;
 	struct stat st;
 
-	apply_argv[3] = file;
-
 	git_config(git_diff_basic_config, NULL); /* no "diff" UI options */
 
 	if (read_cache() < 0)
@@ -338,7 +334,8 @@
 		die(_("Empty patch. Aborted."));
 
 	child.git_cmd = 1;
-	child.argv = apply_argv;
+	strvec_pushl(&child.args, "apply", "--recount", "--cached", file,
+		     NULL);
 	if (run_command(&child))
 		die(_("Could not apply '%s'"), file);
 
@@ -510,9 +507,9 @@
 		add_interactive = 1;
 	if (add_interactive) {
 		if (show_only)
-			die(_("--dry-run is incompatible with --interactive/--patch"));
+			die(_("options '%s' and '%s' cannot be used together"), "--dry-run", "--interactive/--patch");
 		if (pathspec_from_file)
-			die(_("--pathspec-from-file is incompatible with --interactive/--patch"));
+			die(_("options '%s' and '%s' cannot be used together"), "--pathspec-from-file", "--interactive/--patch");
 		exit(interactive_add(argv + 1, prefix, patch_interactive));
 	}
 	if (legacy_stash_p) {
@@ -529,7 +526,7 @@
 
 	if (edit_interactive) {
 		if (pathspec_from_file)
-			die(_("--pathspec-from-file is incompatible with --edit"));
+			die(_("options '%s' and '%s' cannot be used together"), "--pathspec-from-file", "--edit");
 		return(edit_patch(argc, argv, prefix));
 	}
 	argc--;
@@ -541,10 +538,10 @@
 		addremove = 0; /* "-u" was given but not "-A" */
 
 	if (addremove && take_worktree_changes)
-		die(_("-A and -u are mutually incompatible"));
+		die(_("options '%s' and '%s' cannot be used together"), "-A", "-u");
 
 	if (!show_only && ignore_missing)
-		die(_("Option --ignore-missing can only be used together with --dry-run"));
+		die(_("the option '%s' requires '%s'"), "--ignore-missing", "--dry-run");
 
 	if (chmod_arg && ((chmod_arg[0] != '-' && chmod_arg[0] != '+') ||
 			  chmod_arg[1] != 'x' || chmod_arg[2]))
@@ -569,14 +566,14 @@
 
 	if (pathspec_from_file) {
 		if (pathspec.nr)
-			die(_("--pathspec-from-file is incompatible with pathspec arguments"));
+			die(_("'%s' and pathspec arguments cannot be used together"), "--pathspec-from-file");
 
 		parse_pathspec_file(&pathspec, PATHSPEC_ATTR,
 				    PATHSPEC_PREFER_FULL |
 				    PATHSPEC_SYMLINK_LEADING_PATH,
 				    prefix, pathspec_from_file, pathspec_file_nul);
 	} else if (pathspec_file_nul) {
-		die(_("--pathspec-file-nul requires --pathspec-from-file"));
+		die(_("the option '%s' requires '%s'"), "--pathspec-file-nul", "--pathspec-from-file");
 	}
 
 	if (require_pathspec && pathspec.nr == 0) {
diff --git a/builtin/am.c b/builtin/am.c
index 8677ea2..b6be1f1 100644
--- a/builtin/am.c
+++ b/builtin/am.c
@@ -87,6 +87,12 @@
 	SHOW_PATCH_DIFF = 1,
 };
 
+enum empty_action {
+	STOP_ON_EMPTY_COMMIT = 0,  /* output errors and stop in the middle of an am session */
+	DROP_EMPTY_COMMIT,         /* skip with a notice message, unless "--quiet" has been passed */
+	KEEP_EMPTY_COMMIT,         /* keep recording as empty commits */
+};
+
 struct am_state {
 	/* state directory path */
 	char *dir;
@@ -118,6 +124,7 @@
 	int message_id;
 	int scissors; /* enum scissors_type */
 	int quoted_cr; /* enum quoted_cr_action */
+	int empty_type; /* enum empty_action */
 	struct strvec git_apply_opts;
 	const char *resolvemsg;
 	int committer_date_is_author_date;
@@ -178,6 +185,25 @@
 	return 0;
 }
 
+static int am_option_parse_empty(const struct option *opt,
+				     const char *arg, int unset)
+{
+	int *opt_value = opt->value;
+
+	BUG_ON_OPT_NEG(unset);
+
+	if (!strcmp(arg, "stop"))
+		*opt_value = STOP_ON_EMPTY_COMMIT;
+	else if (!strcmp(arg, "drop"))
+		*opt_value = DROP_EMPTY_COMMIT;
+	else if (!strcmp(arg, "keep"))
+		*opt_value = KEEP_EMPTY_COMMIT;
+	else
+		return error(_("Invalid value for --empty: %s"), arg);
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
 /**
  * Returns path relative to the am_state directory.
  */
@@ -1126,6 +1152,12 @@
 
 		printf_ln(_("When you have resolved this problem, run \"%s --continue\"."), cmdline);
 		printf_ln(_("If you prefer to skip this patch, run \"%s --skip\" instead."), cmdline);
+
+		if (advice_enabled(ADVICE_AM_WORK_DIR) &&
+		    is_empty_or_missing_file(am_path(state, "patch")) &&
+		    !repo_index_has_changes(the_repository, NULL, NULL))
+			printf_ln(_("To record the empty patch as an empty commit, run \"%s --allow-empty\"."), cmdline);
+
 		printf_ln(_("To restore the original branch and stop patching, run \"%s --abort\"."), cmdline);
 	}
 
@@ -1248,11 +1280,6 @@
 		goto finish;
 	}
 
-	if (is_empty_or_missing_file(am_path(state, "patch"))) {
-		printf_ln(_("Patch is empty."));
-		die_user_resolve(state);
-	}
-
 	strbuf_addstr(&msg, "\n\n");
 	strbuf_addbuf(&msg, &mi.log_message);
 	strbuf_stripspace(&msg, 0);
@@ -1763,6 +1790,7 @@
 	while (state->cur <= state->last) {
 		const char *mail = am_path(state, msgnum(state));
 		int apply_status;
+		int to_keep;
 
 		reset_ident_date();
 
@@ -1792,8 +1820,29 @@
 		if (state->interactive && do_interactive(state))
 			goto next;
 
+		to_keep = 0;
+		if (is_empty_or_missing_file(am_path(state, "patch"))) {
+			switch (state->empty_type) {
+			case DROP_EMPTY_COMMIT:
+				say(state, stdout, _("Skipping: %.*s"), linelen(state->msg), state->msg);
+				goto next;
+				break;
+			case KEEP_EMPTY_COMMIT:
+				to_keep = 1;
+				say(state, stdout, _("Creating an empty commit: %.*s"),
+					linelen(state->msg), state->msg);
+				break;
+			case STOP_ON_EMPTY_COMMIT:
+				printf_ln(_("Patch is empty."));
+				die_user_resolve(state);
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+
 		if (run_applypatch_msg_hook(state))
 			exit(1);
+		if (to_keep)
+			goto commit;
 
 		say(state, stdout, _("Applying: %.*s"), linelen(state->msg), state->msg);
 
@@ -1827,6 +1876,7 @@
 			die_user_resolve(state);
 		}
 
+commit:
 		do_commit(state);
 
 next:
@@ -1856,19 +1906,24 @@
 /**
  * Resume the current am session after patch application failure. The user did
  * all the hard work, and we do not have to do any patch application. Just
- * trust and commit what the user has in the index and working tree.
+ * trust and commit what the user has in the index and working tree. If `allow_empty`
+ * is true, commit as an empty commit when index has not changed and lacking a patch.
  */
-static void am_resolve(struct am_state *state)
+static void am_resolve(struct am_state *state, int allow_empty)
 {
 	validate_resume_state(state);
 
 	say(state, stdout, _("Applying: %.*s"), linelen(state->msg), state->msg);
 
 	if (!repo_index_has_changes(the_repository, NULL, NULL)) {
-		printf_ln(_("No changes - did you forget to use 'git add'?\n"
-			"If there is nothing left to stage, chances are that something else\n"
-			"already introduced the same changes; you might want to skip this patch."));
-		die_user_resolve(state);
+		if (allow_empty && is_empty_or_missing_file(am_path(state, "patch"))) {
+			printf_ln(_("No changes - recorded it as an empty commit."));
+		} else {
+			printf_ln(_("No changes - did you forget to use 'git add'?\n"
+				    "If there is nothing left to stage, chances are that something else\n"
+				    "already introduced the same changes; you might want to skip this patch."));
+			die_user_resolve(state);
+		}
 	}
 
 	if (unmerged_cache()) {
@@ -2195,7 +2250,8 @@
 	RESUME_SKIP,
 	RESUME_ABORT,
 	RESUME_QUIT,
-	RESUME_SHOW_PATCH
+	RESUME_SHOW_PATCH,
+	RESUME_ALLOW_EMPTY,
 };
 
 struct resume_mode {
@@ -2230,9 +2286,9 @@
 	}
 
 	if (resume->mode == RESUME_SHOW_PATCH && new_value != resume->sub_mode)
-		return error(_("--show-current-patch=%s is incompatible with "
-			       "--show-current-patch=%s"),
-			     arg, valid_modes[resume->sub_mode]);
+		return error(_("options '%s=%s' and '%s=%s' "
+					   "cannot be used together"),
+					 "--show-current-patch", "--show-current-patch", arg, valid_modes[resume->sub_mode]);
 
 	resume->mode = RESUME_SHOW_PATCH;
 	resume->sub_mode = new_value;
@@ -2348,6 +2404,9 @@
 		  N_("show the patch being applied"),
 		  PARSE_OPT_CMDMODE | PARSE_OPT_OPTARG | PARSE_OPT_NONEG | PARSE_OPT_LITERAL_ARGHELP,
 		  parse_opt_show_current_patch, RESUME_SHOW_PATCH },
+		OPT_CMDMODE(0, "allow-empty", &resume.mode,
+			N_("record the empty patch as an empty commit"),
+			RESUME_ALLOW_EMPTY),
 		OPT_BOOL(0, "committer-date-is-author-date",
 			&state.committer_date_is_author_date,
 			N_("lie about committer date")),
@@ -2357,6 +2416,9 @@
 		{ OPTION_STRING, 'S', "gpg-sign", &state.sign_commit, N_("key-id"),
 		  N_("GPG-sign commits"),
 		  PARSE_OPT_OPTARG, NULL, (intptr_t) "" },
+		OPT_CALLBACK_F(STOP_ON_EMPTY_COMMIT, "empty", &state.empty_type, "{stop,drop,keep}",
+		  N_("how to handle empty patches"),
+		  PARSE_OPT_NONEG, am_option_parse_empty),
 		OPT_HIDDEN_BOOL(0, "rebasing", &state.rebasing,
 			N_("(internal use for git-rebase)")),
 		OPT_END()
@@ -2453,7 +2515,8 @@
 		am_run(&state, 1);
 		break;
 	case RESUME_RESOLVED:
-		am_resolve(&state);
+	case RESUME_ALLOW_EMPTY:
+		am_resolve(&state, resume.mode == RESUME_ALLOW_EMPTY ? 1 : 0);
 		break;
 	case RESUME_SKIP:
 		am_skip(&state);
diff --git a/builtin/blame.c b/builtin/blame.c
index f9ee3f8..7fafeac 100644
--- a/builtin/blame.c
+++ b/builtin/blame.c
@@ -939,6 +939,9 @@
 	revs.diffopt.flags.follow_renames = 0;
 	argc = parse_options_end(&ctx);
 
+	prepare_repo_settings(the_repository);
+	the_repository->settings.command_requires_full_index = 0;
+
 	if (incremental || (output_option & OUTPUT_PORCELAIN)) {
 		if (show_progress > 0)
 			die(_("--progress can't be used with --incremental or porcelain formats"));
diff --git a/builtin/branch.c b/builtin/branch.c
index 7a1d1ee..4ce2a24 100644
--- a/builtin/branch.c
+++ b/builtin/branch.c
@@ -77,12 +77,11 @@
 static int git_branch_config(const char *var, const char *value, void *cb)
 {
 	const char *slot_name;
-	struct ref_sorting **sorting_tail = (struct ref_sorting **)cb;
 
 	if (!strcmp(var, "branch.sort")) {
 		if (!value)
 			return config_error_nonbool(var);
-		parse_ref_sorting(sorting_tail, value);
+		string_list_append(cb, value);
 		return 0;
 	}
 
@@ -193,6 +192,7 @@
 static int delete_branches(int argc, const char **argv, int force, int kinds,
 			   int quiet)
 {
+	struct worktree **worktrees;
 	struct commit *head_rev = NULL;
 	struct object_id oid;
 	char *name = NULL;
@@ -229,6 +229,9 @@
 		if (!head_rev)
 			die(_("Couldn't look up commit object for HEAD"));
 	}
+
+	worktrees = get_worktrees();
+
 	for (i = 0; i < argc; i++, strbuf_reset(&bname)) {
 		char *target = NULL;
 		int flags = 0;
@@ -239,7 +242,7 @@
 
 		if (kinds == FILTER_REFS_BRANCHES) {
 			const struct worktree *wt =
-				find_shared_symref("HEAD", name);
+				find_shared_symref(worktrees, "HEAD", name);
 			if (wt) {
 				error(_("Cannot delete branch '%s' "
 					"checked out at '%s'"),
@@ -300,6 +303,7 @@
 
 	free(name);
 	strbuf_release(&bname);
+	free_worktrees(worktrees);
 
 	return ret;
 }
@@ -625,7 +629,8 @@
 	enum branch_track track;
 	struct ref_filter filter;
 	int icase = 0;
-	static struct ref_sorting *sorting = NULL, **sorting_tail = &sorting;
+	static struct ref_sorting *sorting;
+	struct string_list sorting_options = STRING_LIST_INIT_DUP;
 	struct ref_format format = REF_FORMAT_INIT;
 
 	struct option options[] = {
@@ -633,8 +638,10 @@
 		OPT__VERBOSE(&filter.verbose,
 			N_("show hash and subject, give twice for upstream branch")),
 		OPT__QUIET(&quiet, N_("suppress informational messages")),
-		OPT_SET_INT('t', "track",  &track, N_("set up tracking mode (see git-pull(1))"),
-			BRANCH_TRACK_EXPLICIT),
+		OPT_CALLBACK_F('t', "track",  &track, "(direct|inherit)",
+			N_("set branch tracking configuration"),
+			PARSE_OPT_OPTARG,
+			parse_opt_tracking_mode),
 		OPT_SET_INT_F(0, "set-upstream", &track, N_("do not use"),
 			BRANCH_TRACK_OVERRIDE, PARSE_OPT_HIDDEN),
 		OPT_STRING('u', "set-upstream-to", &new_upstream, N_("upstream"), N_("change the upstream info")),
@@ -666,7 +673,7 @@
 		OPT_MERGED(&filter, N_("print only branches that are merged")),
 		OPT_NO_MERGED(&filter, N_("print only branches that are not merged")),
 		OPT_COLUMN(0, "column", &colopts, N_("list branches in columns")),
-		OPT_REF_SORT(sorting_tail),
+		OPT_REF_SORT(&sorting_options),
 		OPT_CALLBACK(0, "points-at", &filter.points_at, N_("object"),
 			N_("print only branches of the object"), parse_opt_object_name),
 		OPT_BOOL('i', "ignore-case", &icase, N_("sorting and filtering are case insensitive")),
@@ -683,7 +690,7 @@
 	if (argc == 2 && !strcmp(argv[1], "-h"))
 		usage_with_options(builtin_branch_usage, options);
 
-	git_config(git_branch_config, sorting_tail);
+	git_config(git_branch_config, &sorting_options);
 
 	track = git_branch_track;
 
@@ -717,7 +724,7 @@
 	finalize_colopts(&colopts, -1);
 	if (filter.verbose) {
 		if (explicitly_enable_column(colopts))
-			die(_("--column and --verbose are incompatible"));
+			die(_("options '%s' and '%s' cannot be used together"), "--column", "--verbose");
 		colopts = 0;
 	}
 
@@ -749,8 +756,7 @@
 		 * local branches 'refs/heads/...' and finally remote-tracking
 		 * branches 'refs/remotes/...'.
 		 */
-		if (!sorting)
-			sorting = ref_default_sorting();
+		sorting = ref_sorting_options(&sorting_options);
 		ref_sorting_set_sort_flags_all(sorting, REF_SORTING_ICASE, icase);
 		ref_sorting_set_sort_flags_all(
 			sorting, REF_SORTING_DETACHED_HEAD_FIRST, 1);
diff --git a/builtin/cat-file.c b/builtin/cat-file.c
index 86fc032..d94050e 100644
--- a/builtin/cat-file.c
+++ b/builtin/cat-file.c
@@ -729,7 +729,7 @@
 	}
 
 	if (force_path && batch.enabled) {
-		error("--path=<path> incompatible with --batch");
+		error("options '--path=<path>' and '--batch' cannot be used together");
 		usage_with_options(cat_file_usage, options);
 	}
 
diff --git a/builtin/checkout.c b/builtin/checkout.c
index cbf73b8..cc804ba 100644
--- a/builtin/checkout.c
+++ b/builtin/checkout.c
@@ -91,8 +91,8 @@
 };
 
 struct branch_info {
-	const char *name; /* The short name used */
-	const char *path; /* The full name of a real branch */
+	char *name; /* The short name used */
+	char *path; /* The full name of a real branch */
 	struct commit *commit; /* The named commit */
 	char *refname; /* The full name of the ref being checked out. */
 	struct object_id oid; /* The object ID of the commit being checked out. */
@@ -103,6 +103,14 @@
 	char *checkout;
 };
 
+static void branch_info_release(struct branch_info *info)
+{
+	free(info->name);
+	free(info->path);
+	free(info->refname);
+	free(info->checkout);
+}
+
 static int post_checkout_hook(struct commit *old_commit, struct commit *new_commit,
 			      int changed)
 {
@@ -456,10 +464,10 @@
 		die(_("'%s' cannot be used with updating paths"), "--detach");
 
 	if (opts->merge && opts->patch_mode)
-		die(_("'%s' cannot be used with %s"), "--merge", "--patch");
+		die(_("options '%s' and '%s' cannot be used together"), "--merge", "--patch");
 
 	if (opts->ignore_unmerged && opts->merge)
-		die(_("'%s' cannot be used with %s"),
+		die(_("options '%s' and '%s' cannot be used together"),
 		    opts->ignore_unmerged_opt, "-m");
 
 	if (opts->new_branch)
@@ -688,9 +696,12 @@
 		repo_get_oid_committish(the_repository, branch->name, &branch->oid);
 
 	strbuf_branchname(&buf, branch->name, INTERPRET_BRANCH_LOCAL);
-	if (strcmp(buf.buf, branch->name))
+	if (strcmp(buf.buf, branch->name)) {
+		free(branch->name);
 		branch->name = xstrdup(buf.buf);
+	}
 	strbuf_splice(&buf, 0, 0, "refs/heads/", 11);
+	free(branch->path);
 	branch->path = strbuf_detach(&buf, NULL);
 }
 
@@ -874,7 +885,7 @@
 				int ret;
 				struct strbuf err = STRBUF_INIT;
 
-				ret = safe_create_reflog(refname, 1, &err);
+				ret = safe_create_reflog(refname, &err);
 				if (ret) {
 					fprintf(stderr, _("Can not do reflog for '%s': %s\n"),
 						opts->new_orphan_branch, err.buf);
@@ -894,7 +905,9 @@
 				      opts->new_branch_log,
 				      opts->quiet,
 				      opts->track);
-		new_branch_info->name = opts->new_branch;
+		free(new_branch_info->name);
+		free(new_branch_info->refname);
+		new_branch_info->name = xstrdup(opts->new_branch);
 		setup_branch_path(new_branch_info);
 	}
 
@@ -1062,8 +1075,7 @@
 			   struct branch_info *new_branch_info)
 {
 	int ret = 0;
-	struct branch_info old_branch_info;
-	void *path_to_free;
+	struct branch_info old_branch_info = { 0 };
 	struct object_id rev;
 	int flag, writeout_error = 0;
 	int do_merge = 1;
@@ -1071,25 +1083,29 @@
 	trace2_cmd_mode("branch");
 
 	memset(&old_branch_info, 0, sizeof(old_branch_info));
-	old_branch_info.path = path_to_free = resolve_refdup("HEAD", 0, &rev, &flag);
+	old_branch_info.path = resolve_refdup("HEAD", 0, &rev, &flag);
 	if (old_branch_info.path)
 		old_branch_info.commit = lookup_commit_reference_gently(the_repository, &rev, 1);
 	if (!(flag & REF_ISSYMREF))
-		old_branch_info.path = NULL;
+		FREE_AND_NULL(old_branch_info.path);
 
-	if (old_branch_info.path)
-		skip_prefix(old_branch_info.path, "refs/heads/", &old_branch_info.name);
+	if (old_branch_info.path) {
+		const char *const prefix = "refs/heads/";
+		const char *p;
+		if (skip_prefix(old_branch_info.path, prefix, &p))
+			old_branch_info.name = xstrdup(p);
+	}
 
 	if (opts->new_orphan_branch && opts->orphan_from_empty_tree) {
 		if (new_branch_info->name)
 			BUG("'switch --orphan' should never accept a commit as starting point");
 		new_branch_info->commit = NULL;
-		new_branch_info->name = "(empty)";
+		new_branch_info->name = xstrdup("(empty)");
 		do_merge = 1;
 	}
 
 	if (!new_branch_info->name) {
-		new_branch_info->name = "HEAD";
+		new_branch_info->name = xstrdup("HEAD");
 		new_branch_info->commit = old_branch_info.commit;
 		if (!new_branch_info->commit)
 			die(_("You are on a branch yet to be born"));
@@ -1102,7 +1118,7 @@
 	if (do_merge) {
 		ret = merge_working_tree(opts, &old_branch_info, new_branch_info, &writeout_error);
 		if (ret) {
-			free(path_to_free);
+			branch_info_release(&old_branch_info);
 			return ret;
 		}
 	}
@@ -1113,7 +1129,8 @@
 	update_refs_for_switch(opts, &old_branch_info, new_branch_info);
 
 	ret = post_checkout_hook(old_branch_info.commit, new_branch_info->commit, 1);
-	free(path_to_free);
+	branch_info_release(&old_branch_info);
+
 	return ret || writeout_error;
 }
 
@@ -1145,16 +1162,15 @@
 	struct tree **source_tree = &opts->source_tree;
 	struct object_id branch_rev;
 
-	new_branch_info->name = arg;
+	new_branch_info->name = xstrdup(arg);
 	setup_branch_path(new_branch_info);
 
 	if (!check_refname_format(new_branch_info->path, 0) &&
 	    !read_ref(new_branch_info->path, &branch_rev))
 		oidcpy(rev, &branch_rev);
-	else {
-		free((char *)new_branch_info->path);
-		new_branch_info->path = NULL; /* not an existing branch */
-	}
+	else
+		/* not an existing branch */
+		FREE_AND_NULL(new_branch_info->path);
 
 	new_branch_info->commit = lookup_commit_reference_gently(the_repository, rev, 1);
 	if (!new_branch_info->commit) {
@@ -1517,7 +1533,7 @@
 		OPT_BOOL(0, "progress", &opts->show_progress, N_("force progress reporting")),
 		OPT_BOOL('m', "merge", &opts->merge, N_("perform a 3-way merge with the new branch")),
 		OPT_STRING(0, "conflict", &opts->conflict_style, N_("style"),
-			   N_("conflict style (merge or diff3)")),
+			   N_("conflict style (merge, diff3, or zdiff3)")),
 		OPT_END()
 	};
 	struct option *newopts = parse_options_concat(prevopts, options);
@@ -1530,8 +1546,10 @@
 {
 	struct option options[] = {
 		OPT_BOOL('d', "detach", &opts->force_detach, N_("detach HEAD at named commit")),
-		OPT_SET_INT('t', "track",  &opts->track, N_("set upstream info for new branch"),
-			BRANCH_TRACK_EXPLICIT),
+		OPT_CALLBACK_F('t', "track",  &opts->track, "(direct|inherit)",
+			N_("set branch tracking configuration"),
+			PARSE_OPT_OPTARG,
+			parse_opt_tracking_mode),
 		OPT__FORCE(&opts->force, N_("force checkout (throw away local modifications)"),
 			   PARSE_OPT_NOCOMPLETE),
 		OPT_STRING(0, "orphan", &opts->new_orphan_branch, N_("new-branch"), N_("new unparented branch")),
@@ -1574,12 +1592,11 @@
 
 static int checkout_main(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix,
 			 struct checkout_opts *opts, struct option *options,
-			 const char * const usagestr[])
+			 const char * const usagestr[],
+			 struct branch_info *new_branch_info)
 {
-	struct branch_info new_branch_info;
 	int parseopt_flags = 0;
 
-	memset(&new_branch_info, 0, sizeof(new_branch_info));
 	opts->overwrite_ignore = 1;
 	opts->prefix = prefix;
 	opts->show_progress = -1;
@@ -1617,11 +1634,11 @@
 	}
 
 	if ((!!opts->new_branch + !!opts->new_branch_force + !!opts->new_orphan_branch) > 1)
-		die(_("-%c, -%c and --orphan are mutually exclusive"),
-				cb_option, toupper(cb_option));
+		die(_("options '-%c', '-%c', and '%s' cannot be used together"),
+			cb_option, toupper(cb_option), "--orphan");
 
 	if (opts->overlay_mode == 1 && opts->patch_mode)
-		die(_("-p and --overlay are mutually exclusive"));
+		die(_("options '%s' and '%s' cannot be used together"), "-p", "--overlay");
 
 	if (opts->checkout_index >= 0 || opts->checkout_worktree >= 0) {
 		if (opts->checkout_index < 0)
@@ -1688,7 +1705,7 @@
 			opts->track == BRANCH_TRACK_UNSPECIFIED &&
 			!opts->new_branch;
 		int n = parse_branchname_arg(argc, argv, dwim_ok,
-					     &new_branch_info, opts, &rev);
+					     new_branch_info, opts, &rev);
 		argv += n;
 		argc -= n;
 	} else if (!opts->accept_ref && opts->from_treeish) {
@@ -1697,7 +1714,7 @@
 		if (get_oid_mb(opts->from_treeish, &rev))
 			die(_("could not resolve %s"), opts->from_treeish);
 
-		setup_new_branch_info_and_source_tree(&new_branch_info,
+		setup_new_branch_info_and_source_tree(new_branch_info,
 						      opts, &rev,
 						      opts->from_treeish);
 
@@ -1717,7 +1734,7 @@
 		 * Try to give more helpful suggestion.
 		 * new_branch && argc > 1 will be caught later.
 		 */
-		if (opts->new_branch && argc == 1 && !new_branch_info.commit)
+		if (opts->new_branch && argc == 1 && !new_branch_info->commit)
 			die(_("'%s' is not a commit and a branch '%s' cannot be created from it"),
 				argv[0], opts->new_branch);
 
@@ -1728,19 +1745,19 @@
 
 	if (opts->pathspec_from_file) {
 		if (opts->pathspec.nr)
-			die(_("--pathspec-from-file is incompatible with pathspec arguments"));
+			die(_("'%s' and pathspec arguments cannot be used together"), "--pathspec-from-file");
 
 		if (opts->force_detach)
-			die(_("--pathspec-from-file is incompatible with --detach"));
+			die(_("options '%s' and '%s' cannot be used together"), "--pathspec-from-file", "--detach");
 
 		if (opts->patch_mode)
-			die(_("--pathspec-from-file is incompatible with --patch"));
+			die(_("options '%s' and '%s' cannot be used together"), "--pathspec-from-file", "--patch");
 
 		parse_pathspec_file(&opts->pathspec, 0,
 				    0,
 				    prefix, opts->pathspec_from_file, opts->pathspec_file_nul);
 	} else if (opts->pathspec_file_nul) {
-		die(_("--pathspec-file-nul requires --pathspec-from-file"));
+		die(_("the option '%s' requires '%s'"), "--pathspec-file-nul", "--pathspec-from-file");
 	}
 
 	opts->pathspec.recursive = 1;
@@ -1766,11 +1783,10 @@
 		strbuf_release(&buf);
 	}
 
-	UNLEAK(opts);
 	if (opts->patch_mode || opts->pathspec.nr)
-		return checkout_paths(opts, &new_branch_info);
+		return checkout_paths(opts, new_branch_info);
 	else
-		return checkout_branch(opts, &new_branch_info);
+		return checkout_branch(opts, new_branch_info);
 }
 
 int cmd_checkout(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
@@ -1789,6 +1805,7 @@
 		OPT_END()
 	};
 	int ret;
+	struct branch_info new_branch_info = { 0 };
 
 	memset(&opts, 0, sizeof(opts));
 	opts.dwim_new_local_branch = 1;
@@ -1819,7 +1836,9 @@
 	options = add_checkout_path_options(&opts, options);
 
 	ret = checkout_main(argc, argv, prefix, &opts,
-			    options, checkout_usage);
+			    options, checkout_usage, &new_branch_info);
+	branch_info_release(&new_branch_info);
+	clear_pathspec(&opts.pathspec);
 	FREE_AND_NULL(options);
 	return ret;
 }
@@ -1840,6 +1859,7 @@
 		OPT_END()
 	};
 	int ret;
+	struct branch_info new_branch_info = { 0 };
 
 	memset(&opts, 0, sizeof(opts));
 	opts.dwim_new_local_branch = 1;
@@ -1859,7 +1879,8 @@
 	cb_option = 'c';
 
 	ret = checkout_main(argc, argv, prefix, &opts,
-			    options, switch_branch_usage);
+			    options, switch_branch_usage, &new_branch_info);
+	branch_info_release(&new_branch_info);
 	FREE_AND_NULL(options);
 	return ret;
 }
@@ -1881,6 +1902,7 @@
 		OPT_END()
 	};
 	int ret;
+	struct branch_info new_branch_info = { 0 };
 
 	memset(&opts, 0, sizeof(opts));
 	opts.accept_ref = 0;
@@ -1896,7 +1918,8 @@
 	options = add_checkout_path_options(&opts, options);
 
 	ret = checkout_main(argc, argv, prefix, &opts,
-			    options, restore_usage);
+			    options, restore_usage, &new_branch_info);
+	branch_info_release(&new_branch_info);
 	FREE_AND_NULL(options);
 	return ret;
 }
diff --git a/builtin/clean.c b/builtin/clean.c
index 98a2860..3ff02bb 100644
--- a/builtin/clean.c
+++ b/builtin/clean.c
@@ -36,6 +36,8 @@
 static const char *msg_would_skip_git_dir = N_("Would skip repository %s\n");
 static const char *msg_warn_remove_failed = N_("failed to remove %s");
 static const char *msg_warn_lstat_failed = N_("could not lstat %s\n");
+static const char *msg_skip_cwd = N_("Refusing to remove current working directory\n");
+static const char *msg_would_skip_cwd = N_("Would refuse to remove current working directory\n");
 
 enum color_clean {
 	CLEAN_COLOR_RESET = 0,
@@ -153,6 +155,8 @@
 {
 	DIR *dir;
 	struct strbuf quoted = STRBUF_INIT;
+	struct strbuf realpath = STRBUF_INIT;
+	struct strbuf real_ocwd = STRBUF_INIT;
 	struct dirent *e;
 	int res = 0, ret = 0, gone = 1, original_len = path->len, len;
 	struct string_list dels = STRING_LIST_INIT_DUP;
@@ -231,16 +235,36 @@
 	strbuf_setlen(path, original_len);
 
 	if (*dir_gone) {
-		res = dry_run ? 0 : rmdir(path->buf);
-		if (!res)
-			*dir_gone = 1;
-		else {
-			int saved_errno = errno;
-			quote_path(path->buf, prefix, &quoted, 0);
-			errno = saved_errno;
-			warning_errno(_(msg_warn_remove_failed), quoted.buf);
+		/*
+		 * Normalize path components in path->buf, e.g. change '\' to
+		 * '/' on Windows.
+		 */
+		strbuf_realpath(&realpath, path->buf, 1);
+
+		/*
+		 * path and realpath are absolute; for comparison, we would
+		 * like to transform startup_info->original_cwd to an absolute
+		 * path too.
+		 */
+		 if (startup_info->original_cwd)
+			 strbuf_realpath(&real_ocwd,
+					 startup_info->original_cwd, 1);
+
+		if (!strbuf_cmp(&realpath, &real_ocwd)) {
+			printf("%s", dry_run ? _(msg_would_skip_cwd) : _(msg_skip_cwd));
 			*dir_gone = 0;
-			ret = 1;
+		} else {
+			res = dry_run ? 0 : rmdir(path->buf);
+			if (!res)
+				*dir_gone = 1;
+			else {
+				int saved_errno = errno;
+				quote_path(path->buf, prefix, &quoted, 0);
+				errno = saved_errno;
+				warning_errno(_(msg_warn_remove_failed), quoted.buf);
+				*dir_gone = 0;
+				ret = 1;
+			}
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -250,6 +274,8 @@
 			printf(dry_run ?  _(msg_would_remove) : _(msg_remove), dels.items[i].string);
 	}
 out:
+	strbuf_release(&realpath);
+	strbuf_release(&real_ocwd);
 	strbuf_release(&quoted);
 	string_list_clear(&dels, 0);
 	return ret;
diff --git a/builtin/clone.c b/builtin/clone.c
index fb377b2..727e16e 100644
--- a/builtin/clone.c
+++ b/builtin/clone.c
@@ -633,7 +633,7 @@
 {
 	struct strvec argv = STRVEC_INIT;
 	int result = 0;
-	strvec_pushl(&argv, "-C", repo, "sparse-checkout", "init", NULL);
+	strvec_pushl(&argv, "-C", repo, "sparse-checkout", "set", NULL);
 
 	/*
 	 * We must apply the setting in the current process
@@ -900,10 +900,10 @@
 
 	if (option_bare) {
 		if (option_origin)
-			die(_("--bare and --origin %s options are incompatible."),
-			    option_origin);
+			die(_("options '%s' and '%s %s' cannot be used together"),
+			    "--bare", "--origin", option_origin);
 		if (real_git_dir)
-			die(_("--bare and --separate-git-dir are incompatible."));
+			die(_("options '%s' and '%s' cannot be used together"), "--bare", "--separate-git-dir");
 		option_no_checkout = 1;
 	}
 
@@ -1290,7 +1290,7 @@
 	 */
 	submodule_progress = transport->progress;
 
-	transport_unlock_pack(transport);
+	transport_unlock_pack(transport, 0);
 	transport_disconnect(transport);
 
 	if (option_dissociate) {
diff --git a/builtin/commit.c b/builtin/commit.c
index 883c162..b9ed037 100644
--- a/builtin/commit.c
+++ b/builtin/commit.c
@@ -355,19 +355,19 @@
 
 	if (pathspec_from_file) {
 		if (interactive)
-			die(_("--pathspec-from-file is incompatible with --interactive/--patch"));
+			die(_("options '%s' and '%s' cannot be used together"), "--pathspec-from-file", "--interactive/--patch");
 
 		if (all)
-			die(_("--pathspec-from-file with -a does not make sense"));
+			die(_("options '%s' and '%s' cannot be used together"), "--pathspec-from-file", "-a");
 
 		if (pathspec.nr)
-			die(_("--pathspec-from-file is incompatible with pathspec arguments"));
+			die(_("'%s' and pathspec arguments cannot be used together"), "--pathspec-from-file");
 
 		parse_pathspec_file(&pathspec, 0,
 				    PATHSPEC_PREFER_FULL,
 				    prefix, pathspec_from_file, pathspec_file_nul);
 	} else if (pathspec_file_nul) {
-		die(_("--pathspec-file-nul requires --pathspec-from-file"));
+		die(_("the option '%s' requires '%s'"), "--pathspec-file-nul", "--pathspec-from-file");
 	}
 
 	if (!pathspec.nr && (also || (only && !allow_empty &&
@@ -799,7 +799,7 @@
 
 		if (!strcmp(fixup_prefix, "amend")) {
 			if (have_option_m)
-				die(_("cannot combine -m with --fixup:%s"), fixup_message);
+				die(_("options '%s' and '%s:%s' cannot be used together"), "-m", "--fixup", fixup_message);
 			prepare_amend_commit(commit, &sb, &ctx);
 		}
 	} else if (!stat(git_path_merge_msg(the_repository), &statbuf)) {
@@ -1193,7 +1193,7 @@
 		    status_format == STATUS_FORMAT_UNSPECIFIED)
 			status_format = STATUS_FORMAT_PORCELAIN;
 		else if (status_format == STATUS_FORMAT_LONG)
-			die(_("--long and -z are incompatible"));
+			die(_("options '%s' and '%s' cannot be used together"), "--long", "-z");
 	}
 
 	if (use_deferred_config && status_format == STATUS_FORMAT_UNSPECIFIED)
@@ -1229,9 +1229,10 @@
 			die(_("You are in the middle of a cherry-pick -- cannot reword."));
 	}
 	if (argc)
-		die(_("cannot combine reword option of --fixup with path '%s'"), *argv);
+		die(_("reword option of '%s' and path '%s' cannot be used together"), "--fixup", *argv);
 	if (patch_interactive || interactive || all || also || only)
-		die(_("reword option of --fixup is mutually exclusive with --patch/--interactive/--all/--include/--only"));
+		die(_("reword option of '%s' and '%s' cannot be used together"),
+			"--fixup", "--patch/--interactive/--all/--include/--only");
 }
 
 static int parse_and_validate_options(int argc, const char *argv[],
diff --git a/builtin/credential.c b/builtin/credential.c
index d75dcdc..d7b304f 100644
--- a/builtin/credential.c
+++ b/builtin/credential.c
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 #include "config.h"
 
 static const char usage_msg[] =
-	"git credential [fill|approve|reject]";
+	"git credential (fill|approve|reject)";
 
 int cmd_credential(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 {
diff --git a/builtin/describe.c b/builtin/describe.c
index e912ba5..42159cd 100644
--- a/builtin/describe.c
+++ b/builtin/describe.c
@@ -590,7 +590,7 @@
 	save_commit_buffer = 0;
 
 	if (longformat && abbrev == 0)
-		die(_("--long is incompatible with --abbrev=0"));
+		die(_("options '%s' and '%s' cannot be used together"), "--long", "--abbrev=0");
 
 	if (contains) {
 		struct string_list_item *item;
@@ -670,9 +670,9 @@
 		}
 		describe("HEAD", 1);
 	} else if (dirty) {
-		die(_("--dirty is incompatible with commit-ishes"));
+		die(_("option '%s' and commit-ishes cannot be used together"), "--dirty");
 	} else if (broken) {
-		die(_("--broken is incompatible with commit-ishes"));
+		die(_("option '%s' and commit-ishes cannot be used together"), "--broken");
 	} else {
 		while (argc-- > 0)
 			describe(*argv++, argc == 0);
diff --git a/builtin/diff-tree.c b/builtin/diff-tree.c
index f33d30d..0e0ac1f 100644
--- a/builtin/diff-tree.c
+++ b/builtin/diff-tree.c
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@
 	}
 
 	if (read_stdin && merge_base)
-		die(_("--stdin and --merge-base are mutually exclusive"));
+		die(_("options '%s' and '%s' cannot be used together"), "--stdin", "--merge-base");
 	if (merge_base && opt->pending.nr != 2)
 		die(_("--merge-base only works with two commits"));
 
diff --git a/builtin/diff.c b/builtin/diff.c
index dd8ce68..fa46833 100644
--- a/builtin/diff.c
+++ b/builtin/diff.c
@@ -437,6 +437,11 @@
 
 	prefix = setup_git_directory_gently(&nongit);
 
+	if (!nongit) {
+		prepare_repo_settings(the_repository);
+		the_repository->settings.command_requires_full_index = 0;
+	}
+
 	if (!no_index) {
 		/*
 		 * Treat git diff with at least one path outside of the
diff --git a/builtin/difftool.c b/builtin/difftool.c
index 4931c10..c79fbbf 100644
--- a/builtin/difftool.c
+++ b/builtin/difftool.c
@@ -202,15 +202,10 @@
 {
 	struct child_process update_index = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
 	struct child_process diff_files = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
-	struct strbuf index_env = STRBUF_INIT, buf = STRBUF_INIT;
-	const char *git_dir = absolute_path(get_git_dir()), *env[] = {
-		NULL, NULL
-	};
+	struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
+	const char *git_dir = absolute_path(get_git_dir());
 	FILE *fp;
 
-	strbuf_addf(&index_env, "GIT_INDEX_FILE=%s", index_path);
-	env[0] = index_env.buf;
-
 	strvec_pushl(&update_index.args,
 		     "--git-dir", git_dir, "--work-tree", workdir,
 		     "update-index", "--really-refresh", "-q",
@@ -222,7 +217,7 @@
 	update_index.use_shell = 0;
 	update_index.clean_on_exit = 1;
 	update_index.dir = workdir;
-	update_index.env = env;
+	strvec_pushf(&update_index.env_array, "GIT_INDEX_FILE=%s", index_path);
 	/* Ignore any errors of update-index */
 	run_command(&update_index);
 
@@ -235,7 +230,7 @@
 	diff_files.clean_on_exit = 1;
 	diff_files.out = -1;
 	diff_files.dir = workdir;
-	diff_files.env = env;
+	strvec_pushf(&diff_files.env_array, "GIT_INDEX_FILE=%s", index_path);
 	if (start_command(&diff_files))
 		die("could not obtain raw diff");
 	fp = xfdopen(diff_files.out, "r");
@@ -248,7 +243,6 @@
 	fclose(fp);
 	if (finish_command(&diff_files))
 		die("diff-files did not exit properly");
-	strbuf_release(&index_env);
 	strbuf_release(&buf);
 }
 
@@ -736,10 +730,10 @@
 		setenv(GIT_DIR_ENVIRONMENT, absolute_path(get_git_dir()), 1);
 		setenv(GIT_WORK_TREE_ENVIRONMENT, absolute_path(get_git_work_tree()), 1);
 	} else if (dir_diff)
-		die(_("--dir-diff is incompatible with --no-index"));
+		die(_("options '%s' and '%s' cannot be used together"), "--dir-diff", "--no-index");
 
 	if (use_gui_tool + !!difftool_cmd + !!extcmd > 1)
-		die(_("--gui, --tool and --extcmd are mutually exclusive"));
+		die(_("options '%s', '%s', and '%s' cannot be used together"), "--gui", "--tool", "--extcmd");
 
 	if (use_gui_tool)
 		setenv("GIT_MERGETOOL_GUI", "true", 1);
diff --git a/builtin/fast-export.c b/builtin/fast-export.c
index 8e2caf7..9f1c730 100644
--- a/builtin/fast-export.c
+++ b/builtin/fast-export.c
@@ -107,18 +107,6 @@
 
 static struct decoration idnums;
 static uint32_t last_idnum;
-
-static int has_unshown_parent(struct commit *commit)
-{
-	struct commit_list *parent;
-
-	for (parent = commit->parents; parent; parent = parent->next)
-		if (!(parent->item->object.flags & SHOWN) &&
-		    !(parent->item->object.flags & UNINTERESTING))
-			return 1;
-	return 0;
-}
-
 struct anonymized_entry {
 	struct hashmap_entry hash;
 	const char *anon;
@@ -752,20 +740,6 @@
 	return strbuf_detach(&out, NULL);
 }
 
-static void handle_tail(struct object_array *commits, struct rev_info *revs,
-			struct string_list *paths_of_changed_objects)
-{
-	struct commit *commit;
-	while (commits->nr) {
-		commit = (struct commit *)object_array_pop(commits);
-		if (has_unshown_parent(commit)) {
-			/* Queue again, to be handled later */
-			add_object_array(&commit->object, NULL, commits);
-			return;
-		}
-		handle_commit(commit, revs, paths_of_changed_objects);
-	}
-}
 
 static void handle_tag(const char *name, struct tag *tag)
 {
@@ -1185,7 +1159,6 @@
 int cmd_fast_export(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 {
 	struct rev_info revs;
-	struct object_array commits = OBJECT_ARRAY_INIT;
 	struct commit *commit;
 	char *export_filename = NULL,
 	     *import_filename = NULL,
@@ -1254,7 +1227,7 @@
 		usage_with_options (fast_export_usage, options);
 
 	if (anonymized_seeds.cmpfn && !anonymize)
-		die(_("--anonymize-map without --anonymize does not make sense"));
+		die(_("the option '%s' requires '%s'"), "--anonymize-map", "--anonymize");
 
 	if (refspecs_list.nr) {
 		int i;
@@ -1269,7 +1242,7 @@
 		printf("feature done\n");
 
 	if (import_filename && import_filename_if_exists)
-		die(_("Cannot pass both --import-marks and --import-marks-if-exists"));
+		die(_("options '%s' and '%s' cannot be used together"), "--import-marks", "--import-marks-if-exists");
 	if (import_filename)
 		import_marks(import_filename, 0);
 	else if (import_filename_if_exists)
@@ -1283,18 +1256,13 @@
 
 	if (prepare_revision_walk(&revs))
 		die("revision walk setup failed");
+
+	revs.reverse = 1;
 	revs.diffopt.format_callback = show_filemodify;
 	revs.diffopt.format_callback_data = &paths_of_changed_objects;
 	revs.diffopt.flags.recursive = 1;
-	while ((commit = get_revision(&revs))) {
-		if (has_unshown_parent(commit)) {
-			add_object_array(&commit->object, NULL, &commits);
-		}
-		else {
-			handle_commit(commit, &revs, &paths_of_changed_objects);
-			handle_tail(&commits, &revs, &paths_of_changed_objects);
-		}
-	}
+	while ((commit = get_revision(&revs)))
+		handle_commit(commit, &revs, &paths_of_changed_objects);
 
 	handle_tags_and_duplicates(&extra_refs);
 	handle_tags_and_duplicates(&tag_refs);
diff --git a/builtin/fast-import.c b/builtin/fast-import.c
index 20406f6..2b2e28b 100644
--- a/builtin/fast-import.c
+++ b/builtin/fast-import.c
@@ -401,16 +401,18 @@
 
 static NORETURN void die_nicely(const char *err, va_list params)
 {
+	va_list cp;
 	static int zombie;
-	char message[2 * PATH_MAX];
+	report_fn die_message_fn = get_die_message_routine();
 
-	vsnprintf(message, sizeof(message), err, params);
-	fputs("fatal: ", stderr);
-	fputs(message, stderr);
-	fputc('\n', stderr);
+	va_copy(cp, params);
+	die_message_fn(err, params);
 
 	if (!zombie) {
+		char message[2 * PATH_MAX];
+
 		zombie = 1;
+		vsnprintf(message, sizeof(message), err, cp);
 		write_crash_report(message);
 		end_packfile();
 		unkeep_all_packs();
diff --git a/builtin/fetch.c b/builtin/fetch.c
index f7abbc3..5f06b21 100644
--- a/builtin/fetch.c
+++ b/builtin/fetch.c
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@
 #include "promisor-remote.h"
 #include "commit-graph.h"
 #include "shallow.h"
+#include "worktree.h"
 
 #define FORCED_UPDATES_DELAY_WARNING_IN_MS (10 * 1000)
 
@@ -222,17 +223,22 @@
 	OPT_END()
 };
 
-static void unlock_pack(void)
+static void unlock_pack(unsigned int flags)
 {
 	if (gtransport)
-		transport_unlock_pack(gtransport);
+		transport_unlock_pack(gtransport, flags);
 	if (gsecondary)
-		transport_unlock_pack(gsecondary);
+		transport_unlock_pack(gsecondary, flags);
+}
+
+static void unlock_pack_atexit(void)
+{
+	unlock_pack(0);
 }
 
 static void unlock_pack_on_signal(int signo)
 {
-	unlock_pack();
+	unlock_pack(TRANSPORT_UNLOCK_PACK_IN_SIGNAL_HANDLER);
 	sigchain_pop(signo);
 	raise(signo);
 }
@@ -552,7 +558,7 @@
 		for (i = 0; i < fetch_refspec->nr; i++)
 			get_fetch_map(ref_map, &fetch_refspec->items[i], &oref_tail, 1);
 	} else if (refmap.nr) {
-		die("--refmap option is only meaningful with command-line refspec(s).");
+		die("--refmap option is only meaningful with command-line refspec(s)");
 	} else {
 		/* Use the defaults */
 		struct branch *branch = branch_get(NULL);
@@ -583,7 +589,7 @@
 		} else if (!prefetch) {
 			ref_map = get_remote_ref(remote_refs, "HEAD");
 			if (!ref_map)
-				die(_("Couldn't find remote ref HEAD"));
+				die(_("couldn't find remote ref HEAD"));
 			ref_map->fetch_head_status = FETCH_HEAD_MERGE;
 			tail = &ref_map->next;
 		}
@@ -848,13 +854,12 @@
 
 static int update_local_ref(struct ref *ref,
 			    struct ref_transaction *transaction,
-			    const char *remote,
-			    const struct ref *remote_ref,
-			    struct strbuf *display,
-			    int summary_width)
+			    const char *remote, const struct ref *remote_ref,
+			    struct strbuf *display, int summary_width,
+			    struct worktree **worktrees)
 {
 	struct commit *current = NULL, *updated;
-	struct branch *current_branch = branch_get(NULL);
+	const struct worktree *wt;
 	const char *pretty_ref = prettify_refname(ref->name);
 	int fast_forward = 0;
 
@@ -868,16 +873,17 @@
 		return 0;
 	}
 
-	if (current_branch &&
-	    !strcmp(ref->name, current_branch->name) &&
-	    !(update_head_ok || is_bare_repository()) &&
-	    !is_null_oid(&ref->old_oid)) {
+	if (!update_head_ok &&
+	    (wt = find_shared_symref(worktrees, "HEAD", ref->name)) &&
+	    !wt->is_bare && !is_null_oid(&ref->old_oid)) {
 		/*
 		 * If this is the head, and it's not okay to update
 		 * the head, and the old value of the head isn't empty...
 		 */
 		format_display(display, '!', _("[rejected]"),
-			       _("can't fetch in current branch"),
+			       wt->is_current ?
+				       _("can't fetch in current branch") :
+				       _("checked out in another worktree"),
 			       remote, pretty_ref, summary_width);
 		return 1;
 	}
@@ -995,7 +1001,7 @@
 	if (write_fetch_head) {
 		fetch_head->fp = fopen(filename, "a");
 		if (!fetch_head->fp)
-			return error_errno(_("cannot open %s"), filename);
+			return error_errno(_("cannot open '%s'"), filename);
 		strbuf_init(&fetch_head->buf, 0);
 	} else {
 		fetch_head->fp = NULL;
@@ -1067,16 +1073,17 @@
 }
 
 static const char warn_show_forced_updates[] =
-N_("Fetch normally indicates which branches had a forced update,\n"
-   "but that check has been disabled. To re-enable, use '--show-forced-updates'\n"
-   "flag or run 'git config fetch.showForcedUpdates true'.");
+N_("fetch normally indicates which branches had a forced update,\n"
+   "but that check has been disabled; to re-enable, use '--show-forced-updates'\n"
+   "flag or run 'git config fetch.showForcedUpdates true'");
 static const char warn_time_show_forced_updates[] =
-N_("It took %.2f seconds to check forced updates. You can use\n"
+N_("it took %.2f seconds to check forced updates; you can use\n"
    "'--no-show-forced-updates' or run 'git config fetch.showForcedUpdates false'\n"
-   " to avoid this check.\n");
+   "to avoid this check\n");
 
 static int store_updated_refs(const char *raw_url, const char *remote_name,
-			      int connectivity_checked, struct ref *ref_map)
+			      int connectivity_checked, struct ref *ref_map,
+			      struct worktree **worktrees)
 {
 	struct fetch_head fetch_head;
 	int url_len, i, rc = 0;
@@ -1205,7 +1212,8 @@
 			strbuf_reset(&note);
 			if (ref) {
 				rc |= update_local_ref(ref, transaction, what,
-						       rm, &note, summary_width);
+						       rm, &note, summary_width,
+						       worktrees);
 				free(ref);
 			} else if (write_fetch_head || dry_run) {
 				/*
@@ -1298,7 +1306,9 @@
 	return check_connected(iterate_ref_map, &rm, &opt);
 }
 
-static int fetch_and_consume_refs(struct transport *transport, struct ref *ref_map)
+static int fetch_and_consume_refs(struct transport *transport,
+				  struct ref *ref_map,
+				  struct worktree **worktrees)
 {
 	int connectivity_checked = 1;
 	int ret;
@@ -1319,14 +1329,12 @@
 	}
 
 	trace2_region_enter("fetch", "consume_refs", the_repository);
-	ret = store_updated_refs(transport->url,
-				 transport->remote->name,
-				 connectivity_checked,
-				 ref_map);
+	ret = store_updated_refs(transport->url, transport->remote->name,
+				 connectivity_checked, ref_map, worktrees);
 	trace2_region_leave("fetch", "consume_refs", the_repository);
 
 out:
-	transport_unlock_pack(transport);
+	transport_unlock_pack(transport, 0);
 	return ret;
 }
 
@@ -1385,18 +1393,18 @@
 	return result;
 }
 
-static void check_not_current_branch(struct ref *ref_map)
+static void check_not_current_branch(struct ref *ref_map,
+				     struct worktree **worktrees)
 {
-	struct branch *current_branch = branch_get(NULL);
-
-	if (is_bare_repository() || !current_branch)
-		return;
-
+	const struct worktree *wt;
 	for (; ref_map; ref_map = ref_map->next)
-		if (ref_map->peer_ref && !strcmp(current_branch->refname,
-					ref_map->peer_ref->name))
-			die(_("Refusing to fetch into current branch %s "
-			    "of non-bare repository"), current_branch->refname);
+		if (ref_map->peer_ref &&
+		    (wt = find_shared_symref(worktrees, "HEAD",
+					     ref_map->peer_ref->name)) &&
+		    !wt->is_bare)
+			die(_("refusing to fetch into branch '%s' "
+			      "checked out at '%s'"),
+			    ref_map->peer_ref->name, wt->path);
 }
 
 static int truncate_fetch_head(void)
@@ -1405,7 +1413,7 @@
 	FILE *fp = fopen_for_writing(filename);
 
 	if (!fp)
-		return error_errno(_("cannot open %s"), filename);
+		return error_errno(_("cannot open '%s'"), filename);
 	fclose(fp);
 	return 0;
 }
@@ -1414,10 +1422,10 @@
 {
 	int r = transport_set_option(transport, name, value);
 	if (r < 0)
-		die(_("Option \"%s\" value \"%s\" is not valid for %s"),
+		die(_("option \"%s\" value \"%s\" is not valid for %s"),
 		    name, value, transport->url);
 	if (r > 0)
-		warning(_("Option \"%s\" is ignored for %s\n"),
+		warning(_("option \"%s\" is ignored for %s\n"),
 			name, transport->url);
 }
 
@@ -1451,7 +1459,7 @@
 		old_nr = oids->nr;
 		for_each_glob_ref(add_oid, s, oids);
 		if (old_nr == oids->nr)
-			warning("Ignoring --negotiation-tip=%s because it does not match any refs",
+			warning("ignoring --negotiation-tip=%s because it does not match any refs",
 				s);
 	}
 	smart_options->negotiation_tips = oids;
@@ -1489,12 +1497,13 @@
 		if (transport->smart_options)
 			add_negotiation_tips(transport->smart_options);
 		else
-			warning("Ignoring --negotiation-tip because the protocol does not support it.");
+			warning("ignoring --negotiation-tip because the protocol does not support it");
 	}
 	return transport;
 }
 
-static void backfill_tags(struct transport *transport, struct ref *ref_map)
+static void backfill_tags(struct transport *transport, struct ref *ref_map,
+			  struct worktree **worktrees)
 {
 	int cannot_reuse;
 
@@ -1515,7 +1524,7 @@
 	transport_set_option(transport, TRANS_OPT_FOLLOWTAGS, NULL);
 	transport_set_option(transport, TRANS_OPT_DEPTH, "0");
 	transport_set_option(transport, TRANS_OPT_DEEPEN_RELATIVE, NULL);
-	fetch_and_consume_refs(transport, ref_map);
+	fetch_and_consume_refs(transport, ref_map, worktrees);
 
 	if (gsecondary) {
 		transport_disconnect(gsecondary);
@@ -1533,6 +1542,7 @@
 	struct transport_ls_refs_options transport_ls_refs_options =
 		TRANSPORT_LS_REFS_OPTIONS_INIT;
 	int must_list_refs = 1;
+	struct worktree **worktrees = get_worktrees();
 
 	if (tags == TAGS_DEFAULT) {
 		if (transport->remote->fetch_tags == 2)
@@ -1588,7 +1598,7 @@
 	ref_map = get_ref_map(transport->remote, remote_refs, rs,
 			      tags, &autotags);
 	if (!update_head_ok)
-		check_not_current_branch(ref_map);
+		check_not_current_branch(ref_map, worktrees);
 
 	if (tags == TAGS_DEFAULT && autotags)
 		transport_set_option(transport, TRANS_OPT_FOLLOWTAGS, "1");
@@ -1606,7 +1616,7 @@
 				   transport->url);
 		}
 	}
-	if (fetch_and_consume_refs(transport, ref_map)) {
+	if (fetch_and_consume_refs(transport, ref_map, worktrees)) {
 		free_refs(ref_map);
 		retcode = 1;
 		goto cleanup;
@@ -1638,6 +1648,16 @@
 			}
 		}
 		if (source_ref) {
+			if (!branch) {
+				const char *shortname = source_ref->name;
+				skip_prefix(shortname, "refs/heads/", &shortname);
+
+				warning(_("could not set upstream of HEAD to '%s' from '%s' when "
+					  "it does not point to any branch."),
+					shortname, transport->remote->name);
+				goto skip;
+			}
+
 			if (!strcmp(source_ref->name, "HEAD") ||
 			    starts_with(source_ref->name, "refs/heads/"))
 				install_branch_config(0,
@@ -1651,11 +1671,11 @@
 			else
 				warning(_("unknown branch type"));
 		} else {
-			warning(_("no source branch found.\n"
-				"you need to specify exactly one branch with the --set-upstream option."));
+			warning(_("no source branch found;\n"
+				  "you need to specify exactly one branch with the --set-upstream option"));
 		}
 	}
- skip:
+skip:
 	free_refs(ref_map);
 
 	/* if neither --no-tags nor --tags was specified, do automated tag
@@ -1665,11 +1685,12 @@
 		ref_map = NULL;
 		find_non_local_tags(remote_refs, &ref_map, &tail);
 		if (ref_map)
-			backfill_tags(transport, ref_map);
+			backfill_tags(transport, ref_map, worktrees);
 		free_refs(ref_map);
 	}
 
- cleanup:
+cleanup:
+	free_worktrees(worktrees);
 	return retcode;
 }
 
@@ -1790,7 +1811,7 @@
 	struct parallel_fetch_state *state = cb;
 	const char *remote = task_cb;
 
-	state->result = error(_("Could not fetch %s"), remote);
+	state->result = error(_("could not fetch %s"), remote);
 
 	return 0;
 }
@@ -1845,7 +1866,7 @@
 			if (verbosity >= 0)
 				printf(_("Fetching %s\n"), name);
 			if (run_command_v_opt(argv.v, RUN_GIT_CMD)) {
-				error(_("Could not fetch %s"), name);
+				error(_("could not fetch %s"), name);
 				result = 1;
 			}
 			strvec_pop(&argv);
@@ -1906,8 +1927,8 @@
 	int remote_via_config = remote_is_configured(remote, 0);
 
 	if (!remote)
-		die(_("No remote repository specified.  Please, specify either a URL or a\n"
-		    "remote name from which new revisions should be fetched."));
+		die(_("no remote repository specified; please specify either a URL or a\n"
+		      "remote name from which new revisions should be fetched"));
 
 	gtransport = prepare_transport(remote, 1);
 
@@ -1942,7 +1963,7 @@
 		if (!strcmp(argv[i], "tag")) {
 			i++;
 			if (i >= argc)
-				die(_("You need to specify a tag name."));
+				die(_("you need to specify a tag name"));
 
 			refspec_appendf(&rs, "refs/tags/%s:refs/tags/%s",
 					argv[i], argv[i]);
@@ -1962,7 +1983,7 @@
 		gtransport->server_options = &server_options;
 
 	sigchain_push_common(unlock_pack_on_signal);
-	atexit(unlock_pack);
+	atexit(unlock_pack_atexit);
 	sigchain_push(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
 	exit_code = do_fetch(gtransport, &rs);
 	sigchain_pop(SIGPIPE);
@@ -1993,6 +2014,8 @@
 	}
 
 	git_config(git_fetch_config, NULL);
+	prepare_repo_settings(the_repository);
+	the_repository->settings.command_requires_full_index = 0;
 
 	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix,
 			     builtin_fetch_options, builtin_fetch_usage, 0);
@@ -2010,14 +2033,14 @@
 
 	if (deepen_relative) {
 		if (deepen_relative < 0)
-			die(_("Negative depth in --deepen is not supported"));
+			die(_("negative depth in --deepen is not supported"));
 		if (depth)
-			die(_("--deepen and --depth are mutually exclusive"));
+			die(_("options '%s' and '%s' cannot be used together"), "--deepen", "--depth");
 		depth = xstrfmt("%d", deepen_relative);
 	}
 	if (unshallow) {
 		if (depth)
-			die(_("--depth and --unshallow cannot be used together"));
+			die(_("options '%s' and '%s' cannot be used together"), "--depth", "--unshallow");
 		else if (!is_repository_shallow(the_repository))
 			die(_("--unshallow on a complete repository does not make sense"));
 		else
@@ -2047,14 +2070,15 @@
 		/* All arguments are assumed to be remotes or groups */
 		for (i = 0; i < argc; i++)
 			if (!add_remote_or_group(argv[i], &list))
-				die(_("No such remote or remote group: %s"), argv[i]);
+				die(_("no such remote or remote group: %s"),
+				    argv[i]);
 	} else {
 		/* Single remote or group */
 		(void) add_remote_or_group(argv[0], &list);
 		if (list.nr > 1) {
 			/* More than one remote */
 			if (argc > 1)
-				die(_("Fetching a group and specifying refspecs does not make sense"));
+				die(_("fetching a group and specifying refspecs does not make sense"));
 		} else {
 			/* Zero or one remotes */
 			remote = remote_get(argv[0]);
@@ -2075,7 +2099,7 @@
 		if (gtransport->smart_options) {
 			gtransport->smart_options->acked_commits = &acked_commits;
 		} else {
-			warning(_("Protocol does not support --negotiate-only, exiting."));
+			warning(_("protocol does not support --negotiate-only, exiting"));
 			return 1;
 		}
 		if (server_options.nr)
diff --git a/builtin/fmt-merge-msg.c b/builtin/fmt-merge-msg.c
index 48a8699..8d8fd39 100644
--- a/builtin/fmt-merge-msg.c
+++ b/builtin/fmt-merge-msg.c
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 {
 	const char *inpath = NULL;
 	const char *message = NULL;
+	char *into_name = NULL;
 	int shortlog_len = -1;
 	struct option options[] = {
 		{ OPTION_INTEGER, 0, "log", &shortlog_len, N_("n"),
@@ -23,6 +24,8 @@
 		  DEFAULT_MERGE_LOG_LEN },
 		OPT_STRING('m', "message", &message, N_("text"),
 			N_("use <text> as start of message")),
+		OPT_STRING(0, "into-name", &into_name, N_("name"),
+			   N_("use <name> instead of the real target branch")),
 		OPT_FILENAME('F', "file", &inpath, N_("file to read from")),
 		OPT_END()
 	};
@@ -56,6 +59,7 @@
 	opts.add_title = !message;
 	opts.credit_people = 1;
 	opts.shortlog_len = shortlog_len;
+	opts.into_name = into_name;
 
 	ret = fmt_merge_msg(&input, &output, &opts);
 	if (ret)
diff --git a/builtin/for-each-ref.c b/builtin/for-each-ref.c
index 16a2c7d..6f62f40 100644
--- a/builtin/for-each-ref.c
+++ b/builtin/for-each-ref.c
@@ -17,7 +17,8 @@
 int cmd_for_each_ref(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 {
 	int i;
-	struct ref_sorting *sorting = NULL, **sorting_tail = &sorting;
+	struct ref_sorting *sorting;
+	struct string_list sorting_options = STRING_LIST_INIT_DUP;
 	int maxcount = 0, icase = 0;
 	struct ref_array array;
 	struct ref_filter filter;
@@ -39,7 +40,7 @@
 		OPT_INTEGER( 0 , "count", &maxcount, N_("show only <n> matched refs")),
 		OPT_STRING(  0 , "format", &format.format, N_("format"), N_("format to use for the output")),
 		OPT__COLOR(&format.use_color, N_("respect format colors")),
-		OPT_REF_SORT(sorting_tail),
+		OPT_REF_SORT(&sorting_options),
 		OPT_CALLBACK(0, "points-at", &filter.points_at,
 			     N_("object"), N_("print only refs which points at the given object"),
 			     parse_opt_object_name),
@@ -70,8 +71,7 @@
 	if (verify_ref_format(&format))
 		usage_with_options(for_each_ref_usage, opts);
 
-	if (!sorting)
-		sorting = ref_default_sorting();
+	sorting = ref_sorting_options(&sorting_options);
 	ref_sorting_set_sort_flags_all(sorting, REF_SORTING_ICASE, icase);
 	filter.ignore_case = icase;
 
diff --git a/builtin/fsck.c b/builtin/fsck.c
index 27b9e78..9e54892 100644
--- a/builtin/fsck.c
+++ b/builtin/fsck.c
@@ -944,15 +944,13 @@
 
 	if (the_repository->settings.core_commit_graph) {
 		struct child_process commit_graph_verify = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
-		const char *verify_argv[] = { "commit-graph", "verify", NULL, NULL, NULL };
 
 		prepare_alt_odb(the_repository);
 		for (odb = the_repository->objects->odb; odb; odb = odb->next) {
 			child_process_init(&commit_graph_verify);
-			commit_graph_verify.argv = verify_argv;
 			commit_graph_verify.git_cmd = 1;
-			verify_argv[2] = "--object-dir";
-			verify_argv[3] = odb->path;
+			strvec_pushl(&commit_graph_verify.args, "commit-graph",
+				     "verify", "--object-dir", odb->path, NULL);
 			if (run_command(&commit_graph_verify))
 				errors_found |= ERROR_COMMIT_GRAPH;
 		}
@@ -960,15 +958,13 @@
 
 	if (the_repository->settings.core_multi_pack_index) {
 		struct child_process midx_verify = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
-		const char *midx_argv[] = { "multi-pack-index", "verify", NULL, NULL, NULL };
 
 		prepare_alt_odb(the_repository);
 		for (odb = the_repository->objects->odb; odb; odb = odb->next) {
 			child_process_init(&midx_verify);
-			midx_verify.argv = midx_argv;
 			midx_verify.git_cmd = 1;
-			midx_argv[2] = "--object-dir";
-			midx_argv[3] = odb->path;
+			strvec_pushl(&midx_verify.args, "multi-pack-index",
+				     "verify", "--object-dir", odb->path, NULL);
 			if (run_command(&midx_verify))
 				errors_found |= ERROR_MULTI_PACK_INDEX;
 		}
diff --git a/builtin/gc.c b/builtin/gc.c
index bcef6a4..8e60ef1 100644
--- a/builtin/gc.c
+++ b/builtin/gc.c
@@ -470,7 +470,8 @@
 /*
  * Returns 0 if there was no previous error and gc can proceed, 1 if
  * gc should not proceed due to an error in the last run. Prints a
- * message and returns -1 if an error occurred while reading gc.log
+ * message and returns with a non-[01] status code if an error occurred
+ * while reading gc.log
  */
 static int report_last_gc_error(void)
 {
@@ -484,7 +485,7 @@
 		if (errno == ENOENT)
 			goto done;
 
-		ret = error_errno(_("cannot stat '%s'"), gc_log_path);
+		ret = die_message_errno(_("cannot stat '%s'"), gc_log_path);
 		goto done;
 	}
 
@@ -493,7 +494,7 @@
 
 	len = strbuf_read_file(&sb, gc_log_path, 0);
 	if (len < 0)
-		ret = error_errno(_("cannot read '%s'"), gc_log_path);
+		ret = die_message_errno(_("cannot read '%s'"), gc_log_path);
 	else if (len > 0) {
 		/*
 		 * A previous gc failed.  Report the error, and don't
@@ -611,12 +612,13 @@
 		}
 		if (detach_auto) {
 			int ret = report_last_gc_error();
-			if (ret < 0)
-				/* an I/O error occurred, already reported */
-				exit(128);
+
 			if (ret == 1)
 				/* Last gc --auto failed. Skip this one. */
 				return 0;
+			else if (ret)
+				/* an I/O error occurred, already reported */
+				return ret;
 
 			if (lock_repo_for_gc(force, &pid))
 				return 0;
diff --git a/builtin/help.c b/builtin/help.c
index 75cd2fb..d387131 100644
--- a/builtin/help.c
+++ b/builtin/help.c
@@ -212,11 +212,10 @@
 {
 	struct strbuf buffer = STRBUF_INIT;
 	struct child_process ec_process = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
-	const char *argv_ec[] = { "emacsclient", "--version", NULL };
 	int version;
 
 	/* emacsclient prints its version number on stderr */
-	ec_process.argv = argv_ec;
+	strvec_pushl(&ec_process.args, "emacsclient", "--version", NULL);
 	ec_process.err = -1;
 	ec_process.stdout_to_stderr = 1;
 	if (start_command(&ec_process))
diff --git a/builtin/index-pack.c b/builtin/index-pack.c
index c23d01d..3c2e6ae 100644
--- a/builtin/index-pack.c
+++ b/builtin/index-pack.c
@@ -1845,11 +1845,11 @@
 	if (!pack_name && !from_stdin)
 		usage(index_pack_usage);
 	if (fix_thin_pack && !from_stdin)
-		die(_("--fix-thin cannot be used without --stdin"));
+		die(_("the option '%s' requires '%s'"), "--fix-thin", "--stdin");
 	if (from_stdin && !startup_info->have_repository)
 		die(_("--stdin requires a git repository"));
 	if (from_stdin && hash_algo)
-		die(_("--object-format cannot be used with --stdin"));
+		die(_("options '%s' and '%s' cannot be used together"), "--object-format", "--stdin");
 	if (!index_name && pack_name)
 		index_name = derive_filename(pack_name, "pack", "idx", &index_name_buf);
 
diff --git a/builtin/init-db.c b/builtin/init-db.c
index 2167796..546f9c5 100644
--- a/builtin/init-db.c
+++ b/builtin/init-db.c
@@ -557,7 +557,7 @@
 	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, init_db_options, init_db_usage, 0);
 
 	if (real_git_dir && is_bare_repository_cfg == 1)
-		die(_("--separate-git-dir and --bare are mutually exclusive"));
+		die(_("options '%s' and '%s' cannot be used together"), "--separate-git-dir", "--bare");
 
 	if (real_git_dir && !is_absolute_path(real_git_dir))
 		real_git_dir = real_pathdup(real_git_dir, 1);
diff --git a/builtin/log.c b/builtin/log.c
index f75d87e..4b49340 100644
--- a/builtin/log.c
+++ b/builtin/log.c
@@ -245,10 +245,24 @@
 			rev->abbrev_commit = 0;
 	}
 
-	if (rev->commit_format == CMIT_FMT_USERFORMAT && !w.decorate)
-		decoration_style = 0;
+	if (rev->commit_format == CMIT_FMT_USERFORMAT) {
+		if (!w.decorate) {
+			/*
+			 * Disable decoration loading if the format will not
+			 * show them anyway.
+			 */
+			decoration_style = 0;
+		} else if (!decoration_style) {
+			/*
+			 * If we are going to show them, make sure we do load
+			 * them here, but taking care not to override a
+			 * specific style set by config or --decorate.
+			 */
+			decoration_style = DECORATE_SHORT_REFS;
+		}
+	}
 
-	if (decoration_style) {
+	if (decoration_style || rev->simplify_by_decoration) {
 		const struct string_list *config_exclude =
 			repo_config_get_value_multi(the_repository,
 						    "log.excludeDecoration");
@@ -260,7 +274,8 @@
 						   item->string);
 		}
 
-		rev->show_decorations = 1;
+		if (decoration_style)
+			rev->show_decorations = 1;
 
 		load_ref_decorations(&decoration_filter, decoration_style);
 	}
@@ -1928,9 +1943,9 @@
 		numbered = 0;
 
 	if (numbered && keep_subject)
-		die(_("-n and -k are mutually exclusive"));
+		die(_("options '%s' and '%s' cannot be used together"), "-n", "-k");
 	if (keep_subject && subject_prefix)
-		die(_("--subject-prefix/--rfc and -k are mutually exclusive"));
+		die(_("options '%s' and '%s' cannot be used together"), "--subject-prefix/--rfc", "-k");
 	rev.preserve_subject = keep_subject;
 
 	argc = setup_revisions(argc, argv, &rev, &s_r_opt);
@@ -1964,7 +1979,7 @@
 		load_display_notes(&rev.notes_opt);
 
 	if (use_stdout + rev.diffopt.close_file + !!output_directory > 1)
-		die(_("--stdout, --output, and --output-directory are mutually exclusive"));
+		die(_("options '%s', '%s', and '%s' cannot be used together"), "--stdout", "--output", "--output-directory");
 
 	if (use_stdout) {
 		setup_pager();
@@ -2097,7 +2112,7 @@
 	if (creation_factor < 0)
 		creation_factor = RANGE_DIFF_CREATION_FACTOR_DEFAULT;
 	else if (!rdiff_prev)
-		die(_("--creation-factor requires --range-diff"));
+		die(_("the option '%s' requires '%s'"), "--creation-factor", "--range-diff");
 
 	if (rdiff_prev) {
 		if (!cover_letter && total != 1)
@@ -2241,6 +2256,7 @@
 	strbuf_release(&rdiff1);
 	strbuf_release(&rdiff2);
 	strbuf_release(&rdiff_title);
+	UNLEAK(rev);
 	return 0;
 }
 
diff --git a/builtin/ls-files.c b/builtin/ls-files.c
index 031fef1..f7ea56c 100644
--- a/builtin/ls-files.c
+++ b/builtin/ls-files.c
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@
 static int show_eol;
 static int recurse_submodules;
 static int skipping_duplicates;
+static int show_sparse_dirs;
 
 static const char *prefix;
 static int max_prefix_len;
@@ -315,8 +316,10 @@
 
 	if (!(show_cached || show_stage || show_deleted || show_modified))
 		return;
-	/* TODO: audit for interaction with sparse-index. */
-	ensure_full_index(repo->index);
+
+	if (!show_sparse_dirs)
+		ensure_full_index(repo->index);
+
 	for (i = 0; i < repo->index->cache_nr; i++) {
 		const struct cache_entry *ce = repo->index->cache[i];
 		struct stat st;
@@ -670,6 +673,8 @@
 		OPT_BOOL(0, "debug", &debug_mode, N_("show debugging data")),
 		OPT_BOOL(0, "deduplicate", &skipping_duplicates,
 			 N_("suppress duplicate entries")),
+		OPT_BOOL(0, "sparse", &show_sparse_dirs,
+			 N_("show sparse directories in the presence of a sparse index")),
 		OPT_END()
 	};
 	int ret = 0;
@@ -677,6 +682,9 @@
 	if (argc == 2 && !strcmp(argv[1], "-h"))
 		usage_with_options(ls_files_usage, builtin_ls_files_options);
 
+	prepare_repo_settings(the_repository);
+	the_repository->settings.command_requires_full_index = 0;
+
 	prefix = cmd_prefix;
 	if (prefix)
 		prefix_len = strlen(prefix);
@@ -767,7 +775,7 @@
 		 * would not make any sense with this option.
 		 */
 		if (show_stage || show_unmerged)
-			die("ls-files --with-tree is incompatible with -s or -u");
+			die(_("options '%s' and '%s' cannot be used together"), "ls-files --with-tree", "-s/-u");
 		overlay_tree_on_index(the_repository->index, with_tree, max_prefix);
 	}
 
diff --git a/builtin/ls-remote.c b/builtin/ls-remote.c
index 318949c..44448fa 100644
--- a/builtin/ls-remote.c
+++ b/builtin/ls-remote.c
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@
 	struct transport *transport;
 	const struct ref *ref;
 	struct ref_array ref_array;
-	static struct ref_sorting *sorting = NULL, **sorting_tail = &sorting;
+	struct string_list sorting_options = STRING_LIST_INIT_DUP;
 
 	struct option options[] = {
 		OPT__QUIET(&quiet, N_("do not print remote URL")),
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@
 		OPT_BIT(0, "refs", &flags, N_("do not show peeled tags"), REF_NORMAL),
 		OPT_BOOL(0, "get-url", &get_url,
 			 N_("take url.<base>.insteadOf into account")),
-		OPT_REF_SORT(sorting_tail),
+		OPT_REF_SORT(&sorting_options),
 		OPT_SET_INT_F(0, "exit-code", &status,
 			      N_("exit with exit code 2 if no matching refs are found"),
 			      2, PARSE_OPT_NOCOMPLETE),
@@ -86,8 +86,6 @@
 
 	packet_trace_identity("ls-remote");
 
-	UNLEAK(sorting);
-
 	if (argc > 1) {
 		int i;
 		CALLOC_ARRAY(pattern, argc);
@@ -139,8 +137,13 @@
 		item->symref = xstrdup_or_null(ref->symref);
 	}
 
-	if (sorting)
+	if (sorting_options.nr) {
+		struct ref_sorting *sorting;
+
+		sorting = ref_sorting_options(&sorting_options);
 		ref_array_sort(sorting, &ref_array);
+		ref_sorting_release(sorting);
+	}
 
 	for (i = 0; i < ref_array.nr; i++) {
 		const struct ref_array_item *ref = ref_array.items[i];
diff --git a/builtin/merge-file.c b/builtin/merge-file.c
index 06a2f90..e695867 100644
--- a/builtin/merge-file.c
+++ b/builtin/merge-file.c
@@ -34,6 +34,8 @@
 	struct option options[] = {
 		OPT_BOOL('p', "stdout", &to_stdout, N_("send results to standard output")),
 		OPT_SET_INT(0, "diff3", &xmp.style, N_("use a diff3 based merge"), XDL_MERGE_DIFF3),
+		OPT_SET_INT(0, "zdiff3", &xmp.style, N_("use a zealous diff3 based merge"),
+				XDL_MERGE_ZEALOUS_DIFF3),
 		OPT_SET_INT(0, "ours", &xmp.favor, N_("for conflicts, use our version"),
 			    XDL_MERGE_FAVOR_OURS),
 		OPT_SET_INT(0, "theirs", &xmp.favor, N_("for conflicts, use their version"),
diff --git a/builtin/merge.c b/builtin/merge.c
index ea3112e..74e53cf 100644
--- a/builtin/merge.c
+++ b/builtin/merge.c
@@ -87,6 +87,7 @@
 static const char *sign_commit;
 static int autostash;
 static int no_verify;
+static char *into_name;
 
 static struct strategy all_strategy[] = {
 	{ "recursive",  NO_TRIVIAL },
@@ -286,6 +287,8 @@
 	{ OPTION_LOWLEVEL_CALLBACK, 'F', "file", &merge_msg, N_("path"),
 		N_("read message from file"), PARSE_OPT_NONEG,
 		NULL, 0, option_read_message },
+	OPT_STRING(0, "into-name", &into_name, N_("name"),
+		   N_("use <name> instead of the real target")),
 	OPT__VERBOSITY(&verbosity),
 	OPT_BOOL(0, "abort", &abort_current_merge,
 		N_("abort the current in-progress merge")),
@@ -310,10 +313,9 @@
 	int len;
 	struct child_process cp = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
 	struct strbuf buffer = STRBUF_INIT;
-	const char *argv[] = {"stash", "create", NULL};
 	int rc = -1;
 
-	cp.argv = argv;
+	strvec_pushl(&cp.args, "stash", "create", NULL);
 	cp.out = -1;
 	cp.git_cmd = 1;
 
@@ -1122,6 +1124,7 @@
 	opts.add_title = !have_message;
 	opts.shortlog_len = shortlog_len;
 	opts.credit_people = (0 < option_edit);
+	opts.into_name = into_name;
 
 	fmt_merge_msg(merge_names, merge_msg, &opts);
 	if (merge_msg->len)
@@ -1397,9 +1400,9 @@
 
 	if (squash) {
 		if (fast_forward == FF_NO)
-			die(_("You cannot combine --squash with --no-ff."));
+			die(_("options '%s' and '%s' cannot be used together"), "--squash", "--no-ff.");
 		if (option_commit > 0)
-			die(_("You cannot combine --squash with --commit."));
+			die(_("options '%s' and '%s' cannot be used together"), "--squash", "--commit.");
 		/*
 		 * squash can now silently disable option_commit - this is not
 		 * a problem as it is only overriding the default, not a user
diff --git a/builtin/multi-pack-index.c b/builtin/multi-pack-index.c
index 075d15d..4480ba3 100644
--- a/builtin/multi-pack-index.c
+++ b/builtin/multi-pack-index.c
@@ -167,6 +167,8 @@
 		usage_with_options(builtin_multi_pack_index_verify_usage,
 				   options);
 
+	FREE_AND_NULL(options);
+
 	return verify_midx_file(the_repository, opts.object_dir, opts.flags);
 }
 
@@ -191,6 +193,8 @@
 		usage_with_options(builtin_multi_pack_index_expire_usage,
 				   options);
 
+	FREE_AND_NULL(options);
+
 	return expire_midx_packs(the_repository, opts.object_dir, opts.flags);
 }
 
diff --git a/builtin/name-rev.c b/builtin/name-rev.c
index b221d30..27f6015 100644
--- a/builtin/name-rev.c
+++ b/builtin/name-rev.c
@@ -44,11 +44,20 @@
 	return is_valid_rev_name(name) ? name : NULL;
 }
 
+static int effective_distance(int distance, int generation)
+{
+	return distance + (generation > 0 ? MERGE_TRAVERSAL_WEIGHT : 0);
+}
+
 static int is_better_name(struct rev_name *name,
 			  timestamp_t taggerdate,
+			  int generation,
 			  int distance,
 			  int from_tag)
 {
+	int name_distance = effective_distance(name->distance, name->generation);
+	int new_distance = effective_distance(distance, generation);
+
 	/*
 	 * When comparing names based on tags, prefer names
 	 * based on the older tag, even if it is farther away.
@@ -56,7 +65,7 @@
 	if (from_tag && name->from_tag)
 		return (name->taggerdate > taggerdate ||
 			(name->taggerdate == taggerdate &&
-			 name->distance > distance));
+			 name_distance > new_distance));
 
 	/*
 	 * We know that at least one of them is a non-tag at this point.
@@ -69,8 +78,8 @@
 	 * We are now looking at two non-tags.  Tiebreak to favor
 	 * shorter hops.
 	 */
-	if (name->distance != distance)
-		return name->distance > distance;
+	if (name_distance != new_distance)
+		return name_distance > new_distance;
 
 	/* ... or tiebreak to favor older date */
 	if (name->taggerdate != taggerdate)
@@ -88,7 +97,7 @@
 	struct rev_name *name = commit_rev_name_at(&rev_names, commit);
 
 	if (is_valid_rev_name(name)) {
-		if (!is_better_name(name, taggerdate, distance, from_tag))
+		if (!is_better_name(name, taggerdate, generation, distance, from_tag))
 			return NULL;
 
 		/*
diff --git a/builtin/notes.c b/builtin/notes.c
index 71c5958..05d6048 100644
--- a/builtin/notes.c
+++ b/builtin/notes.c
@@ -134,14 +134,13 @@
 
 static void write_commented_object(int fd, const struct object_id *object)
 {
-	const char *show_args[5] =
-		{"show", "--stat", "--no-notes", oid_to_hex(object), NULL};
 	struct child_process show = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
 	struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
 	struct strbuf cbuf = STRBUF_INIT;
 
 	/* Invoke "git show --stat --no-notes $object" */
-	show.argv = show_args;
+	strvec_pushl(&show.args, "show", "--stat", "--no-notes",
+		     oid_to_hex(object), NULL);
 	show.no_stdin = 1;
 	show.out = -1;
 	show.err = 0;
@@ -201,11 +200,12 @@
 static void write_note_data(struct note_data *d, struct object_id *oid)
 {
 	if (write_object_file(d->buf.buf, d->buf.len, blob_type, oid)) {
-		error(_("unable to write note object"));
+		int status = die_message(_("unable to write note object"));
+
 		if (d->edit_path)
-			error(_("the note contents have been left in %s"),
-				d->edit_path);
-		exit(128);
+			die_message(_("the note contents have been left in %s"),
+				    d->edit_path);
+		exit(status);
 	}
 }
 
@@ -861,15 +861,19 @@
 		update_ref(msg.buf, default_notes_ref(), &result_oid, NULL, 0,
 			   UPDATE_REFS_DIE_ON_ERR);
 	else { /* Merge has unresolved conflicts */
+		struct worktree **worktrees;
 		const struct worktree *wt;
 		/* Update .git/NOTES_MERGE_PARTIAL with partial merge result */
 		update_ref(msg.buf, "NOTES_MERGE_PARTIAL", &result_oid, NULL,
 			   0, UPDATE_REFS_DIE_ON_ERR);
 		/* Store ref-to-be-updated into .git/NOTES_MERGE_REF */
-		wt = find_shared_symref("NOTES_MERGE_REF", default_notes_ref());
+		worktrees = get_worktrees();
+		wt = find_shared_symref(worktrees, "NOTES_MERGE_REF",
+					default_notes_ref());
 		if (wt)
 			die(_("a notes merge into %s is already in-progress at %s"),
 			    default_notes_ref(), wt->path);
+		free_worktrees(worktrees);
 		if (create_symref("NOTES_MERGE_REF", default_notes_ref(), NULL))
 			die(_("failed to store link to current notes ref (%s)"),
 			    default_notes_ref());
diff --git a/builtin/pack-objects.c b/builtin/pack-objects.c
index 1a3dd44..ba2006f 100644
--- a/builtin/pack-objects.c
+++ b/builtin/pack-objects.c
@@ -3397,7 +3397,7 @@
 			if (feof(stdin))
 				break;
 			if (!ferror(stdin))
-				die("BUG: fgets returned NULL, not EOF, not error!");
+				BUG("fgets returned NULL, not EOF, not error!");
 			if (errno != EINTR)
 				die_errno("fgets");
 			clearerr(stdin);
@@ -4070,7 +4070,7 @@
 		die(_("--thin cannot be used to build an indexable pack"));
 
 	if (keep_unreachable && unpack_unreachable)
-		die(_("--keep-unreachable and --unpack-unreachable are incompatible"));
+		die(_("options '%s' and '%s' cannot be used together"), "--keep-unreachable", "--unpack-unreachable");
 	if (!rev_list_all || !rev_list_reflog || !rev_list_index)
 		unpack_unreachable_expiration = 0;
 
@@ -4148,11 +4148,10 @@
 		read_packs_list_from_stdin();
 		if (rev_list_unpacked)
 			add_unreachable_loose_objects();
-	} else if (!use_internal_rev_list)
+	} else if (!use_internal_rev_list) {
 		read_object_list_from_stdin();
-	else {
+	} else {
 		get_object_list(rp.nr, rp.v);
-		strvec_clear(&rp);
 	}
 	cleanup_preferred_base();
 	if (include_tag && nr_result)
@@ -4162,7 +4161,7 @@
 			    the_repository);
 
 	if (non_empty && !nr_result)
-		return 0;
+		goto cleanup;
 	if (nr_result) {
 		trace2_region_enter("pack-objects", "prepare-pack",
 				    the_repository);
@@ -4183,5 +4182,9 @@
 			     " pack-reused %"PRIu32),
 			   written, written_delta, reused, reused_delta,
 			   reuse_packfile_objects);
+
+cleanup:
+	strvec_clear(&rp);
+
 	return 0;
 }
diff --git a/builtin/prune.c b/builtin/prune.c
index 485c9a3..c2bcdc0 100644
--- a/builtin/prune.c
+++ b/builtin/prune.c
@@ -26,10 +26,22 @@
 		return error("Could not stat '%s'", fullpath);
 	if (st.st_mtime > expire)
 		return 0;
-	if (show_only || verbose)
-		printf("Removing stale temporary file %s\n", fullpath);
-	if (!show_only)
-		unlink_or_warn(fullpath);
+	if (S_ISDIR(st.st_mode)) {
+		if (show_only || verbose)
+			printf("Removing stale temporary directory %s\n", fullpath);
+		if (!show_only) {
+			struct strbuf remove_dir_buf = STRBUF_INIT;
+
+			strbuf_addstr(&remove_dir_buf, fullpath);
+			remove_dir_recursively(&remove_dir_buf, 0);
+			strbuf_release(&remove_dir_buf);
+		}
+	} else {
+		if (show_only || verbose)
+			printf("Removing stale temporary file %s\n", fullpath);
+		if (!show_only)
+			unlink_or_warn(fullpath);
+	}
 	return 0;
 }
 
diff --git a/builtin/pull.c b/builtin/pull.c
index 1cfaf9f..100cbf9 100644
--- a/builtin/pull.c
+++ b/builtin/pull.c
@@ -970,7 +970,7 @@
 		 "You can do so by running one of the following commands sometime before\n"
 		 "your next pull:\n"
 		 "\n"
-		 "  git config pull.rebase false  # merge (the default strategy)\n"
+		 "  git config pull.rebase false  # merge\n"
 		 "  git config pull.rebase true   # rebase\n"
 		 "  git config pull.ff only       # fast-forward only\n"
 		 "\n"
@@ -994,6 +994,8 @@
 		set_reflog_message(argc, argv);
 
 	git_config(git_pull_config, NULL);
+	prepare_repo_settings(the_repository);
+	the_repository->settings.command_requires_full_index = 0;
 
 	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, pull_options, pull_usage, 0);
 
diff --git a/builtin/push.c b/builtin/push.c
index 4b026ce..359db90 100644
--- a/builtin/push.c
+++ b/builtin/push.c
@@ -589,7 +589,7 @@
 	set_push_cert_flags(&flags, push_cert);
 
 	if (deleterefs && (tags || (flags & (TRANSPORT_PUSH_ALL | TRANSPORT_PUSH_MIRROR))))
-		die(_("--delete is incompatible with --all, --mirror and --tags"));
+		die(_("options '%s' and '%s' cannot be used together"), "--delete", "--all/--mirror/--tags");
 	if (deleterefs && argc < 2)
 		die(_("--delete doesn't make sense without any refs"));
 
@@ -627,18 +627,18 @@
 
 	if (flags & TRANSPORT_PUSH_ALL) {
 		if (tags)
-			die(_("--all and --tags are incompatible"));
+			die(_("options '%s' and '%s' cannot be used together"), "--all", "--tags");
 		if (argc >= 2)
 			die(_("--all can't be combined with refspecs"));
 	}
 	if (flags & TRANSPORT_PUSH_MIRROR) {
 		if (tags)
-			die(_("--mirror and --tags are incompatible"));
+			die(_("options '%s' and '%s' cannot be used together"), "--mirror", "--tags");
 		if (argc >= 2)
 			die(_("--mirror can't be combined with refspecs"));
 	}
 	if ((flags & TRANSPORT_PUSH_ALL) && (flags & TRANSPORT_PUSH_MIRROR))
-		die(_("--all and --mirror are incompatible"));
+		die(_("options '%s' and '%s' cannot be used together"), "--all", "--mirror");
 
 	if (!is_empty_cas(&cas) && (flags & TRANSPORT_PUSH_FORCE_IF_INCLUDES))
 		cas.use_force_if_includes = 1;
diff --git a/builtin/rebase.c b/builtin/rebase.c
index 34b4744..36490d0 100644
--- a/builtin/rebase.c
+++ b/builtin/rebase.c
@@ -1190,13 +1190,13 @@
 
 	if (keep_base) {
 		if (options.onto_name)
-			die(_("cannot combine '--keep-base' with '--onto'"));
+			die(_("options '%s' and '%s' cannot be used together"), "--keep-base", "--onto");
 		if (options.root)
-			die(_("cannot combine '--keep-base' with '--root'"));
+			die(_("options '%s' and '%s' cannot be used together"), "--keep-base", "--root");
 	}
 
 	if (options.root && options.fork_point > 0)
-		die(_("cannot combine '--root' with '--fork-point'"));
+		die(_("options '%s' and '%s' cannot be used together"), "--root", "--fork-point");
 
 	if (action != ACTION_NONE && !in_progress)
 		die(_("No rebase in progress?"));
@@ -1460,8 +1460,8 @@
 
 		if (i >= 0) {
 			if (is_merge(&options))
-				die(_("cannot combine apply options with "
-				      "merge options"));
+				die(_("apply options and merge options "
+					  "cannot be used together"));
 			else
 				options.type = REBASE_APPLY;
 		}
diff --git a/builtin/receive-pack.c b/builtin/receive-pack.c
index 49b846d..9f4a0b8 100644
--- a/builtin/receive-pack.c
+++ b/builtin/receive-pack.c
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@
 			strbuf_addf(&fsck_msg_types, "%c%s=%s",
 				fsck_msg_types.len ? ',' : '=', var, value);
 		else
-			warning("Skipping unknown msg id '%s'", var);
+			warning("skipping unknown msg id '%s'", var);
 		return 0;
 	}
 
@@ -769,8 +769,10 @@
 		memset(&sigcheck, '\0', sizeof(sigcheck));
 
 		bogs = parse_signed_buffer(push_cert.buf, push_cert.len);
-		check_signature(push_cert.buf, bogs, push_cert.buf + bogs,
-				push_cert.len - bogs, &sigcheck);
+		sigcheck.payload = xmemdupz(push_cert.buf, bogs);
+		sigcheck.payload_len = bogs;
+		check_signature(&sigcheck, push_cert.buf + bogs,
+				push_cert.len - bogs);
 
 		nonce_status = check_nonce(push_cert.buf, bogs);
 	}
@@ -812,16 +814,13 @@
 {
 	struct child_process proc = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
 	struct async muxer;
-	const char *argv[2];
 	int code;
+	const char *hook_path = find_hook(hook_name);
 
-	argv[0] = find_hook(hook_name);
-	if (!argv[0])
+	if (!hook_path)
 		return 0;
 
-	argv[1] = NULL;
-
-	proc.argv = argv;
+	strvec_push(&proc.args, hook_path);
 	proc.in = -1;
 	proc.stdout_to_stderr = 1;
 	proc.trace2_hook_name = hook_name;
@@ -943,23 +942,21 @@
 
 static int run_update_hook(struct command *cmd)
 {
-	const char *argv[5];
 	struct child_process proc = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
 	int code;
+	const char *hook_path = find_hook("update");
 
-	argv[0] = find_hook("update");
-	if (!argv[0])
+	if (!hook_path)
 		return 0;
 
-	argv[1] = cmd->ref_name;
-	argv[2] = oid_to_hex(&cmd->old_oid);
-	argv[3] = oid_to_hex(&cmd->new_oid);
-	argv[4] = NULL;
+	strvec_push(&proc.args, hook_path);
+	strvec_push(&proc.args, cmd->ref_name);
+	strvec_push(&proc.args, oid_to_hex(&cmd->old_oid));
+	strvec_push(&proc.args, oid_to_hex(&cmd->new_oid));
 
 	proc.no_stdin = 1;
 	proc.stdout_to_stderr = 1;
 	proc.err = use_sideband ? -1 : 0;
-	proc.argv = argv;
 	proc.trace2_hook_name = "update";
 
 	code = start_command(&proc);
@@ -1117,22 +1114,20 @@
 	struct child_process proc = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
 	struct async muxer;
 	struct command *cmd;
-	const char *argv[2];
 	struct packet_reader reader;
 	struct strbuf cap = STRBUF_INIT;
 	struct strbuf errmsg = STRBUF_INIT;
 	int hook_use_push_options = 0;
 	int version = 0;
 	int code;
+	const char *hook_path = find_hook("proc-receive");
 
-	argv[0] = find_hook("proc-receive");
-	if (!argv[0]) {
+	if (!hook_path) {
 		rp_error("cannot find hook 'proc-receive'");
 		return -1;
 	}
-	argv[1] = NULL;
 
-	proc.argv = argv;
+	strvec_push(&proc.args, hook_path);
 	proc.in = -1;
 	proc.out = -1;
 	proc.trace2_hook_name = "proc-receive";
@@ -1370,23 +1365,11 @@
 				  struct strvec *env,
 				  const char *work_tree)
 {
-	const char *update_refresh[] = {
-		"update-index", "-q", "--ignore-submodules", "--refresh", NULL
-	};
-	const char *diff_files[] = {
-		"diff-files", "--quiet", "--ignore-submodules", "--", NULL
-	};
-	const char *diff_index[] = {
-		"diff-index", "--quiet", "--cached", "--ignore-submodules",
-		NULL, "--", NULL
-	};
-	const char *read_tree[] = {
-		"read-tree", "-u", "-m", NULL, NULL
-	};
 	struct child_process child = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
 
-	child.argv = update_refresh;
-	child.env = env->v;
+	strvec_pushl(&child.args, "update-index", "-q", "--ignore-submodules",
+		     "--refresh", NULL);
+	strvec_pushv(&child.env_array, env->v);
 	child.dir = work_tree;
 	child.no_stdin = 1;
 	child.stdout_to_stderr = 1;
@@ -1396,8 +1379,9 @@
 
 	/* run_command() does not clean up completely; reinitialize */
 	child_process_init(&child);
-	child.argv = diff_files;
-	child.env = env->v;
+	strvec_pushl(&child.args, "diff-files", "--quiet",
+		     "--ignore-submodules", "--", NULL);
+	strvec_pushv(&child.env_array, env->v);
 	child.dir = work_tree;
 	child.no_stdin = 1;
 	child.stdout_to_stderr = 1;
@@ -1405,12 +1389,13 @@
 	if (run_command(&child))
 		return "Working directory has unstaged changes";
 
-	/* diff-index with either HEAD or an empty tree */
-	diff_index[4] = head_has_history() ? "HEAD" : empty_tree_oid_hex();
-
 	child_process_init(&child);
-	child.argv = diff_index;
-	child.env = env->v;
+	strvec_pushl(&child.args, "diff-index", "--quiet", "--cached",
+		     "--ignore-submodules",
+		     /* diff-index with either HEAD or an empty tree */
+		     head_has_history() ? "HEAD" : empty_tree_oid_hex(),
+		     "--", NULL);
+	strvec_pushv(&child.env_array, env->v);
 	child.no_stdin = 1;
 	child.no_stdout = 1;
 	child.stdout_to_stderr = 0;
@@ -1418,10 +1403,10 @@
 	if (run_command(&child))
 		return "Working directory has staged changes";
 
-	read_tree[3] = hash_to_hex(sha1);
 	child_process_init(&child);
-	child.argv = read_tree;
-	child.env = env->v;
+	strvec_pushl(&child.args, "read-tree", "-u", "-m", hash_to_hex(sha1),
+		     NULL);
+	strvec_pushv(&child.env_array, env->v);
 	child.dir = work_tree;
 	child.no_stdin = 1;
 	child.no_stdout = 1;
@@ -1449,29 +1434,22 @@
 
 static const char *update_worktree(unsigned char *sha1, const struct worktree *worktree)
 {
-	const char *retval, *work_tree, *git_dir = NULL;
+	const char *retval, *git_dir;
 	struct strvec env = STRVEC_INIT;
 
-	if (worktree && worktree->path)
-		work_tree = worktree->path;
-	else if (git_work_tree_cfg)
-		work_tree = git_work_tree_cfg;
-	else
-		work_tree = "..";
+	if (!worktree || !worktree->path)
+		BUG("worktree->path must be non-NULL");
 
-	if (is_bare_repository())
+	if (worktree->is_bare)
 		return "denyCurrentBranch = updateInstead needs a worktree";
-	if (worktree)
-		git_dir = get_worktree_git_dir(worktree);
-	if (!git_dir)
-		git_dir = get_git_dir();
+	git_dir = get_worktree_git_dir(worktree);
 
 	strvec_pushf(&env, "GIT_DIR=%s", absolute_path(git_dir));
 
 	if (!hook_exists(push_to_checkout_hook))
-		retval = push_to_deploy(sha1, &env, work_tree);
+		retval = push_to_deploy(sha1, &env, worktree->path);
 	else
-		retval = push_to_checkout(sha1, &env, work_tree);
+		retval = push_to_checkout(sha1, &env, worktree->path);
 
 	strvec_clear(&env);
 	return retval;
@@ -1486,19 +1464,22 @@
 	struct object_id *old_oid = &cmd->old_oid;
 	struct object_id *new_oid = &cmd->new_oid;
 	int do_update_worktree = 0;
-	const struct worktree *worktree = is_bare_repository() ? NULL : find_shared_symref("HEAD", name);
+	struct worktree **worktrees = get_worktrees();
+	const struct worktree *worktree =
+		find_shared_symref(worktrees, "HEAD", name);
 
 	/* only refs/... are allowed */
 	if (!starts_with(name, "refs/") || check_refname_format(name + 5, 0)) {
 		rp_error("refusing to create funny ref '%s' remotely", name);
-		return "funny refname";
+		ret = "funny refname";
+		goto out;
 	}
 
 	strbuf_addf(&namespaced_name_buf, "%s%s", get_git_namespace(), name);
 	free(namespaced_name);
 	namespaced_name = strbuf_detach(&namespaced_name_buf, NULL);
 
-	if (worktree) {
+	if (worktree && !worktree->is_bare) {
 		switch (deny_current_branch) {
 		case DENY_IGNORE:
 			break;
@@ -1510,7 +1491,8 @@
 			rp_error("refusing to update checked out branch: %s", name);
 			if (deny_current_branch == DENY_UNCONFIGURED)
 				refuse_unconfigured_deny();
-			return "branch is currently checked out";
+			ret = "branch is currently checked out";
+			goto out;
 		case DENY_UPDATE_INSTEAD:
 			/* pass -- let other checks intervene first */
 			do_update_worktree = 1;
@@ -1521,13 +1503,15 @@
 	if (!is_null_oid(new_oid) && !has_object_file(new_oid)) {
 		error("unpack should have generated %s, "
 		      "but I can't find it!", oid_to_hex(new_oid));
-		return "bad pack";
+		ret = "bad pack";
+		goto out;
 	}
 
 	if (!is_null_oid(old_oid) && is_null_oid(new_oid)) {
 		if (deny_deletes && starts_with(name, "refs/heads/")) {
 			rp_error("denying ref deletion for %s", name);
-			return "deletion prohibited";
+			ret = "deletion prohibited";
+			goto out;
 		}
 
 		if (worktree || (head_name && !strcmp(namespaced_name, head_name))) {
@@ -1543,9 +1527,11 @@
 				if (deny_delete_current == DENY_UNCONFIGURED)
 					refuse_unconfigured_deny_delete_current();
 				rp_error("refusing to delete the current branch: %s", name);
-				return "deletion of the current branch prohibited";
+				ret = "deletion of the current branch prohibited";
+				goto out;
 			default:
-				return "Invalid denyDeleteCurrent setting";
+				ret = "Invalid denyDeleteCurrent setting";
+				goto out;
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -1563,25 +1549,28 @@
 		    old_object->type != OBJ_COMMIT ||
 		    new_object->type != OBJ_COMMIT) {
 			error("bad sha1 objects for %s", name);
-			return "bad ref";
+			ret = "bad ref";
+			goto out;
 		}
 		old_commit = (struct commit *)old_object;
 		new_commit = (struct commit *)new_object;
 		if (!in_merge_bases(old_commit, new_commit)) {
 			rp_error("denying non-fast-forward %s"
 				 " (you should pull first)", name);
-			return "non-fast-forward";
+			ret = "non-fast-forward";
+			goto out;
 		}
 	}
 	if (run_update_hook(cmd)) {
 		rp_error("hook declined to update %s", name);
-		return "hook declined";
+		ret = "hook declined";
+		goto out;
 	}
 
 	if (do_update_worktree) {
-		ret = update_worktree(new_oid->hash, find_shared_symref("HEAD", name));
+		ret = update_worktree(new_oid->hash, worktree);
 		if (ret)
-			return ret;
+			goto out;
 	}
 
 	if (is_null_oid(new_oid)) {
@@ -1589,9 +1578,9 @@
 		if (!parse_object(the_repository, old_oid)) {
 			old_oid = NULL;
 			if (ref_exists(name)) {
-				rp_warning("Allowing deletion of corrupt ref.");
+				rp_warning("allowing deletion of corrupt ref");
 			} else {
-				rp_warning("Deleting a non-existent ref.");
+				rp_warning("deleting a non-existent ref");
 				cmd->did_not_exist = 1;
 			}
 		}
@@ -1600,17 +1589,19 @@
 					   old_oid,
 					   0, "push", &err)) {
 			rp_error("%s", err.buf);
-			strbuf_release(&err);
-			return "failed to delete";
+			ret = "failed to delete";
+		} else {
+			ret = NULL; /* good */
 		}
 		strbuf_release(&err);
-		return NULL; /* good */
 	}
 	else {
 		struct strbuf err = STRBUF_INIT;
 		if (shallow_update && si->shallow_ref[cmd->index] &&
-		    update_shallow_ref(cmd, si))
-			return "shallow error";
+		    update_shallow_ref(cmd, si)) {
+			ret = "shallow error";
+			goto out;
+		}
 
 		if (ref_transaction_update(transaction,
 					   namespaced_name,
@@ -1618,14 +1609,16 @@
 					   0, "push",
 					   &err)) {
 			rp_error("%s", err.buf);
-			strbuf_release(&err);
-
-			return "failed to update ref";
+			ret = "failed to update ref";
+		} else {
+			ret = NULL; /* good */
 		}
 		strbuf_release(&err);
-
-		return NULL; /* good */
 	}
+
+out:
+	free_worktrees(worktrees);
+	return ret;
 }
 
 static void run_update_post_hook(struct command *commands)
@@ -2213,13 +2206,14 @@
 		strvec_push(&child.args, alt_shallow_file);
 	}
 
-	tmp_objdir = tmp_objdir_create();
+	tmp_objdir = tmp_objdir_create("incoming");
 	if (!tmp_objdir) {
 		if (err_fd > 0)
 			close(err_fd);
 		return "unable to create temporary object directory";
 	}
-	child.env = tmp_objdir_env(tmp_objdir);
+	if (tmp_objdir)
+		strvec_pushv(&child.env_array, tmp_objdir_env(tmp_objdir));
 
 	/*
 	 * Normally we just pass the tmp_objdir environment to the child
@@ -2490,9 +2484,9 @@
 	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, options, receive_pack_usage, 0);
 
 	if (argc > 1)
-		usage_msg_opt(_("Too many arguments."), receive_pack_usage, options);
+		usage_msg_opt(_("too many arguments"), receive_pack_usage, options);
 	if (argc == 0)
-		usage_msg_opt(_("You must specify a directory."), receive_pack_usage, options);
+		usage_msg_opt(_("you must specify a directory"), receive_pack_usage, options);
 
 	service_dir = argv[0];
 
@@ -2566,25 +2560,25 @@
 				 &push_options);
 		if (pack_lockfile)
 			unlink_or_warn(pack_lockfile);
+		sigchain_push(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
 		if (report_status_v2)
 			report_v2(commands, unpack_status);
 		else if (report_status)
 			report(commands, unpack_status);
+		sigchain_pop(SIGPIPE);
 		run_receive_hook(commands, "post-receive", 1,
 				 &push_options);
 		run_update_post_hook(commands);
 		string_list_clear(&push_options, 0);
 		if (auto_gc) {
-			const char *argv_gc_auto[] = {
-				"gc", "--auto", "--quiet", NULL,
-			};
 			struct child_process proc = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
 
 			proc.no_stdin = 1;
 			proc.stdout_to_stderr = 1;
 			proc.err = use_sideband ? -1 : 0;
 			proc.git_cmd = proc.close_object_store = 1;
-			proc.argv = argv_gc_auto;
+			strvec_pushl(&proc.args, "gc", "--auto", "--quiet",
+				     NULL);
 
 			if (!start_command(&proc)) {
 				if (use_sideband)
diff --git a/builtin/reflog.c b/builtin/reflog.c
index 175c83e..a4b1dd2 100644
--- a/builtin/reflog.c
+++ b/builtin/reflog.c
@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@
 static timestamp_t default_reflog_expire_unreachable;
 
 struct cmd_reflog_expire_cb {
-	struct rev_info revs;
 	int stalefix;
 	timestamp_t expire_total;
 	timestamp_t expire_unreachable;
@@ -46,18 +45,12 @@
 	struct cmd_reflog_expire_cb cmd;
 	struct commit *tip_commit;
 	struct commit_list *tips;
+	unsigned int dry_run:1;
 };
 
-struct collected_reflog {
-	struct object_id oid;
-	char reflog[FLEX_ARRAY];
-};
-
-struct collect_reflog_cb {
-	struct collected_reflog **e;
-	int alloc;
-	int nr;
-	struct worktree *wt;
+struct worktree_reflogs {
+	struct worktree *worktree;
+	struct string_list reflogs;
 };
 
 /* Remember to update object flag allocation in object.h */
@@ -310,10 +303,15 @@
 		return 1;
 
 	if (timestamp < cb->cmd.expire_unreachable) {
-		if (cb->unreachable_expire_kind == UE_ALWAYS)
+		switch (cb->unreachable_expire_kind) {
+		case UE_ALWAYS:
 			return 1;
-		if (unreachable(cb, old_commit, ooid) || unreachable(cb, new_commit, noid))
-			return 1;
+		case UE_NORMAL:
+		case UE_HEAD:
+			if (unreachable(cb, old_commit, ooid) || unreachable(cb, new_commit, noid))
+				return 1;
+			break;
+		}
 	}
 
 	if (cb->cmd.recno && --(cb->cmd.recno) == 0)
@@ -322,6 +320,28 @@
 	return 0;
 }
 
+static int should_expire_reflog_ent_verbose(struct object_id *ooid,
+					    struct object_id *noid,
+					    const char *email,
+					    timestamp_t timestamp, int tz,
+					    const char *message, void *cb_data)
+{
+	struct expire_reflog_policy_cb *cb = cb_data;
+	int expire;
+
+	expire = should_expire_reflog_ent(ooid, noid, email, timestamp, tz,
+					  message, cb);
+
+	if (!expire)
+		printf("keep %s", message);
+	else if (cb->dry_run)
+		printf("would prune %s", message);
+	else
+		printf("prune %s", message);
+
+	return expire;
+}
+
 static int push_tip_to_list(const char *refname, const struct object_id *oid,
 			    int flags, void *cb_data)
 {
@@ -355,75 +375,71 @@
 				  void *cb_data)
 {
 	struct expire_reflog_policy_cb *cb = cb_data;
+	struct commit_list *elem;
+	struct commit *commit = NULL;
 
 	if (!cb->cmd.expire_unreachable || is_head(refname)) {
-		cb->tip_commit = NULL;
 		cb->unreachable_expire_kind = UE_HEAD;
 	} else {
-		cb->tip_commit = lookup_commit_reference_gently(the_repository,
-								oid, 1);
-		if (!cb->tip_commit)
-			cb->unreachable_expire_kind = UE_ALWAYS;
-		else
-			cb->unreachable_expire_kind = UE_NORMAL;
+		commit = lookup_commit(the_repository, oid);
+		cb->unreachable_expire_kind = commit ? UE_NORMAL : UE_ALWAYS;
 	}
 
 	if (cb->cmd.expire_unreachable <= cb->cmd.expire_total)
 		cb->unreachable_expire_kind = UE_ALWAYS;
 
-	cb->mark_list = NULL;
-	cb->tips = NULL;
-	if (cb->unreachable_expire_kind != UE_ALWAYS) {
-		if (cb->unreachable_expire_kind == UE_HEAD) {
-			struct commit_list *elem;
-
-			for_each_ref(push_tip_to_list, &cb->tips);
-			for (elem = cb->tips; elem; elem = elem->next)
-				commit_list_insert(elem->item, &cb->mark_list);
-		} else {
-			commit_list_insert(cb->tip_commit, &cb->mark_list);
-		}
-		cb->mark_limit = cb->cmd.expire_total;
-		mark_reachable(cb);
+	switch (cb->unreachable_expire_kind) {
+	case UE_ALWAYS:
+		return;
+	case UE_HEAD:
+		for_each_ref(push_tip_to_list, &cb->tips);
+		for (elem = cb->tips; elem; elem = elem->next)
+			commit_list_insert(elem->item, &cb->mark_list);
+		break;
+	case UE_NORMAL:
+		commit_list_insert(commit, &cb->mark_list);
+		/* For reflog_expiry_cleanup() below */
+		cb->tip_commit = commit;
 	}
+	cb->mark_limit = cb->cmd.expire_total;
+	mark_reachable(cb);
 }
 
 static void reflog_expiry_cleanup(void *cb_data)
 {
 	struct expire_reflog_policy_cb *cb = cb_data;
+	struct commit_list *elem;
 
-	if (cb->unreachable_expire_kind != UE_ALWAYS) {
-		if (cb->unreachable_expire_kind == UE_HEAD) {
-			struct commit_list *elem;
-			for (elem = cb->tips; elem; elem = elem->next)
-				clear_commit_marks(elem->item, REACHABLE);
-			free_commit_list(cb->tips);
-		} else {
-			clear_commit_marks(cb->tip_commit, REACHABLE);
-		}
+	switch (cb->unreachable_expire_kind) {
+	case UE_ALWAYS:
+		return;
+	case UE_HEAD:
+		for (elem = cb->tips; elem; elem = elem->next)
+			clear_commit_marks(elem->item, REACHABLE);
+		free_commit_list(cb->tips);
+		break;
+	case UE_NORMAL:
+		clear_commit_marks(cb->tip_commit, REACHABLE);
+		break;
 	}
 }
 
 static int collect_reflog(const char *ref, const struct object_id *oid, int unused, void *cb_data)
 {
-	struct collected_reflog *e;
-	struct collect_reflog_cb *cb = cb_data;
+	struct worktree_reflogs *cb = cb_data;
+	struct worktree *worktree = cb->worktree;
 	struct strbuf newref = STRBUF_INIT;
 
 	/*
 	 * Avoid collecting the same shared ref multiple times because
 	 * they are available via all worktrees.
 	 */
-	if (!cb->wt->is_current && ref_type(ref) == REF_TYPE_NORMAL)
+	if (!worktree->is_current && ref_type(ref) == REF_TYPE_NORMAL)
 		return 0;
 
-	strbuf_worktree_ref(cb->wt, &newref, ref);
-	FLEX_ALLOC_STR(e, reflog, newref.buf);
-	strbuf_release(&newref);
+	strbuf_worktree_ref(worktree, &newref, ref);
+	string_list_append_nodup(&cb->reflogs, strbuf_detach(&newref, NULL));
 
-	oidcpy(&e->oid, oid);
-	ALLOC_GROW(cb->e, cb->nr + 1, cb->alloc);
-	cb->e[cb->nr++] = e;
 	return 0;
 }
 
@@ -541,11 +557,13 @@
 
 static int cmd_reflog_expire(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 {
-	struct expire_reflog_policy_cb cb;
+	struct cmd_reflog_expire_cb cmd = { 0 };
 	timestamp_t now = time(NULL);
 	int i, status, do_all, all_worktrees = 1;
 	int explicit_expiry = 0;
 	unsigned int flags = 0;
+	int verbose = 0;
+	reflog_expiry_should_prune_fn *should_prune_fn = should_expire_reflog_ent;
 
 	default_reflog_expire_unreachable = now - 30 * 24 * 3600;
 	default_reflog_expire = now - 90 * 24 * 3600;
@@ -553,10 +571,9 @@
 
 	save_commit_buffer = 0;
 	do_all = status = 0;
-	memset(&cb, 0, sizeof(cb));
 
-	cb.cmd.expire_total = default_reflog_expire;
-	cb.cmd.expire_unreachable = default_reflog_expire_unreachable;
+	cmd.expire_total = default_reflog_expire;
+	cmd.expire_unreachable = default_reflog_expire_unreachable;
 
 	for (i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
 		const char *arg = argv[i];
@@ -564,17 +581,17 @@
 		if (!strcmp(arg, "--dry-run") || !strcmp(arg, "-n"))
 			flags |= EXPIRE_REFLOGS_DRY_RUN;
 		else if (skip_prefix(arg, "--expire=", &arg)) {
-			if (parse_expiry_date(arg, &cb.cmd.expire_total))
+			if (parse_expiry_date(arg, &cmd.expire_total))
 				die(_("'%s' is not a valid timestamp"), arg);
 			explicit_expiry |= EXPIRE_TOTAL;
 		}
 		else if (skip_prefix(arg, "--expire-unreachable=", &arg)) {
-			if (parse_expiry_date(arg, &cb.cmd.expire_unreachable))
+			if (parse_expiry_date(arg, &cmd.expire_unreachable))
 				die(_("'%s' is not a valid timestamp"), arg);
 			explicit_expiry |= EXPIRE_UNREACH;
 		}
 		else if (!strcmp(arg, "--stale-fix"))
-			cb.cmd.stalefix = 1;
+			cmd.stalefix = 1;
 		else if (!strcmp(arg, "--rewrite"))
 			flags |= EXPIRE_REFLOGS_REWRITE;
 		else if (!strcmp(arg, "--updateref"))
@@ -584,7 +601,7 @@
 		else if (!strcmp(arg, "--single-worktree"))
 			all_worktrees = 0;
 		else if (!strcmp(arg, "--verbose"))
-			flags |= EXPIRE_REFLOGS_VERBOSE;
+			verbose = 1;
 		else if (!strcmp(arg, "--")) {
 			i++;
 			break;
@@ -595,54 +612,65 @@
 			break;
 	}
 
+	if (verbose)
+		should_prune_fn = should_expire_reflog_ent_verbose;
+
 	/*
 	 * We can trust the commits and objects reachable from refs
 	 * even in older repository.  We cannot trust what's reachable
 	 * from reflog if the repository was pruned with older git.
 	 */
-	if (cb.cmd.stalefix) {
-		repo_init_revisions(the_repository, &cb.cmd.revs, prefix);
-		cb.cmd.revs.do_not_die_on_missing_tree = 1;
-		cb.cmd.revs.ignore_missing = 1;
-		cb.cmd.revs.ignore_missing_links = 1;
-		if (flags & EXPIRE_REFLOGS_VERBOSE)
+	if (cmd.stalefix) {
+		struct rev_info revs;
+
+		repo_init_revisions(the_repository, &revs, prefix);
+		revs.do_not_die_on_missing_tree = 1;
+		revs.ignore_missing = 1;
+		revs.ignore_missing_links = 1;
+		if (verbose)
 			printf(_("Marking reachable objects..."));
-		mark_reachable_objects(&cb.cmd.revs, 0, 0, NULL);
-		if (flags & EXPIRE_REFLOGS_VERBOSE)
+		mark_reachable_objects(&revs, 0, 0, NULL);
+		if (verbose)
 			putchar('\n');
 	}
 
 	if (do_all) {
-		struct collect_reflog_cb collected;
+		struct worktree_reflogs collected = {
+			.reflogs = STRING_LIST_INIT_DUP,
+		};
+		struct string_list_item *item;
 		struct worktree **worktrees, **p;
-		int i;
 
-		memset(&collected, 0, sizeof(collected));
 		worktrees = get_worktrees();
 		for (p = worktrees; *p; p++) {
 			if (!all_worktrees && !(*p)->is_current)
 				continue;
-			collected.wt = *p;
+			collected.worktree = *p;
 			refs_for_each_reflog(get_worktree_ref_store(*p),
 					     collect_reflog, &collected);
 		}
 		free_worktrees(worktrees);
-		for (i = 0; i < collected.nr; i++) {
-			struct collected_reflog *e = collected.e[i];
 
-			set_reflog_expiry_param(&cb.cmd, explicit_expiry, e->reflog);
-			status |= reflog_expire(e->reflog, flags,
+		for_each_string_list_item(item, &collected.reflogs) {
+			struct expire_reflog_policy_cb cb = {
+				.cmd = cmd,
+				.dry_run = !!(flags & EXPIRE_REFLOGS_DRY_RUN),
+			};
+
+			set_reflog_expiry_param(&cb.cmd, explicit_expiry, item->string);
+			status |= reflog_expire(item->string, flags,
 						reflog_expiry_prepare,
-						should_expire_reflog_ent,
+						should_prune_fn,
 						reflog_expiry_cleanup,
 						&cb);
-			free(e);
 		}
-		free(collected.e);
+		string_list_clear(&collected.reflogs, 0);
 	}
 
 	for (; i < argc; i++) {
 		char *ref;
+		struct expire_reflog_policy_cb cb = { .cmd = cmd };
+
 		if (!dwim_log(argv[i], strlen(argv[i]), NULL, &ref)) {
 			status |= error(_("%s points nowhere!"), argv[i]);
 			continue;
@@ -650,7 +678,7 @@
 		set_reflog_expiry_param(&cb.cmd, explicit_expiry, ref);
 		status |= reflog_expire(ref, flags,
 					reflog_expiry_prepare,
-					should_expire_reflog_ent,
+					should_prune_fn,
 					reflog_expiry_cleanup,
 					&cb);
 		free(ref);
@@ -662,19 +690,19 @@
 		const char *email, timestamp_t timestamp, int tz,
 		const char *message, void *cb_data)
 {
-	struct expire_reflog_policy_cb *cb = cb_data;
-	if (!cb->cmd.expire_total || timestamp < cb->cmd.expire_total)
-		cb->cmd.recno++;
+	struct cmd_reflog_expire_cb *cb = cb_data;
+	if (!cb->expire_total || timestamp < cb->expire_total)
+		cb->recno++;
 	return 0;
 }
 
 static int cmd_reflog_delete(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 {
-	struct expire_reflog_policy_cb cb;
+	struct cmd_reflog_expire_cb cmd = { 0 };
 	int i, status = 0;
 	unsigned int flags = 0;
-
-	memset(&cb, 0, sizeof(cb));
+	int verbose = 0;
+	reflog_expiry_should_prune_fn *should_prune_fn = should_expire_reflog_ent;
 
 	for (i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
 		const char *arg = argv[i];
@@ -685,7 +713,7 @@
 		else if (!strcmp(arg, "--updateref"))
 			flags |= EXPIRE_REFLOGS_UPDATE_REF;
 		else if (!strcmp(arg, "--verbose"))
-			flags |= EXPIRE_REFLOGS_VERBOSE;
+			verbose = 1;
 		else if (!strcmp(arg, "--")) {
 			i++;
 			break;
@@ -696,6 +724,9 @@
 			break;
 	}
 
+	if (verbose)
+		should_prune_fn = should_expire_reflog_ent_verbose;
+
 	if (argc - i < 1)
 		return error(_("no reflog specified to delete"));
 
@@ -703,6 +734,9 @@
 		const char *spec = strstr(argv[i], "@{");
 		char *ep, *ref;
 		int recno;
+		struct expire_reflog_policy_cb cb = {
+			.dry_run = !!(flags & EXPIRE_REFLOGS_DRY_RUN),
+		};
 
 		if (!spec) {
 			status |= error(_("not a reflog: %s"), argv[i]);
@@ -716,17 +750,18 @@
 
 		recno = strtoul(spec + 2, &ep, 10);
 		if (*ep == '}') {
-			cb.cmd.recno = -recno;
-			for_each_reflog_ent(ref, count_reflog_ent, &cb);
+			cmd.recno = -recno;
+			for_each_reflog_ent(ref, count_reflog_ent, &cmd);
 		} else {
-			cb.cmd.expire_total = approxidate(spec + 2);
-			for_each_reflog_ent(ref, count_reflog_ent, &cb);
-			cb.cmd.expire_total = 0;
+			cmd.expire_total = approxidate(spec + 2);
+			for_each_reflog_ent(ref, count_reflog_ent, &cmd);
+			cmd.expire_total = 0;
 		}
 
+		cb.cmd = cmd;
 		status |= reflog_expire(ref, flags,
 					reflog_expiry_prepare,
-					should_expire_reflog_ent,
+					should_prune_fn,
 					reflog_expiry_cleanup,
 					&cb);
 		free(ref);
diff --git a/builtin/repack.c b/builtin/repack.c
index 0b2d1e5..da1e364 100644
--- a/builtin/repack.c
+++ b/builtin/repack.c
@@ -258,9 +258,11 @@
 	for_each_packed_object(write_oid, &cmd,
 			       FOR_EACH_OBJECT_PROMISOR_ONLY);
 
-	if (cmd.in == -1)
+	if (cmd.in == -1) {
 		/* No packed objects; cmd was never started */
+		child_process_clear(&cmd);
 		return;
+	}
 
 	close(cmd.in);
 
@@ -610,7 +612,7 @@
 	struct tempfile *refs_snapshot = NULL;
 	int i, ext, ret;
 	FILE *out;
-	int show_progress = isatty(2);
+	int show_progress;
 
 	/* variables to be filled by option parsing */
 	int pack_everything = 0;
@@ -679,7 +681,7 @@
 
 	if (keep_unreachable &&
 	    (unpack_unreachable || (pack_everything & LOOSEN_UNREACHABLE)))
-		die(_("--keep-unreachable and -A are incompatible"));
+		die(_("options '%s' and '%s' cannot be used together"), "--keep-unreachable", "-A");
 
 	if (write_bitmaps < 0) {
 		if (!write_midx &&
@@ -691,7 +693,7 @@
 		write_bitmaps = 0;
 	}
 	if (pack_kept_objects < 0)
-		pack_kept_objects = write_bitmaps > 0;
+		pack_kept_objects = write_bitmaps > 0 && !write_midx;
 
 	if (write_bitmaps && !(pack_everything & ALL_INTO_ONE) && !write_midx)
 		die(_(incremental_bitmap_conflict_error));
@@ -710,7 +712,7 @@
 
 	if (geometric_factor) {
 		if (pack_everything)
-			die(_("--geometric is incompatible with -A, -a"));
+			die(_("options '%s' and '%s' cannot be used together"), "--geometric", "-A/-a");
 		init_pack_geometry(&geometry);
 		split_pack_geometry(geometry, geometric_factor);
 	}
@@ -723,6 +725,8 @@
 
 	prepare_pack_objects(&cmd, &po_args);
 
+	show_progress = !po_args.quiet && isatty(2);
+
 	strvec_push(&cmd.args, "--keep-true-parents");
 	if (!pack_kept_objects)
 		strvec_push(&cmd.args, "--honor-pack-keep");
@@ -842,7 +846,7 @@
 			fname_old = mkpathdup("%s-%s%s",
 					packtmp, item->string, exts[ext].name);
 
-			if (((uintptr_t)item->util) & (1 << ext)) {
+			if (((uintptr_t)item->util) & ((uintptr_t)1 << ext)) {
 				struct stat statbuffer;
 				if (!stat(fname_old, &statbuffer)) {
 					statbuffer.st_mode &= ~(S_IWUSR | S_IWGRP | S_IWOTH);
@@ -924,7 +928,7 @@
 			}
 			strbuf_release(&buf);
 		}
-		if (!po_args.quiet && show_progress)
+		if (show_progress)
 			opts |= PRUNE_PACKED_VERBOSE;
 		prune_packed_objects(opts);
 
diff --git a/builtin/replace.c b/builtin/replace.c
index 946938d..6ff1734 100644
--- a/builtin/replace.c
+++ b/builtin/replace.c
@@ -258,11 +258,10 @@
 		return error_errno(_("unable to open %s for reading"), filename);
 
 	if (!raw && type == OBJ_TREE) {
-		const char *argv[] = { "mktree", NULL };
 		struct child_process cmd = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
 		struct strbuf result = STRBUF_INIT;
 
-		cmd.argv = argv;
+		strvec_push(&cmd.args, "mktree");
 		cmd.git_cmd = 1;
 		cmd.in = fd;
 		cmd.out = -1;
diff --git a/builtin/reset.c b/builtin/reset.c
index 7393595..b97745e 100644
--- a/builtin/reset.c
+++ b/builtin/reset.c
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 #include "cache-tree.h"
 #include "submodule.h"
 #include "submodule-config.h"
+#include "dir.h"
 
 #define REFRESH_INDEX_DELAY_WARNING_IN_MS (2 * 1000)
 
@@ -136,21 +137,36 @@
 	int intent_to_add = *(int *)data;
 
 	for (i = 0; i < q->nr; i++) {
+		int pos;
 		struct diff_filespec *one = q->queue[i]->one;
-		int is_missing = !(one->mode && !is_null_oid(&one->oid));
+		int is_in_reset_tree = one->mode && !is_null_oid(&one->oid);
 		struct cache_entry *ce;
 
-		if (is_missing && !intent_to_add) {
+		if (!is_in_reset_tree && !intent_to_add) {
 			remove_file_from_cache(one->path);
 			continue;
 		}
 
 		ce = make_cache_entry(&the_index, one->mode, &one->oid, one->path,
 				      0, 0);
+
+		/*
+		 * If the file 1) corresponds to an existing index entry with
+		 * skip-worktree set, or 2) does not exist in the index but is
+		 * outside the sparse checkout definition, add a skip-worktree bit
+		 * to the new index entry. Note that a sparse index will be expanded
+		 * if this entry is outside the sparse cone - this is necessary
+		 * to properly construct the reset sparse directory.
+		 */
+		pos = cache_name_pos(one->path, strlen(one->path));
+		if ((pos >= 0 && ce_skip_worktree(active_cache[pos])) ||
+		    (pos < 0 && !path_in_sparse_checkout(one->path, &the_index)))
+			ce->ce_flags |= CE_SKIP_WORKTREE;
+
 		if (!ce)
 			die(_("make_cache_entry failed for path '%s'"),
 			    one->path);
-		if (is_missing) {
+		if (!is_in_reset_tree) {
 			ce->ce_flags |= CE_INTENT_TO_ADD;
 			set_object_name_for_intent_to_add_entry(ce);
 		}
@@ -158,6 +174,82 @@
 	}
 }
 
+static int pathspec_needs_expanded_index(const struct pathspec *pathspec)
+{
+	unsigned int i, pos;
+	int res = 0;
+	char *skip_worktree_seen = NULL;
+
+	/*
+	 * When using a magic pathspec, assume for the sake of simplicity that
+	 * the index needs to be expanded to match all matchable files.
+	 */
+	if (pathspec->magic)
+		return 1;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < pathspec->nr; i++) {
+		struct pathspec_item item = pathspec->items[i];
+
+		/*
+		 * If the pathspec item has a wildcard, the index should be expanded
+		 * if the pathspec has the possibility of matching a subset of entries inside
+		 * of a sparse directory (but not the entire directory).
+		 *
+		 * If the pathspec item is a literal path, the index only needs to be expanded
+		 * if a) the pathspec isn't in the sparse checkout cone (to make sure we don't
+		 * expand for in-cone files) and b) it doesn't match any sparse directories
+		 * (since we can reset whole sparse directories without expanding them).
+		 */
+		if (item.nowildcard_len < item.len) {
+			/*
+			 * Special case: if the pattern is a path inside the cone
+			 * followed by only wildcards, the pattern cannot match
+			 * partial sparse directories, so we don't expand the index.
+			 */
+			if (path_in_cone_mode_sparse_checkout(item.original, &the_index) &&
+			    strspn(item.original + item.nowildcard_len, "*") == item.len - item.nowildcard_len)
+				continue;
+
+			for (pos = 0; pos < active_nr; pos++) {
+				struct cache_entry *ce = active_cache[pos];
+
+				if (!S_ISSPARSEDIR(ce->ce_mode))
+					continue;
+
+				/*
+				 * If the pre-wildcard length is longer than the sparse
+				 * directory name and the sparse directory is the first
+				 * component of the pathspec, need to expand the index.
+				 */
+				if (item.nowildcard_len > ce_namelen(ce) &&
+				    !strncmp(item.original, ce->name, ce_namelen(ce))) {
+					res = 1;
+					break;
+				}
+
+				/*
+				 * If the pre-wildcard length is shorter than the sparse
+				 * directory and the pathspec does not match the whole
+				 * directory, need to expand the index.
+				 */
+				if (!strncmp(item.original, ce->name, item.nowildcard_len) &&
+				    wildmatch(item.original, ce->name, 0)) {
+					res = 1;
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+		} else if (!path_in_cone_mode_sparse_checkout(item.original, &the_index) &&
+			   !matches_skip_worktree(pathspec, i, &skip_worktree_seen))
+			res = 1;
+
+		if (res > 0)
+			break;
+	}
+
+	free(skip_worktree_seen);
+	return res;
+}
+
 static int read_from_tree(const struct pathspec *pathspec,
 			  struct object_id *tree_oid,
 			  int intent_to_add)
@@ -170,7 +262,13 @@
 	opt.format_callback = update_index_from_diff;
 	opt.format_callback_data = &intent_to_add;
 	opt.flags.override_submodule_config = 1;
+	opt.flags.recursive = 1;
 	opt.repo = the_repository;
+	opt.change = diff_change;
+	opt.add_remove = diff_addremove;
+
+	if (pathspec->nr && the_index.sparse_index && pathspec_needs_expanded_index(pathspec))
+		ensure_full_index(&the_index);
 
 	if (do_diff_cache(tree_oid, &opt))
 		return 1;
@@ -249,9 +347,6 @@
 	}
 	*rev_ret = rev;
 
-	if (read_cache() < 0)
-		die(_("index file corrupt"));
-
 	parse_pathspec(pathspec, 0,
 		       PATHSPEC_PREFER_FULL |
 		       (patch_mode ? PATHSPEC_PREFIX_ORIGIN : 0),
@@ -328,16 +423,16 @@
 
 	if (pathspec_from_file) {
 		if (patch_mode)
-			die(_("--pathspec-from-file is incompatible with --patch"));
+			die(_("options '%s' and '%s' cannot be used together"), "--pathspec-from-file", "--patch");
 
 		if (pathspec.nr)
-			die(_("--pathspec-from-file is incompatible with pathspec arguments"));
+			die(_("'%s' and pathspec arguments cannot be used together"), "--pathspec-from-file");
 
 		parse_pathspec_file(&pathspec, 0,
 				    PATHSPEC_PREFER_FULL,
 				    prefix, pathspec_from_file, pathspec_file_nul);
 	} else if (pathspec_file_nul) {
-		die(_("--pathspec-file-nul requires --pathspec-from-file"));
+		die(_("the option '%s' requires '%s'"), "--pathspec-file-nul", "--pathspec-from-file");
 	}
 
 	unborn = !strcmp(rev, "HEAD") && get_oid("HEAD", &oid);
@@ -364,7 +459,7 @@
 
 	if (patch_mode) {
 		if (reset_type != NONE)
-			die(_("--patch is incompatible with --{hard,mixed,soft}"));
+			die(_("options '%s' and '%s' cannot be used together"), "--patch", "--{hard,mixed,soft}");
 		trace2_cmd_mode("patch-interactive");
 		return run_add_interactive(rev, "--patch=reset", &pathspec);
 	}
@@ -395,7 +490,13 @@
 		    _(reset_type_names[reset_type]));
 
 	if (intent_to_add && reset_type != MIXED)
-		die(_("-N can only be used with --mixed"));
+		die(_("the option '%s' requires '%s'"), "-N", "--mixed");
+
+	prepare_repo_settings(the_repository);
+	the_repository->settings.command_requires_full_index = 0;
+
+	if (read_cache() < 0)
+		die(_("index file corrupt"));
 
 	/* Soft reset does not touch the index file nor the working tree
 	 * at all, but requires them in a good order.  Other resets reset
diff --git a/builtin/rev-list.c b/builtin/rev-list.c
index 36cb909..777558e 100644
--- a/builtin/rev-list.c
+++ b/builtin/rev-list.c
@@ -538,7 +538,7 @@
 		const char *arg = argv[i];
 		if (skip_prefix(arg, "--missing=", &arg)) {
 			if (revs.exclude_promisor_objects)
-				die(_("cannot combine --exclude-promisor-objects and --missing"));
+				die(_("options '%s' and '%s' cannot be used together"), "--exclude-promisor-objects", "--missing");
 			if (parse_missing_action_value(arg))
 				break;
 		}
@@ -676,7 +676,7 @@
 	if (revs.count &&
 	    (revs.tag_objects || revs.tree_objects || revs.blob_objects) &&
 	    (revs.left_right || revs.cherry_mark))
-		die(_("marked counting is incompatible with --objects"));
+		die(_("marked counting and '%s' cannot be used together"), "--objects");
 
 	save_commit_buffer = (revs.verbose_header ||
 			      revs.grep_filter.pattern_list ||
diff --git a/builtin/rm.c b/builtin/rm.c
index 3d0967c..84a935a 100644
--- a/builtin/rm.c
+++ b/builtin/rm.c
@@ -272,13 +272,13 @@
 
 	if (pathspec_from_file) {
 		if (pathspec.nr)
-			die(_("--pathspec-from-file is incompatible with pathspec arguments"));
+			die(_("'%s' and pathspec arguments cannot be used together"), "--pathspec-from-file");
 
 		parse_pathspec_file(&pathspec, 0,
 				    PATHSPEC_PREFER_CWD,
 				    prefix, pathspec_from_file, pathspec_file_nul);
 	} else if (pathspec_file_nul) {
-		die(_("--pathspec-file-nul requires --pathspec-from-file"));
+		die(_("the option '%s' requires '%s'"), "--pathspec-file-nul", "--pathspec-from-file");
 	}
 
 	if (!pathspec.nr)
@@ -399,12 +399,13 @@
 	if (!index_only) {
 		int removed = 0, gitmodules_modified = 0;
 		struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
+		int flag = force ? REMOVE_DIR_PURGE_ORIGINAL_CWD : 0;
 		for (i = 0; i < list.nr; i++) {
 			const char *path = list.entry[i].name;
 			if (list.entry[i].is_submodule) {
 				strbuf_reset(&buf);
 				strbuf_addstr(&buf, path);
-				if (remove_dir_recursively(&buf, 0))
+				if (remove_dir_recursively(&buf, flag))
 					die(_("could not remove '%s'"), path);
 
 				removed = 1;
diff --git a/builtin/show-branch.c b/builtin/show-branch.c
index 0824492..e12c5e8 100644
--- a/builtin/show-branch.c
+++ b/builtin/show-branch.c
@@ -707,8 +707,8 @@
 			 *
 			 * Also --all and --remotes do not make sense either.
 			 */
-			die(_("--reflog is incompatible with --all, --remotes, "
-			      "--independent or --merge-base"));
+			die(_("options '%s' and '%s' cannot be used together"), "--reflog",
+				"--all/--remotes/--independent/--merge-base");
 	}
 
 	/* If nothing is specified, show all branches by default */
@@ -761,6 +761,7 @@
 			char *logmsg;
 			char *nth_desc;
 			const char *msg;
+			char *end;
 			timestamp_t timestamp;
 			int tz;
 
@@ -770,11 +771,12 @@
 				reflog = i;
 				break;
 			}
-			msg = strchr(logmsg, '\t');
-			if (!msg)
-				msg = "(none)";
-			else
-				msg++;
+
+			end = strchr(logmsg, '\n');
+			if (end)
+				*end = '\0';
+
+			msg = (*logmsg == '\0') ? "(none)" : logmsg;
 			reflog_msg[i] = xstrfmt("(%s) %s",
 						show_date(timestamp, tz,
 							  DATE_MODE(RELATIVE)),
diff --git a/builtin/sparse-checkout.c b/builtin/sparse-checkout.c
index d0f5c47..679c107 100644
--- a/builtin/sparse-checkout.c
+++ b/builtin/sparse-checkout.c
@@ -56,6 +56,9 @@
 	char *sparse_filename;
 	int res;
 
+	if (!core_apply_sparse_checkout)
+		die(_("this worktree is not sparse"));
+
 	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, NULL,
 			     builtin_sparse_checkout_list_options,
 			     builtin_sparse_checkout_list_usage, 0);
@@ -380,6 +383,41 @@
 	return 0;
 }
 
+static int update_modes(int *cone_mode, int *sparse_index)
+{
+	int mode, record_mode;
+
+	/* Determine if we need to record the mode; ensure sparse checkout on */
+	record_mode = (*cone_mode != -1) || !core_apply_sparse_checkout;
+
+	/* If not specified, use previous definition of cone mode */
+	if (*cone_mode == -1 && core_apply_sparse_checkout)
+		*cone_mode = core_sparse_checkout_cone;
+
+	/* Set cone/non-cone mode appropriately */
+	core_apply_sparse_checkout = 1;
+	if (*cone_mode == 1) {
+		mode = MODE_CONE_PATTERNS;
+		core_sparse_checkout_cone = 1;
+	} else {
+		mode = MODE_ALL_PATTERNS;
+	}
+	if (record_mode && set_config(mode))
+		return 1;
+
+	/* Set sparse-index/non-sparse-index mode if specified */
+	if (*sparse_index >= 0) {
+		if (set_sparse_index_config(the_repository, *sparse_index) < 0)
+			die(_("failed to modify sparse-index config"));
+
+		/* force an index rewrite */
+		repo_read_index(the_repository);
+		the_repository->index->updated_workdir = 1;
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
 static char const * const builtin_sparse_checkout_init_usage[] = {
 	N_("git sparse-checkout init [--cone] [--[no-]sparse-index]"),
 	NULL
@@ -396,7 +434,6 @@
 	char *sparse_filename;
 	int res;
 	struct object_id oid;
-	int mode;
 	struct strbuf pattern = STRBUF_INIT;
 
 	static struct option builtin_sparse_checkout_init_options[] = {
@@ -409,19 +446,14 @@
 
 	repo_read_index(the_repository);
 
+	init_opts.cone_mode = -1;
 	init_opts.sparse_index = -1;
 
 	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, NULL,
 			     builtin_sparse_checkout_init_options,
 			     builtin_sparse_checkout_init_usage, 0);
 
-	if (init_opts.cone_mode) {
-		mode = MODE_CONE_PATTERNS;
-		core_sparse_checkout_cone = 1;
-	} else
-		mode = MODE_ALL_PATTERNS;
-
-	if (set_config(mode))
+	if (update_modes(&init_opts.cone_mode, &init_opts.sparse_index))
 		return 1;
 
 	memset(&pl, 0, sizeof(pl));
@@ -429,17 +461,6 @@
 	sparse_filename = get_sparse_checkout_filename();
 	res = add_patterns_from_file_to_list(sparse_filename, "", 0, &pl, NULL, 0);
 
-	if (init_opts.sparse_index >= 0) {
-		if (set_sparse_index_config(the_repository, init_opts.sparse_index) < 0)
-			die(_("failed to modify sparse-index config"));
-
-		/* force an index rewrite */
-		repo_read_index(the_repository);
-		the_repository->index->updated_workdir = 1;
-	}
-
-	core_apply_sparse_checkout = 1;
-
 	/* If we already have a sparse-checkout file, use it. */
 	if (res >= 0) {
 		free(sparse_filename);
@@ -483,7 +504,7 @@
 		char *oldpattern = e->pattern;
 		size_t newlen;
 
-		if (slash == e->pattern)
+		if (!slash || slash == e->pattern)
 			break;
 
 		newlen = slash - e->pattern;
@@ -515,17 +536,9 @@
 	insert_recursive_pattern(pl, line);
 }
 
-static char const * const builtin_sparse_checkout_set_usage[] = {
-	N_("git sparse-checkout (set|add) (--stdin | <patterns>)"),
-	NULL
-};
-
-static struct sparse_checkout_set_opts {
-	int use_stdin;
-} set_opts;
-
 static void add_patterns_from_input(struct pattern_list *pl,
-				    int argc, const char **argv)
+				    int argc, const char **argv,
+				    int use_stdin)
 {
 	int i;
 	if (core_sparse_checkout_cone) {
@@ -535,7 +548,7 @@
 		hashmap_init(&pl->parent_hashmap, pl_hashmap_cmp, NULL, 0);
 		pl->use_cone_patterns = 1;
 
-		if (set_opts.use_stdin) {
+		if (use_stdin) {
 			struct strbuf unquoted = STRBUF_INIT;
 			while (!strbuf_getline(&line, stdin)) {
 				if (line.buf[0] == '"') {
@@ -559,7 +572,7 @@
 			}
 		}
 	} else {
-		if (set_opts.use_stdin) {
+		if (use_stdin) {
 			struct strbuf line = STRBUF_INIT;
 
 			while (!strbuf_getline(&line, stdin)) {
@@ -580,7 +593,8 @@
 };
 
 static void add_patterns_cone_mode(int argc, const char **argv,
-				   struct pattern_list *pl)
+				   struct pattern_list *pl,
+				   int use_stdin)
 {
 	struct strbuf buffer = STRBUF_INIT;
 	struct pattern_entry *pe;
@@ -588,7 +602,7 @@
 	struct pattern_list existing;
 	char *sparse_filename = get_sparse_checkout_filename();
 
-	add_patterns_from_input(pl, argc, argv);
+	add_patterns_from_input(pl, argc, argv, use_stdin);
 
 	memset(&existing, 0, sizeof(existing));
 	existing.use_cone_patterns = core_sparse_checkout_cone;
@@ -598,6 +612,9 @@
 		die(_("unable to load existing sparse-checkout patterns"));
 	free(sparse_filename);
 
+	if (!existing.use_cone_patterns)
+		die(_("existing sparse-checkout patterns do not use cone mode"));
+
 	hashmap_for_each_entry(&existing.recursive_hashmap, &iter, pe, ent) {
 		if (!hashmap_contains_parent(&pl->recursive_hashmap,
 					pe->pattern, &buffer) ||
@@ -614,17 +631,19 @@
 }
 
 static void add_patterns_literal(int argc, const char **argv,
-				 struct pattern_list *pl)
+				 struct pattern_list *pl,
+				 int use_stdin)
 {
 	char *sparse_filename = get_sparse_checkout_filename();
 	if (add_patterns_from_file_to_list(sparse_filename, "", 0,
 					   pl, NULL, 0))
 		die(_("unable to load existing sparse-checkout patterns"));
 	free(sparse_filename);
-	add_patterns_from_input(pl, argc, argv);
+	add_patterns_from_input(pl, argc, argv, use_stdin);
 }
 
-static int modify_pattern_list(int argc, const char **argv, enum modify_type m)
+static int modify_pattern_list(int argc, const char **argv, int use_stdin,
+			       enum modify_type m)
 {
 	int result;
 	int changed_config = 0;
@@ -633,13 +652,13 @@
 	switch (m) {
 	case ADD:
 		if (core_sparse_checkout_cone)
-			add_patterns_cone_mode(argc, argv, pl);
+			add_patterns_cone_mode(argc, argv, pl, use_stdin);
 		else
-			add_patterns_literal(argc, argv, pl);
+			add_patterns_literal(argc, argv, pl, use_stdin);
 		break;
 
 	case REPLACE:
-		add_patterns_from_input(pl, argc, argv);
+		add_patterns_from_input(pl, argc, argv, use_stdin);
 		break;
 	}
 
@@ -659,41 +678,124 @@
 	return result;
 }
 
-static int sparse_checkout_set(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix,
-			       enum modify_type m)
+static char const * const builtin_sparse_checkout_add_usage[] = {
+	N_("git sparse-checkout add (--stdin | <patterns>)"),
+	NULL
+};
+
+static struct sparse_checkout_add_opts {
+	int use_stdin;
+} add_opts;
+
+static int sparse_checkout_add(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 {
-	static struct option builtin_sparse_checkout_set_options[] = {
-		OPT_BOOL(0, "stdin", &set_opts.use_stdin,
+	static struct option builtin_sparse_checkout_add_options[] = {
+		OPT_BOOL(0, "stdin", &add_opts.use_stdin,
 			 N_("read patterns from standard in")),
 		OPT_END(),
 	};
 
+	if (!core_apply_sparse_checkout)
+		die(_("no sparse-checkout to add to"));
+
 	repo_read_index(the_repository);
 
 	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix,
+			     builtin_sparse_checkout_add_options,
+			     builtin_sparse_checkout_add_usage,
+			     PARSE_OPT_KEEP_UNKNOWN);
+
+	return modify_pattern_list(argc, argv, add_opts.use_stdin, ADD);
+}
+
+static char const * const builtin_sparse_checkout_set_usage[] = {
+	N_("git sparse-checkout set [--[no-]cone] [--[no-]sparse-index] (--stdin | <patterns>)"),
+	NULL
+};
+
+static struct sparse_checkout_set_opts {
+	int cone_mode;
+	int sparse_index;
+	int use_stdin;
+} set_opts;
+
+static int sparse_checkout_set(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
+{
+	int default_patterns_nr = 2;
+	const char *default_patterns[] = {"/*", "!/*/", NULL};
+
+	static struct option builtin_sparse_checkout_set_options[] = {
+		OPT_BOOL(0, "cone", &set_opts.cone_mode,
+			 N_("initialize the sparse-checkout in cone mode")),
+		OPT_BOOL(0, "sparse-index", &set_opts.sparse_index,
+			 N_("toggle the use of a sparse index")),
+		OPT_BOOL_F(0, "stdin", &set_opts.use_stdin,
+			   N_("read patterns from standard in"),
+			   PARSE_OPT_NONEG),
+		OPT_END(),
+	};
+
+	repo_read_index(the_repository);
+
+	set_opts.cone_mode = -1;
+	set_opts.sparse_index = -1;
+
+	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix,
 			     builtin_sparse_checkout_set_options,
 			     builtin_sparse_checkout_set_usage,
 			     PARSE_OPT_KEEP_UNKNOWN);
 
-	return modify_pattern_list(argc, argv, m);
+	if (update_modes(&set_opts.cone_mode, &set_opts.sparse_index))
+		return 1;
+
+	/*
+	 * Cone mode automatically specifies the toplevel directory.  For
+	 * non-cone mode, if nothing is specified, manually select just the
+	 * top-level directory (much as 'init' would do).
+	 */
+	if (!core_sparse_checkout_cone && argc == 0) {
+		argv = default_patterns;
+		argc = default_patterns_nr;
+	}
+
+	return modify_pattern_list(argc, argv, set_opts.use_stdin, REPLACE);
 }
 
 static char const * const builtin_sparse_checkout_reapply_usage[] = {
-	N_("git sparse-checkout reapply"),
+	N_("git sparse-checkout reapply [--[no-]cone] [--[no-]sparse-index]"),
 	NULL
 };
 
+static struct sparse_checkout_reapply_opts {
+	int cone_mode;
+	int sparse_index;
+} reapply_opts;
+
 static int sparse_checkout_reapply(int argc, const char **argv)
 {
 	static struct option builtin_sparse_checkout_reapply_options[] = {
+		OPT_BOOL(0, "cone", &reapply_opts.cone_mode,
+			 N_("initialize the sparse-checkout in cone mode")),
+		OPT_BOOL(0, "sparse-index", &reapply_opts.sparse_index,
+			 N_("toggle the use of a sparse index")),
 		OPT_END(),
 	};
 
+	if (!core_apply_sparse_checkout)
+		die(_("must be in a sparse-checkout to reapply sparsity patterns"));
+
 	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, NULL,
 			     builtin_sparse_checkout_reapply_options,
 			     builtin_sparse_checkout_reapply_usage, 0);
 
 	repo_read_index(the_repository);
+
+	reapply_opts.cone_mode = -1;
+	reapply_opts.sparse_index = -1;
+
+	if (update_modes(&reapply_opts.cone_mode, &reapply_opts.sparse_index))
+		return 1;
+
 	return update_working_directory(NULL);
 }
 
@@ -710,6 +812,17 @@
 	struct pattern_list pl;
 	struct strbuf match_all = STRBUF_INIT;
 
+	/*
+	 * We do not exit early if !core_apply_sparse_checkout; due to the
+	 * ability for users to manually muck things up between
+	 *   direct editing of .git/info/sparse-checkout
+	 *   running read-tree -m u HEAD or update-index --skip-worktree
+	 *   direct toggling of config options
+	 * users might end up with an index with SKIP_WORKTREE bit set on
+	 * some files and not know how to undo it.  So, here we just
+	 * forcibly return to a dense checkout regardless of initial state.
+	 */
+
 	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, NULL,
 			     builtin_sparse_checkout_disable_options,
 			     builtin_sparse_checkout_disable_usage, 0);
@@ -758,9 +871,9 @@
 		if (!strcmp(argv[0], "init"))
 			return sparse_checkout_init(argc, argv);
 		if (!strcmp(argv[0], "set"))
-			return sparse_checkout_set(argc, argv, prefix, REPLACE);
+			return sparse_checkout_set(argc, argv, prefix);
 		if (!strcmp(argv[0], "add"))
-			return sparse_checkout_set(argc, argv, prefix, ADD);
+			return sparse_checkout_add(argc, argv, prefix);
 		if (!strcmp(argv[0], "reapply"))
 			return sparse_checkout_reapply(argc, argv);
 		if (!strcmp(argv[0], "disable"))
diff --git a/builtin/stash.c b/builtin/stash.c
index a0ccc86..86cd0b4 100644
--- a/builtin/stash.c
+++ b/builtin/stash.c
@@ -27,11 +27,11 @@
 	N_("git stash ( pop | apply ) [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]"),
 	N_("git stash branch <branchname> [<stash>]"),
 	"git stash clear",
-	N_("git stash [push [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet]\n"
+	N_("git stash [push [-p|--patch] [-S|--staged] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet]\n"
 	   "          [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-m|--message <message>]\n"
 	   "          [--pathspec-from-file=<file> [--pathspec-file-nul]]\n"
 	   "          [--] [<pathspec>...]]"),
-	N_("git stash save [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet]\n"
+	N_("git stash save [-p|--patch] [-S|--staged] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet]\n"
 	   "          [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [<message>]"),
 	NULL
 };
@@ -561,18 +561,19 @@
 		if (index)
 			fprintf_ln(stderr, _("Index was not unstashed."));
 
-		return ret;
+		goto restore_untracked;
 	}
 
 	if (has_index) {
 		if (reset_tree(&index_tree, 0, 0))
-			return -1;
+			ret = -1;
 	} else {
 		unstage_changes_unless_new(&c_tree);
 	}
 
+restore_untracked:
 	if (info->has_u && restore_untracked(&info->u_tree))
-		return error(_("could not restore untracked files from stash"));
+		ret = error(_("could not restore untracked files from stash"));
 
 	if (!quiet) {
 		struct child_process cp = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
@@ -592,7 +593,7 @@
 		run_command(&cp);
 	}
 
-	return 0;
+	return ret;
 }
 
 static int apply_stash(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
@@ -1132,6 +1133,38 @@
 	return ret;
 }
 
+static int stash_staged(struct stash_info *info, struct strbuf *out_patch,
+			int quiet)
+{
+	int ret = 0;
+	struct child_process cp_diff_tree = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
+	struct index_state istate = { NULL };
+
+	if (write_index_as_tree(&info->w_tree, &istate, the_repository->index_file,
+				0, NULL)) {
+		ret = -1;
+		goto done;
+	}
+
+	cp_diff_tree.git_cmd = 1;
+	strvec_pushl(&cp_diff_tree.args, "diff-tree", "-p", "-U1", "HEAD",
+		     oid_to_hex(&info->w_tree), "--", NULL);
+	if (pipe_command(&cp_diff_tree, NULL, 0, out_patch, 0, NULL, 0)) {
+		ret = -1;
+		goto done;
+	}
+
+	if (!out_patch->len) {
+		if (!quiet)
+			fprintf_ln(stderr, _("No staged changes"));
+		ret = 1;
+	}
+
+done:
+	discard_index(&istate);
+	return ret;
+}
+
 static int stash_patch(struct stash_info *info, const struct pathspec *ps,
 		       struct strbuf *out_patch, int quiet)
 {
@@ -1258,7 +1291,7 @@
 }
 
 static int do_create_stash(const struct pathspec *ps, struct strbuf *stash_msg_buf,
-			   int include_untracked, int patch_mode,
+			   int include_untracked, int patch_mode, int only_staged,
 			   struct stash_info *info, struct strbuf *patch,
 			   int quiet)
 {
@@ -1337,6 +1370,16 @@
 		} else if (ret > 0) {
 			goto done;
 		}
+	} else if (only_staged) {
+		ret = stash_staged(info, patch, quiet);
+		if (ret < 0) {
+			if (!quiet)
+				fprintf_ln(stderr, _("Cannot save the current "
+						     "staged state"));
+			goto done;
+		} else if (ret > 0) {
+			goto done;
+		}
 	} else {
 		if (stash_working_tree(info, ps)) {
 			if (!quiet)
@@ -1395,7 +1438,7 @@
 	if (!check_changes_tracked_files(&ps))
 		return 0;
 
-	ret = do_create_stash(&ps, &stash_msg_buf, 0, 0, &info,
+	ret = do_create_stash(&ps, &stash_msg_buf, 0, 0, 0, &info,
 			      NULL, 0);
 	if (!ret)
 		printf_ln("%s", oid_to_hex(&info.w_commit));
@@ -1405,7 +1448,7 @@
 }
 
 static int do_push_stash(const struct pathspec *ps, const char *stash_msg, int quiet,
-			 int keep_index, int patch_mode, int include_untracked)
+			 int keep_index, int patch_mode, int include_untracked, int only_staged)
 {
 	int ret = 0;
 	struct stash_info info;
@@ -1423,6 +1466,17 @@
 		goto done;
 	}
 
+	/* --patch overrides --staged */
+	if (patch_mode)
+		only_staged = 0;
+
+	if (only_staged && include_untracked) {
+		fprintf_ln(stderr, _("Can't use --staged and --include-untracked"
+				     " or --all at the same time"));
+		ret = -1;
+		goto done;
+	}
+
 	read_cache_preload(NULL);
 	if (!include_untracked && ps->nr) {
 		int i;
@@ -1463,7 +1517,7 @@
 
 	if (stash_msg)
 		strbuf_addstr(&stash_msg_buf, stash_msg);
-	if (do_create_stash(ps, &stash_msg_buf, include_untracked, patch_mode,
+	if (do_create_stash(ps, &stash_msg_buf, include_untracked, patch_mode, only_staged,
 			    &info, &patch, quiet)) {
 		ret = -1;
 		goto done;
@@ -1480,13 +1534,19 @@
 		printf_ln(_("Saved working directory and index state %s"),
 			  stash_msg_buf.buf);
 
-	if (!patch_mode) {
+	if (!(patch_mode || only_staged)) {
 		if (include_untracked && !ps->nr) {
 			struct child_process cp = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
 
 			cp.git_cmd = 1;
+			if (startup_info->original_cwd) {
+				cp.dir = startup_info->original_cwd;
+				strvec_pushf(&cp.env_array, "%s=%s",
+					     GIT_WORK_TREE_ENVIRONMENT,
+					     the_repository->worktree);
+			}
 			strvec_pushl(&cp.args, "clean", "--force",
-				     "--quiet", "-d", NULL);
+				     "--quiet", "-d", ":/", NULL);
 			if (include_untracked == INCLUDE_ALL_FILES)
 				strvec_push(&cp.args, "-x");
 			if (run_command(&cp)) {
@@ -1598,6 +1658,7 @@
 {
 	int force_assume = 0;
 	int keep_index = -1;
+	int only_staged = 0;
 	int patch_mode = 0;
 	int include_untracked = 0;
 	int quiet = 0;
@@ -1608,6 +1669,8 @@
 	struct option options[] = {
 		OPT_BOOL('k', "keep-index", &keep_index,
 			 N_("keep index")),
+		OPT_BOOL('S', "staged", &only_staged,
+			 N_("stash staged changes only")),
 		OPT_BOOL('p', "patch", &patch_mode,
 			 N_("stash in patch mode")),
 		OPT__QUIET(&quiet, N_("quiet mode")),
@@ -1625,6 +1688,7 @@
 	if (argc) {
 		force_assume = !strcmp(argv[0], "-p");
 		argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, options,
+				     push_assumed ? git_stash_usage :
 				     git_stash_push_usage,
 				     PARSE_OPT_KEEP_DASHDASH);
 	}
@@ -1644,25 +1708,29 @@
 
 	if (pathspec_from_file) {
 		if (patch_mode)
-			die(_("--pathspec-from-file is incompatible with --patch"));
+			die(_("options '%s' and '%s' cannot be used together"), "--pathspec-from-file", "--patch");
+
+		if (only_staged)
+			die(_("options '%s' and '%s' cannot be used together"), "--pathspec-from-file", "--staged");
 
 		if (ps.nr)
-			die(_("--pathspec-from-file is incompatible with pathspec arguments"));
+			die(_("'%s' and pathspec arguments cannot be used together"), "--pathspec-from-file");
 
 		parse_pathspec_file(&ps, 0,
 				    PATHSPEC_PREFER_FULL | PATHSPEC_PREFIX_ORIGIN,
 				    prefix, pathspec_from_file, pathspec_file_nul);
 	} else if (pathspec_file_nul) {
-		die(_("--pathspec-file-nul requires --pathspec-from-file"));
+		die(_("the option '%s' requires '%s'"), "--pathspec-file-nul", "--pathspec-from-file");
 	}
 
 	return do_push_stash(&ps, stash_msg, quiet, keep_index, patch_mode,
-			     include_untracked);
+			     include_untracked, only_staged);
 }
 
 static int save_stash(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 {
 	int keep_index = -1;
+	int only_staged = 0;
 	int patch_mode = 0;
 	int include_untracked = 0;
 	int quiet = 0;
@@ -1673,6 +1741,8 @@
 	struct option options[] = {
 		OPT_BOOL('k', "keep-index", &keep_index,
 			 N_("keep index")),
+		OPT_BOOL('S', "staged", &only_staged,
+			 N_("stash staged changes only")),
 		OPT_BOOL('p', "patch", &patch_mode,
 			 N_("stash in patch mode")),
 		OPT__QUIET(&quiet, N_("quiet mode")),
@@ -1694,7 +1764,7 @@
 
 	memset(&ps, 0, sizeof(ps));
 	ret = do_push_stash(&ps, stash_msg, quiet, keep_index,
-			    patch_mode, include_untracked);
+			    patch_mode, include_untracked, only_staged);
 
 	strbuf_release(&stash_msg_buf);
 	return ret;
diff --git a/builtin/submodule--helper.c b/builtin/submodule--helper.c
index e630f0c..c5d3fc3 100644
--- a/builtin/submodule--helper.c
+++ b/builtin/submodule--helper.c
@@ -1313,7 +1313,7 @@
 
 	if (files) {
 		if (cached)
-			die(_("--cached and --files are mutually exclusive"));
+			die(_("options '%s' and '%s' cannot be used together"), "--cached", "--files");
 		diff_cmd = DIFF_FILES;
 	}
 
@@ -1503,16 +1503,17 @@
 		struct strbuf sb_rm = STRBUF_INIT;
 		const char *format;
 
-		/*
-		 * protect submodules containing a .git directory
-		 * NEEDSWORK: instead of dying, automatically call
-		 * absorbgitdirs and (possibly) warn.
-		 */
-		if (is_directory(sub_git_dir))
-			die(_("Submodule work tree '%s' contains a .git "
-			      "directory (use 'rm -rf' if you really want "
-			      "to remove it including all of its history)"),
-			    displaypath);
+		if (is_directory(sub_git_dir)) {
+			if (!(flags & OPT_QUIET))
+				warning(_("Submodule work tree '%s' contains a .git "
+					  "directory. This will be replaced with a "
+					  ".git file by using absorbgitdirs."),
+					displaypath);
+
+			absorb_git_dir_into_superproject(path,
+							 ABSORB_GITDIR_RECURSE_SUBMODULES);
+
+		}
 
 		if (!(flags & OPT_FORCE)) {
 			struct child_process cp_rm = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
@@ -2971,7 +2972,7 @@
 		die(_("--branch or --default required"));
 
 	if (opt_branch && opt_default)
-		die(_("--branch and --default are mutually exclusive"));
+		die(_("options '%s' and '%s' cannot be used together"), "--branch", "--default");
 
 	if (argc != 1 || !(path = argv[0]))
 		usage_with_options(usage, options);
diff --git a/builtin/tag.c b/builtin/tag.c
index 6fe6467..134b3f1 100644
--- a/builtin/tag.c
+++ b/builtin/tag.c
@@ -178,7 +178,6 @@
 static int git_tag_config(const char *var, const char *value, void *cb)
 {
 	int status;
-	struct ref_sorting **sorting_tail = (struct ref_sorting **)cb;
 
 	if (!strcmp(var, "tag.gpgsign")) {
 		config_sign_tag = git_config_bool(var, value);
@@ -188,7 +187,7 @@
 	if (!strcmp(var, "tag.sort")) {
 		if (!value)
 			return config_error_nonbool(var);
-		parse_ref_sorting(sorting_tail, value);
+		string_list_append(cb, value);
 		return 0;
 	}
 
@@ -436,7 +435,8 @@
 	struct ref_transaction *transaction;
 	struct strbuf err = STRBUF_INIT;
 	struct ref_filter filter;
-	static struct ref_sorting *sorting = NULL, **sorting_tail = &sorting;
+	struct ref_sorting *sorting;
+	struct string_list sorting_options = STRING_LIST_INIT_DUP;
 	struct ref_format format = REF_FORMAT_INIT;
 	int icase = 0;
 	int edit_flag = 0;
@@ -470,7 +470,7 @@
 		OPT_WITHOUT(&filter.no_commit, N_("print only tags that don't contain the commit")),
 		OPT_MERGED(&filter, N_("print only tags that are merged")),
 		OPT_NO_MERGED(&filter, N_("print only tags that are not merged")),
-		OPT_REF_SORT(sorting_tail),
+		OPT_REF_SORT(&sorting_options),
 		{
 			OPTION_CALLBACK, 0, "points-at", &filter.points_at, N_("object"),
 			N_("print only tags of the object"), PARSE_OPT_LASTARG_DEFAULT,
@@ -483,10 +483,11 @@
 		OPT_END()
 	};
 	int ret = 0;
+	const char *only_in_list = NULL;
 
 	setup_ref_filter_porcelain_msg();
 
-	git_config(git_tag_config, sorting_tail);
+	git_config(git_tag_config, &sorting_options);
 
 	memset(&opt, 0, sizeof(opt));
 	memset(&filter, 0, sizeof(filter));
@@ -522,11 +523,10 @@
 	finalize_colopts(&colopts, -1);
 	if (cmdmode == 'l' && filter.lines != -1) {
 		if (explicitly_enable_column(colopts))
-			die(_("--column and -n are incompatible"));
+			die(_("options '%s' and '%s' cannot be used together"), "--column", "-n");
 		colopts = 0;
 	}
-	if (!sorting)
-		sorting = ref_default_sorting();
+	sorting = ref_sorting_options(&sorting_options);
 	ref_sorting_set_sort_flags_all(sorting, REF_SORTING_ICASE, icase);
 	filter.ignore_case = icase;
 	if (cmdmode == 'l') {
@@ -543,15 +543,19 @@
 		goto cleanup;
 	}
 	if (filter.lines != -1)
-		die(_("-n option is only allowed in list mode"));
-	if (filter.with_commit)
-		die(_("--contains option is only allowed in list mode"));
-	if (filter.no_commit)
-		die(_("--no-contains option is only allowed in list mode"));
-	if (filter.points_at.nr)
-		die(_("--points-at option is only allowed in list mode"));
-	if (filter.reachable_from || filter.unreachable_from)
-		die(_("--merged and --no-merged options are only allowed in list mode"));
+		only_in_list = "-n";
+	else if (filter.with_commit)
+		only_in_list = "--contains";
+	else if (filter.no_commit)
+		only_in_list = "--no-contains";
+	else if (filter.points_at.nr)
+		only_in_list = "--points-at";
+	else if (filter.reachable_from)
+		only_in_list = "--merged";
+	else if (filter.unreachable_from)
+		only_in_list = "--no-merged";
+	if (only_in_list)
+		die(_("the '%s' option is only allowed in list mode"), only_in_list);
 	if (cmdmode == 'd') {
 		ret = delete_tags(argv);
 		goto cleanup;
@@ -565,7 +569,7 @@
 
 	if (msg.given || msgfile) {
 		if (msg.given && msgfile)
-			die(_("only one -F or -m option is allowed."));
+			die(_("options '%s' and '%s' cannot be used together"), "-F", "-m");
 		if (msg.given)
 			strbuf_addbuf(&buf, &(msg.buf));
 		else {
diff --git a/builtin/upload-archive.c b/builtin/upload-archive.c
index 24654b4..98d028d 100644
--- a/builtin/upload-archive.c
+++ b/builtin/upload-archive.c
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@
 
 int cmd_upload_archive(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 {
-	struct child_process writer = { argv };
+	struct child_process writer = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
 
 	if (argc == 2 && !strcmp(argv[1], "-h"))
 		usage(upload_archive_usage);
@@ -89,9 +89,10 @@
 	 * multiplexed out to our fd#1.  If the child dies, we tell the other
 	 * end over channel #3.
 	 */
-	argv[0] = "upload-archive--writer";
 	writer.out = writer.err = -1;
 	writer.git_cmd = 1;
+	strvec_push(&writer.args, "upload-archive--writer");
+	strvec_pushv(&writer.args, argv + 1);
 	if (start_command(&writer)) {
 		int err = errno;
 		packet_write_fmt(1, "NACK unable to spawn subprocess\n");
diff --git a/builtin/var.c b/builtin/var.c
index 6c6f46b..491db27 100644
--- a/builtin/var.c
+++ b/builtin/var.c
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
  */
 #include "builtin.h"
 #include "config.h"
+#include "refs.h"
 
 static const char var_usage[] = "git var (-l | <variable>)";
 
@@ -27,6 +28,11 @@
 	return pgm;
 }
 
+static const char *default_branch(int flag)
+{
+	return git_default_branch_name(1);
+}
+
 struct git_var {
 	const char *name;
 	const char *(*read)(int);
@@ -36,6 +42,7 @@
 	{ "GIT_AUTHOR_IDENT",   git_author_info },
 	{ "GIT_EDITOR", editor },
 	{ "GIT_PAGER", pager },
+	{ "GIT_DEFAULT_BRANCH", default_branch },
 	{ "", NULL },
 };
 
diff --git a/builtin/worktree.c b/builtin/worktree.c
index d22ece9..2838254 100644
--- a/builtin/worktree.c
+++ b/builtin/worktree.c
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@
 static void prune_worktree(const char *id, const char *reason)
 {
 	if (show_only || verbose)
-		printf_ln(_("Removing %s/%s: %s"), "worktrees", id, reason);
+		fprintf_ln(stderr, _("Removing %s/%s: %s"), "worktrees", id, reason);
 	if (!show_only)
 		delete_git_dir(id);
 }
@@ -349,18 +349,18 @@
 			strvec_push(&cp.args, "--quiet");
 	}
 
-	cp.env = child_env.v;
+	strvec_pushv(&cp.env_array, child_env.v);
 	ret = run_command(&cp);
 	if (ret)
 		goto done;
 
 	if (opts->checkout) {
-		cp.argv = NULL;
-		strvec_clear(&cp.args);
+		struct child_process cp = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
+		cp.git_cmd = 1;
 		strvec_pushl(&cp.args, "reset", "--hard", "--no-recurse-submodules", NULL);
 		if (opts->quiet)
 			strvec_push(&cp.args, "--quiet");
-		cp.env = child_env.v;
+		strvec_pushv(&cp.env_array, child_env.v);
 		ret = run_command(&cp);
 		if (ret)
 			goto done;
@@ -385,12 +385,11 @@
 		const char *hook = find_hook("post-checkout");
 		if (hook) {
 			const char *env[] = { "GIT_DIR", "GIT_WORK_TREE", NULL };
-			cp.git_cmd = 0;
+			struct child_process cp = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
 			cp.no_stdin = 1;
 			cp.stdout_to_stderr = 1;
 			cp.dir = path;
-			cp.env = env;
-			cp.argv = NULL;
+			strvec_pushv(&cp.env_array, env);
 			cp.trace2_hook_name = "post-checkout";
 			strvec_pushl(&cp.args, absolute_path(hook),
 				     oid_to_hex(null_oid()),
@@ -418,24 +417,24 @@
 	if (force_new_branch) {
 		struct commit *commit = lookup_commit_reference_by_name(new_branch);
 		if (!commit)
-			printf_ln(_("Preparing worktree (new branch '%s')"), new_branch);
+			fprintf_ln(stderr, _("Preparing worktree (new branch '%s')"), new_branch);
 		else
-			printf_ln(_("Preparing worktree (resetting branch '%s'; was at %s)"),
+			fprintf_ln(stderr, _("Preparing worktree (resetting branch '%s'; was at %s)"),
 				  new_branch,
 				  find_unique_abbrev(&commit->object.oid, DEFAULT_ABBREV));
 	} else if (new_branch) {
-		printf_ln(_("Preparing worktree (new branch '%s')"), new_branch);
+		fprintf_ln(stderr, _("Preparing worktree (new branch '%s')"), new_branch);
 	} else {
 		struct strbuf s = STRBUF_INIT;
 		if (!detach && !strbuf_check_branch_ref(&s, branch) &&
 		    ref_exists(s.buf))
-			printf_ln(_("Preparing worktree (checking out '%s')"),
+			fprintf_ln(stderr, _("Preparing worktree (checking out '%s')"),
 				  branch);
 		else {
 			struct commit *commit = lookup_commit_reference_by_name(branch);
 			if (!commit)
 				die(_("invalid reference: %s"), branch);
-			printf_ln(_("Preparing worktree (detached HEAD %s)"),
+			fprintf_ln(stderr, _("Preparing worktree (detached HEAD %s)"),
 				  find_unique_abbrev(&commit->object.oid, DEFAULT_ABBREV));
 		}
 		strbuf_release(&s);
@@ -504,9 +503,9 @@
 	opts.checkout = 1;
 	ac = parse_options(ac, av, prefix, options, worktree_usage, 0);
 	if (!!opts.detach + !!new_branch + !!new_branch_force > 1)
-		die(_("-b, -B, and --detach are mutually exclusive"));
+		die(_("options '%s', '%s', and '%s' cannot be used together"), "-b", "-B", "--detach");
 	if (lock_reason && !keep_locked)
-		die(_("--reason requires --lock"));
+		die(_("the option '%s' requires '%s'"), "--reason", "--lock");
 	if (lock_reason)
 		opts.keep_locked = lock_reason;
 	else if (keep_locked)
@@ -700,7 +699,7 @@
 	if (ac)
 		usage_with_options(worktree_usage, options);
 	else if (verbose && porcelain)
-		die(_("--verbose and --porcelain are mutually exclusive"));
+		die(_("options '%s' and '%s' cannot be used together"), "--verbose", "--porcelain");
 	else {
 		struct worktree **worktrees = get_worktrees();
 		int path_maxlen = 0, abbrev = DEFAULT_ABBREV, i;
@@ -1006,7 +1005,7 @@
 static void report_repair(int iserr, const char *path, const char *msg, void *cb_data)
 {
 	if (!iserr) {
-		printf_ln(_("repair: %s: %s"), msg, path);
+		fprintf_ln(stderr, _("repair: %s: %s"), msg, path);
 	} else {
 		int *exit_status = (int *)cb_data;
 		fprintf_ln(stderr, _("error: %s: %s"), msg, path);
diff --git a/cache-tree.c b/cache-tree.c
index 79d1681..65ca993 100644
--- a/cache-tree.c
+++ b/cache-tree.c
@@ -741,15 +741,26 @@
 	return ret;
 }
 
+static void prime_cache_tree_sparse_dir(struct cache_tree *it,
+					struct tree *tree)
+{
+
+	oidcpy(&it->oid, &tree->object.oid);
+	it->entry_count = 1;
+}
+
 static void prime_cache_tree_rec(struct repository *r,
 				 struct cache_tree *it,
-				 struct tree *tree)
+				 struct tree *tree,
+				 struct strbuf *tree_path)
 {
 	struct tree_desc desc;
 	struct name_entry entry;
 	int cnt;
+	int base_path_len = tree_path->len;
 
 	oidcpy(&it->oid, &tree->object.oid);
+
 	init_tree_desc(&desc, tree->buffer, tree->size);
 	cnt = 0;
 	while (tree_entry(&desc, &entry)) {
@@ -758,14 +769,40 @@
 		else {
 			struct cache_tree_sub *sub;
 			struct tree *subtree = lookup_tree(r, &entry.oid);
+
 			if (!subtree->object.parsed)
 				parse_tree(subtree);
 			sub = cache_tree_sub(it, entry.path);
 			sub->cache_tree = cache_tree();
-			prime_cache_tree_rec(r, sub->cache_tree, subtree);
+
+			/*
+			 * Recursively-constructed subtree path is only needed when working
+			 * in a sparse index (where it's used to determine whether the
+			 * subtree is a sparse directory in the index).
+			 */
+			if (r->index->sparse_index) {
+				strbuf_setlen(tree_path, base_path_len);
+				strbuf_grow(tree_path, base_path_len + entry.pathlen + 1);
+				strbuf_add(tree_path, entry.path, entry.pathlen);
+				strbuf_addch(tree_path, '/');
+			}
+
+			/*
+			 * If a sparse index is in use, the directory being processed may be
+			 * sparse. To confirm that, we can check whether an entry with that
+			 * exact name exists in the index. If it does, the created subtree
+			 * should be sparse. Otherwise, cache tree expansion should continue
+			 * as normal.
+			 */
+			if (r->index->sparse_index &&
+			    index_entry_exists(r->index, tree_path->buf, tree_path->len))
+				prime_cache_tree_sparse_dir(sub->cache_tree, subtree);
+			else
+				prime_cache_tree_rec(r, sub->cache_tree, subtree, tree_path);
 			cnt += sub->cache_tree->entry_count;
 		}
 	}
+
 	it->entry_count = cnt;
 }
 
@@ -773,11 +810,14 @@
 		      struct index_state *istate,
 		      struct tree *tree)
 {
+	struct strbuf tree_path = STRBUF_INIT;
+
 	trace2_region_enter("cache-tree", "prime_cache_tree", the_repository);
 	cache_tree_free(&istate->cache_tree);
 	istate->cache_tree = cache_tree();
 
-	prime_cache_tree_rec(r, istate->cache_tree, tree);
+	prime_cache_tree_rec(r, istate->cache_tree, tree, &tree_path);
+	strbuf_release(&tree_path);
 	istate->cache_changed |= CACHE_TREE_CHANGED;
 	trace2_region_leave("cache-tree", "prime_cache_tree", the_repository);
 }
diff --git a/cache.h b/cache.h
index eba1248..281f00a 100644
--- a/cache.h
+++ b/cache.h
@@ -350,8 +350,6 @@
 void remove_name_hash(struct index_state *istate, struct cache_entry *ce);
 void free_name_hash(struct index_state *istate);
 
-void ensure_full_index(struct index_state *istate);
-
 /* Cache entry creation and cleanup */
 
 /*
@@ -817,6 +815,16 @@
 int index_name_pos(struct index_state *, const char *name, int namelen);
 
 /*
+ * Determines whether an entry with the given name exists within the
+ * given index. The return value is 1 if an exact match is found, otherwise
+ * it is 0. Note that, unlike index_name_pos, this function does not expand
+ * the index if it is sparse. If an item exists within the full index but it
+ * is contained within a sparse directory (and not in the sparse index), 0 is
+ * returned.
+ */
+int index_entry_exists(struct index_state *, const char *name, int namelen);
+
+/*
  * Some functions return the negative complement of an insert position when a
  * precise match was not found but a position was found where the entry would
  * need to be inserted. This helper protects that logic from any integer
@@ -986,6 +994,7 @@
 extern char *git_replace_ref_base;
 
 extern int fsync_object_files;
+extern int use_fsync;
 extern int core_preload_index;
 extern int precomposed_unicode;
 extern int protect_hfs;
@@ -1588,6 +1597,7 @@
 timestamp_t approxidate_relative(const char *date);
 void parse_date_format(const char *format, struct date_mode *mode);
 int date_overflows(timestamp_t date);
+time_t tm_to_time_t(const struct tm *tm);
 
 #define IDENT_STRICT	       1
 #define IDENT_NO_DATE	       2
@@ -1834,8 +1844,10 @@
 struct startup_info {
 	int have_repository;
 	const char *prefix;
+	const char *original_cwd;
 };
 extern struct startup_info *startup_info;
+extern const char *tmp_original_cwd;
 
 /* merge.c */
 struct commit_list;
diff --git a/cbtree.c b/cbtree.c
index b0c65d8..336e46d 100644
--- a/cbtree.c
+++ b/cbtree.c
@@ -95,38 +95,6 @@
 	return p && !memcmp(p->k, k, klen) ? p : NULL;
 }
 
-struct cb_node *cb_unlink(struct cb_tree *t, const uint8_t *k, size_t klen)
-{
-	struct cb_node **wherep = &t->root;
-	struct cb_node **whereq = NULL;
-	struct cb_node *q = NULL;
-	size_t direction = 0;
-	uint8_t c;
-	struct cb_node *p = t->root;
-
-	if (!p) return NULL;	/* empty tree, nothing to delete */
-
-	/* traverse to find best match, keeping link to parent */
-	while (1 & (uintptr_t)p) {
-		whereq = wherep;
-		q = cb_node_of(p);
-		c = q->byte < klen ? k[q->byte] : 0;
-		direction = (1 + (q->otherbits | c)) >> 8;
-		wherep = q->child + direction;
-		p = *wherep;
-	}
-
-	if (memcmp(p->k, k, klen))
-		return NULL;		/* no match, nothing unlinked */
-
-	/* found an exact match */
-	if (whereq)	/* update parent */
-		*whereq = q->child[1 - direction];
-	else
-		t->root = NULL;
-	return p;
-}
-
 static enum cb_next cb_descend(struct cb_node *p, cb_iter fn, void *arg)
 {
 	if (1 & (uintptr_t)p) {
diff --git a/cbtree.h b/cbtree.h
index dedbb8e..0be14fb 100644
--- a/cbtree.h
+++ b/cbtree.h
@@ -47,7 +47,6 @@
 
 struct cb_node *cb_lookup(struct cb_tree *, const uint8_t *k, size_t klen);
 struct cb_node *cb_insert(struct cb_tree *, struct cb_node *, size_t klen);
-struct cb_node *cb_unlink(struct cb_tree *t, const uint8_t *k, size_t klen);
 
 typedef enum cb_next (*cb_iter)(struct cb_node *, void *arg);
 
diff --git a/ci/check-directional-formatting.bash b/ci/check-directional-formatting.bash
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..e6211b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ci/check-directional-formatting.bash
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# This script verifies that the non-binary files tracked in the Git index do
+# not contain any Unicode directional formatting: such formatting could be used
+# to deceive reviewers into interpreting code differently from the compiler.
+# This is intended to run on an Ubuntu agent in a GitHub workflow.
+#
+# To allow translated messages to introduce such directional formatting in the
+# future, we exclude the `.po` files from this validation.
+#
+# Neither GNU grep nor `git grep` (not even with `-P`) handle `\u` as a way to
+# specify UTF-8.
+#
+# To work around that, we use `printf` to produce the pattern as a byte
+# sequence, and then feed that to `git grep` as a byte sequence (setting
+# `LC_CTYPE` to make sure that the arguments are interpreted as intended).
+#
+# Note: we need to use Bash here because its `printf` interprets `\uNNNN` as
+# UTF-8 code points, as desired. Running this script through Ubuntu's `dash`,
+# for example, would use a `printf` that does not understand that syntax.
+
+# U+202a..U+2a2e: LRE, RLE, PDF, LRO and RLO
+# U+2066..U+2069: LRI, RLI, FSI and PDI
+regex='(\u202a|\u202b|\u202c|\u202d|\u202e|\u2066|\u2067|\u2068|\u2069)'
+
+! LC_CTYPE=C git grep -El "$(LC_CTYPE=C.UTF-8 printf "$regex")" \
+	-- ':(exclude,attr:binary)' ':(exclude)*.po'
diff --git a/ci/install-dependencies.sh b/ci/install-dependencies.sh
index 1d0e48f..dbcebad 100755
--- a/ci/install-dependencies.sh
+++ b/ci/install-dependencies.sh
@@ -11,18 +11,11 @@
  tcl tk gettext zlib1g-dev perl-modules liberror-perl libauthen-sasl-perl
  libemail-valid-perl libio-socket-ssl-perl libnet-smtp-ssl-perl"
 
-case "$jobname" in
-linux-clang|linux-gcc|linux-leaks)
-	sudo apt-add-repository -y "ppa:ubuntu-toolchain-r/test"
+case "$runs_on_pool" in
+ubuntu-latest)
 	sudo apt-get -q update
 	sudo apt-get -q -y install language-pack-is libsvn-perl apache2 \
-		$UBUNTU_COMMON_PKGS
-	case "$jobname" in
-	linux-gcc)
-		sudo apt-get -q -y install gcc-8
-		;;
-	esac
-
+		$UBUNTU_COMMON_PKGS $CC_PACKAGE
 	mkdir --parents "$P4_PATH"
 	pushd "$P4_PATH"
 		wget --quiet "$P4WHENCE/bin.linux26x86_64/p4d"
@@ -37,7 +30,7 @@
 		cp git-lfs-$LINUX_GIT_LFS_VERSION/git-lfs .
 	popd
 	;;
-osx-clang|osx-gcc)
+macos-latest)
 	export HOMEBREW_NO_AUTO_UPDATE=1 HOMEBREW_NO_INSTALL_CLEANUP=1
 	# Uncomment this if you want to run perf tests:
 	# brew install gnu-time
@@ -51,15 +44,17 @@
 		brew install --cask --no-quarantine perforce
 	} ||
 	brew install homebrew/cask/perforce
-	case "$jobname" in
-	osx-gcc)
-		brew install gcc@9
-		# Just in case the image is updated to contain gcc@9
-		# pre-installed but not linked.
-		brew link gcc@9
-		;;
-	esac
+
+	if test -n "$CC_PACKAGE"
+	then
+		BREW_PACKAGE=${CC_PACKAGE/-/@}
+		brew install "$BREW_PACKAGE"
+		brew link "$BREW_PACKAGE"
+	fi
 	;;
+esac
+
+case "$jobname" in
 StaticAnalysis)
 	sudo apt-get -q update
 	sudo apt-get -q -y install coccinelle libcurl4-openssl-dev libssl-dev \
@@ -77,7 +72,7 @@
 	test -n "$ALREADY_HAVE_ASCIIDOCTOR" ||
 	sudo gem install --version 1.5.8 asciidoctor
 	;;
-linux-gcc-default|linux-gcc-4.8)
+linux-gcc-default)
 	sudo apt-get -q update
 	sudo apt-get -q -y install $UBUNTU_COMMON_PKGS
 	;;
diff --git a/ci/install-docker-dependencies.sh b/ci/install-docker-dependencies.sh
index 07a8c6b..78b7e32 100755
--- a/ci/install-docker-dependencies.sh
+++ b/ci/install-docker-dependencies.sh
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 #
 
 case "$jobname" in
-Linux32)
+linux32)
 	linux32 --32bit i386 sh -c '
 		apt update >/dev/null &&
 		apt install -y build-essential libcurl4-openssl-dev \
diff --git a/ci/lib.sh b/ci/lib.sh
index 82cb17f..9d28ab5 100755
--- a/ci/lib.sh
+++ b/ci/lib.sh
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
 # successfully before (e.g. because the branch got rebased, changing only
 # the commit messages).
 skip_good_tree () {
-	if test "$TRAVIS_DEBUG_MODE" = true || test true = "$GITHUB_ACTIONS"
+	if test true = "$GITHUB_ACTIONS"
 	then
 		return
 	fi
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@
 			cat <<-EOF
 			$(tput setaf 2)Skipping build job for commit $CI_COMMIT.$(tput sgr0)
 			This commit's tree has already been built and tested successfully in build job $prev_good_job_number for commit $prev_good_commit.
-			The log of that build job is available at $(url_for_job_id $prev_good_job_id)
+			The log of that build job is available at $SYSTEM_TASKDEFINITIONSURI$SYSTEM_TEAMPROJECT/_build/results?buildId=$prev_good_job_id
 			To force a re-build delete the branch's cache and then hit 'Restart job'.
 			EOF
 		fi
@@ -91,29 +91,7 @@
 # and installing dependencies.
 set -ex
 
-if test true = "$TRAVIS"
-then
-	CI_TYPE=travis
-	# When building a PR, TRAVIS_BRANCH refers to the *target* branch. Not
-	# what we want here. We want the source branch instead.
-	CI_BRANCH="${TRAVIS_PULL_REQUEST_BRANCH:-$TRAVIS_BRANCH}"
-	CI_COMMIT="$TRAVIS_COMMIT"
-	CI_JOB_ID="$TRAVIS_JOB_ID"
-	CI_JOB_NUMBER="$TRAVIS_JOB_NUMBER"
-	CI_OS_NAME="$TRAVIS_OS_NAME"
-	CI_REPO_SLUG="$TRAVIS_REPO_SLUG"
-
-	cache_dir="$HOME/travis-cache"
-
-	url_for_job_id () {
-		echo "https://travis-ci.org/$CI_REPO_SLUG/jobs/$1"
-	}
-
-	BREW_INSTALL_PACKAGES="git-lfs gettext"
-	export GIT_PROVE_OPTS="--timer --jobs 3 --state=failed,slow,save"
-	export GIT_TEST_OPTS="--verbose-log -x --immediate"
-	MAKEFLAGS="$MAKEFLAGS --jobs=2"
-elif test -n "$SYSTEM_COLLECTIONURI" || test -n "$SYSTEM_TASKDEFINITIONSURI"
+if test -n "$SYSTEM_COLLECTIONURI" || test -n "$SYSTEM_TASKDEFINITIONSURI"
 then
 	CI_TYPE=azure-pipelines
 	# We are running in Azure Pipelines
@@ -130,10 +108,6 @@
 	# among *all* phases)
 	cache_dir="$HOME/test-cache/$SYSTEM_PHASENAME"
 
-	url_for_job_id () {
-		echo "$SYSTEM_TASKDEFINITIONSURI$SYSTEM_TEAMPROJECT/_build/results?buildId=$1"
-	}
-
 	export GIT_PROVE_OPTS="--timer --jobs 10 --state=failed,slow,save"
 	export GIT_TEST_OPTS="--verbose-log -x --write-junit-xml"
 	MAKEFLAGS="$MAKEFLAGS --jobs=10"
@@ -182,11 +156,15 @@
 export GIT_TEST_CLONE_2GB=true
 export SKIP_DASHED_BUILT_INS=YesPlease
 
-case "$jobname" in
-linux-clang|linux-gcc|linux-leaks)
+case "$runs_on_pool" in
+ubuntu-latest)
+	if test "$jobname" = "linux-gcc-default"
+	then
+		break
+	fi
+
 	if [ "$jobname" = linux-gcc ]
 	then
-		export CC=gcc-8
 		MAKEFLAGS="$MAKEFLAGS PYTHON_PATH=/usr/bin/python3"
 	else
 		MAKEFLAGS="$MAKEFLAGS PYTHON_PATH=/usr/bin/python2"
@@ -206,24 +184,20 @@
 	GIT_LFS_PATH="$HOME/custom/git-lfs"
 	export PATH="$GIT_LFS_PATH:$P4_PATH:$PATH"
 	;;
-osx-clang|osx-gcc)
+macos-latest)
 	if [ "$jobname" = osx-gcc ]
 	then
-		export CC=gcc-9
 		MAKEFLAGS="$MAKEFLAGS PYTHON_PATH=$(which python3)"
 	else
 		MAKEFLAGS="$MAKEFLAGS PYTHON_PATH=$(which python2)"
 	fi
+	;;
+esac
 
-	# t9810 occasionally fails on Travis CI OS X
-	# t9816 occasionally fails with "TAP out of sequence errors" on
-	# Travis CI OS X
-	export GIT_SKIP_TESTS="t9810 t9816"
-	;;
-linux-gcc-default)
-	;;
-Linux32)
+case "$jobname" in
+linux32)
 	CC=gcc
+	MAKEFLAGS="$MAKEFLAGS NO_UNCOMPRESS2=1"
 	;;
 linux-musl)
 	CC=gcc
@@ -231,9 +205,6 @@
 	MAKEFLAGS="$MAKEFLAGS NO_REGEX=Yes ICONV_OMITS_BOM=Yes"
 	MAKEFLAGS="$MAKEFLAGS GIT_TEST_UTF8_LOCALE=C.UTF-8"
 	;;
-esac
-
-case "$jobname" in
 linux-leaks)
 	export SANITIZE=leak
 	export GIT_TEST_PASSING_SANITIZE_LEAK=true
diff --git a/ci/print-test-failures.sh b/ci/print-test-failures.sh
index c70d6cd..57277ee 100755
--- a/ci/print-test-failures.sh
+++ b/ci/print-test-failures.sh
@@ -39,8 +39,6 @@
 		test_name="${test_name##*/}"
 		trash_dir="trash directory.$test_name"
 		case "$CI_TYPE" in
-		travis)
-			;;
 		azure-pipelines)
 			mkdir -p failed-test-artifacts
 			mv "$trash_dir" failed-test-artifacts
@@ -88,11 +86,3 @@
 		fi
 	fi
 done
-
-if [ $combined_trash_size -gt 0 ]
-then
-	echo "------------------------------------------------------------------------"
-	echo "Trash directories embedded in this log can be extracted by running:"
-	echo
-	echo "  curl https://api.travis-ci.org/v3/job/$TRAVIS_JOB_ID/log.txt |./ci/util/extract-trash-dirs.sh"
-fi
diff --git a/ci/run-build-and-tests.sh b/ci/run-build-and-tests.sh
index cc62616..280dda7 100755
--- a/ci/run-build-and-tests.sh
+++ b/ci/run-build-and-tests.sh
@@ -10,16 +10,13 @@
 *) ln -s "$cache_dir/.prove" t/.prove;;
 esac
 
-if test "$jobname" = "pedantic"
-then
-	export DEVOPTS=pedantic
-fi
+export MAKE_TARGETS="all test"
 
-make
 case "$jobname" in
 linux-gcc)
 	export GIT_TEST_DEFAULT_INITIAL_BRANCH_NAME=main
-	make test
+	;;
+linux-TEST-vars)
 	export GIT_TEST_SPLIT_INDEX=yes
 	export GIT_TEST_MERGE_ALGORITHM=recursive
 	export GIT_TEST_FULL_IN_PACK_ARRAY=true
@@ -33,23 +30,25 @@
 	export GIT_TEST_DEFAULT_INITIAL_BRANCH_NAME=master
 	export GIT_TEST_WRITE_REV_INDEX=1
 	export GIT_TEST_CHECKOUT_WORKERS=2
-	make test
 	;;
 linux-clang)
 	export GIT_TEST_DEFAULT_HASH=sha1
-	make test
+	;;
+linux-sha256)
 	export GIT_TEST_DEFAULT_HASH=sha256
-	make test
 	;;
-linux-gcc-4.8|pedantic)
+pedantic)
 	# Don't run the tests; we only care about whether Git can be
-	# built with GCC 4.8 or with pedantic
-	;;
-*)
-	make test
+	# built.
+	export DEVOPTS=pedantic
+	export MAKE_TARGETS=all
 	;;
 esac
 
+# Any new "test" targets should not go after this "make", but should
+# adjust $MAKE_TARGETS. Otherwise compilation-only targets above will
+# start running tests.
+make $MAKE_TARGETS
 check_unignored_build_artifacts
 
 save_good_tree
diff --git a/ci/run-docker-build.sh b/ci/run-docker-build.sh
index 8d47a5f..6cd832e 100755
--- a/ci/run-docker-build.sh
+++ b/ci/run-docker-build.sh
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 fi
 
 case "$jobname" in
-Linux32)
+linux32)
 	switch_cmd="linux32 --32bit i386"
 	;;
 linux-musl)
@@ -47,15 +47,6 @@
 	else
 		useradd -u $HOST_UID $CI_USER
 	fi
-
-	# Due to a bug the test suite was run as root in the past, so
-	# a prove state file created back then is only accessible by
-	# root.  Now that bug is fixed, the test suite is run as a
-	# regular user, but the prove state file coming from Travis
-	# CI's cache might still be owned by root.
-	# Make sure that this user has rights to any cached files,
-	# including an existing prove state file.
-	test -n "$cache_dir" && chown -R $HOST_UID:$HOST_UID "$cache_dir"
 fi
 
 # Build and test
diff --git a/ci/run-docker.sh b/ci/run-docker.sh
index 37fa372..af89d16 100755
--- a/ci/run-docker.sh
+++ b/ci/run-docker.sh
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 . ${0%/*}/lib.sh
 
 case "$jobname" in
-Linux32)
+linux32)
 	CI_CONTAINER="daald/ubuntu32:xenial"
 	;;
 linux-musl)
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
 # root@container:/# export jobname=<jobname>
 # root@container:/# /usr/src/git/ci/run-docker-build.sh <host-user-id>
 
-container_cache_dir=/tmp/travis-cache
+container_cache_dir=/tmp/container-cache
 
 docker run \
 	--interactive \
diff --git a/color.c b/color.c
index 64f52a4..4f884c6 100644
--- a/color.c
+++ b/color.c
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@
 	enum {
 		COLOR_UNSPECIFIED = 0,
 		COLOR_NORMAL,
-		COLOR_ANSI, /* basic 0-7 ANSI colors */
+		COLOR_ANSI, /* basic 0-7 ANSI colors + "default" (value = 9) */
 		COLOR_256,
 		COLOR_RGB
 	} type;
@@ -83,6 +83,27 @@
 	int i;
 	int color_offset = COLOR_FOREGROUND_ANSI;
 
+	if (match_word(name, len, "default")) {
+		/*
+		 * Restores to the terminal's default color, which may not be
+		 * the same as explicitly setting "white" or "black".
+		 *
+		 * ECMA-48 - Control Functions \
+		 *  for Coded Character Sets, 5th edition (June 1991):
+		 * > 39 default display colour (implementation-defined)
+		 * > 49 default background colour (implementation-defined)
+		 *
+		 * Although not supported /everywhere/--according to terminfo,
+		 * some terminals define "op" (original pair) as a blunt
+		 * "set to white on black", or even "send full SGR reset"--
+		 * it's standard and well-supported enough that if a user
+		 * asks for it in their config this will do the right thing.
+		 */
+		out->type = COLOR_ANSI;
+		out->value = 9 + color_offset;
+		return 0;
+	}
+
 	if (strncasecmp(name, "bright", 6) == 0) {
 		color_offset = COLOR_FOREGROUND_BRIGHT_ANSI;
 		name += 6;
@@ -234,6 +255,7 @@
 	const char *ptr = value;
 	int len = value_len;
 	char *end = dst + COLOR_MAXLEN;
+	unsigned int has_reset = 0;
 	unsigned int attr = 0;
 	struct color fg = { COLOR_UNSPECIFIED };
 	struct color bg = { COLOR_UNSPECIFIED };
@@ -248,12 +270,7 @@
 		return 0;
 	}
 
-	if (!strncasecmp(ptr, "reset", len)) {
-		xsnprintf(dst, end - dst, GIT_COLOR_RESET);
-		return 0;
-	}
-
-	/* [fg [bg]] [attr]... */
+	/* [reset] [fg [bg]] [attr]... */
 	while (len > 0) {
 		const char *word = ptr;
 		struct color c = { COLOR_UNSPECIFIED };
@@ -270,6 +287,11 @@
 			len--;
 		}
 
+		if (match_word(word, wordlen, "reset")) {
+			has_reset = 1;
+			continue;
+		}
+
 		if (!parse_color(&c, word, wordlen)) {
 			if (fg.type == COLOR_UNSPECIFIED) {
 				fg = c;
@@ -295,13 +317,16 @@
 	*dst++ = (x); \
 } while(0)
 
-	if (attr || !color_empty(&fg) || !color_empty(&bg)) {
+	if (has_reset || attr || !color_empty(&fg) || !color_empty(&bg)) {
 		int sep = 0;
 		int i;
 
 		OUT('\033');
 		OUT('[');
 
+		if (has_reset)
+			sep++;
+
 		for (i = 0; attr; i++) {
 			unsigned bit = (1 << i);
 			if (!(attr & bit))
diff --git a/color.h b/color.h
index 98894d6..cfc8f84 100644
--- a/color.h
+++ b/color.h
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 /*
  * The maximum length of ANSI color sequence we would generate:
  * - leading ESC '['            2
+ * - reset ';' .................1
  * - attr + ';'                 2 * num_attr (e.g. "1;")
  * - no-attr + ';'              3 * num_attr (e.g. "22;")
  * - fg color + ';'             17 (e.g. "38;2;255;255;255;")
@@ -24,30 +25,42 @@
 #define GIT_COLOR_NORMAL	""
 #define GIT_COLOR_RESET		"\033[m"
 #define GIT_COLOR_BOLD		"\033[1m"
+#define GIT_COLOR_BLACK		"\033[30m"
 #define GIT_COLOR_RED		"\033[31m"
 #define GIT_COLOR_GREEN		"\033[32m"
 #define GIT_COLOR_YELLOW	"\033[33m"
 #define GIT_COLOR_BLUE		"\033[34m"
 #define GIT_COLOR_MAGENTA	"\033[35m"
 #define GIT_COLOR_CYAN		"\033[36m"
+#define GIT_COLOR_WHITE		"\033[37m"
+#define GIT_COLOR_DEFAULT	"\033[39m"
+#define GIT_COLOR_BOLD_BLACK	"\033[1;30m"
 #define GIT_COLOR_BOLD_RED	"\033[1;31m"
 #define GIT_COLOR_BOLD_GREEN	"\033[1;32m"
 #define GIT_COLOR_BOLD_YELLOW	"\033[1;33m"
 #define GIT_COLOR_BOLD_BLUE	"\033[1;34m"
 #define GIT_COLOR_BOLD_MAGENTA	"\033[1;35m"
 #define GIT_COLOR_BOLD_CYAN	"\033[1;36m"
+#define GIT_COLOR_BOLD_WHITE	"\033[1;37m"
+#define GIT_COLOR_BOLD_DEFAULT	"\033[1;39m"
+#define GIT_COLOR_FAINT_BLACK	"\033[2;30m"
 #define GIT_COLOR_FAINT_RED	"\033[2;31m"
 #define GIT_COLOR_FAINT_GREEN	"\033[2;32m"
 #define GIT_COLOR_FAINT_YELLOW	"\033[2;33m"
 #define GIT_COLOR_FAINT_BLUE	"\033[2;34m"
 #define GIT_COLOR_FAINT_MAGENTA	"\033[2;35m"
 #define GIT_COLOR_FAINT_CYAN	"\033[2;36m"
+#define GIT_COLOR_FAINT_WHITE	"\033[2;37m"
+#define GIT_COLOR_FAINT_DEFAULT	"\033[2;39m"
+#define GIT_COLOR_BG_BLACK	"\033[40m"
 #define GIT_COLOR_BG_RED	"\033[41m"
 #define GIT_COLOR_BG_GREEN	"\033[42m"
 #define GIT_COLOR_BG_YELLOW	"\033[43m"
 #define GIT_COLOR_BG_BLUE	"\033[44m"
 #define GIT_COLOR_BG_MAGENTA	"\033[45m"
 #define GIT_COLOR_BG_CYAN	"\033[46m"
+#define GIT_COLOR_BG_WHITE	"\033[47m"
+#define GIT_COLOR_BG_DEFAULT	"\033[49m"
 #define GIT_COLOR_FAINT		"\033[2m"
 #define GIT_COLOR_FAINT_ITALIC	"\033[2;3m"
 #define GIT_COLOR_REVERSE	"\033[7m"
diff --git a/command-list.txt b/command-list.txt
index eb9cee8..675c28f 100644
--- a/command-list.txt
+++ b/command-list.txt
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@
 # specified here, which can only have "guide" attribute and nothing
 # else.
 #
-### command list (do not change this line, also do not change alignment)
+### command list (do not change this line)
 # command name                          category [category] [category]
 git-add                                 mainporcelain           worktree
 git-am                                  mainporcelain
@@ -60,9 +60,9 @@
 git-check-attr                          purehelpers
 git-check-ignore                        purehelpers
 git-check-mailmap                       purehelpers
+git-check-ref-format                    purehelpers
 git-checkout                            mainporcelain
 git-checkout-index                      plumbingmanipulators
-git-check-ref-format                    purehelpers
 git-cherry                              plumbinginterrogators          complete
 git-cherry-pick                         mainporcelain
 git-citool                              mainporcelain
@@ -111,7 +111,6 @@
 git-init                                mainporcelain           init
 git-instaweb                            ancillaryinterrogators          complete
 git-interpret-trailers                  purehelpers
-gitk                                    mainporcelain
 git-log                                 mainporcelain           info
 git-ls-files                            plumbinginterrogators
 git-ls-remote                           plumbinginterrogators
@@ -124,11 +123,11 @@
 git-merge-file                          plumbingmanipulators
 git-merge-index                         plumbingmanipulators
 git-merge-one-file                      purehelpers
-git-mergetool                           ancillarymanipulators           complete
 git-merge-tree                          ancillaryinterrogators
-git-multi-pack-index                    plumbingmanipulators
+git-mergetool                           ancillarymanipulators           complete
 git-mktag                               plumbingmanipulators
 git-mktree                              plumbingmanipulators
+git-multi-pack-index                    plumbingmanipulators
 git-mv                                  mainporcelain           worktree
 git-name-rev                            plumbinginterrogators
 git-notes                               mainporcelain
@@ -154,23 +153,23 @@
 git-rerere                              ancillaryinterrogators
 git-reset                               mainporcelain           history
 git-restore                             mainporcelain           worktree
-git-revert                              mainporcelain
 git-rev-list                            plumbinginterrogators
 git-rev-parse                           plumbinginterrogators
+git-revert                              mainporcelain
 git-rm                                  mainporcelain           worktree
 git-send-email                          foreignscminterface             complete
 git-send-pack                           synchingrepositories
+git-sh-i18n                             purehelpers
+git-sh-setup                            purehelpers
 git-shell                               synchelpers
 git-shortlog                            mainporcelain
 git-show                                mainporcelain           info
 git-show-branch                         ancillaryinterrogators          complete
 git-show-index                          plumbinginterrogators
 git-show-ref                            plumbinginterrogators
-git-sh-i18n                             purehelpers
-git-sh-setup                            purehelpers
 git-sparse-checkout                     mainporcelain
-git-stash                               mainporcelain
 git-stage                                                               complete
+git-stash                               mainporcelain
 git-status                              mainporcelain           info
 git-stripspace                          purehelpers
 git-submodule                           mainporcelain
@@ -189,7 +188,6 @@
 git-verify-commit                       ancillaryinterrogators
 git-verify-pack                         plumbinginterrogators
 git-verify-tag                          ancillaryinterrogators
-gitweb                                  ancillaryinterrogators
 git-whatchanged                         ancillaryinterrogators          complete
 git-worktree                            mainporcelain
 git-write-tree                          plumbingmanipulators
@@ -204,6 +202,7 @@
 gitglossary                             guide
 githooks                                guide
 gitignore                               guide
+gitk                                    mainporcelain
 gitmailmap                              guide
 gitmodules                              guide
 gitnamespaces                           guide
@@ -211,6 +210,7 @@
 gitrepository-layout                    guide
 gitrevisions                            guide
 gitsubmodules                           guide
-gittutorial-2                           guide
 gittutorial                             guide
+gittutorial-2                           guide
+gitweb                                  ancillaryinterrogators
 gitworkflows                            guide
diff --git a/commit-graph.c b/commit-graph.c
index 2706683..265c010 100644
--- a/commit-graph.c
+++ b/commit-graph.c
@@ -632,10 +632,13 @@
 	struct object_directory *odb;
 
 	/*
+	 * Early return if there is no git dir or if the commit graph is
+	 * disabled.
+	 *
 	 * This must come before the "already attempted?" check below, because
 	 * we want to disable even an already-loaded graph file.
 	 */
-	if (r->commit_graph_disabled)
+	if (!r->gitdir || r->commit_graph_disabled)
 		return 0;
 
 	if (r->objects->commit_graph_attempted)
diff --git a/commit.c b/commit.c
index 551de49..a348f08 100644
--- a/commit.c
+++ b/commit.c
@@ -1212,8 +1212,10 @@
 
 	if (parse_signed_commit(commit, &payload, &signature, the_hash_algo) <= 0)
 		goto out;
-	ret = check_signature(payload.buf, payload.len, signature.buf,
-		signature.len, sigc);
+
+	sigc->payload_type = SIGNATURE_PAYLOAD_COMMIT;
+	sigc->payload = strbuf_detach(&payload, &sigc->payload_len);
+	ret = check_signature(sigc, signature.buf, signature.len);
 
  out:
 	strbuf_release(&payload);
diff --git a/common-main.c b/common-main.c
index 71e21dd..29fb745 100644
--- a/common-main.c
+++ b/common-main.c
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
 int main(int argc, const char **argv)
 {
 	int result;
+	struct strbuf tmp = STRBUF_INIT;
 
 	trace2_initialize_clock();
 
@@ -49,9 +50,15 @@
 	trace2_cmd_start(argv);
 	trace2_collect_process_info(TRACE2_PROCESS_INFO_STARTUP);
 
+	if (!strbuf_getcwd(&tmp))
+		tmp_original_cwd = strbuf_detach(&tmp, NULL);
+
 	result = cmd_main(argc, argv);
 
-	trace2_cmd_exit(result);
-
-	return result;
+	/*
+	 * We define exit() to call trace2_cmd_exit_fl() in
+	 * git-compat-util.h. Whether we reach this or exit()
+	 * elsewhere we'll always run our trace2 exit handler.
+	 */
+	exit(result);
 }
diff --git a/compat/.gitattributes b/compat/.gitattributes
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..40dbfb1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compat/.gitattributes
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/zlib-uncompress2.c	whitespace=-indent-with-non-tab,-trailing-space
diff --git a/compat/mingw.c b/compat/mingw.c
index 5e42191..41fc163 100644
--- a/compat/mingw.c
+++ b/compat/mingw.c
@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@
 #include "win32/lazyload.h"
 #include "../config.h"
 #include "dir.h"
+#define SECURITY_WIN32
+#include <sspi.h>
 
 #define HCAST(type, handle) ((type)(intptr_t)handle)
 
@@ -1009,7 +1011,7 @@
 	/* a pointer to the original strftime in case we can't find the UCRT version */
 	static size_t (*fallback)(char *, size_t, const char *, const struct tm *) = strftime;
 	size_t ret;
-	DECLARE_PROC_ADDR(ucrtbase.dll, size_t, strftime, char *, size_t,
+	DECLARE_PROC_ADDR(ucrtbase.dll, size_t, __cdecl, strftime, char *, size_t,
 		const char *, const struct tm *);
 
 	if (INIT_PROC_ADDR(strftime))
@@ -1126,6 +1128,10 @@
 	}
 	if (!ret || ret >= ARRAY_SIZE(wpointer))
 		return NULL;
+	if (GetFileAttributesW(wpointer) == INVALID_FILE_ATTRIBUTES) {
+		errno = ENOENT;
+		return NULL;
+	}
 	if (xwcstoutf(pointer, wpointer, len) < 0)
 		return NULL;
 	convert_slashes(pointer);
@@ -2186,7 +2192,7 @@
 
 static char *get_extended_user_info(enum EXTENDED_NAME_FORMAT type)
 {
-	DECLARE_PROC_ADDR(secur32.dll, BOOL, GetUserNameExW,
+	DECLARE_PROC_ADDR(secur32.dll, BOOL, SEC_ENTRY, GetUserNameExW,
 		enum EXTENDED_NAME_FORMAT, LPCWSTR, PULONG);
 	static wchar_t wbuffer[1024];
 	DWORD len;
diff --git a/compat/unsetenv.c b/compat/unsetenv.c
index bf5fd70..b9d34af 100644
--- a/compat/unsetenv.c
+++ b/compat/unsetenv.c
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #include "../git-compat-util.h"
 
-void gitunsetenv (const char *name)
+int gitunsetenv(const char *name)
 {
 #if !defined(__MINGW32__)
      extern char **environ;
@@ -24,4 +24,6 @@
 	  ++dst;
      }
      environ[dst] = NULL;
+
+     return 0;
 }
diff --git a/compat/win32/lazyload.h b/compat/win32/lazyload.h
index 2b36371..f2bb96c 100644
--- a/compat/win32/lazyload.h
+++ b/compat/win32/lazyload.h
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 /*
  * A pair of macros to simplify loading of DLL functions. Example:
  *
- *   DECLARE_PROC_ADDR(kernel32.dll, BOOL, CreateHardLinkW,
+ *   DECLARE_PROC_ADDR(kernel32.dll, BOOL, WINAPI, CreateHardLinkW,
  *                     LPCWSTR, LPCWSTR, LPSECURITY_ATTRIBUTES);
  *
  *   if (!INIT_PROC_ADDR(CreateHardLinkW))
@@ -25,10 +25,10 @@
 };
 
 /* Declares a function to be loaded dynamically from a DLL. */
-#define DECLARE_PROC_ADDR(dll, rettype, function, ...) \
+#define DECLARE_PROC_ADDR(dll, rettype, convention, function, ...) \
 	static struct proc_addr proc_addr_##function = \
 	{ #dll, #function, NULL, 0 }; \
-	typedef rettype (WINAPI *proc_type_##function)(__VA_ARGS__); \
+	typedef rettype (convention *proc_type_##function)(__VA_ARGS__); \
 	static proc_type_##function function
 
 /*
diff --git a/compat/win32/trace2_win32_process_info.c b/compat/win32/trace2_win32_process_info.c
index 8ccbd1c..a53fd92 100644
--- a/compat/win32/trace2_win32_process_info.c
+++ b/compat/win32/trace2_win32_process_info.c
@@ -143,8 +143,8 @@
  */
 static void get_peak_memory_info(void)
 {
-	DECLARE_PROC_ADDR(psapi.dll, BOOL, GetProcessMemoryInfo, HANDLE,
-			  PPROCESS_MEMORY_COUNTERS, DWORD);
+	DECLARE_PROC_ADDR(psapi.dll, BOOL, WINAPI, GetProcessMemoryInfo,
+			  HANDLE, PPROCESS_MEMORY_COUNTERS, DWORD);
 
 	if (INIT_PROC_ADDR(GetProcessMemoryInfo)) {
 		PROCESS_MEMORY_COUNTERS pmc;
diff --git a/compat/winansi.c b/compat/winansi.c
index c27b20a..4fceecf 100644
--- a/compat/winansi.c
+++ b/compat/winansi.c
@@ -45,8 +45,9 @@
 static void warn_if_raster_font(void)
 {
 	DWORD fontFamily = 0;
-	DECLARE_PROC_ADDR(kernel32.dll, BOOL, GetCurrentConsoleFontEx,
-			HANDLE, BOOL, PCONSOLE_FONT_INFOEX);
+	DECLARE_PROC_ADDR(kernel32.dll, BOOL, WINAPI,
+			GetCurrentConsoleFontEx, HANDLE, BOOL,
+			PCONSOLE_FONT_INFOEX);
 
 	/* don't bother if output was ascii only */
 	if (!non_ascii_used)
diff --git a/compat/zlib-uncompress2.c b/compat/zlib-uncompress2.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..722610b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compat/zlib-uncompress2.c
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+/* taken from zlib's uncompr.c
+
+   commit cacf7f1d4e3d44d871b605da3b647f07d718623f
+   Author: Mark Adler <madler@alumni.caltech.edu>
+   Date:   Sun Jan 15 09:18:46 2017 -0800
+
+       zlib 1.2.11
+
+*/
+
+#include "../reftable/system.h"
+#define z_const
+
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 1995-2003, 2010, 2014, 2016 Jean-loup Gailly, Mark Adler
+ * For conditions of distribution and use, see copyright notice in zlib.h
+ */
+
+#include <zlib.h>
+
+/* clang-format off */
+
+/* ===========================================================================
+     Decompresses the source buffer into the destination buffer.  *sourceLen is
+   the byte length of the source buffer. Upon entry, *destLen is the total size
+   of the destination buffer, which must be large enough to hold the entire
+   uncompressed data. (The size of the uncompressed data must have been saved
+   previously by the compressor and transmitted to the decompressor by some
+   mechanism outside the scope of this compression library.) Upon exit,
+   *destLen is the size of the decompressed data and *sourceLen is the number
+   of source bytes consumed. Upon return, source + *sourceLen points to the
+   first unused input byte.
+
+     uncompress returns Z_OK if success, Z_MEM_ERROR if there was not enough
+   memory, Z_BUF_ERROR if there was not enough room in the output buffer, or
+   Z_DATA_ERROR if the input data was corrupted, including if the input data is
+   an incomplete zlib stream.
+*/
+int ZEXPORT uncompress2 (
+    Bytef *dest,
+    uLongf *destLen,
+    const Bytef *source,
+    uLong *sourceLen) {
+    z_stream stream;
+    int err;
+    const uInt max = (uInt)-1;
+    uLong len, left;
+    Byte buf[1];    /* for detection of incomplete stream when *destLen == 0 */
+
+    len = *sourceLen;
+    if (*destLen) {
+	left = *destLen;
+	*destLen = 0;
+    }
+    else {
+	left = 1;
+	dest = buf;
+    }
+
+    stream.next_in = (z_const Bytef *)source;
+    stream.avail_in = 0;
+    stream.zalloc = (alloc_func)0;
+    stream.zfree = (free_func)0;
+    stream.opaque = (voidpf)0;
+
+    err = inflateInit(&stream);
+    if (err != Z_OK) return err;
+
+    stream.next_out = dest;
+    stream.avail_out = 0;
+
+    do {
+	if (stream.avail_out == 0) {
+	    stream.avail_out = left > (uLong)max ? max : (uInt)left;
+	    left -= stream.avail_out;
+	}
+	if (stream.avail_in == 0) {
+	    stream.avail_in = len > (uLong)max ? max : (uInt)len;
+	    len -= stream.avail_in;
+	}
+	err = inflate(&stream, Z_NO_FLUSH);
+    } while (err == Z_OK);
+
+    *sourceLen -= len + stream.avail_in;
+    if (dest != buf)
+	*destLen = stream.total_out;
+    else if (stream.total_out && err == Z_BUF_ERROR)
+	left = 1;
+
+    inflateEnd(&stream);
+    return err == Z_STREAM_END ? Z_OK :
+	   err == Z_NEED_DICT ? Z_DATA_ERROR  :
+	   err == Z_BUF_ERROR && left + stream.avail_out ? Z_DATA_ERROR :
+	   err;
+}
diff --git a/config.c b/config.c
index c5873f3..2bffa8d 100644
--- a/config.c
+++ b/config.c
@@ -1559,9 +1559,12 @@
 static int git_default_branch_config(const char *var, const char *value)
 {
 	if (!strcmp(var, "branch.autosetupmerge")) {
-		if (value && !strcasecmp(value, "always")) {
+		if (value && !strcmp(value, "always")) {
 			git_branch_track = BRANCH_TRACK_ALWAYS;
 			return 0;
+		} else if (value && !strcmp(value, "inherit")) {
+			git_branch_track = BRANCH_TRACK_INHERIT;
+			return 0;
 		}
 		git_branch_track = git_config_bool(var, value);
 		return 0;
@@ -2555,11 +2558,12 @@
 {
 	const struct string_list *values;
 	struct key_value_info *kv_info;
+	report_fn error_fn = get_error_routine();
 
 	if (err) {
 		va_list params;
 		va_start(params, err);
-		vreportf("error: ", err, params);
+		error_fn(err, params);
 		va_end(params);
 	}
 	values = git_config_get_value_multi(key);
diff --git a/config.mak.dev b/config.mak.dev
index 7673fed..3deb076 100644
--- a/config.mak.dev
+++ b/config.mak.dev
@@ -19,6 +19,16 @@
 endif
 endif
 endif
+
+ifneq ($(uname_S),FreeBSD)
+ifneq ($(or $(filter gcc6,$(COMPILER_FEATURES)),$(filter clang7,$(COMPILER_FEATURES))),)
+DEVELOPER_CFLAGS += -std=gnu99
+endif
+else
+# FreeBSD cannot limit to C99 because its system headers unconditionally
+# rely on C11 features.
+endif
+
 DEVELOPER_CFLAGS += -Wdeclaration-after-statement
 DEVELOPER_CFLAGS += -Wformat-security
 DEVELOPER_CFLAGS += -Wold-style-definition
diff --git a/config.mak.uname b/config.mak.uname
index 3236a49..c48db45 100644
--- a/config.mak.uname
+++ b/config.mak.uname
@@ -58,12 +58,16 @@
 	# -lrt is needed for clock_gettime on glibc <= 2.16
 	NEEDS_LIBRT = YesPlease
 	HAVE_GETDELIM = YesPlease
-	SANE_TEXT_GREP=-a
 	FREAD_READS_DIRECTORIES = UnfortunatelyYes
 	BASIC_CFLAGS += -DHAVE_SYSINFO
 	PROCFS_EXECUTABLE_PATH = /proc/self/exe
 	HAVE_PLATFORM_PROCINFO = YesPlease
 	COMPAT_OBJS += compat/linux/procinfo.o
+	# centos7/rhel7 provides gcc 4.8.5 and zlib 1.2.7.
+	ifneq ($(findstring .el7.,$(uname_R)),)
+		BASIC_CFLAGS += -std=c99
+		NO_UNCOMPRESS2 = YesPlease
+	endif
 endif
 ifeq ($(uname_S),GNU/kFreeBSD)
 	HAVE_ALLOCA_H = YesPlease
@@ -262,6 +266,10 @@
 	FILENO_IS_A_MACRO = UnfortunatelyYes
 endif
 ifeq ($(uname_S),OpenBSD)
+	# Versions < 7.0 need compatibility layer
+	ifeq ($(shell expr "$(uname_R)" : "[1-6]\."),2)
+		NO_UNCOMPRESS2 = UnfortunatelyYes
+	endif
 	NO_STRCASESTR = YesPlease
 	NO_MEMMEM = YesPlease
 	USE_ST_TIMESPEC = YesPlease
@@ -517,6 +525,7 @@
 	endif
 endif
 ifeq ($(uname_S),Minix)
+	NO_UNCOMPRESS2 = YesPlease
 	NO_IPV6 = YesPlease
 	NO_ST_BLOCKS_IN_STRUCT_STAT = YesPlease
 	NO_NSEC = YesPlease
@@ -572,6 +581,7 @@
 	NO_SETENV = YesPlease
 	NO_UNSETENV = YesPlease
 	NO_MKDTEMP = YesPlease
+	NO_UNCOMPRESS2 = YesPlease
 	# Currently libiconv-1.9.1.
 	OLD_ICONV = UnfortunatelyYes
 	NO_REGEX = NeedsStartEnd
diff --git a/configure.ac b/configure.ac
index 031e8d3..d60d494 100644
--- a/configure.ac
+++ b/configure.ac
@@ -507,14 +507,6 @@
 	esac
 fi
 
-if grep -a ascii configure.ac >/dev/null; then
-  AC_MSG_RESULT([Using 'grep -a' for sane_grep])
-  SANE_TEXT_GREP=-a
-else
-  SANE_TEXT_GREP=
-fi
-GIT_CONF_SUBST([SANE_TEXT_GREP])
-
 ## Checks for libraries.
 AC_MSG_NOTICE([CHECKS for libraries])
 #
@@ -672,9 +664,22 @@
 	NO_DEFLATE_BOUND=yes])
 LIBS="$old_LIBS"
 
+AC_DEFUN([ZLIBTEST_UNCOMPRESS2_SRC], [
+AC_LANG_PROGRAM([#include <zlib.h>],
+ [uncompress2(NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL);])])
+AC_MSG_CHECKING([for uncompress2 in -lz])
+old_LIBS="$LIBS"
+LIBS="$LIBS -lz"
+AC_LINK_IFELSE([ZLIBTEST_UNCOMPRESS2_SRC],
+	[AC_MSG_RESULT([yes])],
+	[AC_MSG_RESULT([no])
+	NO_UNCOMPRESS2=yes])
+LIBS="$old_LIBS"
+
 GIT_UNSTASH_FLAGS($ZLIB_PATH)
 
 GIT_CONF_SUBST([NO_DEFLATE_BOUND])
+GIT_CONF_SUBST([NO_UNCOMPRESS2])
 
 #
 # Define NEEDS_SOCKET if linking with libc is not enough (SunOS,
diff --git a/connected.c b/connected.c
index 35bd4a2..ed3025e 100644
--- a/connected.c
+++ b/connected.c
@@ -109,7 +109,8 @@
 			     _("Checking connectivity"));
 
 	rev_list.git_cmd = 1;
-	rev_list.env = opt->env;
+	if (opt->env)
+		strvec_pushv(&rev_list.env_array, opt->env);
 	rev_list.in = -1;
 	rev_list.no_stdout = 1;
 	if (opt->err_fd)
diff --git a/contrib/buildsystems/CMakeLists.txt b/contrib/buildsystems/CMakeLists.txt
index fd1399c..5100f56 100644
--- a/contrib/buildsystems/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/contrib/buildsystems/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@
 if(CMAKE_C_COMPILER_ID STREQUAL "MSVC")
 	set(CMAKE_RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY_DEBUG ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR})
 	set(CMAKE_RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY_RELEASE ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR})
-	add_compile_options(/MP)
+	add_compile_options(/MP /std:c11)
 endif()
 
 #default behaviour
@@ -647,6 +647,12 @@
 list(TRANSFORM libxdiff_SOURCES PREPEND "${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/")
 add_library(xdiff STATIC ${libxdiff_SOURCES})
 
+#reftable
+parse_makefile_for_sources(reftable_SOURCES "REFTABLE_OBJS")
+
+list(TRANSFORM reftable_SOURCES PREPEND "${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/")
+add_library(reftable STATIC ${reftable_SOURCES})
+
 if(WIN32)
 	if(NOT MSVC)#use windres when compiling with gcc and clang
 		add_custom_command(OUTPUT ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/git.res
@@ -669,7 +675,7 @@
 #link all required libraries to common-main
 add_library(common-main OBJECT ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/common-main.c)
 
-target_link_libraries(common-main libgit xdiff ${ZLIB_LIBRARIES})
+target_link_libraries(common-main libgit xdiff reftable ${ZLIB_LIBRARIES})
 if(Intl_FOUND)
 	target_link_libraries(common-main ${Intl_LIBRARIES})
 endif()
@@ -781,7 +787,6 @@
 	string(REPLACE "@@USE_GETTEXT_SCHEME@@" "" content "${content}")
 	string(REPLACE "# @@BROKEN_PATH_FIX@@" "" content "${content}")
 	string(REPLACE "@@PERL@@" "${PERL_PATH}" content "${content}")
-	string(REPLACE "@@SANE_TEXT_GREP@@" "-a" content "${content}")
 	string(REPLACE "@@PAGER_ENV@@" "LESS=FRX LV=-c" content "${content}")
 	file(WRITE ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/${script} ${content})
 endforeach()
@@ -909,11 +914,15 @@
 add_executable(test-fake-ssh ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/t/helper/test-fake-ssh.c)
 target_link_libraries(test-fake-ssh common-main)
 
+#reftable-tests
+parse_makefile_for_sources(test-reftable_SOURCES "REFTABLE_TEST_OBJS")
+list(TRANSFORM test-reftable_SOURCES PREPEND "${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/")
+
 #test-tool
 parse_makefile_for_sources(test-tool_SOURCES "TEST_BUILTINS_OBJS")
 
 list(TRANSFORM test-tool_SOURCES PREPEND "${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/t/helper/")
-add_executable(test-tool ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/t/helper/test-tool.c ${test-tool_SOURCES})
+add_executable(test-tool ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/t/helper/test-tool.c ${test-tool_SOURCES} ${test-reftable_SOURCES})
 target_link_libraries(test-tool common-main)
 
 set_target_properties(test-fake-ssh test-tool
diff --git a/contrib/buildsystems/Generators/Vcxproj.pm b/contrib/buildsystems/Generators/Vcxproj.pm
index d258445..1a25789 100644
--- a/contrib/buildsystems/Generators/Vcxproj.pm
+++ b/contrib/buildsystems/Generators/Vcxproj.pm
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@
     my $libs_release = "\n    ";
     my $libs_debug = "\n    ";
     if (!$static_library) {
-      $libs_release = join(";", sort(grep /^(?!libgit\.lib|xdiff\/lib\.lib|vcs-svn\/lib\.lib)/, @{$$build_structure{"$prefix${name}_LIBS"}}));
+      $libs_release = join(";", sort(grep /^(?!libgit\.lib|xdiff\/lib\.lib|vcs-svn\/lib\.lib|reftable\/libreftable\.lib)/, @{$$build_structure{"$prefix${name}_LIBS"}}));
       $libs_debug = $libs_release;
       $libs_debug =~ s/zlib\.lib/zlibd\.lib/g;
       $libs_debug =~ s/libexpat\.lib/libexpatd\.lib/g;
@@ -232,6 +232,7 @@
 EOM
     if (!$static_library || $target =~ 'vcs-svn' || $target =~ 'xdiff') {
       my $uuid_libgit = $$build_structure{"LIBS_libgit_GUID"};
+      my $uuid_libreftable = $$build_structure{"LIBS_reftable/libreftable_GUID"};
       my $uuid_xdiff_lib = $$build_structure{"LIBS_xdiff/lib_GUID"};
 
       print F << "EOM";
@@ -241,6 +242,14 @@
       <ReferenceOutputAssembly>false</ReferenceOutputAssembly>
     </ProjectReference>
 EOM
+      if (!($name =~ /xdiff|libreftable/)) {
+        print F << "EOM";
+    <ProjectReference Include="$cdup\\reftable\\libreftable\\libreftable.vcxproj">
+      <Project>$uuid_libreftable</Project>
+      <ReferenceOutputAssembly>false</ReferenceOutputAssembly>
+    </ProjectReference>
+EOM
+      }
       if (!($name =~ 'xdiff')) {
         print F << "EOM";
     <ProjectReference Include="$cdup\\xdiff\\lib\\xdiff_lib.vcxproj">
diff --git a/contrib/completion/git-completion.bash b/contrib/completion/git-completion.bash
index 7c3a753..377d6c5 100644
--- a/contrib/completion/git-completion.bash
+++ b/contrib/completion/git-completion.bash
@@ -1566,7 +1566,7 @@
 
 	case "$cur" in
 	--conflict=*)
-		__gitcomp "diff3 merge" "" "${cur##--conflict=}"
+		__gitcomp "diff3 merge zdiff3" "" "${cur##--conflict=}"
 		;;
 	--*)
 		__gitcomp_builtin checkout
@@ -2001,7 +2001,7 @@
 "
 
 __git_log_pretty_formats="oneline short medium full fuller reference email raw format: tformat: mboxrd"
-__git_log_date_formats="relative iso8601 iso8601-strict rfc2822 short local default raw unix format:"
+__git_log_date_formats="relative iso8601 iso8601-strict rfc2822 short local default human raw unix auto: format:"
 
 _git_log ()
 {
@@ -2359,16 +2359,7 @@
 		return
 		;;
 	--*)
-		__gitcomp_builtin send-email "--annotate --bcc --cc --cc-cmd --chain-reply-to
-			--compose --confirm= --dry-run --envelope-sender
-			--from --identity
-			--in-reply-to --no-chain-reply-to --no-signed-off-by-cc
-			--no-suppress-from --no-thread --quiet --reply-to
-			--signed-off-by-cc --smtp-pass --smtp-server
-			--smtp-server-port --smtp-encryption= --smtp-user
-			--subject --suppress-cc= --suppress-from --thread --to
-			--validate --no-validate
-			$__git_format_patch_extra_options"
+		__gitcomp_builtin send-email "$__git_format_patch_extra_options"
 		return
 		;;
 	esac
@@ -2446,7 +2437,7 @@
 
 	case "$cur" in
 	--conflict=*)
-		__gitcomp "diff3 merge" "" "${cur##--conflict=}"
+		__gitcomp "diff3 merge zdiff3" "" "${cur##--conflict=}"
 		;;
 	--*)
 		__gitcomp_builtin switch
@@ -2886,7 +2877,7 @@
 
 	case "$cur" in
 	--conflict=*)
-		__gitcomp "diff3 merge" "" "${cur##--conflict=}"
+		__gitcomp "diff3 merge zdiff3" "" "${cur##--conflict=}"
 		;;
 	--source=*)
 		__git_complete_refs --cur="${cur##--source=}"
diff --git a/contrib/git-jump/README b/contrib/git-jump/README
index 2f618a7..8bcace2 100644
--- a/contrib/git-jump/README
+++ b/contrib/git-jump/README
@@ -65,6 +65,9 @@
 # jump to merge conflicts
 git jump merge
 
+# documentation conflicts are hard; skip past them for now
+git jump merge :^Documentation
+
 # jump to all instances of foo_bar
 git jump grep foo_bar
 
diff --git a/contrib/git-jump/git-jump b/contrib/git-jump/git-jump
index 931b0fe..92dbd4c 100755
--- a/contrib/git-jump/git-jump
+++ b/contrib/git-jump/git-jump
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@
 }
 
 mode_merge() {
-	git ls-files -u |
+	git ls-files -u "$@" |
 	perl -pe 's/^.*?\t//' |
 	sort -u |
 	while IFS= read fn; do
diff --git a/contrib/mw-to-git/t/t9365-continuing-queries.sh b/contrib/mw-to-git/t/t9365-continuing-queries.sh
index 0164547..d3e7312 100755
--- a/contrib/mw-to-git/t/t9365-continuing-queries.sh
+++ b/contrib/mw-to-git/t/t9365-continuing-queries.sh
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 	for i in $(test_seq 501)
 	do
 		echo "creating revision $i" &&
-		wiki_editpage foo "revision $i<br/>" true
+		wiki_editpage foo "revision $i<br/>" true || return 1
 	done
 '
 
diff --git a/contrib/scalar/.gitignore b/contrib/scalar/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ff3d47e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/scalar/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+/*.exe
+/scalar
diff --git a/contrib/scalar/Makefile b/contrib/scalar/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..231b1ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/scalar/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+QUIET_SUBDIR0  = +$(MAKE) -C # space to separate -C and subdir
+QUIET_SUBDIR1  =
+
+ifneq ($(findstring s,$(MAKEFLAGS)),s)
+ifndef V
+	QUIET_GEN      = @echo '   ' GEN $@;
+	QUIET_SUBDIR0  = +@subdir=
+	QUIET_SUBDIR1  = ;$(NO_SUBDIR) echo '   ' SUBDIR $$subdir; \
+			 $(MAKE) $(PRINT_DIR) -C $$subdir
+else
+	export V
+endif
+endif
+
+all:
+
+include ../../config.mak.uname
+-include ../../config.mak.autogen
+-include ../../config.mak
+
+TARGETS = scalar$(X) scalar.o
+GITLIBS = ../../common-main.o ../../libgit.a ../../xdiff/lib.a
+
+all: scalar$(X) ../../bin-wrappers/scalar
+
+$(GITLIBS):
+	$(QUIET_SUBDIR0)../.. $(QUIET_SUBDIR1) $(subst ../../,,$@)
+
+$(TARGETS): $(GITLIBS) scalar.c
+	$(QUIET_SUBDIR0)../.. $(QUIET_SUBDIR1) $(patsubst %,contrib/scalar/%,$@)
+
+clean:
+	$(RM) $(TARGETS) ../../bin-wrappers/scalar
+
+../../bin-wrappers/scalar: ../../wrap-for-bin.sh Makefile
+	@mkdir -p ../../bin-wrappers
+	$(QUIET_GEN)sed -e '1s|#!.*/sh|#!$(SHELL_PATH_SQ)|' \
+	     -e 's|@@BUILD_DIR@@|$(shell cd ../.. && pwd)|' \
+	     -e 's|@@PROG@@|contrib/scalar/scalar$(X)|' < $< > $@ && \
+	chmod +x $@
+
+test: all
+	$(MAKE) -C t
+
+.PHONY: $(GITLIBS) all clean test FORCE
diff --git a/contrib/scalar/README.md b/contrib/scalar/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..634b577
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/scalar/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+# Scalar - an opinionated repository management tool
+
+Scalar is an add-on to Git that helps users take advantage of advanced
+performance features in Git. Originally implemented in C# using .NET Core,
+based on the learnings from the VFS for Git project, most of the techniques
+developed by the Scalar project have been integrated into core Git already:
+
+* partial clone,
+* commit graphs,
+* multi-pack index,
+* sparse checkout (cone mode),
+* scheduled background maintenance,
+* etc
+
+This directory contains the remaining parts of Scalar that are not (yet) in
+core Git.
+
+## Roadmap
+
+The idea is to populate this directory via incremental patch series and
+eventually move to a top-level directory next to `gitk-git/` and to `git-gui/`. The
+current plan involves the following patch series:
+
+- `scalar-the-beginning`: The initial patch series which sets up
+  `contrib/scalar/` and populates it with a minimal `scalar` command that
+  demonstrates the fundamental ideas.
+
+- `scalar-c-and-C`: The `scalar` command learns about two options that can be
+  specified before the command, `-c <key>=<value>` and `-C <directory>`.
+
+- `scalar-diagnose`: The `scalar` command is taught the `diagnose` subcommand.
+
+- `scalar-and-builtin-fsmonitor`: The built-in FSMonitor is enabled in `scalar
+  register` and in `scalar clone`, for an enormous performance boost when
+  working in large worktrees. This patch series necessarily depends on Jeff
+  Hostetler's FSMonitor patch series to be integrated into Git.
+
+- `scalar-gentler-config-locking`: Scalar enlistments are registered in the
+  user's Git config. This usually does not represent any problem because it is
+  rare for a user to register an enlistment. However, in Scalar's functional
+  tests, Scalar enlistments are created galore, and in parallel, which can lead
+  to lock contention. This patch series works around that problem by re-trying
+  to lock the config file in a gentle fashion.
+
+- `scalar-extra-docs`: Add some extensive documentation that has been written
+  in the original Scalar project (all subject to discussion, of course).
+
+- `optionally-install-scalar`: Now that Scalar is feature (and documentation)
+  complete and is verified in CI builds, let's offer to install it.
+
+- `move-scalar-to-toplevel`: Now that Scalar is complete, let's move it next to
+  `gitk-git/` and to `git-gui/`, making it a top-level command.
+
+The following two patch series exist in Microsoft's fork of Git and are
+publicly available. There is no current plan to upstream them, not because I
+want to withhold these patches, but because I don't think the Git community is
+interested in these patches.
+
+There are some interesting ideas there, but the implementation is too specific
+to Azure Repos and/or VFS for Git to be of much help in general (and also: my
+colleagues tried to upstream some patches already and the enthusiasm for
+integrating things related to Azure Repos and VFS for Git can be summarized in
+very, very few words).
+
+These still exist mainly because the GVFS protocol is what Azure Repos has
+instead of partial clone, while Git is focused on improving partial clone:
+
+- `scalar-with-gvfs`: The primary purpose of this patch series is to support
+  existing Scalar users whose repositories are hosted in Azure Repos (which
+  does not support Git's partial clones, but supports its predecessor, the GVFS
+  protocol, which is used by Scalar to emulate the partial clone).
+
+  Since the GVFS protocol will never be supported by core Git, this patch
+  series will remain in Microsoft's fork of Git.
+
+- `run-scalar-functional-tests`: The Scalar project developed a quite
+  comprehensive set of integration tests (or, "Functional Tests"). They are the
+  sole remaining part of the original C#-based Scalar project, and this patch
+  adds a GitHub workflow that runs them all.
+
+  Since the tests partially depend on features that are only provided in the
+  `scalar-with-gvfs` patch series, this patch cannot be upstreamed.
diff --git a/contrib/scalar/scalar.c b/contrib/scalar/scalar.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1ce9c2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/scalar/scalar.c
@@ -0,0 +1,826 @@
+/*
+ * The Scalar command-line interface.
+ */
+
+#include "cache.h"
+#include "gettext.h"
+#include "parse-options.h"
+#include "config.h"
+#include "run-command.h"
+#include "refs.h"
+#include "dir.h"
+#include "packfile.h"
+#include "help.h"
+
+/*
+ * Remove the deepest subdirectory in the provided path string. Path must not
+ * include a trailing path separator. Returns 1 if parent directory found,
+ * otherwise 0.
+ */
+static int strbuf_parent_directory(struct strbuf *buf)
+{
+	size_t len = buf->len;
+	size_t offset = offset_1st_component(buf->buf);
+	char *path_sep = find_last_dir_sep(buf->buf + offset);
+	strbuf_setlen(buf, path_sep ? path_sep - buf->buf : offset);
+
+	return buf->len < len;
+}
+
+static void setup_enlistment_directory(int argc, const char **argv,
+				       const char * const *usagestr,
+				       const struct option *options,
+				       struct strbuf *enlistment_root)
+{
+	struct strbuf path = STRBUF_INIT;
+	char *root;
+	int enlistment_found = 0;
+
+	if (startup_info->have_repository)
+		BUG("gitdir already set up?!?");
+
+	if (argc > 1)
+		usage_with_options(usagestr, options);
+
+	/* find the worktree, determine its corresponding root */
+	if (argc == 1)
+		strbuf_add_absolute_path(&path, argv[0]);
+	else if (strbuf_getcwd(&path) < 0)
+		die(_("need a working directory"));
+
+	strbuf_trim_trailing_dir_sep(&path);
+	do {
+		const size_t len = path.len;
+
+		/* check if currently in enlistment root with src/ workdir */
+		strbuf_addstr(&path, "/src");
+		if (is_nonbare_repository_dir(&path)) {
+			if (enlistment_root)
+				strbuf_add(enlistment_root, path.buf, len);
+
+			enlistment_found = 1;
+			break;
+		}
+
+		/* reset to original path */
+		strbuf_setlen(&path, len);
+
+		/* check if currently in workdir */
+		if (is_nonbare_repository_dir(&path)) {
+			if (enlistment_root) {
+				/*
+				 * If the worktree's directory's name is `src`, the enlistment is the
+				 * parent directory, otherwise it is identical to the worktree.
+				 */
+				root = strip_path_suffix(path.buf, "src");
+				strbuf_addstr(enlistment_root, root ? root : path.buf);
+				free(root);
+			}
+
+			enlistment_found = 1;
+			break;
+		}
+	} while (strbuf_parent_directory(&path));
+
+	if (!enlistment_found)
+		die(_("could not find enlistment root"));
+
+	if (chdir(path.buf) < 0)
+		die_errno(_("could not switch to '%s'"), path.buf);
+
+	strbuf_release(&path);
+	setup_git_directory();
+}
+
+static int run_git(const char *arg, ...)
+{
+	struct strvec argv = STRVEC_INIT;
+	va_list args;
+	const char *p;
+	int res;
+
+	va_start(args, arg);
+	strvec_push(&argv, arg);
+	while ((p = va_arg(args, const char *)))
+		strvec_push(&argv, p);
+	va_end(args);
+
+	res = run_command_v_opt(argv.v, RUN_GIT_CMD);
+
+	strvec_clear(&argv);
+	return res;
+}
+
+static int set_recommended_config(int reconfigure)
+{
+	struct {
+		const char *key;
+		const char *value;
+		int overwrite_on_reconfigure;
+	} config[] = {
+		/* Required */
+		{ "am.keepCR", "true", 1 },
+		{ "core.FSCache", "true", 1 },
+		{ "core.multiPackIndex", "true", 1 },
+		{ "core.preloadIndex", "true", 1 },
+#ifndef WIN32
+		{ "core.untrackedCache", "true", 1 },
+#else
+		/*
+		 * Unfortunately, Scalar's Functional Tests demonstrated
+		 * that the untracked cache feature is unreliable on Windows
+		 * (which is a bummer because that platform would benefit the
+		 * most from it). For some reason, freshly created files seem
+		 * not to update the directory's `lastModified` time
+		 * immediately, but the untracked cache would need to rely on
+		 * that.
+		 *
+		 * Therefore, with a sad heart, we disable this very useful
+		 * feature on Windows.
+		 */
+		{ "core.untrackedCache", "false", 1 },
+#endif
+		{ "core.logAllRefUpdates", "true", 1 },
+		{ "credential.https://dev.azure.com.useHttpPath", "true", 1 },
+		{ "credential.validate", "false", 1 }, /* GCM4W-only */
+		{ "gc.auto", "0", 1 },
+		{ "gui.GCWarning", "false", 1 },
+		{ "index.threads", "true", 1 },
+		{ "index.version", "4", 1 },
+		{ "merge.stat", "false", 1 },
+		{ "merge.renames", "true", 1 },
+		{ "pack.useBitmaps", "false", 1 },
+		{ "pack.useSparse", "true", 1 },
+		{ "receive.autoGC", "false", 1 },
+		{ "reset.quiet", "true", 1 },
+		{ "feature.manyFiles", "false", 1 },
+		{ "feature.experimental", "false", 1 },
+		{ "fetch.unpackLimit", "1", 1 },
+		{ "fetch.writeCommitGraph", "false", 1 },
+#ifdef WIN32
+		{ "http.sslBackend", "schannel", 1 },
+#endif
+		/* Optional */
+		{ "status.aheadBehind", "false" },
+		{ "commitGraph.generationVersion", "1" },
+		{ "core.autoCRLF", "false" },
+		{ "core.safeCRLF", "false" },
+		{ "fetch.showForcedUpdates", "false" },
+		{ NULL, NULL },
+	};
+	int i;
+	char *value;
+
+	for (i = 0; config[i].key; i++) {
+		if ((reconfigure && config[i].overwrite_on_reconfigure) ||
+		    git_config_get_string(config[i].key, &value)) {
+			trace2_data_string("scalar", the_repository, config[i].key, "created");
+			if (git_config_set_gently(config[i].key,
+						  config[i].value) < 0)
+				return error(_("could not configure %s=%s"),
+					     config[i].key, config[i].value);
+		} else {
+			trace2_data_string("scalar", the_repository, config[i].key, "exists");
+			free(value);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * The `log.excludeDecoration` setting is special because it allows
+	 * for multiple values.
+	 */
+	if (git_config_get_string("log.excludeDecoration", &value)) {
+		trace2_data_string("scalar", the_repository,
+				   "log.excludeDecoration", "created");
+		if (git_config_set_multivar_gently("log.excludeDecoration",
+						   "refs/prefetch/*",
+						   CONFIG_REGEX_NONE, 0))
+			return error(_("could not configure "
+				       "log.excludeDecoration"));
+	} else {
+		trace2_data_string("scalar", the_repository,
+				   "log.excludeDecoration", "exists");
+		free(value);
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int toggle_maintenance(int enable)
+{
+	return run_git("maintenance", enable ? "start" : "unregister", NULL);
+}
+
+static int add_or_remove_enlistment(int add)
+{
+	int res;
+
+	if (!the_repository->worktree)
+		die(_("Scalar enlistments require a worktree"));
+
+	res = run_git("config", "--global", "--get", "--fixed-value",
+		      "scalar.repo", the_repository->worktree, NULL);
+
+	/*
+	 * If we want to add and the setting is already there, then do nothing.
+	 * If we want to remove and the setting is not there, then do nothing.
+	 */
+	if ((add && !res) || (!add && res))
+		return 0;
+
+	return run_git("config", "--global", add ? "--add" : "--unset",
+		       add ? "--no-fixed-value" : "--fixed-value",
+		       "scalar.repo", the_repository->worktree, NULL);
+}
+
+static int register_dir(void)
+{
+	int res = add_or_remove_enlistment(1);
+
+	if (!res)
+		res = set_recommended_config(0);
+
+	if (!res)
+		res = toggle_maintenance(1);
+
+	return res;
+}
+
+static int unregister_dir(void)
+{
+	int res = 0;
+
+	if (toggle_maintenance(0) < 0)
+		res = -1;
+
+	if (add_or_remove_enlistment(0) < 0)
+		res = -1;
+
+	return res;
+}
+
+/* printf-style interface, expects `<key>=<value>` argument */
+static int set_config(const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+	struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
+	char *value;
+	int res;
+	va_list args;
+
+	va_start(args, fmt);
+	strbuf_vaddf(&buf, fmt, args);
+	va_end(args);
+
+	value = strchr(buf.buf, '=');
+	if (value)
+		*(value++) = '\0';
+	res = git_config_set_gently(buf.buf, value);
+	strbuf_release(&buf);
+
+	return res;
+}
+
+static char *remote_default_branch(const char *url)
+{
+	struct child_process cp = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
+	struct strbuf out = STRBUF_INIT;
+
+	cp.git_cmd = 1;
+	strvec_pushl(&cp.args, "ls-remote", "--symref", url, "HEAD", NULL);
+	if (!pipe_command(&cp, NULL, 0, &out, 0, NULL, 0)) {
+		const char *line = out.buf;
+
+		while (*line) {
+			const char *eol = strchrnul(line, '\n'), *p;
+			size_t len = eol - line;
+			char *branch;
+
+			if (!skip_prefix(line, "ref: ", &p) ||
+			    !strip_suffix_mem(line, &len, "\tHEAD")) {
+				line = eol + (*eol == '\n');
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			eol = line + len;
+			if (skip_prefix(p, "refs/heads/", &p)) {
+				branch = xstrndup(p, eol - p);
+				strbuf_release(&out);
+				return branch;
+			}
+
+			error(_("remote HEAD is not a branch: '%.*s'"),
+			      (int)(eol - p), p);
+			strbuf_release(&out);
+			return NULL;
+		}
+	}
+	warning(_("failed to get default branch name from remote; "
+		  "using local default"));
+	strbuf_reset(&out);
+
+	child_process_init(&cp);
+	cp.git_cmd = 1;
+	strvec_pushl(&cp.args, "symbolic-ref", "--short", "HEAD", NULL);
+	if (!pipe_command(&cp, NULL, 0, &out, 0, NULL, 0)) {
+		strbuf_trim(&out);
+		return strbuf_detach(&out, NULL);
+	}
+
+	strbuf_release(&out);
+	error(_("failed to get default branch name"));
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+static int delete_enlistment(struct strbuf *enlistment)
+{
+#ifdef WIN32
+	struct strbuf parent = STRBUF_INIT;
+#endif
+
+	if (unregister_dir())
+		die(_("failed to unregister repository"));
+
+#ifdef WIN32
+	/*
+	 * Change the current directory to one outside of the enlistment so
+	 * that we may delete everything underneath it.
+	 */
+	strbuf_addbuf(&parent, enlistment);
+	strbuf_parent_directory(&parent);
+	if (chdir(parent.buf) < 0)
+		die_errno(_("could not switch to '%s'"), parent.buf);
+	strbuf_release(&parent);
+#endif
+
+	if (remove_dir_recursively(enlistment, 0))
+		die(_("failed to delete enlistment directory"));
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Dummy implementation; Using `get_version_info()` would cause a link error
+ * without this.
+ */
+void load_builtin_commands(const char *prefix, struct cmdnames *cmds)
+{
+	die("not implemented");
+}
+
+static int cmd_clone(int argc, const char **argv)
+{
+	const char *branch = NULL;
+	int full_clone = 0, single_branch = 0;
+	struct option clone_options[] = {
+		OPT_STRING('b', "branch", &branch, N_("<branch>"),
+			   N_("branch to checkout after clone")),
+		OPT_BOOL(0, "full-clone", &full_clone,
+			 N_("when cloning, create full working directory")),
+		OPT_BOOL(0, "single-branch", &single_branch,
+			 N_("only download metadata for the branch that will "
+			    "be checked out")),
+		OPT_END(),
+	};
+	const char * const clone_usage[] = {
+		N_("scalar clone [<options>] [--] <repo> [<dir>]"),
+		NULL
+	};
+	const char *url;
+	char *enlistment = NULL, *dir = NULL;
+	struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
+	int res;
+
+	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, NULL, clone_options, clone_usage, 0);
+
+	if (argc == 2) {
+		url = argv[0];
+		enlistment = xstrdup(argv[1]);
+	} else if (argc == 1) {
+		url = argv[0];
+
+		strbuf_addstr(&buf, url);
+		/* Strip trailing slashes, if any */
+		while (buf.len > 0 && is_dir_sep(buf.buf[buf.len - 1]))
+			strbuf_setlen(&buf, buf.len - 1);
+		/* Strip suffix `.git`, if any */
+		strbuf_strip_suffix(&buf, ".git");
+
+		enlistment = find_last_dir_sep(buf.buf);
+		if (!enlistment) {
+			die(_("cannot deduce worktree name from '%s'"), url);
+		}
+		enlistment = xstrdup(enlistment + 1);
+	} else {
+		usage_msg_opt(_("You must specify a repository to clone."),
+			      clone_usage, clone_options);
+	}
+
+	if (is_directory(enlistment))
+		die(_("directory '%s' exists already"), enlistment);
+
+	dir = xstrfmt("%s/src", enlistment);
+
+	strbuf_reset(&buf);
+	if (branch)
+		strbuf_addf(&buf, "init.defaultBranch=%s", branch);
+	else {
+		char *b = repo_default_branch_name(the_repository, 1);
+		strbuf_addf(&buf, "init.defaultBranch=%s", b);
+		free(b);
+	}
+
+	if ((res = run_git("-c", buf.buf, "init", "--", dir, NULL)))
+		goto cleanup;
+
+	if (chdir(dir) < 0) {
+		res = error_errno(_("could not switch to '%s'"), dir);
+		goto cleanup;
+	}
+
+	setup_git_directory();
+
+	/* common-main already logs `argv` */
+	trace2_def_repo(the_repository);
+
+	if (!branch && !(branch = remote_default_branch(url))) {
+		res = error(_("failed to get default branch for '%s'"), url);
+		goto cleanup;
+	}
+
+	if (set_config("remote.origin.url=%s", url) ||
+	    set_config("remote.origin.fetch="
+		       "+refs/heads/%s:refs/remotes/origin/%s",
+		       single_branch ? branch : "*",
+		       single_branch ? branch : "*") ||
+	    set_config("remote.origin.promisor=true") ||
+	    set_config("remote.origin.partialCloneFilter=blob:none")) {
+		res = error(_("could not configure remote in '%s'"), dir);
+		goto cleanup;
+	}
+
+	if (!full_clone &&
+	    (res = run_git("sparse-checkout", "init", "--cone", NULL)))
+		goto cleanup;
+
+	if (set_recommended_config(0))
+		return error(_("could not configure '%s'"), dir);
+
+	if ((res = run_git("fetch", "--quiet", "origin", NULL))) {
+		warning(_("partial clone failed; attempting full clone"));
+
+		if (set_config("remote.origin.promisor") ||
+		    set_config("remote.origin.partialCloneFilter")) {
+			res = error(_("could not configure for full clone"));
+			goto cleanup;
+		}
+
+		if ((res = run_git("fetch", "--quiet", "origin", NULL)))
+			goto cleanup;
+	}
+
+	if ((res = set_config("branch.%s.remote=origin", branch)))
+		goto cleanup;
+	if ((res = set_config("branch.%s.merge=refs/heads/%s",
+			      branch, branch)))
+		goto cleanup;
+
+	strbuf_reset(&buf);
+	strbuf_addf(&buf, "origin/%s", branch);
+	res = run_git("checkout", "-f", "-t", buf.buf, NULL);
+	if (res)
+		goto cleanup;
+
+	res = register_dir();
+
+cleanup:
+	free(enlistment);
+	free(dir);
+	strbuf_release(&buf);
+	return res;
+}
+
+static int cmd_list(int argc, const char **argv)
+{
+	if (argc != 1)
+		die(_("`scalar list` does not take arguments"));
+
+	if (run_git("config", "--global", "--get-all", "scalar.repo", NULL) < 0)
+		return -1;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int cmd_register(int argc, const char **argv)
+{
+	struct option options[] = {
+		OPT_END(),
+	};
+	const char * const usage[] = {
+		N_("scalar register [<enlistment>]"),
+		NULL
+	};
+
+	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, NULL, options,
+			     usage, 0);
+
+	setup_enlistment_directory(argc, argv, usage, options, NULL);
+
+	return register_dir();
+}
+
+static int get_scalar_repos(const char *key, const char *value, void *data)
+{
+	struct string_list *list = data;
+
+	if (!strcmp(key, "scalar.repo"))
+		string_list_append(list, value);
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int cmd_reconfigure(int argc, const char **argv)
+{
+	int all = 0;
+	struct option options[] = {
+		OPT_BOOL('a', "all", &all,
+			 N_("reconfigure all registered enlistments")),
+		OPT_END(),
+	};
+	const char * const usage[] = {
+		N_("scalar reconfigure [--all | <enlistment>]"),
+		NULL
+	};
+	struct string_list scalar_repos = STRING_LIST_INIT_DUP;
+	int i, res = 0;
+	struct repository r = { NULL };
+	struct strbuf commondir = STRBUF_INIT, gitdir = STRBUF_INIT;
+
+	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, NULL, options,
+			     usage, 0);
+
+	if (!all) {
+		setup_enlistment_directory(argc, argv, usage, options, NULL);
+
+		return set_recommended_config(1);
+	}
+
+	if (argc > 0)
+		usage_msg_opt(_("--all or <enlistment>, but not both"),
+			      usage, options);
+
+	git_config(get_scalar_repos, &scalar_repos);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < scalar_repos.nr; i++) {
+		const char *dir = scalar_repos.items[i].string;
+
+		strbuf_reset(&commondir);
+		strbuf_reset(&gitdir);
+
+		if (chdir(dir) < 0) {
+			warning_errno(_("could not switch to '%s'"), dir);
+			res = -1;
+		} else if (discover_git_directory(&commondir, &gitdir) < 0) {
+			warning_errno(_("git repository gone in '%s'"), dir);
+			res = -1;
+		} else {
+			git_config_clear();
+
+			the_repository = &r;
+			r.commondir = commondir.buf;
+			r.gitdir = gitdir.buf;
+
+			if (set_recommended_config(1) < 0)
+				res = -1;
+		}
+	}
+
+	string_list_clear(&scalar_repos, 1);
+	strbuf_release(&commondir);
+	strbuf_release(&gitdir);
+
+	return res;
+}
+
+static int cmd_run(int argc, const char **argv)
+{
+	struct option options[] = {
+		OPT_END(),
+	};
+	struct {
+		const char *arg, *task;
+	} tasks[] = {
+		{ "config", NULL },
+		{ "commit-graph", "commit-graph" },
+		{ "fetch", "prefetch" },
+		{ "loose-objects", "loose-objects" },
+		{ "pack-files", "incremental-repack" },
+		{ NULL, NULL }
+	};
+	struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
+	const char *usagestr[] = { NULL, NULL };
+	int i;
+
+	strbuf_addstr(&buf, N_("scalar run <task> [<enlistment>]\nTasks:\n"));
+	for (i = 0; tasks[i].arg; i++)
+		strbuf_addf(&buf, "\t%s\n", tasks[i].arg);
+	usagestr[0] = buf.buf;
+
+	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, NULL, options,
+			     usagestr, 0);
+
+	if (!argc)
+		usage_with_options(usagestr, options);
+
+	if (!strcmp("all", argv[0])) {
+		i = -1;
+	} else {
+		for (i = 0; tasks[i].arg && strcmp(tasks[i].arg, argv[0]); i++)
+			; /* keep looking for the task */
+
+		if (i > 0 && !tasks[i].arg) {
+			error(_("no such task: '%s'"), argv[0]);
+			usage_with_options(usagestr, options);
+		}
+	}
+
+	argc--;
+	argv++;
+	setup_enlistment_directory(argc, argv, usagestr, options, NULL);
+	strbuf_release(&buf);
+
+	if (i == 0)
+		return register_dir();
+
+	if (i > 0)
+		return run_git("maintenance", "run",
+			       "--task", tasks[i].task, NULL);
+
+	if (register_dir())
+		return -1;
+	for (i = 1; tasks[i].arg; i++)
+		if (run_git("maintenance", "run",
+			    "--task", tasks[i].task, NULL))
+			return -1;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int remove_deleted_enlistment(struct strbuf *path)
+{
+	int res = 0;
+	strbuf_realpath_forgiving(path, path->buf, 1);
+
+	if (run_git("config", "--global",
+		    "--unset", "--fixed-value",
+		    "scalar.repo", path->buf, NULL) < 0)
+		res = -1;
+
+	if (run_git("config", "--global",
+		    "--unset", "--fixed-value",
+		    "maintenance.repo", path->buf, NULL) < 0)
+		res = -1;
+
+	return res;
+}
+
+static int cmd_unregister(int argc, const char **argv)
+{
+	struct option options[] = {
+		OPT_END(),
+	};
+	const char * const usage[] = {
+		N_("scalar unregister [<enlistment>]"),
+		NULL
+	};
+
+	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, NULL, options,
+			     usage, 0);
+
+	/*
+	 * Be forgiving when the enlistment or worktree does not even exist any
+	 * longer; This can be the case if a user deleted the worktree by
+	 * mistake and _still_ wants to unregister the thing.
+	 */
+	if (argc == 1) {
+		struct strbuf src_path = STRBUF_INIT, workdir_path = STRBUF_INIT;
+
+		strbuf_addf(&src_path, "%s/src/.git", argv[0]);
+		strbuf_addf(&workdir_path, "%s/.git", argv[0]);
+		if (!is_directory(src_path.buf) && !is_directory(workdir_path.buf)) {
+			/* remove possible matching registrations */
+			int res = -1;
+
+			strbuf_strip_suffix(&src_path, "/.git");
+			res = remove_deleted_enlistment(&src_path) && res;
+
+			strbuf_strip_suffix(&workdir_path, "/.git");
+			res = remove_deleted_enlistment(&workdir_path) && res;
+
+			strbuf_release(&src_path);
+			strbuf_release(&workdir_path);
+			return res;
+		}
+		strbuf_release(&src_path);
+		strbuf_release(&workdir_path);
+	}
+
+	setup_enlistment_directory(argc, argv, usage, options, NULL);
+
+	return unregister_dir();
+}
+
+static int cmd_delete(int argc, const char **argv)
+{
+	char *cwd = xgetcwd();
+	struct option options[] = {
+		OPT_END(),
+	};
+	const char * const usage[] = {
+		N_("scalar delete <enlistment>"),
+		NULL
+	};
+	struct strbuf enlistment = STRBUF_INIT;
+	int res = 0;
+
+	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, NULL, options,
+			     usage, 0);
+
+	if (argc != 1)
+		usage_with_options(usage, options);
+
+	setup_enlistment_directory(argc, argv, usage, options, &enlistment);
+
+	if (dir_inside_of(cwd, enlistment.buf) >= 0)
+		res = error(_("refusing to delete current working directory"));
+	else {
+		close_object_store(the_repository->objects);
+		res = delete_enlistment(&enlistment);
+	}
+	strbuf_release(&enlistment);
+	free(cwd);
+
+	return res;
+}
+
+static int cmd_version(int argc, const char **argv)
+{
+	int verbose = 0, build_options = 0;
+	struct option options[] = {
+		OPT__VERBOSE(&verbose, N_("include Git version")),
+		OPT_BOOL(0, "build-options", &build_options,
+			 N_("include Git's build options")),
+		OPT_END(),
+	};
+	const char * const usage[] = {
+		N_("scalar verbose [-v | --verbose] [--build-options]"),
+		NULL
+	};
+	struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
+
+	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, NULL, options,
+			     usage, 0);
+
+	if (argc != 0)
+		usage_with_options(usage, options);
+
+	get_version_info(&buf, build_options);
+	fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", buf.buf);
+	strbuf_release(&buf);
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static struct {
+	const char *name;
+	int (*fn)(int, const char **);
+} builtins[] = {
+	{ "clone", cmd_clone },
+	{ "list", cmd_list },
+	{ "register", cmd_register },
+	{ "unregister", cmd_unregister },
+	{ "run", cmd_run },
+	{ "reconfigure", cmd_reconfigure },
+	{ "delete", cmd_delete },
+	{ "version", cmd_version },
+	{ NULL, NULL},
+};
+
+int cmd_main(int argc, const char **argv)
+{
+	struct strbuf scalar_usage = STRBUF_INIT;
+	int i;
+
+	if (argc > 1) {
+		argv++;
+		argc--;
+
+		for (i = 0; builtins[i].name; i++)
+			if (!strcmp(builtins[i].name, argv[0]))
+				return !!builtins[i].fn(argc, argv);
+	}
+
+	strbuf_addstr(&scalar_usage,
+		      N_("scalar <command> [<options>]\n\nCommands:\n"));
+	for (i = 0; builtins[i].name; i++)
+		strbuf_addf(&scalar_usage, "\t%s\n", builtins[i].name);
+
+	usage(scalar_usage.buf);
+}
diff --git a/contrib/scalar/scalar.txt b/contrib/scalar/scalar.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f416d63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/scalar/scalar.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+scalar(1)
+=========
+
+NAME
+----
+scalar - an opinionated repository management tool
+
+SYNOPSIS
+--------
+[verse]
+scalar clone [--single-branch] [--branch <main-branch>] [--full-clone] <url> [<enlistment>]
+scalar list
+scalar register [<enlistment>]
+scalar unregister [<enlistment>]
+scalar run ( all | config | commit-graph | fetch | loose-objects | pack-files ) [<enlistment>]
+scalar reconfigure [ --all | <enlistment> ]
+scalar delete <enlistment>
+
+DESCRIPTION
+-----------
+
+Scalar is an opinionated repository management tool. By creating new
+repositories or registering existing repositories with Scalar, your Git
+experience will speed up. Scalar sets advanced Git config settings,
+maintains your repositories in the background, and helps reduce data sent
+across the network.
+
+An important Scalar concept is the enlistment: this is the top-level directory
+of the project. It usually contains the subdirectory `src/` which is a Git
+worktree. This encourages the separation between tracked files (inside `src/`)
+and untracked files, such as build artifacts (outside `src/`). When registering
+an existing Git worktree with Scalar whose name is not `src`, the enlistment
+will be identical to the worktree.
+
+The `scalar` command implements various subcommands, and different options
+depending on the subcommand. With the exception of `clone`, `list` and
+`reconfigure --all`, all subcommands expect to be run in an enlistment.
+
+COMMANDS
+--------
+
+Clone
+~~~~~
+
+clone [<options>] <url> [<enlistment>]::
+	Clones the specified repository, similar to linkgit:git-clone[1]. By
+	default, only commit and tree objects are cloned. Once finished, the
+	worktree is located at `<enlistment>/src`.
++
+The sparse-checkout feature is enabled (except when run with `--full-clone`)
+and the only files present are those in the top-level directory. Use
+`git sparse-checkout set` to expand the set of directories you want to see,
+or `git sparse-checkout disable` to expand to all files (see
+linkgit:git-sparse-checkout[1] for more details). You can explore the
+subdirectories outside your sparse-checkout by using `git ls-tree
+HEAD[:<directory>]`.
+
+-b <name>::
+--branch <name>::
+	Instead of checking out the branch pointed to by the cloned
+	repository's HEAD, check out the `<name>` branch instead.
+
+--[no-]single-branch::
+	Clone only the history leading to the tip of a single branch, either
+	specified by the `--branch` option or the primary branch remote's
+	`HEAD` points at.
++
+Further fetches into the resulting repository will only update the
+remote-tracking branch for the branch this option was used for the initial
+cloning. If the HEAD at the remote did not point at any branch when
+`--single-branch` clone was made, no remote-tracking branch is created.
+
+--[no-]full-clone::
+	A sparse-checkout is initialized by default. This behavior can be
+	turned off via `--full-clone`.
+
+List
+~~~~
+
+list::
+	List enlistments that are currently registered by Scalar. This
+	subcommand does not need to be run inside an enlistment.
+
+Register
+~~~~~~~~
+
+register [<enlistment>]::
+	Adds the enlistment's repository to the list of registered repositories
+	and starts background maintenance. If `<enlistment>` is not provided,
+	then the enlistment associated with the current working directory is
+	registered.
++
+Note: when this subcommand is called in a worktree that is called `src/`, its
+parent directory is considered to be the Scalar enlistment. If the worktree is
+_not_ called `src/`, it itself will be considered to be the Scalar enlistment.
+
+Unregister
+~~~~~~~~~~
+
+unregister [<enlistment>]::
+	Remove the specified repository from the list of repositories
+	registered with Scalar and stop the scheduled background maintenance.
+
+Run
+~~~
+
+scalar run ( all | config | commit-graph | fetch | loose-objects | pack-files ) [<enlistment>]::
+	Run the given maintenance task (or all tasks, if `all` was specified).
+	Except for `all` and `config`, this subcommand simply hands off to
+	linkgit:git-maintenance[1] (mapping `fetch` to `prefetch` and
+	`pack-files` to `incremental-repack`).
++
+These tasks are run automatically as part of the scheduled maintenance,
+as soon as the repository is registered with Scalar. It should therefore
+not be necessary to run this subcommand manually.
++
+The `config` task is specific to Scalar and configures all those
+opinionated default settings that make Git work more efficiently with
+large repositories. As this task is run as part of `scalar clone`
+automatically, explicit invocations of this task are rarely needed.
+
+Reconfigure
+~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+After a Scalar upgrade, or when the configuration of a Scalar enlistment
+was somehow corrupted or changed by mistake, this subcommand allows to
+reconfigure the enlistment.
+
+With the `--all` option, all enlistments currently registered with Scalar
+will be reconfigured. Use this option after each Scalar upgrade.
+
+Delete
+~~~~~~
+
+delete <enlistment>::
+	This subcommand lets you delete an existing Scalar enlistment from your
+	local file system, unregistering the repository.
+
+SEE ALSO
+--------
+linkgit:git-clone[1], linkgit:git-maintenance[1].
+
+Scalar
+---
+Associated with the linkgit:git[1] suite
diff --git a/contrib/scalar/t/Makefile b/contrib/scalar/t/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6170672
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/scalar/t/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+# Run scalar tests
+#
+# Copyright (c) 2005,2021 Junio C Hamano, Johannes Schindelin
+#
+
+-include ../../../config.mak.autogen
+-include ../../../config.mak
+
+SHELL_PATH ?= $(SHELL)
+PERL_PATH ?= /usr/bin/perl
+RM ?= rm -f
+PROVE ?= prove
+DEFAULT_TEST_TARGET ?= test
+TEST_LINT ?= test-lint
+
+ifdef TEST_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY
+TEST_RESULTS_DIRECTORY = $(TEST_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY)/test-results
+else
+TEST_RESULTS_DIRECTORY = ../../../t/test-results
+endif
+
+# Shell quote;
+SHELL_PATH_SQ = $(subst ','\'',$(SHELL_PATH))
+PERL_PATH_SQ = $(subst ','\'',$(PERL_PATH))
+TEST_RESULTS_DIRECTORY_SQ = $(subst ','\'',$(TEST_RESULTS_DIRECTORY))
+
+T = $(sort $(wildcard t[0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9]-*.sh))
+
+all: $(DEFAULT_TEST_TARGET)
+
+test: $(TEST_LINT)
+	$(MAKE) aggregate-results-and-cleanup
+
+prove: $(TEST_LINT)
+	@echo "*** prove ***"; GIT_CONFIG=.git/config $(PROVE) --exec '$(SHELL_PATH_SQ)' $(GIT_PROVE_OPTS) $(T) :: $(GIT_TEST_OPTS)
+	$(MAKE) clean-except-prove-cache
+
+$(T):
+	@echo "*** $@ ***"; GIT_CONFIG=.git/config '$(SHELL_PATH_SQ)' $@ $(GIT_TEST_OPTS)
+
+clean-except-prove-cache:
+	$(RM) -r 'trash directory'.* '$(TEST_RESULTS_DIRECTORY_SQ)'
+	$(RM) -r valgrind/bin
+
+clean: clean-except-prove-cache
+	$(RM) .prove
+
+test-lint: test-lint-duplicates test-lint-executable test-lint-shell-syntax
+
+test-lint-duplicates:
+	@dups=`echo $(T) | tr ' ' '\n' | sed 's/-.*//' | sort | uniq -d` && \
+		test -z "$$dups" || { \
+		echo >&2 "duplicate test numbers:" $$dups; exit 1; }
+
+test-lint-executable:
+	@bad=`for i in $(T); do test -x "$$i" || echo $$i; done` && \
+		test -z "$$bad" || { \
+		echo >&2 "non-executable tests:" $$bad; exit 1; }
+
+test-lint-shell-syntax:
+	@'$(PERL_PATH_SQ)' ../../../t/check-non-portable-shell.pl $(T)
+
+aggregate-results-and-cleanup: $(T)
+	$(MAKE) aggregate-results
+	$(MAKE) clean
+
+aggregate-results:
+	for f in '$(TEST_RESULTS_DIRECTORY_SQ)'/t*-*.counts; do \
+		echo "$$f"; \
+	done | '$(SHELL_PATH_SQ)' ../../../t/aggregate-results.sh
+
+valgrind:
+	$(MAKE) GIT_TEST_OPTS="$(GIT_TEST_OPTS) --valgrind"
+
+test-results:
+	mkdir -p test-results
+
+.PHONY: $(T) aggregate-results clean valgrind
diff --git a/contrib/scalar/t/t9099-scalar.sh b/contrib/scalar/t/t9099-scalar.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..2e1502a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/scalar/t/t9099-scalar.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+test_description='test the `scalar` command'
+
+TEST_DIRECTORY=$PWD/../../../t
+export TEST_DIRECTORY
+
+# Make it work with --no-bin-wrappers
+PATH=$PWD/..:$PATH
+
+. ../../../t/test-lib.sh
+
+GIT_TEST_MAINT_SCHEDULER="crontab:test-tool crontab ../cron.txt,launchctl:true,schtasks:true"
+export GIT_TEST_MAINT_SCHEDULER
+
+test_expect_success 'scalar shows a usage' '
+	test_expect_code 129 scalar -h
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'scalar unregister' '
+	git init vanish/src &&
+	scalar register vanish/src &&
+	git config --get --global --fixed-value \
+		maintenance.repo "$(pwd)/vanish/src" &&
+	scalar list >scalar.repos &&
+	grep -F "$(pwd)/vanish/src" scalar.repos &&
+	rm -rf vanish/src/.git &&
+	scalar unregister vanish &&
+	test_must_fail git config --get --global --fixed-value \
+		maintenance.repo "$(pwd)/vanish/src" &&
+	scalar list >scalar.repos &&
+	! grep -F "$(pwd)/vanish/src" scalar.repos
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'set up repository to clone' '
+	test_commit first &&
+	test_commit second &&
+	test_commit third &&
+	git switch -c parallel first &&
+	mkdir -p 1/2 &&
+	test_commit 1/2/3 &&
+	git config uploadPack.allowFilter true &&
+	git config uploadPack.allowAnySHA1InWant true
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'scalar clone' '
+	second=$(git rev-parse --verify second:second.t) &&
+	scalar clone "file://$(pwd)" cloned --single-branch &&
+	(
+		cd cloned/src &&
+
+		git config --get --global --fixed-value maintenance.repo \
+			"$(pwd)" &&
+
+		git for-each-ref --format="%(refname)" refs/remotes/origin/ >actual &&
+		echo "refs/remotes/origin/parallel" >expect &&
+		test_cmp expect actual &&
+
+		test_path_is_missing 1/2 &&
+		test_must_fail git rev-list --missing=print $second &&
+		git rev-list $second &&
+		git cat-file blob $second >actual &&
+		echo "second" >expect &&
+		test_cmp expect actual
+	)
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'scalar reconfigure' '
+	git init one/src &&
+	scalar register one &&
+	git -C one/src config core.preloadIndex false &&
+	scalar reconfigure one &&
+	test true = "$(git -C one/src config core.preloadIndex)" &&
+	git -C one/src config core.preloadIndex false &&
+	scalar reconfigure -a &&
+	test true = "$(git -C one/src config core.preloadIndex)"
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'scalar delete without enlistment shows a usage' '
+	test_expect_code 129 scalar delete
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'scalar delete with enlistment' '
+	scalar delete cloned &&
+	test_path_is_missing cloned
+'
+
+test_done
diff --git a/contrib/subtree/git-subtree.sh b/contrib/subtree/git-subtree.sh
index 7f767b5..71f1fd9 100755
--- a/contrib/subtree/git-subtree.sh
+++ b/contrib/subtree/git-subtree.sh
@@ -296,10 +296,9 @@
 	done
 }
 
-# Usage: check_parents PARENTS_EXPR
+# Usage: check_parents [REVS...]
 check_parents () {
-	assert test $# = 1
-	missed=$(cache_miss "$1") || exit $?
+	missed=$(cache_miss "$@") || exit $?
 	local indent=$(($indent + 1))
 	for miss in $missed
 	do
@@ -753,7 +752,7 @@
 	fi
 	createcount=$(($createcount + 1))
 	debug "parents: $parents"
-	check_parents "$parents"
+	check_parents $parents
 	newparents=$(cache_get $parents) || exit $?
 	debug "newparents: $newparents"
 
diff --git a/contrib/subtree/t/t7900-subtree.sh b/contrib/subtree/t/t7900-subtree.sh
index 4153b65..1c1f76f 100755
--- a/contrib/subtree/t/t7900-subtree.sh
+++ b/contrib/subtree/t/t7900-subtree.sh
@@ -1445,7 +1445,7 @@
 	) &&
 	test_create_commit "$test_count" folder_subtree/0 &&
 	test_create_commit "$test_count" folder_subtree/b &&
-	cherry=$(cd "$test_count"; git rev-parse HEAD) &&
+	cherry=$(cd "$test_count" && git rev-parse HEAD) &&
 	(
 		cd "$test_count" &&
 		git checkout branch
diff --git a/convert.c b/convert.c
index 0d6fb34..df7186b 100644
--- a/convert.c
+++ b/convert.c
@@ -613,7 +613,7 @@
 
 struct filter_params {
 	const char *src;
-	unsigned long size;
+	size_t size;
 	int fd;
 	const char *cmd;
 	const char *path;
diff --git a/daemon.c b/daemon.c
index b1fcbe0..94a5b8a 100644
--- a/daemon.c
+++ b/daemon.c
@@ -232,13 +232,13 @@
 
 		rlen = strlcpy(interp_path, expanded_path.buf,
 			       sizeof(interp_path));
+		strbuf_release(&expanded_path);
 		if (rlen >= sizeof(interp_path)) {
 			logerror("interpolated path too large: %s",
 				 interp_path);
 			return NULL;
 		}
 
-		strbuf_release(&expanded_path);
 		loginfo("Interpolated dir '%s'", interp_path);
 
 		dir = interp_path;
@@ -326,22 +326,18 @@
 {
 	struct child_process child = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
 	struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
-	const char *argv[8];
-	const char **arg = argv;
 	char *eol;
 	int seen_errors = 0;
 
-	*arg++ = access_hook;
-	*arg++ = service->name;
-	*arg++ = path;
-	*arg++ = hi->hostname.buf;
-	*arg++ = get_canon_hostname(hi);
-	*arg++ = get_ip_address(hi);
-	*arg++ = hi->tcp_port.buf;
-	*arg = NULL;
+	strvec_push(&child.args, access_hook);
+	strvec_push(&child.args, service->name);
+	strvec_push(&child.args, path);
+	strvec_push(&child.args, hi->hostname.buf);
+	strvec_push(&child.args, get_canon_hostname(hi));
+	strvec_push(&child.args, get_ip_address(hi));
+	strvec_push(&child.args, hi->tcp_port.buf);
 
 	child.use_shell = 1;
-	child.argv = argv;
 	child.no_stdin = 1;
 	child.no_stderr = 1;
 	child.out = -1;
@@ -922,7 +918,7 @@
 #endif
 	}
 
-	cld.argv = cld_argv.v;
+	strvec_pushv(&cld.args, cld_argv.v);
 	cld.in = incoming;
 	cld.out = dup(incoming);
 
diff --git a/date.c b/date.c
index c55ea47..84bb445 100644
--- a/date.c
+++ b/date.c
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 /*
  * This is like mktime, but without normalization of tm_wday and tm_yday.
  */
-static time_t tm_to_time_t(const struct tm *tm)
+time_t tm_to_time_t(const struct tm *tm)
 {
 	static const int mdays[] = {
 	    0, 31, 59, 90, 120, 151, 181, 212, 243, 273, 304, 334
diff --git a/delta.h b/delta.h
index 2df5fe1..8a56ec0 100644
--- a/delta.h
+++ b/delta.h
@@ -90,15 +90,15 @@
 					       const unsigned char *top)
 {
 	const unsigned char *data = *datap;
-	unsigned long cmd, size = 0;
+	size_t cmd, size = 0;
 	int i = 0;
 	do {
 		cmd = *data++;
-		size |= (cmd & 0x7f) << i;
+		size |= st_left_shift(cmd & 0x7f, i);
 		i += 7;
 	} while (cmd & 0x80 && data < top);
 	*datap = data;
-	return size;
+	return cast_size_t_to_ulong(size);
 }
 
 #endif
diff --git a/diff.c b/diff.c
index 861282d..c862771 100644
--- a/diff.c
+++ b/diff.c
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #include "submodule-config.h"
 #include "submodule.h"
 #include "hashmap.h"
+#include "mem-pool.h"
 #include "ll-merge.h"
 #include "string-list.h"
 #include "strvec.h"
@@ -773,6 +774,7 @@
 	int flags;
 	int indent_off;   /* Offset to first non-whitespace character */
 	int indent_width; /* The visual width of the indentation */
+	unsigned id;
 	enum diff_symbol s;
 };
 #define EMITTED_DIFF_SYMBOL_INIT { 0 }
@@ -798,9 +800,9 @@
 }
 
 struct moved_entry {
-	struct hashmap_entry ent;
 	const struct emitted_diff_symbol *es;
 	struct moved_entry *next_line;
+	struct moved_entry *next_match;
 };
 
 struct moved_block {
@@ -808,11 +810,6 @@
 	int wsd; /* The whitespace delta of this block */
 };
 
-static void moved_block_clear(struct moved_block *b)
-{
-	memset(b, 0, sizeof(*b));
-}
-
 #define INDENT_BLANKLINE INT_MIN
 
 static void fill_es_indent_data(struct emitted_diff_symbol *es)
@@ -856,79 +853,41 @@
 }
 
 static int compute_ws_delta(const struct emitted_diff_symbol *a,
-			    const struct emitted_diff_symbol *b,
-			    int *out)
+			    const struct emitted_diff_symbol *b)
 {
-	int a_len = a->len,
-	    b_len = b->len,
-	    a_off = a->indent_off,
-	    a_width = a->indent_width,
-	    b_off = b->indent_off,
+	int a_width = a->indent_width,
 	    b_width = b->indent_width;
-	int delta;
 
-	if (a_width == INDENT_BLANKLINE && b_width == INDENT_BLANKLINE) {
-		*out = INDENT_BLANKLINE;
-		return 1;
-	}
+	if (a_width == INDENT_BLANKLINE && b_width == INDENT_BLANKLINE)
+		return INDENT_BLANKLINE;
 
-	if (a->s == DIFF_SYMBOL_PLUS)
-		delta = a_width - b_width;
-	else
-		delta = b_width - a_width;
-
-	if (a_len - a_off != b_len - b_off ||
-	    memcmp(a->line + a_off, b->line + b_off, a_len - a_off))
-		return 0;
-
-	*out = delta;
-
-	return 1;
+	return a_width - b_width;
 }
 
-static int cmp_in_block_with_wsd(const struct diff_options *o,
-				 const struct moved_entry *cur,
-				 const struct moved_entry *match,
-				 struct moved_block *pmb,
-				 int n)
+static int cmp_in_block_with_wsd(const struct moved_entry *cur,
+				 const struct emitted_diff_symbol *l,
+				 struct moved_block *pmb)
 {
-	struct emitted_diff_symbol *l = &o->emitted_symbols->buf[n];
-	int al = cur->es->len, bl = match->es->len, cl = l->len;
-	const char *a = cur->es->line,
-		   *b = match->es->line,
-		   *c = l->line;
-	int a_off = cur->es->indent_off,
-	    a_width = cur->es->indent_width,
-	    c_off = l->indent_off,
-	    c_width = l->indent_width;
+	int a_width = cur->es->indent_width, b_width = l->indent_width;
 	int delta;
 
-	/*
-	 * We need to check if 'cur' is equal to 'match'.  As those
-	 * are from the same (+/-) side, we do not need to adjust for
-	 * indent changes. However these were found using fuzzy
-	 * matching so we do have to check if they are equal. Here we
-	 * just check the lengths. We delay calling memcmp() to check
-	 * the contents until later as if the length comparison for a
-	 * and c fails we can avoid the call all together.
-	 */
-	if (al != bl)
+	/* The text of each line must match */
+	if (cur->es->id != l->id)
 		return 1;
 
-	/* If 'l' and 'cur' are both blank then they match. */
-	if (a_width == INDENT_BLANKLINE && c_width == INDENT_BLANKLINE)
+	/*
+	 * If 'l' and 'cur' are both blank then we don't need to check the
+	 * indent. We only need to check cur as we know the strings match.
+	 * */
+	if (a_width == INDENT_BLANKLINE)
 		return 0;
 
 	/*
 	 * The indent changes of the block are known and stored in pmb->wsd;
 	 * however we need to check if the indent changes of the current line
-	 * match those of the current block and that the text of 'l' and 'cur'
-	 * after the indentation match.
+	 * match those of the current block.
 	 */
-	if (cur->es->s == DIFF_SYMBOL_PLUS)
-		delta = a_width - c_width;
-	else
-		delta = c_width - a_width;
+	delta = b_width - a_width;
 
 	/*
 	 * If the previous lines of this block were all blank then set its
@@ -937,166 +896,165 @@
 	if (pmb->wsd == INDENT_BLANKLINE)
 		pmb->wsd = delta;
 
-	return !(delta == pmb->wsd && al - a_off == cl - c_off &&
-		 !memcmp(a, b, al) && !
-		 memcmp(a + a_off, c + c_off, al - a_off));
+	return delta != pmb->wsd;
 }
 
-static int moved_entry_cmp(const void *hashmap_cmp_fn_data,
-			   const struct hashmap_entry *eptr,
-			   const struct hashmap_entry *entry_or_key,
-			   const void *keydata)
+struct interned_diff_symbol {
+	struct hashmap_entry ent;
+	struct emitted_diff_symbol *es;
+};
+
+static int interned_diff_symbol_cmp(const void *hashmap_cmp_fn_data,
+				    const struct hashmap_entry *eptr,
+				    const struct hashmap_entry *entry_or_key,
+				    const void *keydata)
 {
 	const struct diff_options *diffopt = hashmap_cmp_fn_data;
-	const struct moved_entry *a, *b;
+	const struct emitted_diff_symbol *a, *b;
 	unsigned flags = diffopt->color_moved_ws_handling
 			 & XDF_WHITESPACE_FLAGS;
 
-	a = container_of(eptr, const struct moved_entry, ent);
-	b = container_of(entry_or_key, const struct moved_entry, ent);
+	a = container_of(eptr, const struct interned_diff_symbol, ent)->es;
+	b = container_of(entry_or_key, const struct interned_diff_symbol, ent)->es;
 
-	if (diffopt->color_moved_ws_handling &
-	    COLOR_MOVED_WS_ALLOW_INDENTATION_CHANGE)
-		/*
-		 * As there is not specific white space config given,
-		 * we'd need to check for a new block, so ignore all
-		 * white space. The setup of the white space
-		 * configuration for the next block is done else where
-		 */
-		flags |= XDF_IGNORE_WHITESPACE;
-
-	return !xdiff_compare_lines(a->es->line, a->es->len,
-				    b->es->line, b->es->len,
-				    flags);
+	return !xdiff_compare_lines(a->line + a->indent_off,
+				    a->len - a->indent_off,
+				    b->line + b->indent_off,
+				    b->len - b->indent_off, flags);
 }
 
-static struct moved_entry *prepare_entry(struct diff_options *o,
-					 int line_no)
+static void prepare_entry(struct diff_options *o, struct emitted_diff_symbol *l,
+			  struct interned_diff_symbol *s)
 {
-	struct moved_entry *ret = xmalloc(sizeof(*ret));
-	struct emitted_diff_symbol *l = &o->emitted_symbols->buf[line_no];
 	unsigned flags = o->color_moved_ws_handling & XDF_WHITESPACE_FLAGS;
-	unsigned int hash = xdiff_hash_string(l->line, l->len, flags);
+	unsigned int hash = xdiff_hash_string(l->line + l->indent_off,
+					      l->len - l->indent_off, flags);
 
-	hashmap_entry_init(&ret->ent, hash);
-	ret->es = l;
-	ret->next_line = NULL;
-
-	return ret;
+	hashmap_entry_init(&s->ent, hash);
+	s->es = l;
 }
 
-static void add_lines_to_move_detection(struct diff_options *o,
-					struct hashmap *add_lines,
-					struct hashmap *del_lines)
+struct moved_entry_list {
+	struct moved_entry *add, *del;
+};
+
+static struct moved_entry_list *add_lines_to_move_detection(struct diff_options *o,
+							    struct mem_pool *entry_mem_pool)
 {
 	struct moved_entry *prev_line = NULL;
-
+	struct mem_pool interned_pool;
+	struct hashmap interned_map;
+	struct moved_entry_list *entry_list = NULL;
+	size_t entry_list_alloc = 0;
+	unsigned id = 0;
 	int n;
-	for (n = 0; n < o->emitted_symbols->nr; n++) {
-		struct hashmap *hm;
-		struct moved_entry *key;
 
-		switch (o->emitted_symbols->buf[n].s) {
-		case DIFF_SYMBOL_PLUS:
-			hm = add_lines;
-			break;
-		case DIFF_SYMBOL_MINUS:
-			hm = del_lines;
-			break;
-		default:
+	hashmap_init(&interned_map, interned_diff_symbol_cmp, o, 8096);
+	mem_pool_init(&interned_pool, 1024 * 1024);
+
+	for (n = 0; n < o->emitted_symbols->nr; n++) {
+		struct interned_diff_symbol key;
+		struct emitted_diff_symbol *l = &o->emitted_symbols->buf[n];
+		struct interned_diff_symbol *s;
+		struct moved_entry *entry;
+
+		if (l->s != DIFF_SYMBOL_PLUS && l->s != DIFF_SYMBOL_MINUS) {
 			prev_line = NULL;
 			continue;
 		}
 
 		if (o->color_moved_ws_handling &
 		    COLOR_MOVED_WS_ALLOW_INDENTATION_CHANGE)
-			fill_es_indent_data(&o->emitted_symbols->buf[n]);
-		key = prepare_entry(o, n);
-		if (prev_line && prev_line->es->s == o->emitted_symbols->buf[n].s)
-			prev_line->next_line = key;
+			fill_es_indent_data(l);
 
-		hashmap_add(hm, &key->ent);
-		prev_line = key;
+		prepare_entry(o, l, &key);
+		s = hashmap_get_entry(&interned_map, &key, ent, &key.ent);
+		if (s) {
+			l->id = s->es->id;
+		} else {
+			l->id = id;
+			ALLOC_GROW_BY(entry_list, id, 1, entry_list_alloc);
+			hashmap_add(&interned_map,
+				    memcpy(mem_pool_alloc(&interned_pool,
+							  sizeof(key)),
+					   &key, sizeof(key)));
+		}
+		entry = mem_pool_alloc(entry_mem_pool, sizeof(*entry));
+		entry->es = l;
+		entry->next_line = NULL;
+		if (prev_line && prev_line->es->s == l->s)
+			prev_line->next_line = entry;
+		prev_line = entry;
+		if (l->s == DIFF_SYMBOL_PLUS) {
+			entry->next_match = entry_list[l->id].add;
+			entry_list[l->id].add = entry;
+		} else {
+			entry->next_match = entry_list[l->id].del;
+			entry_list[l->id].del = entry;
+		}
 	}
+
+	hashmap_clear(&interned_map);
+	mem_pool_discard(&interned_pool, 0);
+
+	return entry_list;
 }
 
 static void pmb_advance_or_null(struct diff_options *o,
-				struct moved_entry *match,
-				struct hashmap *hm,
+				struct emitted_diff_symbol *l,
 				struct moved_block *pmb,
-				int pmb_nr)
+				int *pmb_nr)
 {
-	int i;
-	for (i = 0; i < pmb_nr; i++) {
+	int i, j;
+
+	for (i = 0, j = 0; i < *pmb_nr; i++) {
+		int match;
 		struct moved_entry *prev = pmb[i].match;
 		struct moved_entry *cur = (prev && prev->next_line) ?
 				prev->next_line : NULL;
-		if (cur && !hm->cmpfn(o, &cur->ent, &match->ent, NULL)) {
-			pmb[i].match = cur;
-		} else {
-			pmb[i].match = NULL;
+
+		if (o->color_moved_ws_handling &
+		    COLOR_MOVED_WS_ALLOW_INDENTATION_CHANGE)
+			match = cur &&
+				!cmp_in_block_with_wsd(cur, l, &pmb[i]);
+		else
+			match = cur && cur->es->id == l->id;
+
+		if (match) {
+			pmb[j] = pmb[i];
+			pmb[j++].match = cur;
 		}
 	}
+	*pmb_nr = j;
 }
 
-static void pmb_advance_or_null_multi_match(struct diff_options *o,
-					    struct moved_entry *match,
-					    struct hashmap *hm,
-					    struct moved_block *pmb,
-					    int pmb_nr, int n)
+static void fill_potential_moved_blocks(struct diff_options *o,
+					struct moved_entry *match,
+					struct emitted_diff_symbol *l,
+					struct moved_block **pmb_p,
+					int *pmb_alloc_p, int *pmb_nr_p)
+
 {
-	int i;
-	char *got_match = xcalloc(1, pmb_nr);
+	struct moved_block *pmb = *pmb_p;
+	int pmb_alloc = *pmb_alloc_p, pmb_nr = *pmb_nr_p;
 
-	hashmap_for_each_entry_from(hm, match, ent) {
-		for (i = 0; i < pmb_nr; i++) {
-			struct moved_entry *prev = pmb[i].match;
-			struct moved_entry *cur = (prev && prev->next_line) ?
-					prev->next_line : NULL;
-			if (!cur)
-				continue;
-			if (!cmp_in_block_with_wsd(o, cur, match, &pmb[i], n))
-				got_match[i] |= 1;
-		}
+	/*
+	 * The current line is the start of a new block.
+	 * Setup the set of potential blocks.
+	 */
+	for (; match; match = match->next_match) {
+		ALLOC_GROW(pmb, pmb_nr + 1, pmb_alloc);
+		if (o->color_moved_ws_handling &
+		    COLOR_MOVED_WS_ALLOW_INDENTATION_CHANGE)
+			pmb[pmb_nr].wsd = compute_ws_delta(l, match->es);
+		else
+			pmb[pmb_nr].wsd = 0;
+		pmb[pmb_nr++].match = match;
 	}
 
-	for (i = 0; i < pmb_nr; i++) {
-		if (got_match[i]) {
-			/* Advance to the next line */
-			pmb[i].match = pmb[i].match->next_line;
-		} else {
-			moved_block_clear(&pmb[i]);
-		}
-	}
-
-	free(got_match);
-}
-
-static int shrink_potential_moved_blocks(struct moved_block *pmb,
-					 int pmb_nr)
-{
-	int lp, rp;
-
-	/* Shrink the set of potential block to the remaining running */
-	for (lp = 0, rp = pmb_nr - 1; lp <= rp;) {
-		while (lp < pmb_nr && pmb[lp].match)
-			lp++;
-		/* lp points at the first NULL now */
-
-		while (rp > -1 && !pmb[rp].match)
-			rp--;
-		/* rp points at the last non-NULL */
-
-		if (lp < pmb_nr && rp > -1 && lp < rp) {
-			pmb[lp] = pmb[rp];
-			memset(&pmb[rp], 0, sizeof(pmb[rp]));
-			rp--;
-			lp++;
-		}
-	}
-
-	/* Remember the number of running sets */
-	return rp + 1;
+	*pmb_p = pmb;
+	*pmb_alloc_p = pmb_alloc;
+	*pmb_nr_p = pmb_nr;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1115,6 +1073,8 @@
  * NEEDSWORK: This uses the same heuristic as blame_entry_score() in blame.c.
  * Think of a way to unify them.
  */
+#define DIFF_SYMBOL_MOVED_LINE_ZEBRA_MASK \
+  (DIFF_SYMBOL_MOVED_LINE | DIFF_SYMBOL_MOVED_LINE_ALT)
 static int adjust_last_block(struct diff_options *o, int n, int block_length)
 {
 	int i, alnum_count = 0;
@@ -1131,95 +1091,85 @@
 		}
 	}
 	for (i = 1; i < block_length + 1; i++)
-		o->emitted_symbols->buf[n - i].flags &= ~DIFF_SYMBOL_MOVED_LINE;
+		o->emitted_symbols->buf[n - i].flags &= ~DIFF_SYMBOL_MOVED_LINE_ZEBRA_MASK;
 	return 0;
 }
 
 /* Find blocks of moved code, delegate actual coloring decision to helper */
 static void mark_color_as_moved(struct diff_options *o,
-				struct hashmap *add_lines,
-				struct hashmap *del_lines)
+				struct moved_entry_list *entry_list)
 {
 	struct moved_block *pmb = NULL; /* potentially moved blocks */
 	int pmb_nr = 0, pmb_alloc = 0;
 	int n, flipped_block = 0, block_length = 0;
+	enum diff_symbol moved_symbol = DIFF_SYMBOL_BINARY_DIFF_HEADER;
 
 
 	for (n = 0; n < o->emitted_symbols->nr; n++) {
-		struct hashmap *hm = NULL;
-		struct moved_entry *key;
 		struct moved_entry *match = NULL;
 		struct emitted_diff_symbol *l = &o->emitted_symbols->buf[n];
-		enum diff_symbol last_symbol = 0;
 
 		switch (l->s) {
 		case DIFF_SYMBOL_PLUS:
-			hm = del_lines;
-			key = prepare_entry(o, n);
-			match = hashmap_get_entry(hm, key, ent, NULL);
-			free(key);
+			match = entry_list[l->id].del;
 			break;
 		case DIFF_SYMBOL_MINUS:
-			hm = add_lines;
-			key = prepare_entry(o, n);
-			match = hashmap_get_entry(hm, key, ent, NULL);
-			free(key);
+			match = entry_list[l->id].add;
 			break;
 		default:
 			flipped_block = 0;
 		}
 
-		if (!match) {
-			int i;
-
-			adjust_last_block(o, n, block_length);
-			for(i = 0; i < pmb_nr; i++)
-				moved_block_clear(&pmb[i]);
+		if (pmb_nr && (!match || l->s != moved_symbol)) {
+			if (!adjust_last_block(o, n, block_length) &&
+			    block_length > 1) {
+				/*
+				 * Rewind in case there is another match
+				 * starting at the second line of the block
+				 */
+				match = NULL;
+				n -= block_length;
+			}
 			pmb_nr = 0;
 			block_length = 0;
 			flipped_block = 0;
-			last_symbol = l->s;
+		}
+		if (!match) {
+			moved_symbol = DIFF_SYMBOL_BINARY_DIFF_HEADER;
 			continue;
 		}
 
 		if (o->color_moved == COLOR_MOVED_PLAIN) {
-			last_symbol = l->s;
 			l->flags |= DIFF_SYMBOL_MOVED_LINE;
 			continue;
 		}
 
-		if (o->color_moved_ws_handling &
-		    COLOR_MOVED_WS_ALLOW_INDENTATION_CHANGE)
-			pmb_advance_or_null_multi_match(o, match, hm, pmb, pmb_nr, n);
-		else
-			pmb_advance_or_null(o, match, hm, pmb, pmb_nr);
-
-		pmb_nr = shrink_potential_moved_blocks(pmb, pmb_nr);
+		pmb_advance_or_null(o, l, pmb, &pmb_nr);
 
 		if (pmb_nr == 0) {
-			/*
-			 * The current line is the start of a new block.
-			 * Setup the set of potential blocks.
-			 */
-			hashmap_for_each_entry_from(hm, match, ent) {
-				ALLOC_GROW(pmb, pmb_nr + 1, pmb_alloc);
-				if (o->color_moved_ws_handling &
-				    COLOR_MOVED_WS_ALLOW_INDENTATION_CHANGE) {
-					if (compute_ws_delta(l, match->es,
-							     &pmb[pmb_nr].wsd))
-						pmb[pmb_nr++].match = match;
-				} else {
-					pmb[pmb_nr].wsd = 0;
-					pmb[pmb_nr++].match = match;
-				}
-			}
+			int contiguous = adjust_last_block(o, n, block_length);
 
-			if (adjust_last_block(o, n, block_length) &&
-			    pmb_nr && last_symbol != l->s)
+			if (!contiguous && block_length > 1)
+				/*
+				 * Rewind in case there is another match
+				 * starting at the second line of the block
+				 */
+				n -= block_length;
+			else
+				fill_potential_moved_blocks(o, match, l,
+							    &pmb, &pmb_alloc,
+							    &pmb_nr);
+
+			if (contiguous && pmb_nr && moved_symbol == l->s)
 				flipped_block = (flipped_block + 1) % 2;
 			else
 				flipped_block = 0;
 
+			if (pmb_nr)
+				moved_symbol = l->s;
+			else
+				moved_symbol = DIFF_SYMBOL_BINARY_DIFF_HEADER;
+
 			block_length = 0;
 		}
 
@@ -1229,17 +1179,12 @@
 			if (flipped_block && o->color_moved != COLOR_MOVED_BLOCKS)
 				l->flags |= DIFF_SYMBOL_MOVED_LINE_ALT;
 		}
-		last_symbol = l->s;
 	}
 	adjust_last_block(o, n, block_length);
 
-	for(n = 0; n < pmb_nr; n++)
-		moved_block_clear(&pmb[n]);
 	free(pmb);
 }
 
-#define DIFF_SYMBOL_MOVED_LINE_ZEBRA_MASK \
-  (DIFF_SYMBOL_MOVED_LINE | DIFF_SYMBOL_MOVED_LINE_ALT)
 static void dim_moved_lines(struct diff_options *o)
 {
 	int n;
@@ -1573,7 +1518,9 @@
 static void emit_diff_symbol(struct diff_options *o, enum diff_symbol s,
 			     const char *line, int len, unsigned flags)
 {
-	struct emitted_diff_symbol e = {line, len, flags, 0, 0, s};
+	struct emitted_diff_symbol e = {
+		.line = line, .len = len, .flags = flags, .s = s
+	};
 
 	if (o->emitted_symbols)
 		append_emitted_diff_symbol(o, &e);
@@ -4639,16 +4586,20 @@
 		options->set_default(options);
 
 	if (HAS_MULTI_BITS(options->output_format & check_mask))
-		die(_("--name-only, --name-status, --check and -s are mutually exclusive"));
+		die(_("options '%s', '%s', '%s', and '%s' cannot be used together"),
+			"--name-only", "--name-status", "--check", "-s");
 
 	if (HAS_MULTI_BITS(options->pickaxe_opts & DIFF_PICKAXE_KINDS_MASK))
-		die(_("-G, -S and --find-object are mutually exclusive"));
+		die(_("options '%s', '%s', and '%s' cannot be used together"),
+			"-G", "-S", "--find-object");
 
 	if (HAS_MULTI_BITS(options->pickaxe_opts & DIFF_PICKAXE_KINDS_G_REGEX_MASK))
-		die(_("-G and --pickaxe-regex are mutually exclusive, use --pickaxe-regex with -S"));
+		die(_("options '%s' and '%s' cannot be used together, use '%s' with '%s'"),
+			"-G", "--pickaxe-regex", "--pickaxe-regex", "-S");
 
 	if (HAS_MULTI_BITS(options->pickaxe_opts & DIFF_PICKAXE_KINDS_ALL_OBJFIND_MASK))
-		die(_("--pickaxe-all and --find-object are mutually exclusive, use --pickaxe-all with -G and -S"));
+		die(_("options '%s' and '%s' cannot be used together, use '%s' with '%s' and '%s'"),
+			"--pickaxe-all", "--find-object", "--pickaxe-all", "-G", "-S");
 
 	/*
 	 * Most of the time we can say "there are changes"
@@ -6345,24 +6296,18 @@
 
 	if (o->emitted_symbols) {
 		if (o->color_moved) {
-			struct hashmap add_lines, del_lines;
+			struct mem_pool entry_pool;
+			struct moved_entry_list *entry_list;
 
-			if (o->color_moved_ws_handling &
-			    COLOR_MOVED_WS_ALLOW_INDENTATION_CHANGE)
-				o->color_moved_ws_handling |= XDF_IGNORE_WHITESPACE;
-
-			hashmap_init(&del_lines, moved_entry_cmp, o, 0);
-			hashmap_init(&add_lines, moved_entry_cmp, o, 0);
-
-			add_lines_to_move_detection(o, &add_lines, &del_lines);
-			mark_color_as_moved(o, &add_lines, &del_lines);
+			mem_pool_init(&entry_pool, 1024 * 1024);
+			entry_list = add_lines_to_move_detection(o,
+								 &entry_pool);
+			mark_color_as_moved(o, entry_list);
 			if (o->color_moved == COLOR_MOVED_ZEBRA_DIM)
 				dim_moved_lines(o);
 
-			hashmap_clear_and_free(&add_lines, struct moved_entry,
-						ent);
-			hashmap_clear_and_free(&del_lines, struct moved_entry,
-						ent);
+			mem_pool_discard(&entry_pool, 0);
+			free(entry_list);
 		}
 
 		for (i = 0; i < esm.nr; i++)
@@ -6921,19 +6866,15 @@
 			  size_t *outsize)
 {
 	struct diff_tempfile *temp;
-	const char *argv[3];
-	const char **arg = argv;
 	struct child_process child = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
 	struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
 	int err = 0;
 
 	temp = prepare_temp_file(r, spec->path, spec);
-	*arg++ = pgm;
-	*arg++ = temp->name;
-	*arg = NULL;
+	strvec_push(&child.args, pgm);
+	strvec_push(&child.args, temp->name);
 
 	child.use_shell = 1;
-	child.argv = argv;
 	child.out = -1;
 	if (start_command(&child)) {
 		remove_tempfile();
diff --git a/diffcore-delta.c b/diffcore-delta.c
index 5668ace..18d8f76 100644
--- a/diffcore-delta.c
+++ b/diffcore-delta.c
@@ -133,10 +133,10 @@
 
 	i = INITIAL_HASH_SIZE;
 	hash = xmalloc(st_add(sizeof(*hash),
-			      st_mult(sizeof(struct spanhash), 1<<i)));
+			      st_mult(sizeof(struct spanhash), (size_t)1 << i)));
 	hash->alloc_log2 = i;
 	hash->free = INITIAL_FREE(i);
-	memset(hash->data, 0, sizeof(struct spanhash) * (1<<i));
+	memset(hash->data, 0, sizeof(struct spanhash) * ((size_t)1 << i));
 
 	n = 0;
 	accum1 = accum2 = 0;
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@
 		n = 0;
 		accum1 = accum2 = 0;
 	}
-	QSORT(hash->data, 1ul << hash->alloc_log2, spanhash_cmp);
+	QSORT(hash->data, (size_t)1ul << hash->alloc_log2, spanhash_cmp);
 	return hash;
 }
 
diff --git a/dir.c b/dir.c
index 5aa6fba..d91295f 100644
--- a/dir.c
+++ b/dir.c
@@ -727,7 +727,7 @@
 	}
 
 	if (given->patternlen < 2 ||
-	    *given->pattern == '*' ||
+	    *given->pattern != '/' ||
 	    strstr(given->pattern, "**")) {
 		/* Not a cone pattern. */
 		warning(_("unrecognized pattern: '%s'"), given->pattern);
@@ -819,9 +819,7 @@
 		/* we already included this at the parent level */
 		warning(_("your sparse-checkout file may have issues: pattern '%s' is repeated"),
 			given->pattern);
-		hashmap_remove(&pl->parent_hashmap, &translated->ent, &data);
-		free(data);
-		free(translated);
+		goto clear_hashmaps;
 	}
 
 	return;
@@ -3160,6 +3158,7 @@
 	int ret = 0, original_len = path->len, len, kept_down = 0;
 	int only_empty = (flag & REMOVE_DIR_EMPTY_ONLY);
 	int keep_toplevel = (flag & REMOVE_DIR_KEEP_TOPLEVEL);
+	int purge_original_cwd = (flag & REMOVE_DIR_PURGE_ORIGINAL_CWD);
 	struct object_id submodule_head;
 
 	if ((flag & REMOVE_DIR_KEEP_NESTED_GIT) &&
@@ -3215,9 +3214,14 @@
 	closedir(dir);
 
 	strbuf_setlen(path, original_len);
-	if (!ret && !keep_toplevel && !kept_down)
-		ret = (!rmdir(path->buf) || errno == ENOENT) ? 0 : -1;
-	else if (kept_up)
+	if (!ret && !keep_toplevel && !kept_down) {
+		if (!purge_original_cwd &&
+		    startup_info->original_cwd &&
+		    !strcmp(startup_info->original_cwd, path->buf))
+			ret = -1; /* Do not remove current working directory */
+		else
+			ret = (!rmdir(path->buf) || errno == ENOENT) ? 0 : -1;
+	} else if (kept_up)
 		/*
 		 * report the uplevel that it is not an error that we
 		 * did not rmdir() our directory.
@@ -3283,6 +3287,9 @@
 		slash = dirs + (slash - name);
 		do {
 			*slash = '\0';
+			if (startup_info->original_cwd &&
+			    !strcmp(startup_info->original_cwd, dirs))
+				break;
 		} while (rmdir(dirs) == 0 && (slash = strrchr(dirs, '/')));
 		free(dirs);
 	}
diff --git a/dir.h b/dir.h
index 83f46c0..8e02dfb 100644
--- a/dir.h
+++ b/dir.h
@@ -495,6 +495,9 @@
 /* Remove the contents of path, but leave path itself. */
 #define REMOVE_DIR_KEEP_TOPLEVEL 04
 
+/* Remove the_original_cwd too */
+#define REMOVE_DIR_PURGE_ORIGINAL_CWD 0x08
+
 /*
  * Remove path and its contents, recursively. flags is a combination
  * of the above REMOVE_DIR_* constants. Return 0 on success.
@@ -504,7 +507,11 @@
  */
 int remove_dir_recursively(struct strbuf *path, int flag);
 
-/* tries to remove the path with empty directories along it, ignores ENOENT */
+/*
+ * Tries to remove the path, along with leading empty directories so long as
+ * those empty directories are not startup_info->original_cwd.  Ignores
+ * ENOENT.
+ */
 int remove_path(const char *path);
 
 int fspathcmp(const char *a, const char *b);
diff --git a/editor.c b/editor.c
index fdd3eea..8b96482 100644
--- a/editor.c
+++ b/editor.c
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #include "cache.h"
 #include "config.h"
 #include "strbuf.h"
+#include "strvec.h"
 #include "run-command.h"
 #include "sigchain.h"
 
@@ -55,7 +56,6 @@
 
 	if (strcmp(editor, ":")) {
 		struct strbuf realpath = STRBUF_INIT;
-		const char *args[] = { editor, NULL, NULL };
 		struct child_process p = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
 		int ret, sig;
 		int print_waiting_for_editor = advice_enabled(ADVICE_WAITING_FOR_EDITOR) && isatty(2);
@@ -77,10 +77,10 @@
 		}
 
 		strbuf_realpath(&realpath, path, 1);
-		args[1] = realpath.buf;
 
-		p.argv = args;
-		p.env = env;
+		strvec_pushl(&p.args, editor, realpath.buf, NULL);
+		if (env)
+			strvec_pushv(&p.env_array, (const char **)env);
 		p.use_shell = 1;
 		p.trace2_child_class = "editor";
 		if (start_command(&p) < 0) {
diff --git a/entry.c b/entry.c
index 9b0f968..1c9df62 100644
--- a/entry.c
+++ b/entry.c
@@ -82,11 +82,13 @@
 	return open(path, O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_EXCL, mode);
 }
 
-void *read_blob_entry(const struct cache_entry *ce, unsigned long *size)
+void *read_blob_entry(const struct cache_entry *ce, size_t *size)
 {
 	enum object_type type;
-	void *blob_data = read_object_file(&ce->oid, &type, size);
+	unsigned long ul;
+	void *blob_data = read_object_file(&ce->oid, &type, &ul);
 
+	*size = ul;
 	if (blob_data) {
 		if (type == OBJ_BLOB)
 			return blob_data;
@@ -271,7 +273,7 @@
 	int fd, ret, fstat_done = 0;
 	char *new_blob;
 	struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
-	unsigned long size;
+	size_t size;
 	ssize_t wrote;
 	size_t newsize = 0;
 	struct stat st;
diff --git a/entry.h b/entry.h
index 2254c62..252fd24 100644
--- a/entry.h
+++ b/entry.h
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@
  */
 void unlink_entry(const struct cache_entry *ce);
 
-void *read_blob_entry(const struct cache_entry *ce, unsigned long *size);
+void *read_blob_entry(const struct cache_entry *ce, size_t *size);
 int fstat_checkout_output(int fd, const struct checkout *state, struct stat *st);
 void update_ce_after_write(const struct checkout *state, struct cache_entry *ce,
 			   struct stat *st);
diff --git a/environment.c b/environment.c
index 9da7f3c..fd0501e 100644
--- a/environment.c
+++ b/environment.c
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 #include "commit.h"
 #include "strvec.h"
 #include "object-store.h"
+#include "tmp-objdir.h"
 #include "chdir-notify.h"
 #include "shallow.h"
 
@@ -42,6 +43,7 @@
 int zlib_compression_level = Z_BEST_SPEED;
 int pack_compression_level = Z_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION;
 int fsync_object_files;
+int use_fsync = -1;
 size_t packed_git_window_size = DEFAULT_PACKED_GIT_WINDOW_SIZE;
 size_t packed_git_limit = DEFAULT_PACKED_GIT_LIMIT;
 size_t delta_base_cache_limit = 96 * 1024 * 1024;
@@ -168,6 +170,10 @@
 	args.graft_file = getenv_safe(&to_free, GRAFT_ENVIRONMENT);
 	args.index_file = getenv_safe(&to_free, INDEX_ENVIRONMENT);
 	args.alternate_db = getenv_safe(&to_free, ALTERNATE_DB_ENVIRONMENT);
+	if (getenv(GIT_QUARANTINE_ENVIRONMENT)) {
+		args.disable_ref_updates = 1;
+	}
+
 	repo_set_gitdir(the_repository, git_dir, &args);
 	strvec_clear(&to_free);
 
@@ -331,10 +337,14 @@
 				   void *data)
 {
 	char *path = reparent_relative_path(old_cwd, new_cwd, get_git_dir());
+	struct tmp_objdir *tmp_objdir = tmp_objdir_unapply_primary_odb();
+
 	trace_printf_key(&trace_setup_key,
 			 "setup: move $GIT_DIR to '%s'",
 			 path);
 	set_git_dir_1(path);
+	if (tmp_objdir)
+		tmp_objdir_reapply_primary_odb(tmp_objdir, old_cwd, new_cwd);
 	free(path);
 }
 
diff --git a/fetch-pack.c b/fetch-pack.c
index a9604f3..dd6ec44 100644
--- a/fetch-pack.c
+++ b/fetch-pack.c
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 #include "shallow.h"
 #include "commit-reach.h"
 #include "commit-graph.h"
+#include "sigchain.h"
 
 static int transfer_unpack_limit = -1;
 static int fetch_unpack_limit = -1;
@@ -296,7 +297,7 @@
 	struct packet_reader reader;
 
 	if (args->stateless_rpc && multi_ack == 1)
-		die(_("--stateless-rpc requires multi_ack_detailed"));
+		die(_("the option '%s' requires '%s'"), "--stateless-rpc", "multi_ack_detailed");
 
 	packet_reader_init(&reader, fd[0], NULL, 0,
 			   PACKET_READ_CHOMP_NEWLINE |
@@ -956,6 +957,8 @@
 			strvec_push(index_pack_args, cmd.args.v[i]);
 	}
 
+	sigchain_push(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
+
 	cmd.in = demux.out;
 	cmd.git_cmd = 1;
 	if (start_command(&cmd))
@@ -986,6 +989,8 @@
 	if (use_sideband && finish_async(&demux))
 		die(_("error in sideband demultiplexer"));
 
+	sigchain_pop(SIGPIPE);
+
 	/*
 	 * Now that index-pack has succeeded, write the promisor file using the
 	 * obtained .keep filename if necessary
@@ -1653,8 +1658,13 @@
 				receive_wanted_refs(&reader, sought, nr_sought);
 
 			/* get the pack(s) */
+			if (git_env_bool("GIT_TRACE_REDACT", 1))
+				reader.options |= PACKET_READ_REDACT_URI_PATH;
 			if (process_section_header(&reader, "packfile-uris", 1))
 				receive_packfile_uris(&reader, &packfile_uris);
+			/* We don't expect more URIs. Reset to avoid expensive URI check. */
+			reader.options &= ~PACKET_READ_REDACT_URI_PATH;
+
 			process_section_header(&reader, "packfile", 0);
 
 			/*
diff --git a/fmt-merge-msg.c b/fmt-merge-msg.c
index 5216191..baca57d 100644
--- a/fmt-merge-msg.c
+++ b/fmt-merge-msg.c
@@ -533,14 +533,14 @@
 		else {
 			buf = payload.buf;
 			len = payload.len;
-			if (check_signature(payload.buf, payload.len, sig.buf,
-					    sig.len, &sigc) &&
+			sigc.payload_type = SIGNATURE_PAYLOAD_TAG;
+			sigc.payload = strbuf_detach(&payload, &sigc.payload_len);
+			if (check_signature(&sigc, sig.buf, sig.len) &&
 			    !sigc.output)
 				strbuf_addstr(&sig, "gpg verification failed.\n");
 			else
 				strbuf_addstr(&sig, sigc.output);
 		}
-		signature_check_clear(&sigc);
 
 		if (!tag_number++) {
 			fmt_tag_signature(&tagbuf, &sig, buf, len);
@@ -564,6 +564,7 @@
 		}
 		strbuf_release(&payload);
 		strbuf_release(&sig);
+		signature_check_clear(&sigc);
 	next:
 		free(origbuf);
 	}
@@ -649,12 +650,15 @@
 
 	memset(&merge_parents, 0, sizeof(merge_parents));
 
-	/* get current branch */
+	/* learn the commit that we merge into and the current branch name */
 	current_branch = current_branch_to_free =
 		resolve_refdup("HEAD", RESOLVE_REF_READING, &head_oid, NULL);
 	if (!current_branch)
 		die("No current branch");
-	if (starts_with(current_branch, "refs/heads/"))
+
+	if (opts->into_name)
+		current_branch = opts->into_name;
+	else if (starts_with(current_branch, "refs/heads/"))
 		current_branch += 11;
 
 	find_merge_parents(&merge_parents, in, &head_oid);
diff --git a/fmt-merge-msg.h b/fmt-merge-msg.h
index f2ab0e0..9905404 100644
--- a/fmt-merge-msg.h
+++ b/fmt-merge-msg.h
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 	unsigned add_title:1,
 		credit_people:1;
 	int shortlog_len;
+	const char *into_name;
 };
 
 extern int merge_log_config;
diff --git a/generate-cmdlist.sh b/generate-cmdlist.sh
index 9dbbb08..205541e 100755
--- a/generate-cmdlist.sh
+++ b/generate-cmdlist.sh
@@ -6,37 +6,38 @@
 }
 
 command_list () {
-	eval "grep -ve '^#' $exclude_programs" <"$1"
-}
-
-get_categories () {
-	tr ' ' '\012'|
-	grep -v '^$' |
-	sort |
-	uniq
+	while read cmd rest
+	do
+		case "$cmd" in
+		"#"* | '')
+			# Ignore comments and allow empty lines
+			continue
+			;;
+		*)
+			case "$exclude_programs" in
+			*":$cmd:"*)
+				;;
+			*)
+				echo "$cmd $rest"
+				;;
+			esac
+		esac
+	done <"$1"
 }
 
 category_list () {
-	command_list "$1" |
-	cut -c 40- |
-	get_categories
-}
-
-get_synopsis () {
-	sed -n '
-		/^NAME/,/'"$1"'/H
-		${
-			x
-			s/.*'"$1"' - \(.*\)/N_("\1")/
-			p
-		}' "Documentation/$1.txt"
+	echo "$1" |
+	cut -d' ' -f2- |
+	tr ' ' '\012' |
+	grep -v '^$' |
+	LC_ALL=C sort -u
 }
 
 define_categories () {
 	echo
 	echo "/* Command categories */"
 	bit=0
-	category_list "$1" |
+	echo "$1" |
 	while read cat
 	do
 		echo "#define CAT_$cat (1UL << $bit)"
@@ -50,7 +51,7 @@
 	echo "/* Category names */"
 	echo "static const char *category_names[] = {"
 	bit=0
-	category_list "$1" |
+	echo "$1" |
 	while read cat
 	do
 		echo "	\"$cat\", /* (1UL << $bit) */"
@@ -63,27 +64,38 @@
 print_command_list () {
 	echo "static struct cmdname_help command_list[] = {"
 
-	command_list "$1" |
+	echo "$1" |
 	while read cmd rest
 	do
-		printf "	{ \"$cmd\", $(get_synopsis $cmd), 0"
-		for cat in $(echo "$rest" | get_categories)
+		synopsis=
+		while read line
 		do
-			printf " | CAT_$cat"
-		done
+			case "$line" in
+			"$cmd - "*)
+				synopsis=${line#$cmd - }
+				break
+				;;
+			esac
+		done <"Documentation/$cmd.txt"
+
+		printf '\t{ "%s", N_("%s"), 0' "$cmd" "$synopsis"
+		printf " | CAT_%s" $rest
 		echo " },"
 	done
 	echo "};"
 }
 
-exclude_programs=
+exclude_programs=:
 while test "--exclude-program" = "$1"
 do
 	shift
-	exclude_programs="$exclude_programs -e \"^$1 \""
+	exclude_programs="$exclude_programs$1:"
 	shift
 done
 
+commands="$(command_list "$1")"
+categories="$(category_list "$commands")"
+
 echo "/* Automatically generated by generate-cmdlist.sh */
 struct cmdname_help {
 	const char *name;
@@ -91,8 +103,8 @@
 	uint32_t category;
 };
 "
-define_categories "$1"
+define_categories "$categories"
 echo
-define_category_names "$1"
+define_category_names "$categories"
 echo
-print_command_list "$1"
+print_command_list "$commands"
diff --git a/git-add--interactive.perl b/git-add--interactive.perl
index bc3a1e8..95887fd 100755
--- a/git-add--interactive.perl
+++ b/git-add--interactive.perl
@@ -1175,15 +1175,17 @@
 		ReadMode 'cbreak';
 		my $key = ReadKey 0;
 		ReadMode 'restore';
-		if ($use_termcap and $key eq "\e") {
-			while (!defined $term_escapes{$key}) {
-				my $next = ReadKey 0.5;
-				last if (!defined $next);
-				$key .= $next;
+		if (defined $key) {
+			if ($use_termcap and $key eq "\e") {
+				while (!defined $term_escapes{$key}) {
+					my $next = ReadKey 0.5;
+					last if (!defined $next);
+					$key .= $next;
+				}
+				$key =~ s/\e/^[/;
 			}
-			$key =~ s/\e/^[/;
+			print "$key";
 		}
-		print "$key" if defined $key;
 		print "\n";
 		return $key;
 	} else {
diff --git a/git-compat-util.h b/git-compat-util.h
index 4b57ae6..e30a374 100644
--- a/git-compat-util.h
+++ b/git-compat-util.h
@@ -1,6 +1,19 @@
 #ifndef GIT_COMPAT_UTIL_H
 #define GIT_COMPAT_UTIL_H
 
+#if __STDC_VERSION__ - 0 < 199901L
+/*
+ * Git is in a testing period for mandatory C99 support in the compiler.  If
+ * your compiler is reasonably recent, you can try to enable C99 support (or,
+ * for MSVC, C11 support).  If you encounter a problem and can't enable C99
+ * support with your compiler (such as with "-std=gnu99") and don't have access
+ * to one with this support, such as GCC or Clang, you can remove this #if
+ * directive, but please report the details of your system to
+ * git@vger.kernel.org.
+ */
+#error "Required C99 support is in a test phase.  Please see git-compat-util.h for more details."
+#endif
+
 #ifdef USE_MSVC_CRTDBG
 /*
  * For these to work they must appear very early in each
@@ -33,14 +46,23 @@
 /*
  * See if our compiler is known to support flexible array members.
  */
-#if defined(__STDC_VERSION__) && (__STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L) && (!defined(__SUNPRO_C) || (__SUNPRO_C > 0x580))
-# define FLEX_ARRAY /* empty */
+
+/*
+ * Check vendor specific quirks first, before checking the
+ * __STDC_VERSION__, as vendor compilers can lie and we need to be
+ * able to work them around.  Note that by not defining FLEX_ARRAY
+ * here, we can fall back to use the "safer but a bit wasteful" one
+ * later.
+ */
+#if defined(__SUNPRO_C) && (__SUNPRO_C <= 0x580)
 #elif defined(__GNUC__)
 # if (__GNUC__ >= 3)
 #  define FLEX_ARRAY /* empty */
 # else
 #  define FLEX_ARRAY 0 /* older GNU extension */
 # endif
+#elif defined(__STDC_VERSION__) && (__STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L)
+# define FLEX_ARRAY /* empty */
 #endif
 
 /*
@@ -113,6 +135,14 @@
 #define unsigned_mult_overflows(a, b) \
     ((a) && (b) > maximum_unsigned_value_of_type(a) / (a))
 
+/*
+ * Returns true if the left shift of "a" by "shift" bits will
+ * overflow. The type of "a" must be unsigned.
+ */
+#define unsigned_left_shift_overflows(a, shift) \
+    ((shift) < bitsizeof(a) && \
+     (a) > maximum_unsigned_value_of_type(a) >> (shift))
+
 #ifdef __GNUC__
 #define TYPEOF(x) (__typeof__(x))
 #else
@@ -480,11 +510,12 @@
 struct strbuf;
 
 /* General helper functions */
-void vreportf(const char *prefix, const char *err, va_list params);
 NORETURN void usage(const char *err);
 NORETURN void usagef(const char *err, ...) __attribute__((format (printf, 1, 2)));
 NORETURN void die(const char *err, ...) __attribute__((format (printf, 1, 2)));
 NORETURN void die_errno(const char *err, ...) __attribute__((format (printf, 1, 2)));
+int die_message(const char *err, ...) __attribute__((format (printf, 1, 2)));
+int die_message_errno(const char *err, ...) __attribute__((format (printf, 1, 2)));
 int error(const char *err, ...) __attribute__((format (printf, 1, 2)));
 int error_errno(const char *err, ...) __attribute__((format (printf, 1, 2)));
 void warning(const char *err, ...) __attribute__((format (printf, 1, 2)));
@@ -519,6 +550,7 @@
 typedef void (*report_fn)(const char *, va_list params);
 
 void set_die_routine(NORETURN_PTR report_fn routine);
+report_fn get_die_message_routine(void);
 void set_error_routine(report_fn routine);
 report_fn get_error_routine(void);
 void set_warn_routine(report_fn routine);
@@ -743,7 +775,7 @@
 
 #ifdef NO_UNSETENV
 #define unsetenv gitunsetenv
-void gitunsetenv(const char *);
+int gitunsetenv(const char *);
 #endif
 
 #ifdef NO_STRCASESTR
@@ -876,6 +908,23 @@
 	return a - b;
 }
 
+static inline size_t st_left_shift(size_t a, unsigned shift)
+{
+	if (unsigned_left_shift_overflows(a, shift))
+		die("size_t overflow: %"PRIuMAX" << %u",
+		    (uintmax_t)a, shift);
+	return a << shift;
+}
+
+static inline unsigned long cast_size_t_to_ulong(size_t a)
+{
+	if (a != (unsigned long)a)
+		die("object too large to read on this platform: %"
+		    PRIuMAX" is cut off to %lu",
+		    (uintmax_t)a, (unsigned long)a);
+	return (unsigned long)a;
+}
+
 #ifdef HAVE_ALLOCA_H
 # include <alloca.h>
 # define xalloca(size)      (alloca(size))
diff --git a/git-cvsserver.perl b/git-cvsserver.perl
index 64319be..4c81180 100755
--- a/git-cvsserver.perl
+++ b/git-cvsserver.perl
@@ -3607,6 +3607,22 @@
 use strict;
 use warnings;
 use DBI;
+our $_use_fsync;
+
+# n.b. consider using Git.pm
+sub use_fsync {
+    if (!defined($_use_fsync)) {
+        my $x = $ENV{GIT_TEST_FSYNC};
+        if (defined $x) {
+            local $ENV{GIT_CONFIG};
+            delete $ENV{GIT_CONFIG};
+            my $v = ::safe_pipe_capture('git', '-c', "test.fsync=$x",
+                                        qw(config --type=bool test.fsync));
+            $_use_fsync = defined($v) ? ($v eq "true\n") : 1;
+        }
+    }
+    $_use_fsync;
+}
 
 =head1 METHODS
 
@@ -3676,6 +3692,9 @@
                                 $self->{dbuser},
                                 $self->{dbpass});
     die "Error connecting to database\n" unless defined $self->{dbh};
+    if ($self->{dbdriver} eq 'SQLite' && !use_fsync()) {
+        $self->{dbh}->do('PRAGMA synchronous = OFF');
+    }
 
     $self->{tables} = {};
     foreach my $table ( keys %{$self->{dbh}->table_info(undef,undef,undef,'TABLE')->fetchall_hashref('TABLE_NAME')} )
diff --git a/git-filter-branch.sh b/git-filter-branch.sh
index cb89372..3a51d45 100755
--- a/git-filter-branch.sh
+++ b/git-filter-branch.sh
@@ -579,7 +579,7 @@
 				git hash-object -t tag -w --stdin) ||
 				die "Could not create new tag object for $ref"
 			if git cat-file tag "$ref" | \
-			   sane_grep '^-----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE-----' >/dev/null 2>&1
+			   grep '^-----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE-----' >/dev/null 2>&1
 			then
 				warn "gpg signature stripped from tag object $sha1t"
 			fi
diff --git a/git-instaweb.sh b/git-instaweb.sh
index 7c55229..4349566 100755
--- a/git-instaweb.sh
+++ b/git-instaweb.sh
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@
 	*apache2*|*lighttpd*|*httpd*)
 		# yes, *httpd* covers *lighttpd* above, but it is there for clarity
 		# ensure that the apache2/lighttpd command ends with "-f"
-		if ! echo "$httpd" | sane_grep -- '-f *$' >/dev/null 2>&1
+		if ! echo "$httpd" | grep -- '-f *$' >/dev/null 2>&1
 		then
 			httpd="$httpd -f"
 		fi
@@ -380,10 +380,7 @@
 DirectoryIndex gitweb.cgi
 EOF
 
-	# check to see if Dennis Stosberg's mod_perl compatibility patch
-	# (<20060621130708.Gcbc6e5c@leonov.stosberg.net>) has been applied
-	if test -f "$module_path/mod_perl.so" &&
-	   sane_grep 'MOD_PERL' "$root/gitweb.cgi" >/dev/null
+	if test -f "$module_path/mod_perl.so"
 	then
 		# favor mod_perl if available
 		cat >> "$conf" <<EOF
@@ -402,7 +399,7 @@
 		# plain-old CGI
 		resolve_full_httpd
 		list_mods=$(echo "$full_httpd" | sed 's/-f$/-l/')
-		$list_mods | sane_grep 'mod_cgi\.c' >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
+		$list_mods | grep 'mod_cgi\.c' >/dev/null 2>&1 || \
 		if test -f "$module_path/mod_cgi.so"
 		then
 			echo "LoadModule cgi_module $module_path/mod_cgi.so" >> "$conf"
diff --git a/git-p4.py b/git-p4.py
index 2b45002..cb37545 100755
--- a/git-p4.py
+++ b/git-p4.py
@@ -56,6 +56,21 @@
 
 p4_access_checked = False
 
+re_ko_keywords = re.compile(br'\$(Id|Header)(:[^$\n]+)?\$')
+re_k_keywords = re.compile(br'\$(Id|Header|Author|Date|DateTime|Change|File|Revision)(:[^$\n]+)?\$')
+
+def format_size_human_readable(num):
+    """ Returns a number of units (typically bytes) formatted as a human-readable
+        string.
+    """
+    if num < 1024:
+        return '{:d} B'.format(num)
+    for unit in ["Ki", "Mi", "Gi", "Ti", "Pi", "Ei", "Zi"]:
+        num /= 1024.0
+        if num < 1024.0:
+            return "{:3.1f} {}B".format(num, unit)
+    return "{:.1f} YiB".format(num)
+
 def p4_build_cmd(cmd):
     """Build a suitable p4 command line.
 
@@ -337,17 +352,19 @@
     real_cmd = p4_build_cmd(c)
     return read_pipe(real_cmd, ignore_error, raw=raw)
 
-def read_pipe_lines(c):
+def read_pipe_lines(c, raw=False):
     if verbose:
         sys.stderr.write('Reading pipe: %s\n' % str(c))
 
     expand = not isinstance(c, list)
     p = subprocess.Popen(c, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, shell=expand)
     pipe = p.stdout
-    val = [decode_text_stream(line) for line in pipe.readlines()]
+    lines = pipe.readlines()
+    if not raw:
+        lines = [decode_text_stream(line) for line in lines]
     if pipe.close() or p.wait():
         die('Command failed: %s' % str(c))
-    return val
+    return lines
 
 def p4_read_pipe_lines(c):
     """Specifically invoke p4 on the command supplied. """
@@ -577,20 +594,12 @@
 #
 def p4_keywords_regexp_for_type(base, type_mods):
     if base in ("text", "unicode", "binary"):
-        kwords = None
         if "ko" in type_mods:
-            kwords = 'Id|Header'
+            return re_ko_keywords
         elif "k" in type_mods:
-            kwords = 'Id|Header|Author|Date|DateTime|Change|File|Revision'
+            return re_k_keywords
         else:
             return None
-        pattern = r"""
-            \$              # Starts with a dollar, followed by...
-            (%s)            # one of the keywords, followed by...
-            (:[^$\n]+)?     # possibly an old expansion, followed by...
-            \$              # another dollar
-            """ % kwords
-        return pattern
     else:
         return None
 
@@ -1532,80 +1541,6 @@
         except IOError:
             self.getUserMapFromPerforceServer()
 
-class P4Debug(Command):
-    def __init__(self):
-        Command.__init__(self)
-        self.options = []
-        self.description = "A tool to debug the output of p4 -G."
-        self.needsGit = False
-
-    def run(self, args):
-        j = 0
-        for output in p4CmdList(args):
-            print('Element: %d' % j)
-            j += 1
-            print(output)
-        return True
-
-class P4RollBack(Command):
-    def __init__(self):
-        Command.__init__(self)
-        self.options = [
-            optparse.make_option("--local", dest="rollbackLocalBranches", action="store_true")
-        ]
-        self.description = "A tool to debug the multi-branch import. Don't use :)"
-        self.rollbackLocalBranches = False
-
-    def run(self, args):
-        if len(args) != 1:
-            return False
-        maxChange = int(args[0])
-
-        if "p4ExitCode" in p4Cmd("changes -m 1"):
-            die("Problems executing p4");
-
-        if self.rollbackLocalBranches:
-            refPrefix = "refs/heads/"
-            lines = read_pipe_lines("git rev-parse --symbolic --branches")
-        else:
-            refPrefix = "refs/remotes/"
-            lines = read_pipe_lines("git rev-parse --symbolic --remotes")
-
-        for line in lines:
-            if self.rollbackLocalBranches or (line.startswith("p4/") and line != "p4/HEAD\n"):
-                line = line.strip()
-                ref = refPrefix + line
-                log = extractLogMessageFromGitCommit(ref)
-                settings = extractSettingsGitLog(log)
-
-                depotPaths = settings['depot-paths']
-                change = settings['change']
-
-                changed = False
-
-                if len(p4Cmd("changes -m 1 "  + ' '.join (['%s...@%s' % (p, maxChange)
-                                                           for p in depotPaths]))) == 0:
-                    print("Branch %s did not exist at change %s, deleting." % (ref, maxChange))
-                    system("git update-ref -d %s `git rev-parse %s`" % (ref, ref))
-                    continue
-
-                while change and int(change) > maxChange:
-                    changed = True
-                    if self.verbose:
-                        print("%s is at %s ; rewinding towards %s" % (ref, change, maxChange))
-                    system("git update-ref %s \"%s^\"" % (ref, ref))
-                    log = extractLogMessageFromGitCommit(ref)
-                    settings =  extractSettingsGitLog(log)
-
-
-                    depotPaths = settings['depot-paths']
-                    change = settings['change']
-
-                if changed:
-                    print("%s rewound to %s" % (ref, change))
-
-        return True
-
 class P4Submit(Command, P4UserMap):
 
     conflict_behavior_choices = ("ask", "skip", "quit")
@@ -1753,18 +1688,13 @@
 
         return result
 
-    def patchRCSKeywords(self, file, pattern):
-        # Attempt to zap the RCS keywords in a p4 controlled file matching the given pattern
+    def patchRCSKeywords(self, file, regexp):
+        # Attempt to zap the RCS keywords in a p4 controlled file matching the given regex
         (handle, outFileName) = tempfile.mkstemp(dir='.')
         try:
-            outFile = os.fdopen(handle, "w+")
-            inFile = open(file, "r")
-            regexp = re.compile(pattern, re.VERBOSE)
-            for line in inFile.readlines():
-                line = regexp.sub(r'$\1$', line)
-                outFile.write(line)
-            inFile.close()
-            outFile.close()
+            with os.fdopen(handle, "wb") as outFile, open(file, "rb") as inFile:
+                for line in inFile.readlines():
+                    outFile.write(regexp.sub(br'$\1$', line))
             # Forcibly overwrite the original file
             os.unlink(file)
             shutil.move(outFileName, file)
@@ -2091,25 +2021,24 @@
             # the patch to see if that's possible.
             if gitConfigBool("git-p4.attemptRCSCleanup"):
                 file = None
-                pattern = None
                 kwfiles = {}
                 for file in editedFiles | filesToDelete:
                     # did this file's delta contain RCS keywords?
-                    pattern = p4_keywords_regexp_for_file(file)
-
-                    if pattern:
+                    regexp = p4_keywords_regexp_for_file(file)
+                    if regexp:
                         # this file is a possibility...look for RCS keywords.
-                        regexp = re.compile(pattern, re.VERBOSE)
-                        for line in read_pipe_lines(["git", "diff", "%s^..%s" % (id, id), file]):
+                        for line in read_pipe_lines(
+                            ["git", "diff", "%s^..%s" % (id, id), file],
+                            raw=True):
                             if regexp.search(line):
                                 if verbose:
-                                    print("got keyword match on %s in %s in %s" % (pattern, line, file))
-                                kwfiles[file] = pattern
+                                    print("got keyword match on %s in %s in %s" % (regex.pattern, line, file))
+                                kwfiles[file] = regexp
                                 break
 
-                for file in kwfiles:
+                for file, regexp in kwfiles.items():
                     if verbose:
-                        print("zapping %s with %s" % (line,pattern))
+                        print("zapping %s with %s" % (line, regexp.pattern))
                     # File is being deleted, so not open in p4.  Must
                     # disable the read-only bit on windows.
                     if self.isWindows and file not in editedFiles:
@@ -2966,7 +2895,8 @@
                 size = int(self.stream_file['fileSize'])
             else:
                 size = 0 # deleted files don't get a fileSize apparently
-            sys.stdout.write('\r%s --> %s (%i MB)\n' % (file_path, relPath, size/1024/1024))
+            sys.stdout.write('\r%s --> %s (%s)\n' % (
+                file_path, relPath, format_size_human_readable(size)))
             sys.stdout.flush()
 
         (type_base, type_mods) = split_p4_type(file["type"])
@@ -3029,12 +2959,9 @@
 
         # Note that we do not try to de-mangle keywords on utf16 files,
         # even though in theory somebody may want that.
-        pattern = p4_keywords_regexp_for_type(type_base, type_mods)
-        if pattern:
-            regexp = re.compile(pattern, re.VERBOSE)
-            text = ''.join(decode_text_stream(c) for c in contents)
-            text = regexp.sub(r'$\1$', text)
-            contents = [ encode_text_stream(text) ]
+        regexp = p4_keywords_regexp_for_type(type_base, type_mods)
+        if regexp:
+            contents = [regexp.sub(br'$\1$', c) for c in contents]
 
         if self.largeFileSystem:
             (git_mode, contents) = self.largeFileSystem.processContent(git_mode, relPath, contents)
@@ -3064,9 +2991,8 @@
         if not err and 'fileSize' in self.stream_file:
             required_bytes = int((4 * int(self.stream_file["fileSize"])) - calcDiskFree())
             if required_bytes > 0:
-                err = 'Not enough space left on %s! Free at least %i MB.' % (
-                    os.getcwd(), required_bytes/1024/1024
-                )
+                err = 'Not enough space left on %s! Free at least %s.' % (
+                    os.getcwd(), format_size_human_readable(required_bytes))
 
         if err:
             f = None
@@ -3110,7 +3036,9 @@
             size = int(self.stream_file["fileSize"])
             if size > 0:
                 progress = 100*self.stream_file['streamContentSize']/size
-                sys.stdout.write('\r%s %d%% (%i MB)' % (self.stream_file['depotFile'], progress, int(size/1024/1024)))
+                sys.stdout.write('\r%s %d%% (%s)' % (
+                    self.stream_file['depotFile'], progress,
+                    format_size_human_readable(size)))
                 sys.stdout.flush()
 
         self.stream_have_file_info = True
@@ -3623,7 +3551,8 @@
             self.updateOptionDict(description)
 
             if not self.silent:
-                sys.stdout.write("\rImporting revision %s (%s%%)" % (change, cnt * 100 / len(changes)))
+                sys.stdout.write("\rImporting revision %s (%d%%)" % (
+                    change, (cnt * 100) // len(changes)))
                 sys.stdout.flush()
             cnt = cnt + 1
 
@@ -4363,13 +4292,11 @@
     print("")
 
 commands = {
-    "debug" : P4Debug,
     "submit" : P4Submit,
     "commit" : P4Submit,
     "sync" : P4Sync,
     "rebase" : P4Rebase,
     "clone" : P4Clone,
-    "rollback" : P4RollBack,
     "branches" : P4Branches,
     "unshelve" : P4Unshelve,
 }
diff --git a/git-send-email.perl b/git-send-email.perl
index 5262d88..0408722 100755
--- a/git-send-email.perl
+++ b/git-send-email.perl
@@ -40,7 +40,8 @@
 
 sub usage {
 	print <<EOT;
-git send-email [options] <file | directory | rev-list options >
+git send-email' [<options>] <file|directory>
+git send-email' [<options>] <format-patch options>
 git send-email --dump-aliases
 
   Composing:
@@ -113,9 +114,38 @@
 	exit(1);
 }
 
+sub uniq {
+	my %seen;
+	grep !$seen{$_}++, @_;
+}
+
 sub completion_helper {
-    print Git::command('format-patch', '--git-completion-helper');
-    exit(0);
+	my ($original_opts) = @_;
+	my %not_for_completion = (
+		"git-completion-helper" => undef,
+		"h" => undef,
+	);
+	my @send_email_opts = ();
+
+	foreach my $key (keys %$original_opts) {
+		unless (exists $not_for_completion{$key}) {
+			$key =~ s/!$//;
+
+			if ($key =~ /[:=][si]$/) {
+				$key =~ s/[:=][si]$//;
+				push (@send_email_opts, "--$_=") foreach (split (/\|/, $key));
+			} else {
+				push (@send_email_opts, "--$_") foreach (split (/\|/, $key));
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	my @format_patch_opts = split(/ /, Git::command('format-patch', '--git-completion-helper'));
+	my @opts = (@send_email_opts, @format_patch_opts);
+	@opts = uniq (grep !/^$/, @opts);
+	# There's an implicit '\n' here already, no need to add an explicit one.
+	print "@opts";
+	exit(0);
 }
 
 # most mail servers generate the Date: header, but not all...
@@ -425,10 +455,11 @@
 	my $key = "sendemail.identity";
 	$identity = Git::config(@repo, $key) if exists $known_config_keys{$key};
 }
-my $rc = GetOptions(
+my %identity_options = (
 	"identity=s" => \$identity,
 	"no-identity" => \$no_identity,
 );
+my $rc = GetOptions(%identity_options);
 usage() unless $rc;
 undef $identity if $no_identity;
 
@@ -444,14 +475,17 @@
 
 my $help;
 my $git_completion_helper;
-$rc = GetOptions("h" => \$help,
-                 "dump-aliases" => \$dump_aliases);
+my %dump_aliases_options = (
+	"h" => \$help,
+	"dump-aliases" => \$dump_aliases,
+);
+$rc = GetOptions(%dump_aliases_options);
 usage() unless $rc;
 die __("--dump-aliases incompatible with other options\n")
     if !$help and $dump_aliases and @ARGV;
-$rc = GetOptions(
+my %options = (
 		    "sender|from=s" => \$sender,
-                    "in-reply-to=s" => \$initial_in_reply_to,
+		    "in-reply-to=s" => \$initial_in_reply_to,
 		    "reply-to=s" => \$reply_to,
 		    "subject=s" => \$initial_subject,
 		    "to=s" => \@getopt_to,
@@ -508,7 +542,8 @@
 		    "batch-size=i" => \$batch_size,
 		    "relogin-delay=i" => \$relogin_delay,
 		    "git-completion-helper" => \$git_completion_helper,
-	 );
+);
+$rc = GetOptions(%options);
 
 # Munge any "either config or getopt, not both" variables
 my @initial_to = @getopt_to ? @getopt_to : ($no_to ? () : @config_to);
@@ -516,7 +551,8 @@
 my @initial_bcc = @getopt_bcc ? @getopt_bcc : ($no_bcc ? () : @config_bcc);
 
 usage() if $help;
-completion_helper() if $git_completion_helper;
+my %all_options = (%options, %dump_aliases_options, %identity_options);
+completion_helper(\%all_options) if $git_completion_helper;
 unless ($rc) {
     usage();
 }
diff --git a/git-sh-setup.sh b/git-sh-setup.sh
index 960982f..b93f392 100644
--- a/git-sh-setup.sh
+++ b/git-sh-setup.sh
@@ -173,14 +173,6 @@
 	eval "$GIT_PAGER" '"$@"'
 }
 
-sane_grep () {
-	GREP_OPTIONS= LC_ALL=C grep @@SANE_TEXT_GREP@@ "$@"
-}
-
-sane_egrep () {
-	GREP_OPTIONS= LC_ALL=C egrep @@SANE_TEXT_GREP@@ "$@"
-}
-
 is_bare_repository () {
 	git rev-parse --is-bare-repository
 }
diff --git a/git.c b/git.c
index 5ff21be..edda922 100644
--- a/git.c
+++ b/git.c
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@
 				*envchanged = 1;
 		} else if (!strcmp(cmd, "--git-dir")) {
 			if (*argc < 2) {
-				fprintf(stderr, _("no directory given for --git-dir\n" ));
+				fprintf(stderr, _("no directory given for '%s' option\n" ), "--git-dir");
 				usage(git_usage_string);
 			}
 			setenv(GIT_DIR_ENVIRONMENT, (*argv)[1], 1);
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@
 				*envchanged = 1;
 		} else if (!strcmp(cmd, "--work-tree")) {
 			if (*argc < 2) {
-				fprintf(stderr, _("no directory given for --work-tree\n" ));
+				fprintf(stderr, _("no directory given for '%s' option\n" ), "--work-tree");
 				usage(git_usage_string);
 			}
 			setenv(GIT_WORK_TREE_ENVIRONMENT, (*argv)[1], 1);
@@ -297,7 +297,7 @@
 				*envchanged = 1;
 		} else if (!strcmp(cmd, "-C")) {
 			if (*argc < 2) {
-				fprintf(stderr, _("no directory given for -C\n" ));
+				fprintf(stderr, _("no directory given for '%s' option\n" ), "-C");
 				usage(git_usage_string);
 			}
 			if ((*argv)[1][0]) {
@@ -421,27 +421,30 @@
 	int status, help;
 	struct stat st;
 	const char *prefix;
+	int run_setup = (p->option & (RUN_SETUP | RUN_SETUP_GENTLY));
 
-	prefix = NULL;
 	help = argc == 2 && !strcmp(argv[1], "-h");
-	if (!help) {
-		if (p->option & RUN_SETUP)
-			prefix = setup_git_directory();
-		else if (p->option & RUN_SETUP_GENTLY) {
-			int nongit_ok;
-			prefix = setup_git_directory_gently(&nongit_ok);
-		}
-		precompose_argv_prefix(argc, argv, NULL);
-		if (use_pager == -1 && p->option & (RUN_SETUP | RUN_SETUP_GENTLY) &&
-		    !(p->option & DELAY_PAGER_CONFIG))
-			use_pager = check_pager_config(p->cmd);
-		if (use_pager == -1 && p->option & USE_PAGER)
-			use_pager = 1;
+	if (help && (run_setup & RUN_SETUP))
+		/* demote to GENTLY to allow 'git cmd -h' outside repo */
+		run_setup = RUN_SETUP_GENTLY;
 
-		if ((p->option & (RUN_SETUP | RUN_SETUP_GENTLY)) &&
-		    startup_info->have_repository) /* get_git_dir() may set up repo, avoid that */
-			trace_repo_setup(prefix);
+	if (run_setup & RUN_SETUP) {
+		prefix = setup_git_directory();
+	} else if (run_setup & RUN_SETUP_GENTLY) {
+		int nongit_ok;
+		prefix = setup_git_directory_gently(&nongit_ok);
+	} else {
+		prefix = NULL;
 	}
+	precompose_argv_prefix(argc, argv, NULL);
+	if (use_pager == -1 && run_setup &&
+		!(p->option & DELAY_PAGER_CONFIG))
+		use_pager = check_pager_config(p->cmd);
+	if (use_pager == -1 && p->option & USE_PAGER)
+		use_pager = 1;
+	if (run_setup && startup_info->have_repository)
+		/* get_git_dir() may set up repo, avoid that */
+		trace_repo_setup(prefix);
 	commit_pager_choice();
 
 	if (!help && get_super_prefix()) {
diff --git a/gpg-interface.c b/gpg-interface.c
index 3e7255a..b52eb0e 100644
--- a/gpg-interface.c
+++ b/gpg-interface.c
@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@
 	const char **verify_args;
 	const char **sigs;
 	int (*verify_signed_buffer)(struct signature_check *sigc,
-				    struct gpg_format *fmt, const char *payload,
-				    size_t payload_size, const char *signature,
+				    struct gpg_format *fmt,
+				    const char *signature,
 				    size_t signature_size);
 	int (*sign_buffer)(struct strbuf *buffer, struct strbuf *signature,
 			   const char *signing_key);
@@ -53,12 +53,12 @@
 };
 
 static int verify_gpg_signed_buffer(struct signature_check *sigc,
-				    struct gpg_format *fmt, const char *payload,
-				    size_t payload_size, const char *signature,
+				    struct gpg_format *fmt,
+				    const char *signature,
 				    size_t signature_size);
 static int verify_ssh_signed_buffer(struct signature_check *sigc,
-				    struct gpg_format *fmt, const char *payload,
-				    size_t payload_size, const char *signature,
+				    struct gpg_format *fmt,
+				    const char *signature,
 				    size_t signature_size);
 static int sign_buffer_gpg(struct strbuf *buffer, struct strbuf *signature,
 			   const char *signing_key);
@@ -314,8 +314,8 @@
 }
 
 static int verify_gpg_signed_buffer(struct signature_check *sigc,
-				    struct gpg_format *fmt, const char *payload,
-				    size_t payload_size, const char *signature,
+				    struct gpg_format *fmt,
+				    const char *signature,
 				    size_t signature_size)
 {
 	struct child_process gpg = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
@@ -343,14 +343,13 @@
 		     NULL);
 
 	sigchain_push(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
-	ret = pipe_command(&gpg, payload, payload_size, &gpg_stdout, 0,
+	ret = pipe_command(&gpg, sigc->payload, sigc->payload_len, &gpg_stdout, 0,
 			   &gpg_stderr, 0);
 	sigchain_pop(SIGPIPE);
 
 	delete_tempfile(&temp);
 
 	ret |= !strstr(gpg_stdout.buf, "\n[GNUPG:] GOODSIG ");
-	sigc->payload = xmemdupz(payload, payload_size);
 	sigc->output = strbuf_detach(&gpg_stderr, NULL);
 	sigc->gpg_status = strbuf_detach(&gpg_stdout, NULL);
 
@@ -426,8 +425,8 @@
 }
 
 static int verify_ssh_signed_buffer(struct signature_check *sigc,
-				    struct gpg_format *fmt, const char *payload,
-				    size_t payload_size, const char *signature,
+				    struct gpg_format *fmt,
+				    const char *signature,
 				    size_t signature_size)
 {
 	struct child_process ssh_keygen = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
@@ -440,6 +439,13 @@
 	struct strbuf ssh_principals_err = STRBUF_INIT;
 	struct strbuf ssh_keygen_out = STRBUF_INIT;
 	struct strbuf ssh_keygen_err = STRBUF_INIT;
+	struct strbuf verify_time = STRBUF_INIT;
+	const struct date_mode verify_date_mode = {
+		.type = DATE_STRFTIME,
+		.strftime_fmt = "%Y%m%d%H%M%S",
+		/* SSH signing key validity has no timezone information - Use the local timezone */
+		.local = 1,
+	};
 
 	if (!ssh_allowed_signers) {
 		error(_("gpg.ssh.allowedSignersFile needs to be configured and exist for ssh signature verification"));
@@ -457,11 +463,16 @@
 		return -1;
 	}
 
+	if (sigc->payload_timestamp)
+		strbuf_addf(&verify_time, "-Overify-time=%s",
+			show_date(sigc->payload_timestamp, 0, &verify_date_mode));
+
 	/* Find the principal from the signers */
 	strvec_pushl(&ssh_keygen.args, fmt->program,
 		     "-Y", "find-principals",
 		     "-f", ssh_allowed_signers,
 		     "-s", buffer_file->filename.buf,
+		     verify_time.buf,
 		     NULL);
 	ret = pipe_command(&ssh_keygen, NULL, 0, &ssh_principals_out, 0,
 			   &ssh_principals_err, 0);
@@ -479,8 +490,9 @@
 			     "-Y", "check-novalidate",
 			     "-n", "git",
 			     "-s", buffer_file->filename.buf,
+			     verify_time.buf,
 			     NULL);
-		pipe_command(&ssh_keygen, payload, payload_size,
+		pipe_command(&ssh_keygen, sigc->payload, sigc->payload_len,
 				   &ssh_keygen_out, 0, &ssh_keygen_err, 0);
 
 		/*
@@ -513,6 +525,7 @@
 				     "-f", ssh_allowed_signers,
 				     "-I", principal,
 				     "-s", buffer_file->filename.buf,
+				     verify_time.buf,
 				     NULL);
 
 			if (ssh_revocation_file) {
@@ -526,7 +539,7 @@
 			}
 
 			sigchain_push(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
-			ret = pipe_command(&ssh_keygen, payload, payload_size,
+			ret = pipe_command(&ssh_keygen, sigc->payload, sigc->payload_len,
 					   &ssh_keygen_out, 0, &ssh_keygen_err, 0);
 			sigchain_pop(SIGPIPE);
 
@@ -540,7 +553,6 @@
 		}
 	}
 
-	sigc->payload = xmemdupz(payload, payload_size);
 	strbuf_stripspace(&ssh_keygen_out, 0);
 	strbuf_stripspace(&ssh_keygen_err, 0);
 	/* Add stderr outputs to show the user actual ssh-keygen errors */
@@ -558,12 +570,48 @@
 	strbuf_release(&ssh_principals_err);
 	strbuf_release(&ssh_keygen_out);
 	strbuf_release(&ssh_keygen_err);
+	strbuf_release(&verify_time);
 
 	return ret;
 }
 
-int check_signature(const char *payload, size_t plen, const char *signature,
-	size_t slen, struct signature_check *sigc)
+static int parse_payload_metadata(struct signature_check *sigc)
+{
+	const char *ident_line = NULL;
+	size_t ident_len;
+	struct ident_split ident;
+	const char *signer_header;
+
+	switch (sigc->payload_type) {
+	case SIGNATURE_PAYLOAD_COMMIT:
+		signer_header = "committer";
+		break;
+	case SIGNATURE_PAYLOAD_TAG:
+		signer_header = "tagger";
+		break;
+	case SIGNATURE_PAYLOAD_UNDEFINED:
+	case SIGNATURE_PAYLOAD_PUSH_CERT:
+		/* Ignore payloads we don't want to parse */
+		return 0;
+	default:
+		BUG("invalid value for sigc->payload_type");
+	}
+
+	ident_line = find_commit_header(sigc->payload, signer_header, &ident_len);
+	if (!ident_line || !ident_len)
+		return 1;
+
+	if (split_ident_line(&ident, ident_line, ident_len))
+		return 1;
+
+	if (!sigc->payload_timestamp && ident.date_begin && ident.date_end)
+		sigc->payload_timestamp = parse_timestamp(ident.date_begin, NULL, 10);
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int check_signature(struct signature_check *sigc,
+		    const char *signature, size_t slen)
 {
 	struct gpg_format *fmt;
 	int status;
@@ -575,8 +623,10 @@
 	if (!fmt)
 		die(_("bad/incompatible signature '%s'"), signature);
 
-	status = fmt->verify_signed_buffer(sigc, fmt, payload, plen, signature,
-					   slen);
+	if (parse_payload_metadata(sigc))
+		return 1;
+
+	status = fmt->verify_signed_buffer(sigc, fmt, signature, slen);
 
 	if (status && !sigc->output)
 		return !!status;
@@ -593,7 +643,7 @@
 							    sigc->output;
 
 	if (flags & GPG_VERIFY_VERBOSE && sigc->payload)
-		fputs(sigc->payload, stdout);
+		fwrite(sigc->payload, 1, sigc->payload_len, stdout);
 
 	if (output)
 		fputs(output, stderr);
@@ -707,6 +757,21 @@
 	return 0;
 }
 
+/*
+ * Returns 1 if `string` contains a literal ssh key, 0 otherwise
+ * `key` will be set to the start of the actual key if a prefix is present.
+ */
+static int is_literal_ssh_key(const char *string, const char **key)
+{
+	if (skip_prefix(string, "key::", key))
+		return 1;
+	if (starts_with(string, "ssh-")) {
+		*key = string;
+		return 1;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
 static char *get_ssh_key_fingerprint(const char *signing_key)
 {
 	struct child_process ssh_keygen = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
@@ -714,15 +779,16 @@
 	struct strbuf fingerprint_stdout = STRBUF_INIT;
 	struct strbuf **fingerprint;
 	char *fingerprint_ret;
+	const char *literal_key = NULL;
 
 	/*
 	 * With SSH Signing this can contain a filename or a public key
 	 * For textual representation we usually want a fingerprint
 	 */
-	if (starts_with(signing_key, "ssh-")) {
+	if (is_literal_ssh_key(signing_key, &literal_key)) {
 		strvec_pushl(&ssh_keygen.args, "ssh-keygen", "-lf", "-", NULL);
-		ret = pipe_command(&ssh_keygen, signing_key,
-				   strlen(signing_key), &fingerprint_stdout, 0,
+		ret = pipe_command(&ssh_keygen, literal_key,
+				   strlen(literal_key), &fingerprint_stdout, 0,
 				   NULL, 0);
 	} else {
 		strvec_pushl(&ssh_keygen.args, "ssh-keygen", "-lf",
@@ -757,6 +823,7 @@
 	const char **argv;
 	int n;
 	char *default_key = NULL;
+	const char *literal_key = NULL;
 
 	if (!ssh_default_key_command)
 		die(_("either user.signingkey or gpg.ssh.defaultKeyCommand needs to be configured"));
@@ -774,7 +841,11 @@
 
 	if (!ret) {
 		keys = strbuf_split_max(&key_stdout, '\n', 2);
-		if (keys[0] && starts_with(keys[0]->buf, "ssh-")) {
+		if (keys[0] && is_literal_ssh_key(keys[0]->buf, &literal_key)) {
+			/*
+			 * We only use `is_literal_ssh_key` here to check validity
+			 * The prefix will be stripped when the key is used.
+			 */
 			default_key = strbuf_detach(keys[0], NULL);
 		} else {
 			warning(_("gpg.ssh.defaultKeyCommand succeeded but returned no keys: %s %s"),
@@ -889,19 +960,20 @@
 	struct tempfile *key_file = NULL, *buffer_file = NULL;
 	char *ssh_signing_key_file = NULL;
 	struct strbuf ssh_signature_filename = STRBUF_INIT;
+	const char *literal_key = NULL;
 
 	if (!signing_key || signing_key[0] == '\0')
 		return error(
 			_("user.signingkey needs to be set for ssh signing"));
 
-	if (starts_with(signing_key, "ssh-")) {
+	if (is_literal_ssh_key(signing_key, &literal_key)) {
 		/* A literal ssh key */
 		key_file = mks_tempfile_t(".git_signing_key_tmpXXXXXX");
 		if (!key_file)
 			return error_errno(
 				_("could not create temporary file"));
-		keylen = strlen(signing_key);
-		if (write_in_full(key_file->fd, signing_key, keylen) < 0 ||
+		keylen = strlen(literal_key);
+		if (write_in_full(key_file->fd, literal_key, keylen) < 0 ||
 		    close_tempfile_gently(key_file) < 0) {
 			error_errno(_("failed writing ssh signing key to '%s'"),
 				    key_file->filename.buf);
diff --git a/gpg-interface.h b/gpg-interface.h
index beefacb..b30cbdc 100644
--- a/gpg-interface.h
+++ b/gpg-interface.h
@@ -15,8 +15,18 @@
 	TRUST_ULTIMATE,
 };
 
+enum payload_type {
+	SIGNATURE_PAYLOAD_UNDEFINED,
+	SIGNATURE_PAYLOAD_COMMIT,
+	SIGNATURE_PAYLOAD_TAG,
+	SIGNATURE_PAYLOAD_PUSH_CERT,
+};
+
 struct signature_check {
 	char *payload;
+	size_t payload_len;
+	enum payload_type payload_type;
+	timestamp_t payload_timestamp;
 	char *output;
 	char *gpg_status;
 
@@ -70,9 +80,8 @@
  * Either a GPG KeyID or a SSH Key Fingerprint
  */
 const char *get_signing_key_id(void);
-int check_signature(const char *payload, size_t plen,
-		    const char *signature, size_t slen,
-		    struct signature_check *sigc);
+int check_signature(struct signature_check *sigc,
+		    const char *signature, size_t slen);
 void print_signature_buffer(const struct signature_check *sigc,
 			    unsigned flags);
 
diff --git a/grep.c b/grep.c
index fe847a0..7bb0360 100644
--- a/grep.c
+++ b/grep.c
@@ -26,10 +26,10 @@
 	.pattern_type_option = GREP_PATTERN_TYPE_UNSPECIFIED,
 	.colors = {
 		[GREP_COLOR_CONTEXT] = "",
-		[GREP_COLOR_FILENAME] = "",
+		[GREP_COLOR_FILENAME] = GIT_COLOR_MAGENTA,
 		[GREP_COLOR_FUNCTION] = "",
-		[GREP_COLOR_LINENO] = "",
-		[GREP_COLOR_COLUMNNO] = "",
+		[GREP_COLOR_LINENO] = GIT_COLOR_GREEN,
+		[GREP_COLOR_COLUMNNO] = GIT_COLOR_GREEN,
 		[GREP_COLOR_MATCH_CONTEXT] = GIT_COLOR_BOLD_RED,
 		[GREP_COLOR_MATCH_SELECTED] = GIT_COLOR_BOLD_RED,
 		[GREP_COLOR_SELECTED] = "",
@@ -362,6 +362,7 @@
 	int jitret;
 	int patinforet;
 	size_t jitsizearg;
+	int literal = !opt->ignore_case && (p->fixed || p->is_fixed);
 
 	/*
 	 * Call pcre2_general_context_create() before calling any
@@ -382,8 +383,7 @@
 		}
 		options |= PCRE2_CASELESS;
 	}
-	if (!opt->ignore_locale && is_utf8_locale() && has_non_ascii(p->pattern) &&
-	    !(!opt->ignore_case && (p->fixed || p->is_fixed)))
+	if (!opt->ignore_locale && is_utf8_locale() && !literal)
 		options |= (PCRE2_UTF | PCRE2_MATCH_INVALID_UTF);
 
 #ifdef GIT_PCRE2_VERSION_10_36_OR_HIGHER
@@ -699,6 +699,14 @@
 	return compile_pattern_or(list);
 }
 
+static struct grep_expr *grep_not_expr(struct grep_expr *expr)
+{
+	struct grep_expr *z = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*z));
+	z->node = GREP_NODE_NOT;
+	z->u.unary = expr;
+	return z;
+}
+
 static struct grep_expr *grep_true_expr(void)
 {
 	struct grep_expr *z = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*z));
@@ -797,7 +805,7 @@
 		}
 	}
 
-	if (opt->all_match || header_expr)
+	if (opt->all_match || opt->no_body_match || header_expr)
 		opt->extended = 1;
 	else if (!opt->extended)
 		return;
@@ -808,6 +816,9 @@
 	if (p)
 		die("incomplete pattern expression: %s", p->pattern);
 
+	if (opt->no_body_match && opt->pattern_expression)
+		opt->pattern_expression = grep_not_expr(opt->pattern_expression);
+
 	if (!header_expr)
 		return;
 
@@ -1057,6 +1068,8 @@
 			if (h && (*col < 0 || tmp.rm_so < *col))
 				*col = tmp.rm_so;
 		}
+		if (x->u.atom->token == GREP_PATTERN_BODY)
+			opt->body_hit |= h;
 		break;
 	case GREP_NODE_NOT:
 		/*
@@ -1825,16 +1838,19 @@
 	 * we do not have to do the two-pass grep when we do not check
 	 * buffer-wide "all-match".
 	 */
-	if (!opt->all_match)
+	if (!opt->all_match && !opt->no_body_match)
 		return grep_source_1(opt, gs, 0);
 
 	/* Otherwise the toplevel "or" terms hit a bit differently.
 	 * We first clear hit markers from them.
 	 */
 	clr_hit_marker(opt->pattern_expression);
+	opt->body_hit = 0;
 	grep_source_1(opt, gs, 1);
 
-	if (!chk_hit_marker(opt->pattern_expression))
+	if (opt->all_match && !chk_hit_marker(opt->pattern_expression))
+		return 0;
+	if (opt->no_body_match && opt->body_hit)
 		return 0;
 
 	return grep_source_1(opt, gs, 0);
diff --git a/grep.h b/grep.h
index 3e8815c..6a1f0ab 100644
--- a/grep.h
+++ b/grep.h
@@ -148,6 +148,8 @@
 	int word_regexp;
 	int fixed;
 	int all_match;
+	int no_body_match;
+	int body_hit;
 #define GREP_BINARY_DEFAULT	0
 #define GREP_BINARY_NOMATCH	1
 #define GREP_BINARY_TEXT	2
diff --git a/hash.h b/hash.h
index 9e25c40..5d40368 100644
--- a/hash.h
+++ b/hash.h
@@ -95,12 +95,18 @@
 /* Number of algorithms supported (including unknown). */
 #define GIT_HASH_NALGOS (GIT_HASH_SHA256 + 1)
 
+/* "sha1", big-endian */
+#define GIT_SHA1_FORMAT_ID 0x73686131
+
 /* The length in bytes and in hex digits of an object name (SHA-1 value). */
 #define GIT_SHA1_RAWSZ 20
 #define GIT_SHA1_HEXSZ (2 * GIT_SHA1_RAWSZ)
 /* The block size of SHA-1. */
 #define GIT_SHA1_BLKSZ 64
 
+/* "s256", big-endian */
+#define GIT_SHA256_FORMAT_ID 0x73323536
+
 /* The length in bytes and in hex digits of an object name (SHA-256 value). */
 #define GIT_SHA256_RAWSZ 32
 #define GIT_SHA256_HEXSZ (2 * GIT_SHA256_RAWSZ)
diff --git a/help.c b/help.c
index 973e47c..7144490 100644
--- a/help.c
+++ b/help.c
@@ -643,7 +643,7 @@
 		else if (autocorrect == AUTOCORRECT_PROMPT) {
 			char *answer;
 			struct strbuf msg = STRBUF_INIT;
-			strbuf_addf(&msg, _("Run '%s' instead? (y/N)"), assumed);
+			strbuf_addf(&msg, _("Run '%s' instead [y/N]? "), assumed);
 			answer = git_prompt(msg.buf, PROMPT_ECHO);
 			strbuf_release(&msg);
 			if (!(starts_with(answer, "y") ||
diff --git a/http-backend.c b/http-backend.c
index 3d6e2ff..807fb88 100644
--- a/http-backend.c
+++ b/http-backend.c
@@ -480,7 +480,7 @@
 		strvec_pushf(&cld.env_array,
 			     "GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL=%s@http.%s", user, host);
 
-	cld.argv = argv;
+	strvec_pushv(&cld.args, argv);
 	if (buffer_input || gzipped_request || req_len >= 0)
 		cld.in = -1;
 	cld.git_cmd = 1;
@@ -659,8 +659,9 @@
 {
 	if (dead <= 1) {
 		struct strbuf hdr = STRBUF_INIT;
+		report_fn die_message_fn = get_die_message_routine();
 
-		vreportf("fatal: ", err, params);
+		die_message_fn(err, params);
 
 		http_status(&hdr, 500, "Internal Server Error");
 		hdr_nocache(&hdr);
diff --git a/http-fetch.c b/http-fetch.c
index fa64246..58b394c 100644
--- a/http-fetch.c
+++ b/http-fetch.c
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 #include "http.h"
 #include "walker.h"
 #include "strvec.h"
+#include "urlmatch.h"
 
 static const char http_fetch_usage[] = "git http-fetch "
 "[-c] [-t] [-a] [-v] [--recover] [-w ref] [--stdin | --packfile=hash | commit-id] url";
@@ -63,8 +64,17 @@
 	if (start_active_slot(preq->slot)) {
 		run_active_slot(preq->slot);
 		if (results.curl_result != CURLE_OK) {
-			die("Unable to get pack file %s\n%s", preq->url,
-			    curl_errorstr);
+			struct url_info url;
+			char *nurl = url_normalize(preq->url, &url);
+			if (!nurl || !git_env_bool("GIT_TRACE_REDACT", 1)) {
+				die("unable to get pack file '%s'\n%s", preq->url,
+				    curl_errorstr);
+			} else {
+				die("failed to get '%.*s' url from '%.*s' "
+				    "(full URL redacted due to GIT_TRACE_REDACT setting)\n%s",
+				    (int)url.scheme_len, url.url,
+				    (int)url.host_len, &url.url[url.host_off], curl_errorstr);
+			}
 		}
 	} else {
 		die("Unable to start request");
@@ -131,7 +141,7 @@
 
 	if (packfile) {
 		if (!index_pack_args.nr)
-			die(_("--packfile requires --index-pack-args"));
+			die(_("the option '%s' requires '%s'"), "--packfile", "--index-pack-args");
 
 		fetch_single_packfile(&packfile_hash, argv[arg],
 				      index_pack_args.v);
@@ -140,7 +150,7 @@
 	}
 
 	if (index_pack_args.nr)
-		die(_("--index-pack-args can only be used with --packfile"));
+		die(_("the option '%s' requires '%s'"), "--index-pack-args", "--packfile");
 
 	if (commits_on_stdin) {
 		commits = walker_targets_stdin(&commit_id, &write_ref);
diff --git a/http.c b/http.c
index f92859f..229da4d 100644
--- a/http.c
+++ b/http.c
@@ -2126,8 +2126,9 @@
 
 	ip.git_cmd = 1;
 	ip.in = tmpfile_fd;
-	ip.argv = preq->index_pack_args ? preq->index_pack_args
-					: default_index_pack_args;
+	strvec_pushv(&ip.args, preq->index_pack_args ?
+		     preq->index_pack_args :
+		     default_index_pack_args);
 
 	if (preq->preserve_index_pack_stdout)
 		ip.out = 0;
diff --git a/log-tree.c b/log-tree.c
index 644893f..d3e7a40 100644
--- a/log-tree.c
+++ b/log-tree.c
@@ -513,8 +513,9 @@
 	if (parse_signed_commit(commit, &payload, &signature, the_hash_algo) <= 0)
 		goto out;
 
-	status = check_signature(payload.buf, payload.len, signature.buf,
-				 signature.len, &sigc);
+	sigc.payload_type = SIGNATURE_PAYLOAD_COMMIT;
+	sigc.payload = strbuf_detach(&payload, &sigc.payload_len);
+	status = check_signature(&sigc, signature.buf, signature.len);
 	if (status && !sigc.output)
 		show_sig_lines(opt, status, "No signature\n");
 	else
@@ -583,8 +584,9 @@
 	status = -1;
 	if (parse_signature(extra->value, extra->len, &payload, &signature)) {
 		/* could have a good signature */
-		status = check_signature(payload.buf, payload.len,
-					 signature.buf, signature.len, &sigc);
+		sigc.payload_type = SIGNATURE_PAYLOAD_TAG;
+		sigc.payload = strbuf_detach(&payload, &sigc.payload_len);
+		status = check_signature(&sigc, signature.buf, signature.len);
 		if (sigc.output)
 			strbuf_addstr(&verify_message, sigc.output);
 		else
diff --git a/merge-ort.c b/merge-ort.c
index 0342f10..c319797 100644
--- a/merge-ort.c
+++ b/merge-ort.c
@@ -3841,9 +3841,22 @@
 		if (opt->renormalize &&
 		    blob_unchanged(opt, &ci->stages[0], &ci->stages[side],
 				   path)) {
-			ci->merged.is_null = 1;
-			ci->merged.clean = 1;
-			assert(!ci->df_conflict && !ci->path_conflict);
+			if (!ci->path_conflict) {
+				/*
+				 * Blob unchanged after renormalization, so
+				 * there's no modify/delete conflict after all;
+				 * we can just remove the file.
+				 */
+				ci->merged.is_null = 1;
+				ci->merged.clean = 1;
+				 /*
+				  * file goes away => even if there was a
+				  * directory/file conflict there isn't one now.
+				  */
+				ci->df_conflict = 0;
+			} else {
+				/* rename/delete, so conflict remains */
+			}
 		} else if (ci->path_conflict &&
 			   oideq(&ci->stages[0].oid, &ci->stages[side].oid)) {
 			/*
diff --git a/mergesort.c b/mergesort.c
index 6216835..bd9c6ef 100644
--- a/mergesort.c
+++ b/mergesort.c
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@
 		void *next = get_next_fn(list);
 		if (next)
 			set_next_fn(list, NULL);
-		for (i = 0; n & (1 << i); i++)
+		for (i = 0; n & ((size_t)1 << i); i++)
 			list = llist_merge(ranks[i], list, get_next_fn,
 					   set_next_fn, compare_fn);
 		n++;
diff --git a/midx.c b/midx.c
index 8433086..837b46b 100644
--- a/midx.c
+++ b/midx.c
@@ -57,15 +57,15 @@
 	return m->data + m->data_len - the_hash_algo->rawsz;
 }
 
-char *get_midx_filename(const char *object_dir)
+void get_midx_filename(struct strbuf *out, const char *object_dir)
 {
-	return xstrfmt("%s/pack/multi-pack-index", object_dir);
+	strbuf_addf(out, "%s/pack/multi-pack-index", object_dir);
 }
 
-char *get_midx_rev_filename(struct multi_pack_index *m)
+void get_midx_rev_filename(struct strbuf *out, struct multi_pack_index *m)
 {
-	return xstrfmt("%s/pack/multi-pack-index-%s.rev",
-		       m->object_dir, hash_to_hex(get_midx_checksum(m)));
+	get_midx_filename(out, m->object_dir);
+	strbuf_addf(out, "-%s.rev", hash_to_hex(get_midx_checksum(m)));
 }
 
 static int midx_read_oid_fanout(const unsigned char *chunk_start,
@@ -89,28 +89,30 @@
 	size_t midx_size;
 	void *midx_map = NULL;
 	uint32_t hash_version;
-	char *midx_name = get_midx_filename(object_dir);
+	struct strbuf midx_name = STRBUF_INIT;
 	uint32_t i;
 	const char *cur_pack_name;
 	struct chunkfile *cf = NULL;
 
-	fd = git_open(midx_name);
+	get_midx_filename(&midx_name, object_dir);
+
+	fd = git_open(midx_name.buf);
 
 	if (fd < 0)
 		goto cleanup_fail;
 	if (fstat(fd, &st)) {
-		error_errno(_("failed to read %s"), midx_name);
+		error_errno(_("failed to read %s"), midx_name.buf);
 		goto cleanup_fail;
 	}
 
 	midx_size = xsize_t(st.st_size);
 
 	if (midx_size < MIDX_MIN_SIZE) {
-		error(_("multi-pack-index file %s is too small"), midx_name);
+		error(_("multi-pack-index file %s is too small"), midx_name.buf);
 		goto cleanup_fail;
 	}
 
-	FREE_AND_NULL(midx_name);
+	strbuf_release(&midx_name);
 
 	midx_map = xmmap(NULL, midx_size, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, fd, 0);
 	close(fd);
@@ -179,12 +181,13 @@
 	trace2_data_intmax("midx", the_repository, "load/num_packs", m->num_packs);
 	trace2_data_intmax("midx", the_repository, "load/num_objects", m->num_objects);
 
+	free_chunkfile(cf);
 	return m;
 
 cleanup_fail:
 	free(m);
-	free(midx_name);
-	free(cf);
+	strbuf_release(&midx_name);
+	free_chunkfile(cf);
 	if (midx_map)
 		munmap(midx_map, midx_size);
 	if (0 <= fd)
@@ -1130,7 +1133,7 @@
 			       const char *refs_snapshot,
 			       unsigned flags)
 {
-	char *midx_name;
+	struct strbuf midx_name = STRBUF_INIT;
 	unsigned char midx_hash[GIT_MAX_RAWSZ];
 	uint32_t i;
 	struct hashfile *f = NULL;
@@ -1141,10 +1144,10 @@
 	int result = 0;
 	struct chunkfile *cf;
 
-	midx_name = get_midx_filename(object_dir);
-	if (safe_create_leading_directories(midx_name))
+	get_midx_filename(&midx_name, object_dir);
+	if (safe_create_leading_directories(midx_name.buf))
 		die_errno(_("unable to create leading directories of %s"),
-			  midx_name);
+			  midx_name.buf);
 
 	if (!packs_to_include) {
 		/*
@@ -1373,7 +1376,7 @@
 		pack_name_concat_len += MIDX_CHUNK_ALIGNMENT -
 					(pack_name_concat_len % MIDX_CHUNK_ALIGNMENT);
 
-	hold_lock_file_for_update(&lk, midx_name, LOCK_DIE_ON_ERROR);
+	hold_lock_file_for_update(&lk, midx_name.buf, LOCK_DIE_ON_ERROR);
 	f = hashfd(get_lock_file_fd(&lk), get_lock_file_path(&lk));
 
 	if (ctx.nr - dropped_packs == 0) {
@@ -1410,9 +1413,9 @@
 		ctx.pack_order = midx_pack_order(&ctx);
 
 	if (flags & MIDX_WRITE_REV_INDEX)
-		write_midx_reverse_index(midx_name, midx_hash, &ctx);
+		write_midx_reverse_index(midx_name.buf, midx_hash, &ctx);
 	if (flags & MIDX_WRITE_BITMAP) {
-		if (write_midx_bitmap(midx_name, midx_hash, &ctx,
+		if (write_midx_bitmap(midx_name.buf, midx_hash, &ctx,
 				      refs_snapshot, flags) < 0) {
 			error(_("could not write multi-pack bitmap"));
 			result = 1;
@@ -1442,7 +1445,7 @@
 	free(ctx.entries);
 	free(ctx.pack_perm);
 	free(ctx.pack_order);
-	free(midx_name);
+	strbuf_release(&midx_name);
 
 	return result;
 }
@@ -1506,20 +1509,22 @@
 
 void clear_midx_file(struct repository *r)
 {
-	char *midx = get_midx_filename(r->objects->odb->path);
+	struct strbuf midx = STRBUF_INIT;
+
+	get_midx_filename(&midx, r->objects->odb->path);
 
 	if (r->objects && r->objects->multi_pack_index) {
 		close_midx(r->objects->multi_pack_index);
 		r->objects->multi_pack_index = NULL;
 	}
 
-	if (remove_path(midx))
-		die(_("failed to clear multi-pack-index at %s"), midx);
+	if (remove_path(midx.buf))
+		die(_("failed to clear multi-pack-index at %s"), midx.buf);
 
 	clear_midx_files_ext(r->objects->odb->path, ".bitmap", NULL);
 	clear_midx_files_ext(r->objects->odb->path, ".rev", NULL);
 
-	free(midx);
+	strbuf_release(&midx);
 }
 
 static int verify_midx_error;
@@ -1572,12 +1577,15 @@
 	if (!m) {
 		int result = 0;
 		struct stat sb;
-		char *filename = get_midx_filename(object_dir);
-		if (!stat(filename, &sb)) {
+		struct strbuf filename = STRBUF_INIT;
+
+		get_midx_filename(&filename, object_dir);
+
+		if (!stat(filename.buf, &sb)) {
 			error(_("multi-pack-index file exists, but failed to parse"));
 			result = 1;
 		}
-		free(filename);
+		strbuf_release(&filename);
 		return result;
 	}
 
@@ -1610,7 +1618,7 @@
 		 * Remaining tests assume that we have objects, so we can
 		 * return here.
 		 */
-		return verify_midx_error;
+		goto cleanup;
 	}
 
 	if (flags & MIDX_PROGRESS)
@@ -1688,7 +1696,9 @@
 	}
 	stop_progress(&progress);
 
+cleanup:
 	free(pairs);
+	close_midx(m);
 
 	return verify_midx_error;
 }
diff --git a/midx.h b/midx.h
index 6e32297..b7d79a5 100644
--- a/midx.h
+++ b/midx.h
@@ -48,8 +48,8 @@
 #define MIDX_WRITE_BITMAP_HASH_CACHE (1 << 3)
 
 const unsigned char *get_midx_checksum(struct multi_pack_index *m);
-char *get_midx_filename(const char *object_dir);
-char *get_midx_rev_filename(struct multi_pack_index *m);
+void get_midx_filename(struct strbuf *out, const char *object_dir);
+void get_midx_rev_filename(struct strbuf *out, struct multi_pack_index *m);
 
 struct multi_pack_index *load_multi_pack_index(const char *object_dir, int local);
 int prepare_midx_pack(struct repository *r, struct multi_pack_index *m, uint32_t pack_int_id);
diff --git a/object-file.c b/object-file.c
index c3d866a..8be57f4 100644
--- a/object-file.c
+++ b/object-file.c
@@ -165,7 +165,6 @@
 	BUG("trying to finalize unknown hash");
 }
 
-
 const struct git_hash_algo hash_algos[GIT_HASH_NALGOS] = {
 	{
 		NULL,
@@ -184,8 +183,7 @@
 	},
 	{
 		"sha1",
-		/* "sha1", big-endian */
-		0x73686131,
+		GIT_SHA1_FORMAT_ID,
 		GIT_SHA1_RAWSZ,
 		GIT_SHA1_HEXSZ,
 		GIT_SHA1_BLKSZ,
@@ -200,8 +198,7 @@
 	},
 	{
 		"sha256",
-		/* "s256", big-endian */
-		0x73323536,
+		GIT_SHA256_FORMAT_ID,
 		GIT_SHA256_RAWSZ,
 		GIT_SHA256_HEXSZ,
 		GIT_SHA256_BLKSZ,
@@ -683,6 +680,49 @@
 			     '\n', NULL, 0);
 }
 
+struct object_directory *set_temporary_primary_odb(const char *dir, int will_destroy)
+{
+	struct object_directory *new_odb;
+
+	/*
+	 * Make sure alternates are initialized, or else our entry may be
+	 * overwritten when they are.
+	 */
+	prepare_alt_odb(the_repository);
+
+	/*
+	 * Make a new primary odb and link the old primary ODB in as an
+	 * alternate
+	 */
+	new_odb = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*new_odb));
+	new_odb->path = xstrdup(dir);
+
+	/*
+	 * Disable ref updates while a temporary odb is active, since
+	 * the objects in the database may roll back.
+	 */
+	new_odb->disable_ref_updates = 1;
+	new_odb->will_destroy = will_destroy;
+	new_odb->next = the_repository->objects->odb;
+	the_repository->objects->odb = new_odb;
+	return new_odb->next;
+}
+
+void restore_primary_odb(struct object_directory *restore_odb, const char *old_path)
+{
+	struct object_directory *cur_odb = the_repository->objects->odb;
+
+	if (strcmp(old_path, cur_odb->path))
+		BUG("expected %s as primary object store; found %s",
+		    old_path, cur_odb->path);
+
+	if (cur_odb->next != restore_odb)
+		BUG("we expect the old primary object store to be the first alternate");
+
+	the_repository->objects->odb = restore_odb;
+	free_object_directory(cur_odb);
+}
+
 /*
  * Compute the exact path an alternate is at and returns it. In case of
  * error NULL is returned and the human readable error is added to `err`
@@ -797,7 +837,7 @@
 		}
 	}
 
-	cmd->env = local_repo_env;
+	strvec_pushv(&cmd->env_array, (const char **)local_repo_env);
 	cmd->out = -1;
 }
 
@@ -1306,7 +1346,7 @@
 int parse_loose_header(const char *hdr, struct object_info *oi)
 {
 	const char *type_buf = hdr;
-	unsigned long size;
+	size_t size;
 	int type, type_len = 0;
 
 	/*
@@ -1341,12 +1381,12 @@
 			if (c > 9)
 				break;
 			hdr++;
-			size = size * 10 + c;
+			size = st_add(st_mult(size, 10), c);
 		}
 	}
 
 	if (oi->sizep)
-		*oi->sizep = size;
+		*oi->sizep = cast_size_t_to_ulong(size);
 
 	/*
 	 * The length must be followed by a zero byte
@@ -1809,8 +1849,11 @@
 /* Finalize a file on disk, and close it. */
 static void close_loose_object(int fd)
 {
-	if (fsync_object_files)
-		fsync_or_die(fd, "loose object file");
+	if (!the_repository->objects->odb->will_destroy) {
+		if (fsync_object_files)
+			fsync_or_die(fd, "loose object file");
+	}
+
 	if (close(fd) != 0)
 		die_errno(_("error when closing loose object file"));
 }
@@ -2425,7 +2468,7 @@
 	struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
 	size_t word_bits = bitsizeof(odb->loose_objects_subdir_seen[0]);
 	size_t word_index = subdir_nr / word_bits;
-	size_t mask = 1u << (subdir_nr % word_bits);
+	size_t mask = (size_t)1u << (subdir_nr % word_bits);
 	uint32_t *bitmap;
 
 	if (subdir_nr < 0 ||
diff --git a/object-store.h b/object-store.h
index 952efb6..6f89482 100644
--- a/object-store.h
+++ b/object-store.h
@@ -28,6 +28,18 @@
 	struct oidtree *loose_objects_cache;
 
 	/*
+	 * This is a temporary object store created by the tmp_objdir
+	 * facility. Disable ref updates since the objects in the store
+	 * might be discarded on rollback.
+	 */
+	int disable_ref_updates;
+
+	/*
+	 * This object store is ephemeral, so there is no need to fsync.
+	 */
+	int will_destroy;
+
+	/*
 	 * Path to the alternative object store. If this is a relative path,
 	 * it is relative to the current working directory.
 	 */
@@ -59,6 +71,17 @@
 void add_to_alternates_memory(const char *dir);
 
 /*
+ * Replace the current writable object directory with the specified temporary
+ * object directory; returns the former primary object directory.
+ */
+struct object_directory *set_temporary_primary_odb(const char *dir, int will_destroy);
+
+/*
+ * Restore a previous ODB replaced by set_temporary_main_odb.
+ */
+void restore_primary_odb(struct object_directory *restore_odb, const char *old_path);
+
+/*
  * Populate and return the loose object cache array corresponding to the
  * given object ID.
  */
@@ -68,6 +91,9 @@
 /* Empty the loose object cache for the specified object directory. */
 void odb_clear_loose_cache(struct object_directory *odb);
 
+/* Clear and free the specified object directory */
+void free_object_directory(struct object_directory *odb);
+
 struct packed_git {
 	struct hashmap_entry packmap_ent;
 	struct packed_git *next;
diff --git a/object.c b/object.c
index 23a24e6..c37501f 100644
--- a/object.c
+++ b/object.c
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@
 	case OBJ_BLOB:
 		return (struct object *)lookup_blob(r, oid);
 	default:
-		die("BUG: unknown object type %d", type);
+		BUG("unknown object type %d", type);
 	}
 }
 
@@ -513,7 +513,7 @@
 	return o;
 }
 
-static void free_object_directory(struct object_directory *odb)
+void free_object_directory(struct object_directory *odb)
 {
 	free(odb->path);
 	odb_clear_loose_cache(odb);
diff --git a/pack-bitmap.c b/pack-bitmap.c
index f47a0a7..f772d3c 100644
--- a/pack-bitmap.c
+++ b/pack-bitmap.c
@@ -292,9 +292,12 @@
 
 char *midx_bitmap_filename(struct multi_pack_index *midx)
 {
-	return xstrfmt("%s-%s.bitmap",
-		       get_midx_filename(midx->object_dir),
-		       hash_to_hex(get_midx_checksum(midx)));
+	struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
+
+	get_midx_filename(&buf, midx->object_dir);
+	strbuf_addf(&buf, "-%s.bitmap", hash_to_hex(get_midx_checksum(midx)));
+
+	return strbuf_detach(&buf, NULL);
 }
 
 char *pack_bitmap_filename(struct packed_git *p)
@@ -324,10 +327,12 @@
 	}
 
 	if (bitmap_git->pack || bitmap_git->midx) {
+		struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
+		get_midx_filename(&buf, midx->object_dir);
 		/* ignore extra bitmap file; we can only handle one */
-		warning("ignoring extra bitmap file: %s",
-			get_midx_filename(midx->object_dir));
+		warning("ignoring extra bitmap file: %s", buf.buf);
 		close(fd);
+		strbuf_release(&buf);
 		return -1;
 	}
 
@@ -1721,6 +1726,12 @@
 	else
 		die("mismatch in bitmap results");
 
+	bitmap_free(result);
+	bitmap_free(tdata.base);
+	bitmap_free(tdata.commits);
+	bitmap_free(tdata.trees);
+	bitmap_free(tdata.blobs);
+	bitmap_free(tdata.tags);
 	free_bitmap_index(bitmap_git);
 }
 
@@ -1748,7 +1759,7 @@
 	struct object_id oid;
 	uint32_t i, index_pos;
 
-	if (!bitmap_git->hashes)
+	if (!bitmap_git || !bitmap_git->hashes)
 		goto cleanup;
 
 	for (i = 0; i < bitmap_num_objects(bitmap_git); i++) {
@@ -1848,9 +1859,17 @@
 	ewah_pool_free(b->trees);
 	ewah_pool_free(b->blobs);
 	ewah_pool_free(b->tags);
+	if (b->bitmaps) {
+		struct stored_bitmap *sb;
+		kh_foreach_value(b->bitmaps, sb, {
+			ewah_pool_free(sb->root);
+			free(sb);
+		});
+	}
 	kh_destroy_oid_map(b->bitmaps);
 	free(b->ext_index.objects);
 	free(b->ext_index.hashes);
+	kh_destroy_oid_pos(b->ext_index.positions);
 	bitmap_free(b->result);
 	bitmap_free(b->haves);
 	if (bitmap_is_midx(b)) {
diff --git a/pack-revindex.c b/pack-revindex.c
index 0e4a31d..70d0fba 100644
--- a/pack-revindex.c
+++ b/pack-revindex.c
@@ -296,14 +296,14 @@
 
 int load_midx_revindex(struct multi_pack_index *m)
 {
-	char *revindex_name;
+	struct strbuf revindex_name = STRBUF_INIT;
 	int ret;
 	if (m->revindex_data)
 		return 0;
 
-	revindex_name = get_midx_rev_filename(m);
+	get_midx_rev_filename(&revindex_name, m);
 
-	ret = load_revindex_from_disk(revindex_name,
+	ret = load_revindex_from_disk(revindex_name.buf,
 				      m->num_objects,
 				      &m->revindex_map,
 				      &m->revindex_len);
@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@
 	m->revindex_data = (const uint32_t *)((const char *)m->revindex_map + RIDX_HEADER_SIZE);
 
 cleanup:
-	free(revindex_name);
+	strbuf_release(&revindex_name);
 	return ret;
 }
 
diff --git a/packfile.c b/packfile.c
index 89402cf..835b2d2 100644
--- a/packfile.c
+++ b/packfile.c
@@ -324,7 +324,8 @@
 	}
 }
 
-void close_pack_revindex(struct packed_git *p) {
+static void close_pack_revindex(struct packed_git *p)
+{
 	if (!p->revindex_map)
 		return;
 
@@ -1060,7 +1061,7 @@
 		unsigned long len, enum object_type *type, unsigned long *sizep)
 {
 	unsigned shift;
-	unsigned long size, c;
+	size_t size, c;
 	unsigned long used = 0;
 
 	c = buf[used++];
@@ -1068,16 +1069,16 @@
 	size = c & 15;
 	shift = 4;
 	while (c & 0x80) {
-		if (len <= used || bitsizeof(long) <= shift) {
+		if (len <= used || (bitsizeof(long) - 7) < shift) {
 			error("bad object header");
 			size = used = 0;
 			break;
 		}
 		c = buf[used++];
-		size += (c & 0x7f) << shift;
+		size = st_add(size, st_left_shift(c & 0x7f, shift));
 		shift += 7;
 	}
-	*sizep = size;
+	*sizep = cast_size_t_to_ulong(size);
 	return used;
 }
 
diff --git a/packfile.h b/packfile.h
index 1861467..a3f6723 100644
--- a/packfile.h
+++ b/packfile.h
@@ -90,7 +90,6 @@
 
 unsigned char *use_pack(struct packed_git *, struct pack_window **, off_t, unsigned long *);
 void close_pack_windows(struct packed_git *);
-void close_pack_revindex(struct packed_git *);
 void close_pack(struct packed_git *);
 void close_object_store(struct raw_object_store *o);
 void unuse_pack(struct pack_window **);
diff --git a/pager.c b/pager.c
index 52f27a6..27877f8 100644
--- a/pager.c
+++ b/pager.c
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 #define DEFAULT_PAGER "less"
 #endif
 
-static struct child_process pager_process = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
+static struct child_process pager_process;
 static const char *pager_program;
 
 /* Is the value coming back from term_columns() just a guess? */
@@ -124,6 +124,8 @@
 
 	setenv("GIT_PAGER_IN_USE", "true", 1);
 
+	child_process_init(&pager_process);
+
 	/* spawn the pager */
 	prepare_pager_args(&pager_process, pager);
 	pager_process.in = -1;
diff --git a/parallel-checkout.c b/parallel-checkout.c
index ed9c999..8dd7e7b 100644
--- a/parallel-checkout.c
+++ b/parallel-checkout.c
@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@
 	struct stream_filter *filter;
 	struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
 	char *blob;
-	unsigned long size;
+	size_t size;
 	ssize_t wrote;
 
 	/* Sanity check */
diff --git a/parse-options-cb.c b/parse-options-cb.c
index 3c811e1..d346dbe 100644
--- a/parse-options-cb.c
+++ b/parse-options-cb.c
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 #include "git-compat-util.h"
 #include "parse-options.h"
+#include "branch.h"
 #include "cache.h"
 #include "commit.h"
 #include "color.h"
@@ -293,3 +294,18 @@
 
 	return 0;
 }
+
+int parse_opt_tracking_mode(const struct option *opt, const char *arg, int unset)
+{
+	if (unset)
+		*(enum branch_track *)opt->value = BRANCH_TRACK_NEVER;
+	else if (!arg || !strcmp(arg, "direct"))
+		*(enum branch_track *)opt->value = BRANCH_TRACK_EXPLICIT;
+	else if (!strcmp(arg, "inherit"))
+		*(enum branch_track *)opt->value = BRANCH_TRACK_INHERIT;
+	else
+		return error(_("option `%s' expects \"%s\" or \"%s\""),
+			     "--track", "direct", "inherit");
+
+	return 0;
+}
diff --git a/parse-options.c b/parse-options.c
index fc5b43f..a828303 100644
--- a/parse-options.c
+++ b/parse-options.c
@@ -404,8 +404,9 @@
 	return PARSE_OPT_UNKNOWN;
 }
 
-static int parse_nodash_opt(struct parse_opt_ctx_t *p, const char *arg,
-			    const struct option *options)
+static enum parse_opt_result parse_nodash_opt(struct parse_opt_ctx_t *p,
+					      const char *arg,
+					      const struct option *options)
 {
 	const struct option *all_opts = options;
 
@@ -415,7 +416,7 @@
 		if (options->short_name == arg[0] && arg[1] == '\0')
 			return get_value(p, options, all_opts, OPT_SHORT);
 	}
-	return -2;
+	return PARSE_OPT_ERROR;
 }
 
 static void check_typos(const char *arg, const struct option *options)
@@ -1075,6 +1076,6 @@
 		   const char * const *usagestr,
 		   const struct option *options)
 {
-	fprintf(stderr, "fatal: %s\n\n", msg);
+	die_message("%s\n", msg); /* The extra \n is intentional */
 	usage_with_options(usagestr, options);
 }
diff --git a/parse-options.h b/parse-options.h
index 275fb44..e22846d 100644
--- a/parse-options.h
+++ b/parse-options.h
@@ -301,6 +301,8 @@
 					   const char *, int);
 int parse_opt_passthru(const struct option *, const char *, int);
 int parse_opt_passthru_argv(const struct option *, const char *, int);
+/* value is enum branch_track* */
+int parse_opt_tracking_mode(const struct option *, const char *, int);
 
 #define OPT__VERBOSE(var, h)  OPT_COUNTUP('v', "verbose", (var), (h))
 #define OPT__QUIET(var, h)    OPT_COUNTUP('q', "quiet",   (var), (h))
diff --git a/pathspec.h b/pathspec.h
index 2341dc9..402ebb8 100644
--- a/pathspec.h
+++ b/pathspec.h
@@ -58,8 +58,7 @@
 #define GUARD_PATHSPEC(ps, mask) \
 	do { \
 		if ((ps)->magic & ~(mask))	       \
-			die("BUG:%s:%d: unsupported magic %x",	\
-			    __FILE__, __LINE__, (ps)->magic & ~(mask)); \
+			BUG("unsupported magic %x", (ps)->magic & ~(mask)); \
 	} while (0)
 
 /* parse_pathspec flags */
diff --git a/perl/Git/SVN.pm b/perl/Git/SVN.pm
index 35ff5a6..6ce2e28 100644
--- a/perl/Git/SVN.pm
+++ b/perl/Git/SVN.pm
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 use vars qw/$_no_metadata
             $_repack $_repack_flags $_use_svm_props $_head
             $_use_svnsync_props $no_reuse_existing
-	    $_use_log_author $_add_author_from $_localtime/;
+	    $_use_log_author $_add_author_from $_localtime $_use_fsync/;
 use Carp qw/croak/;
 use File::Path qw/mkpath/;
 use IPC::Open3;
@@ -2269,6 +2269,19 @@
 	}
 }
 
+# TODO: move this to Git.pm?
+sub use_fsync {
+	if (!defined($_use_fsync)) {
+		my $x = $ENV{GIT_TEST_FSYNC};
+		if (defined $x) {
+			my $v = command_oneline('-c', "test.fsync=$x",
+					qw(config --type=bool test.fsync));
+			$_use_fsync = defined($v) ? ($v eq "true\n") : 1;
+		}
+	}
+	$_use_fsync;
+}
+
 sub rev_map_set {
 	my ($self, $rev, $commit, $update_ref, $uuid) = @_;
 	defined $commit or die "missing arg3\n";
@@ -2290,7 +2303,7 @@
 	my $sync;
 	# both of these options make our .rev_db file very, very important
 	# and we can't afford to lose it because rebuild() won't work
-	if ($self->use_svm_props || $self->no_metadata) {
+	if (($self->use_svm_props || $self->no_metadata) && use_fsync()) {
 		require File::Copy;
 		$sync = 1;
 		File::Copy::copy($db, $db_lock) or die "rev_map_set(@_): ",
diff --git a/pkt-line.c b/pkt-line.c
index 2dc8ac2..8e43c2d 100644
--- a/pkt-line.c
+++ b/pkt-line.c
@@ -370,6 +370,32 @@
 	return (val < 0) ? val : (val << 8) | hex2chr(lenbuf_hex + 2);
 }
 
+static char *find_packfile_uri_path(const char *buffer)
+{
+	const char *URI_MARK = "://";
+	char *path;
+	int len;
+
+	/* First char is sideband mark */
+	buffer += 1;
+
+	len = strspn(buffer, "0123456789abcdefABCDEF");
+	/* size of SHA1 and SHA256 hash */
+	if (!(len == 40 || len == 64) || buffer[len] != ' ')
+		return NULL; /* required "<hash>SP" not seen */
+
+	path = strstr(buffer + len + 1, URI_MARK);
+	if (!path)
+		return NULL;
+
+	path = strchr(path + strlen(URI_MARK), '/');
+	if (!path || !*(path + 1))
+		return NULL;
+
+	/* position after '/' */
+	return ++path;
+}
+
 enum packet_read_status packet_read_with_status(int fd, char **src_buffer,
 						size_t *src_len, char *buffer,
 						unsigned size, int *pktlen,
@@ -377,6 +403,7 @@
 {
 	int len;
 	char linelen[4];
+	char *uri_path_start;
 
 	if (get_packet_data(fd, src_buffer, src_len, linelen, 4, options) < 0) {
 		*pktlen = -1;
@@ -427,7 +454,18 @@
 		len--;
 
 	buffer[len] = 0;
-	packet_trace(buffer, len, 0);
+	if (options & PACKET_READ_REDACT_URI_PATH &&
+	    (uri_path_start = find_packfile_uri_path(buffer))) {
+		const char *redacted = "<redacted>";
+		struct strbuf tracebuf = STRBUF_INIT;
+		strbuf_insert(&tracebuf, 0, buffer, len);
+		strbuf_splice(&tracebuf, uri_path_start - buffer,
+			      strlen(uri_path_start), redacted, strlen(redacted));
+		packet_trace(tracebuf.buf, tracebuf.len, 0);
+		strbuf_release(&tracebuf);
+	} else {
+		packet_trace(buffer, len, 0);
+	}
 
 	if ((options & PACKET_READ_DIE_ON_ERR_PACKET) &&
 	    starts_with(buffer, "ERR "))
diff --git a/pkt-line.h b/pkt-line.h
index 467ae01..6d2a63d 100644
--- a/pkt-line.h
+++ b/pkt-line.h
@@ -87,6 +87,7 @@
 #define PACKET_READ_CHOMP_NEWLINE        (1u<<1)
 #define PACKET_READ_DIE_ON_ERR_PACKET    (1u<<2)
 #define PACKET_READ_GENTLE_ON_READ_ERROR (1u<<3)
+#define PACKET_READ_REDACT_URI_PATH      (1u<<4)
 int packet_read(int fd, char *buffer, unsigned size, int options);
 
 /*
diff --git a/po/README.md b/po/README.md
index dcd8436..19fabb4 100644
--- a/po/README.md
+++ b/po/README.md
@@ -221,6 +221,10 @@
 - Adjust the strings so that they're easy to translate. Most of the
   advice in `info '(gettext)Preparing Strings'` applies here.
 
+- Strings referencing numbers of items may need to be split into singular and
+  plural forms; see the Q\_() wrapper in the C sub-section below for an
+  example.
+
 - If something is unclear or ambiguous you can use a "TRANSLATORS"
   comment to tell the translators what to make of it. These will be
   extracted by xgettext(1) and put in the "po/\*.po" files, e.g. from
diff --git a/po/bg.po b/po/bg.po
index 51d7c72..8328531 100644
--- a/po/bg.po
+++ b/po/bg.po
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # Bulgarian translation of git po-file.
 # Copyright (C) 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 Alexander Shopov <ash@kambanaria.org>.
 # This file is distributed under the same license as the git package.
-# Alexander Shopov <ash@kambanaria.org>, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021.
+# Alexander Shopov <ash@kambanaria.org>, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022.
 #
 # ========================
 # DICTIONARY TO MERGE IN GIT GUI
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@
 # switch to branch преминавам към клон
 # sparse entry/blob частично изтеглена директория/път/обект-BLOB
 # sparse index частичен индекс
+# sparcity частичност
 # revision range диапазон на версиите
 # cover letter придружаващо писмо
 # reference repository еталонно хранилище
@@ -163,6 +164,10 @@
 # prefetch предварително доставяне
 # scheduler планиращ модул
 # snapshot снимка
+# enlistment зачислена директория
+# zealous merge засилено сливане
+# unregister отчислявам
+# ma