diff --git a/.github/CONTRIBUTING.md b/.github/CONTRIBUTING.md
index 64e605a..e7b4e2f 100644
--- a/.github/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/.github/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 a mailing list (git@vger.kernel.org) for code submissions, code
 reviews, and bug reports.
 
-Nevertheless, you can use [submitGit](http://submitgit.herokuapp.com/) to
+Nevertheless, you can use [GitGitGadget](https://gitgitgadget.github.io/) to
 conveniently send your Pull Requests commits to our mailing list.
 
 Please read ["A note from the maintainer"](https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/git/git.git/plain/MaintNotes?h=todo)
diff --git a/.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md b/.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md
index adba13e..952c7c3 100644
--- a/.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md
+++ b/.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 Thanks for taking the time to contribute to Git! Please be advised that the
 Git community does not use github.com for their contributions. Instead, we use
 a mailing list (git@vger.kernel.org) for code submissions, code reviews, and
-bug reports. Nevertheless, you can use submitGit to conveniently send your Pull
-Requests commits to our mailing list.
+bug reports. Nevertheless, you can use GitGitGadget (https://gitgitgadget.github.io/)
+to conveniently send your Pull Requests commits to our mailing list.
 
 Please read the "guidelines for contributing" linked above!
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 7374587..44c7440 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@
 /git-init-db
 /git-interpret-trailers
 /git-instaweb
-/git-legacy-rebase
+/git-legacy-stash
 /git-log
 /git-ls-files
 /git-ls-remote
diff --git a/Documentation/.gitignore b/Documentation/.gitignore
index 3ef54e0..bf2bf27 100644
--- a/Documentation/.gitignore
+++ b/Documentation/.gitignore
@@ -13,3 +13,4 @@
 manpage-base-url.xsl
 SubmittingPatches.txt
 tmp-doc-diff/
+GIT-ASCIIDOCFLAGS
diff --git a/Documentation/CodingGuidelines b/Documentation/CodingGuidelines
index 8579530..32210a4 100644
--- a/Documentation/CodingGuidelines
+++ b/Documentation/CodingGuidelines
@@ -580,11 +580,14 @@
  or commands:
 
  Literal examples (e.g. use of command-line options, command names,
- branch names, configuration and environment variables) must be
- typeset in monospace (i.e. wrapped with backticks):
+ branch names, URLs, pathnames (files and directories), configuration and
+ environment variables) must be typeset in monospace (i.e. wrapped with
+ backticks):
    `--pretty=oneline`
    `git rev-list`
    `remote.pushDefault`
+   `http://git.example.com`
+   `.git/config`
    `GIT_DIR`
    `HEAD`
 
diff --git a/Documentation/Makefile b/Documentation/Makefile
index 26a2342..6d738f8 100644
--- a/Documentation/Makefile
+++ b/Documentation/Makefile
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@
 		$(wildcard git-*.txt))
 MAN1_TXT += git.txt
 MAN1_TXT += gitk.txt
-MAN1_TXT += gitremote-helpers.txt
 MAN1_TXT += gitweb.txt
 
 MAN5_TXT += gitattributes.txt
@@ -30,6 +29,7 @@
 MAN7_TXT += giteveryday.txt
 MAN7_TXT += gitglossary.txt
 MAN7_TXT += gitnamespaces.txt
+MAN7_TXT += gitremote-helpers.txt
 MAN7_TXT += gitrevisions.txt
 MAN7_TXT += gitsubmodules.txt
 MAN7_TXT += gittutorial-2.txt
@@ -331,6 +331,15 @@
 		show_tool_names can_merge "* " || :' >mergetools-merge.txt && \
 	date >$@
 
+TRACK_ASCIIDOCFLAGS = $(subst ','\'',$(ASCIIDOC_COMMON):$(ASCIIDOC_HTML):$(ASCIIDOC_DOCBOOK))
+
+GIT-ASCIIDOCFLAGS: FORCE
+	@FLAGS='$(TRACK_ASCIIDOCFLAGS)'; \
+	    if test x"$$FLAGS" != x"`cat GIT-ASCIIDOCFLAGS 2>/dev/null`" ; then \
+		echo >&2 "    * new asciidoc flags"; \
+		echo "$$FLAGS" >GIT-ASCIIDOCFLAGS; \
+            fi
+
 clean:
 	$(RM) *.xml *.xml+ *.html *.html+ *.1 *.5 *.7
 	$(RM) *.texi *.texi+ *.texi++ git.info gitman.info
@@ -340,13 +349,14 @@
 	$(RM) SubmittingPatches.txt
 	$(RM) $(cmds_txt) $(mergetools_txt) *.made
 	$(RM) manpage-base-url.xsl
+	$(RM) GIT-ASCIIDOCFLAGS
 
-$(MAN_HTML): %.html : %.txt asciidoc.conf
+$(MAN_HTML): %.html : %.txt asciidoc.conf asciidoctor-extensions.rb GIT-ASCIIDOCFLAGS
 	$(QUIET_ASCIIDOC)$(RM) $@+ $@ && \
 	$(TXT_TO_HTML) -d manpage -o $@+ $< && \
 	mv $@+ $@
 
-$(OBSOLETE_HTML): %.html : %.txto asciidoc.conf
+$(OBSOLETE_HTML): %.html : %.txto asciidoc.conf asciidoctor-extensions.rb GIT-ASCIIDOCFLAGS
 	$(QUIET_ASCIIDOC)$(RM) $@+ $@ && \
 	$(TXT_TO_HTML) -o $@+ $< && \
 	mv $@+ $@
@@ -354,16 +364,16 @@
 manpage-base-url.xsl: manpage-base-url.xsl.in
 	$(QUIET_GEN)sed "s|@@MAN_BASE_URL@@|$(MAN_BASE_URL)|" $< > $@
 
-%.1 %.5 %.7 : %.xml manpage-base-url.xsl
+%.1 %.5 %.7 : %.xml manpage-base-url.xsl $(wildcard manpage*.xsl)
 	$(QUIET_XMLTO)$(RM) $@ && \
 	$(XMLTO) -m $(MANPAGE_XSL) $(XMLTO_EXTRA) man $<
 
-%.xml : %.txt asciidoc.conf
+%.xml : %.txt asciidoc.conf asciidoctor-extensions.rb GIT-ASCIIDOCFLAGS
 	$(QUIET_ASCIIDOC)$(RM) $@+ $@ && \
 	$(TXT_TO_XML) -d manpage -o $@+ $< && \
 	mv $@+ $@
 
-user-manual.xml: user-manual.txt user-manual.conf
+user-manual.xml: user-manual.txt user-manual.conf asciidoctor-extensions.rb GIT-ASCIIDOCFLAGS
 	$(QUIET_ASCIIDOC)$(RM) $@+ $@ && \
 	$(TXT_TO_XML) -d book -o $@+ $< && \
 	mv $@+ $@
@@ -373,7 +383,8 @@
 	$(QUIET_GEN)cd technical && '$(SHELL_PATH_SQ)' ./api-index.sh
 
 technical/%.html: ASCIIDOC_EXTRA += -a git-relative-html-prefix=../
-$(patsubst %,%.html,$(API_DOCS) technical/api-index $(TECH_DOCS)): %.html : %.txt asciidoc.conf
+$(patsubst %,%.html,$(API_DOCS) technical/api-index $(TECH_DOCS)): %.html : %.txt \
+	asciidoc.conf GIT-ASCIIDOCFLAGS
 	$(QUIET_ASCIIDOC)$(TXT_TO_HTML) $*.txt
 
 SubmittingPatches.txt: SubmittingPatches
@@ -430,7 +441,7 @@
 WEBDOC_DEST = /pub/software/scm/git/docs
 
 howto/%.html: ASCIIDOC_EXTRA += -a git-relative-html-prefix=../
-$(patsubst %.txt,%.html,$(wildcard howto/*.txt)): %.html : %.txt
+$(patsubst %.txt,%.html,$(wildcard howto/*.txt)): %.html : %.txt GIT-ASCIIDOCFLAGS
 	$(QUIET_ASCIIDOC)$(RM) $@+ $@ && \
 	sed -e '1,/^$$/d' $< | \
 	$(TXT_TO_HTML) - >$@+ && \
diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.22.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.22.0.txt
index ca774e8..d7d230e 100644
--- a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.22.0.txt
+++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.22.0.txt
@@ -36,6 +36,19 @@
    a merge commit.  This has been updated to use a more modern and
    human readable output that still is concise enough.
 
+ * "git rebase --rebase-merges" replaces its old "--preserve-merges"
+   option; the latter is now marked as deprecated.
+
+ * Error message given while cloning with --recurse-submodules has
+   been updated.
+
+ * The completion helper code now pays attention to repository-local
+   configuration (when available), which allows --list-cmds to honour
+   a repository specific setting of completion.commands, for example.
+
+ * "git mergetool" learned to offer Sublime Merge (smerge) as one of
+   its backends.
+
 
 Performance, Internal Implementation, Development Support etc.
 
@@ -55,6 +68,32 @@
  * The command line parser of "git commit-tree" has been rewritten to
    use the parse-options API.
 
+ * Suggest GitGitGadget instead of submitGit as a way to submit
+   patches based on GitHub PR to us.
+
+ * The test framework has been updated to help developers by making it
+   easier to run most of the tests under different versions of
+   over-the-wire protocols.
+
+ * Dev support update to make it easier to compare two formatted
+   results from our documentation.
+
+ * The scripted "git rebase" implementation has been retired.
+
+ * "git multi-pack-index verify" did not scale well with the number of
+   packfiles, which is being improved.
+
+ * "git stash" has been rewritten in C.
+
+ * The "check-docs" Makefile target to support developers has been
+   updated.
+
+ * The tests have been updated not to rely on the abbreviated option
+   names the parse-options API offers, to protect us from an
+   abbreviated form of an option that used to be unique within the
+   command getting non-unique when a new option that share the same
+   prefix is added.
+
 
 Fixes since v2.21
 -----------------
@@ -134,6 +173,73 @@
    now fixed.
    (merge cd8e7593b9 jk/config-type-color-ends-with-lf later to maint).
 
+ * When the "clean" filter can reduce the size of a huge file in the
+   working tree down to a small "token" (a la Git LFS), there is no
+   point in allocating a huge scratch area upfront, but the buffer is
+   sized based on the original file size.  The convert mechanism now
+   allocates very minimum and reallocates as it receives the output
+   from the clean filter process.
+   (merge 02156ab031 jh/resize-convert-scratch-buffer later to maint).
+
+ * "git rebase" uses the refs/rewritten/ hierarchy to store its
+   intermediate states, which inherently makes the hierarchy per
+   worktree, but it didn't quite work well.
+   (merge b9317d55a3 nd/rewritten-ref-is-per-worktree later to maint).
+
+ * "git log -L<from>,<to>:<path>" with "-s" did not suppress the patch
+   output as it should.  This has been corrected.
+   (merge 05314efaea jk/line-log-with-patch later to maint).
+
+ * "git worktree add" used to do a "find an available name with stat
+   and then mkdir", which is race-prone.  This has been fixed by using
+   mkdir and reacting to EEXIST in a loop.
+   (merge 7af01f2367 ms/worktree-add-atomic-mkdir later to maint).
+
+ * Build update for SHA-1 with collision detection.
+   (merge 07a20f569b jk/sha1dc later to maint).
+
+ * Build procedure has been fixed around use of asciidoctor instead of
+   asciidoc.
+   (merge 185f9a0ea0 ma/asciidoctor-fixes later to maint).
+
+ * remote-http transport did not anonymize URLs reported in its error
+   messages at places.
+   (merge c1284b21f2 js/anonymize-remote-curl-diag later to maint).
+
+ * Error messages given from the http transport have been updated so
+   that they can be localized.
+   (merge ed8b4132c8 js/remote-curl-i18n later to maint).
+
+ * "git init" forgot to read platform-specific repository
+   configuration, which made Windows port to ignore settings of
+   core.hidedotfiles, for example.
+
+ * A corner-case object name ambiguity while the sequencer machinery
+   is working (e.g. "rebase -i -x") has been fixed.
+
+ * "git format-patch" did not diagnose an error while opening the
+   output file for the cover-letter, which has been corrected.
+   (merge 2fe95f494c jc/format-patch-error-check later to maint).
+
+ * "git checkout -f <branch>" while the index has an unmerged path
+   incorrectly left some paths in an unmerged state, which has been
+   corrected.
+
+ * A corner case bug in the refs API has been corrected.
+   (merge d3322eb28b jk/refs-double-abort later to maint).
+
+ * Unicode update.
+   (merge 584b62c37b bb/unicode-12 later to maint).
+
+ * dumb-http walker has been updated to share more error recovery
+   strategy with the normal codepath.
+
+ * A buglet in configuration parser has been fixed.
+   (merge 19e7fdaa58 nd/include-if-wildmatch later to maint).
+
+ * The documentation for "git read-tree --reset -u" has been updated.
+   (merge b5a0bd694c nd/read-tree-reset-doc later to maint).
+
  * Code cleanup, docfix, build fix, etc.
    (merge 11f470aee7 jc/test-yes-doc later to maint).
    (merge 90503a240b js/doc-symref-in-proto-v1 later to maint).
@@ -148,3 +254,16 @@
    (merge 716a5af812 rd/gc-prune-doc-fix later to maint).
    (merge 50b206371d js/untravis-windows later to maint).
    (merge dbf47215e3 js/rebase-recreate-merge later to maint).
+   (merge 56cb2d30f8 dl/reset-doc-no-wrt-abbrev later to maint).
+   (merge 64eca306a2 ja/dir-rename-doc-markup-fix later to maint).
+   (merge af91b0230c dl/ignore-docs later to maint).
+   (merge 59a06e947b ra/t3600-test-path-funcs later to maint).
+   (merge e041d0781b ar/t4150-remove-cruft later to maint).
+   (merge 8d75a1d183 ma/asciidoctor-fixes-more later to maint).
+   (merge 74cc547b0f mh/pack-protocol-doc-fix later to maint).
+   (merge ed31851fa6 ab/doc-misc-typofixes later to maint).
+   (merge a7256debd4 nd/checkout-m-doc-update later to maint).
+   (merge 3a9e1ad78d jt/t5551-protocol-v2-does-not-have-half-auth later to maint).
+   (merge 0b918b75af sg/t5318-cleanup later to maint).
+   (merge 68ed71b53c cb/doco-mono later to maint).
+   (merge a34dca2451 nd/interpret-trailers-docfix later to maint).
diff --git a/Documentation/SubmittingPatches b/Documentation/SubmittingPatches
index ec8b205..6d589e1 100644
--- a/Documentation/SubmittingPatches
+++ b/Documentation/SubmittingPatches
@@ -372,15 +372,15 @@
 Some parts of the system have dedicated maintainers with their own
 repositories.
 
-- 'git-gui/' comes from git-gui project, maintained by Pat Thoyts:
+- `git-gui/` comes from git-gui project, maintained by Pat Thoyts:
 
 	git://repo.or.cz/git-gui.git
 
-- 'gitk-git/' comes from Paul Mackerras's gitk project:
+- `gitk-git/` comes from Paul Mackerras's gitk project:
 
 	git://ozlabs.org/~paulus/gitk
 
-- 'po/' comes from the localization coordinator, Jiang Xin:
+- `po/` comes from the localization coordinator, Jiang Xin:
 
 	https://github.com/git-l10n/git-po/
 
diff --git a/Documentation/asciidoctor-extensions.rb b/Documentation/asciidoctor-extensions.rb
index ec83b49..0089e0c 100644
--- a/Documentation/asciidoctor-extensions.rb
+++ b/Documentation/asciidoctor-extensions.rb
@@ -11,12 +11,12 @@
       def process(parent, target, attrs)
         if parent.document.basebackend? 'html'
           prefix = parent.document.attr('git-relative-html-prefix')
-          %(<a href="#{prefix}#{target}.html">#{target}(#{attrs[1]})</a>\n)
+          %(<a href="#{prefix}#{target}.html">#{target}(#{attrs[1]})</a>)
         elsif parent.document.basebackend? 'docbook'
           "<citerefentry>\n" \
             "<refentrytitle>#{target}</refentrytitle>" \
             "<manvolnum>#{attrs[1]}</manvolnum>\n" \
-          "</citerefentry>\n"
+          "</citerefentry>"
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/Documentation/config/branch.txt b/Documentation/config/branch.txt
index 019d60e..8f4b3fa 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/branch.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/branch.txt
@@ -85,9 +85,9 @@
 so that the local merge commits are included in the rebase (see
 linkgit:git-rebase[1] for details).
 +
-When preserve, also pass `--preserve-merges` along to 'git rebase'
-so that locally committed merge commits will not be flattened
-by running 'git pull'.
+When `preserve` (deprecated in favor of `merges`), also pass
+`--preserve-merges` along to 'git rebase' so that locally committed merge
+commits will not be flattened by running 'git pull'.
 +
 When the value is `interactive`, the rebase is run in interactive mode.
 +
diff --git a/Documentation/config/core.txt b/Documentation/config/core.txt
index 7e9b6c8..75538d2 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/core.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/core.txt
@@ -414,7 +414,7 @@
 core.excludesFile::
 	Specifies the pathname to the file that contains patterns to
 	describe paths that are not meant to be tracked, in addition
-	to '.gitignore' (per-directory) and '.git/info/exclude'.
+	to `.gitignore` (per-directory) and `.git/info/exclude`.
 	Defaults to `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/git/ignore`.
 	If `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME` is either not set or empty, `$HOME/.config/git/ignore`
 	is used instead. See linkgit:gitignore[5].
@@ -429,8 +429,8 @@
 	command-line argument and write the password on its STDOUT.
 
 core.attributesFile::
-	In addition to '.gitattributes' (per-directory) and
-	'.git/info/attributes', Git looks into this file for attributes
+	In addition to `.gitattributes` (per-directory) and
+	`.git/info/attributes`, Git looks into this file for attributes
 	(see linkgit:gitattributes[5]). Path expansions are made the same
 	way as for `core.excludesFile`. Its default value is
 	`$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/git/attributes`. If `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME` is either not
@@ -438,10 +438,10 @@
 
 core.hooksPath::
 	By default Git will look for your hooks in the
-	'$GIT_DIR/hooks' directory. Set this to different path,
-	e.g. '/etc/git/hooks', and Git will try to find your hooks in
-	that directory, e.g. '/etc/git/hooks/pre-receive' instead of
-	in '$GIT_DIR/hooks/pre-receive'.
+	`$GIT_DIR/hooks` directory. Set this to different path,
+	e.g. `/etc/git/hooks`, and Git will try to find your hooks in
+	that directory, e.g. `/etc/git/hooks/pre-receive` instead of
+	in `$GIT_DIR/hooks/pre-receive`.
 +
 The path can be either absolute or relative. A relative path is
 taken as relative to the directory where the hooks are run (see
diff --git a/Documentation/config/diff.txt b/Documentation/config/diff.txt
index e48bb98..2c4c9ba 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/diff.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/diff.txt
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 
 diff.dirstat::
 	A comma separated list of `--dirstat` parameters specifying the
-	default behavior of the `--dirstat` option to linkgit:git-diff[1]`
+	default behavior of the `--dirstat` option to linkgit:git-diff[1]
 	and friends. The defaults can be overridden on the command line
 	(using `--dirstat=<param1,param2,...>`). The fallback defaults
 	(when not changed by `diff.dirstat`) are `changes,noncumulative,3`.
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@
 	environment variable.  The command is called with parameters
 	as described under "git Diffs" in linkgit:git[1].  Note: if
 	you want to use an external diff program only on a subset of
-	your files, you	might want to use linkgit:gitattributes[5] instead.
+	your files, you might want to use linkgit:gitattributes[5] instead.
 
 diff.ignoreSubmodules::
 	Sets the default value of --ignore-submodules. Note that this
diff --git a/Documentation/config/fsck.txt b/Documentation/config/fsck.txt
index 879c5a2..450e8c3 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/fsck.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/fsck.txt
@@ -23,9 +23,9 @@
 vice versa by configuring the `fsck.<msg-id>` setting where the
 `<msg-id>` is the fsck message ID and the value is one of `error`,
 `warn` or `ignore`. For convenience, fsck prefixes the error/warning
-with the message ID, e.g. "missingEmail: invalid author/committer line
-- missing email" means that setting `fsck.missingEmail = ignore` will
-hide that issue.
+with the message ID, e.g. "missingEmail: invalid author/committer
+line - missing email" means that setting `fsck.missingEmail = ignore`
+will hide that issue.
 +
 In general, it is better to enumerate existing objects with problems
 with `fsck.skipList`, instead of listing the kind of breakages these
diff --git a/Documentation/config/gc.txt b/Documentation/config/gc.txt
index c6fbb8a..73c08b0 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/gc.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/gc.txt
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 	When there are more than this many packs that are not
 	marked with `*.keep` file in the repository, `git gc
 	--auto` consolidates them into one larger pack.  The
-	default	value is 50.  Setting this to 0 disables it.
+	default value is 50.  Setting this to 0 disables it.
 
 gc.autoDetach::
 	Make `git gc --auto` return immediately and run in background
diff --git a/Documentation/config/gpg.txt b/Documentation/config/gpg.txt
index 590fe0d..f999f8e 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/gpg.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/gpg.txt
@@ -16,5 +16,5 @@
 gpg.<format>.program::
 	Use this to customize the program used for the signing format you
 	chose. (see `gpg.program` and `gpg.format`) `gpg.program` can still
-	be used as a legacy synonym for	`gpg.openpgp.program`. The default
+	be used as a legacy synonym for `gpg.openpgp.program`. The default
 	value for `gpg.x509.program` is "gpgsm".
diff --git a/Documentation/config/pull.txt b/Documentation/config/pull.txt
index bb23a99..b87cab3 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/pull.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/pull.txt
@@ -18,9 +18,9 @@
 so that the local merge commits are included in the rebase (see
 linkgit:git-rebase[1] for details).
 +
-When preserve, also pass `--preserve-merges` along to 'git rebase'
-so that locally committed merge commits will not be flattened
-by running 'git pull'.
+When `preserve` (deprecated in favor of `merges`), also pass
+`--preserve-merges` along to 'git rebase' so that locally committed merge
+commits will not be flattened by running 'git pull'.
 +
 When the value is `interactive`, the rebase is run in interactive mode.
 +
diff --git a/Documentation/config/rebase.txt b/Documentation/config/rebase.txt
index 331d250..d98e32d 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/rebase.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/rebase.txt
@@ -1,16 +1,9 @@
 rebase.useBuiltin::
-	Set to `false` to use the legacy shellscript implementation of
-	linkgit:git-rebase[1]. Is `true` by default, which means use
-	the built-in rewrite of it in C.
-+
-The C rewrite is first included with Git version 2.20. This option
-serves an an escape hatch to re-enable the legacy version in case any
-bugs are found in the rewrite. This option and the shellscript version
-of linkgit:git-rebase[1] will be removed in some future release.
-+
-If you find some reason to set this option to `false` other than
-one-off testing you should report the behavior difference as a bug in
-git.
+	Unused configuration variable. Used in Git versions 2.20 and
+	2.21 as an escape hatch to enable the legacy shellscript
+	implementation of rebase. Now the built-in rewrite of it in C
+	is always used. Setting this will emit a warning, to alert any
+	remaining users that setting this now does nothing.
 
 rebase.stat::
 	Whether to show a diffstat of what changed upstream since the last
diff --git a/Documentation/diff-options.txt b/Documentation/diff-options.txt
index 5ebc568..09faee3 100644
--- a/Documentation/diff-options.txt
+++ b/Documentation/diff-options.txt
@@ -436,7 +436,7 @@
 
 --binary::
 	In addition to `--full-index`, output a binary diff that
-	can be applied with `git-apply`.
+	can be applied with `git-apply`. Implies `--patch`.
 
 --abbrev[=<n>]::
 	Instead of showing the full 40-byte hexadecimal object
diff --git a/Documentation/doc-diff b/Documentation/doc-diff
index 32c83dd..3355be4 100755
--- a/Documentation/doc-diff
+++ b/Documentation/doc-diff
@@ -12,9 +12,16 @@
 doc-diff [options] <from> <to> [-- <diff-options>]
 doc-diff (-c|--clean)
 --
-j=n	parallel argument to pass to make
-f	force rebuild; do not rely on cached results
-c,clean	cleanup temporary working files
+j=n			parallel argument to pass to make
+f			force rebuild; do not rely on cached results
+c,clean			cleanup temporary working files
+from-asciidoc		use asciidoc with the 'from'-commit
+from-asciidoctor	use asciidoctor with the 'from'-commit
+asciidoc		use asciidoc with both commits
+to-asciidoc		use asciidoc with the 'to'-commit
+to-asciidoctor		use asciidoctor with the 'to'-commit
+asciidoctor		use asciidoctor with both commits
+cut-header-footer	cut away header and footer
 "
 SUBDIRECTORY_OK=1
 . "$(git --exec-path)/git-sh-setup"
@@ -22,6 +29,9 @@
 parallel=
 force=
 clean=
+from_program=
+to_program=
+cut_header_footer=
 while test $# -gt 0
 do
 	case "$1" in
@@ -31,6 +41,22 @@
 		clean=t ;;
 	-f)
 		force=t ;;
+	--from-asciidoctor)
+		from_program=-asciidoctor ;;
+	--to-asciidoctor)
+		to_program=-asciidoctor ;;
+	--asciidoctor)
+		from_program=-asciidoctor
+		to_program=-asciidoctor ;;
+	--from-asciidoc)
+		from_program=-asciidoc ;;
+	--to-asciidoc)
+		to_program=-asciidoc ;;
+	--asciidoc)
+		from_program=-asciidoc
+		to_program=-asciidoc ;;
+	--cut-header-footer)
+		cut_header_footer=-cut-header-footer ;;
 	--)
 		shift; break ;;
 	*)
@@ -79,6 +105,22 @@
 	ln -s "$dots/config.mak" "$tmp/worktree/config.mak"
 fi
 
+construct_makemanflags () {
+	if test "$1" = "-asciidoc"
+	then
+		echo USE_ASCIIDOCTOR=
+	elif test "$1" = "-asciidoctor"
+	then
+		echo USE_ASCIIDOCTOR=YesPlease
+	fi
+}
+
+from_makemanflags=$(construct_makemanflags "$from_program") &&
+to_makemanflags=$(construct_makemanflags "$to_program") &&
+
+from_dir=$from_oid$from_program$cut_header_footer &&
+to_dir=$to_oid$to_program$cut_header_footer &&
+
 # generate_render_makefile <srcdir> <dstdir>
 generate_render_makefile () {
 	find "$1" -type f |
@@ -94,7 +136,7 @@
 	done
 }
 
-# render_tree <committish_oid>
+# render_tree <committish_oid> <directory_name> <makemanflags>
 render_tree () {
 	# Skip install-man entirely if we already have an installed directory.
 	# We can't rely on make here, since "install-man" unconditionally
@@ -102,28 +144,44 @@
 	# we then can't rely on during the render step). We use "mv" to make
 	# sure we don't get confused by a previous run that failed partway
 	# through.
-	if ! test -d "$tmp/installed/$1"
+	oid=$1 &&
+	dname=$2 &&
+	makemanflags=$3 &&
+	if ! test -d "$tmp/installed/$dname"
 	then
-		git -C "$tmp/worktree" checkout --detach "$1" &&
+		git -C "$tmp/worktree" checkout --detach "$oid" &&
 		make -j$parallel -C "$tmp/worktree" \
+			$makemanflags \
 			GIT_VERSION=omitted \
 			SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH=0 \
-			DESTDIR="$tmp/installed/$1+" \
+			DESTDIR="$tmp/installed/$dname+" \
 			install-man &&
-		mv "$tmp/installed/$1+" "$tmp/installed/$1"
+		mv "$tmp/installed/$dname+" "$tmp/installed/$dname"
 	fi &&
 
 	# As with "installed" above, we skip the render if it's already been
 	# done.  So using make here is primarily just about running in
 	# parallel.
-	if ! test -d "$tmp/rendered/$1"
+	if ! test -d "$tmp/rendered/$dname"
 	then
-		generate_render_makefile "$tmp/installed/$1" "$tmp/rendered/$1+" |
+		generate_render_makefile "$tmp/installed/$dname" \
+			"$tmp/rendered/$dname+" |
 		make -j$parallel -f - &&
-		mv "$tmp/rendered/$1+" "$tmp/rendered/$1"
+		mv "$tmp/rendered/$dname+" "$tmp/rendered/$dname"
+
+		if test "$cut_header_footer" = "-cut-header-footer"
+		then
+			for f in $(find "$tmp/rendered/$dname" -type f)
+			do
+				tail -n +3 "$f" | head -n -2 |
+				sed -e '1{/^$/d}' -e '${/^$/d}' >"$f+" &&
+				mv "$f+" "$f" ||
+				return 1
+			done
+		fi
 	fi
 }
 
-render_tree $from_oid &&
-render_tree $to_oid &&
-git -C $tmp/rendered diff --no-index "$@" $from_oid $to_oid
+render_tree $from_oid $from_dir $from_makemanflags &&
+render_tree $to_oid $to_dir $to_makemanflags &&
+git -C $tmp/rendered diff --no-index "$@" $from_dir $to_dir
diff --git a/Documentation/git-add.txt b/Documentation/git-add.txt
index 37bcab9..8b0e4c7 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-add.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-add.txt
@@ -193,15 +193,6 @@
 	for command-line options).
 
 
-CONFIGURATION
--------------
-
-The optional configuration variable `core.excludesFile` indicates a path to a
-file containing patterns of file names to exclude from git-add, similar to
-$GIT_DIR/info/exclude.  Patterns in the exclude file are used in addition to
-those in info/exclude.  See linkgit:gitignore[5].
-
-
 EXAMPLES
 --------
 
diff --git a/Documentation/git-am.txt b/Documentation/git-am.txt
index 6f6c34b..fc3b993 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-am.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-am.txt
@@ -99,6 +99,11 @@
 	am.threeWay configuration variable. For more information,
 	see am.threeWay in linkgit:git-config[1].
 
+--rerere-autoupdate::
+--no-rerere-autoupdate::
+	Allow the rerere mechanism to update the index with the
+	result of auto-conflict resolution if possible.
+
 --ignore-space-change::
 --ignore-whitespace::
 --whitespace=<option>::
diff --git a/Documentation/git-checkout.txt b/Documentation/git-checkout.txt
index f179b43..877e5f5 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-checkout.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-checkout.txt
@@ -242,6 +242,8 @@
 +
 When checking out paths from the index, this option lets you recreate
 the conflicted merge in the specified paths.
++
+When switching branches with `--merge`, staged changes may be lost.
 
 --conflict=<style>::
 	The same as --merge option above, but changes the way the
diff --git a/Documentation/git-cherry-pick.txt b/Documentation/git-cherry-pick.txt
index b8cfeec..d64e724 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-cherry-pick.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-cherry-pick.txt
@@ -148,6 +148,11 @@
 	Pass the merge strategy-specific option through to the
 	merge strategy.  See linkgit:git-merge[1] for details.
 
+--rerere-autoupdate::
+--no-rerere-autoupdate::
+	Allow the rerere mechanism to update the index with the
+	result of auto-conflict resolution if possible.
+
 SEQUENCER SUBCOMMANDS
 ---------------------
 include::sequencer.txt[]
diff --git a/Documentation/git-clean.txt b/Documentation/git-clean.txt
index 03056da..db876f7 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-clean.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-clean.txt
@@ -55,14 +55,13 @@
 
 -e <pattern>::
 --exclude=<pattern>::
-	In addition to those found in .gitignore (per directory) and
-	$GIT_DIR/info/exclude, also consider these patterns to be in the
-	set of the ignore rules in effect.
+	Use the given exclude pattern in addition to the standard ignore rules
+	(see linkgit:gitignore[5]).
 
 -x::
-	Don't use the standard ignore rules read from .gitignore (per
-	directory) and $GIT_DIR/info/exclude, but do still use the ignore
-	rules given with `-e` options.  This allows removing all untracked
+	Don't use the standard ignore rules (see linkgit:gitignore[5]), but
+	still use the ignore rules given with `-e` options from the command
+	line.  This allows removing all untracked
 	files, including build products.  This can be used (possibly in
 	conjunction with 'git reset') to create a pristine
 	working directory to test a clean build.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-config.txt b/Documentation/git-config.txt
index d0b9c50..ff9310f 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-config.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-config.txt
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@
 
 --local::
 	For writing options: write to the repository `.git/config` file.
-	This is	the default behavior.
+	This is the default behavior.
 +
 For reading options: read only from the repository `.git/config` rather than
 from all available files.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-daemon.txt b/Documentation/git-daemon.txt
index 56d54a4..fdc28c0 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-daemon.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-daemon.txt
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@
 	This is sort of "Git root" - if you run 'git daemon' with
 	'--base-path=/srv/git' on example.com, then if you later try to pull
 	'git://example.com/hello.git', 'git daemon' will interpret the path
-	as '/srv/git/hello.git'.
+	as `/srv/git/hello.git`.
 
 --base-path-relaxed::
 	If --base-path is enabled and repo lookup fails, with this option
diff --git a/Documentation/git-diff-tree.txt b/Documentation/git-diff-tree.txt
index 24f32e8..5c8a2a5 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-diff-tree.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-diff-tree.txt
@@ -118,6 +118,7 @@
 
 
 include::pretty-formats.txt[]
+
 include::diff-format.txt[]
 
 GIT
diff --git a/Documentation/git-filter-branch.txt b/Documentation/git-filter-branch.txt
index e6f08ab..6b53dd7 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-filter-branch.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-filter-branch.txt
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@
 	rewriting.  When applying a tree filter, the command needs to
 	temporarily check out the tree to some directory, which may consume
 	considerable space in case of large projects.  By default it
-	does this in the '.git-rewrite/' directory but you can override
+	does this in the `.git-rewrite/` directory but you can override
 	that choice by this parameter.
 
 -f::
diff --git a/Documentation/git-grep.txt b/Documentation/git-grep.txt
index 84fe236..2d27969 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-grep.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-grep.txt
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@
 	mechanism. Only useful with `--untracked`.
 
 --exclude-standard::
-	Do not pay attention to ignored files specified via the	`.gitignore`
+	Do not pay attention to ignored files specified via the `.gitignore`
 	mechanism.  Only useful when searching files in the current directory
 	with `--no-index`.
 
diff --git a/Documentation/git-help.txt b/Documentation/git-help.txt
index c318bf8..f71db0d 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-help.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-help.txt
@@ -171,8 +171,8 @@
 already opened konqueror in a new tab if possible.
 
 For consistency, we also try such a trick if 'man.konqueror.path' is
-set to something like 'A_PATH_TO/konqueror'. That means we will try to
-launch 'A_PATH_TO/kfmclient' instead.
+set to something like `A_PATH_TO/konqueror`. That means we will try to
+launch `A_PATH_TO/kfmclient` instead.
 
 If you really want to use 'konqueror', then you can use something like
 the following:
diff --git a/Documentation/git-http-backend.txt b/Documentation/git-http-backend.txt
index bb0db19..558966a 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-http-backend.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-http-backend.txt
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@
 
 Accelerated static Apache 2.x::
 	Similar to the above, but Apache can be used to return static
-	files that are stored on disk.	On many systems this may
+	files that are stored on disk.  On many systems this may
 	be more efficient as Apache can ask the kernel to copy the
 	file contents from the file system directly to the network:
 +
diff --git a/Documentation/git-interpret-trailers.txt b/Documentation/git-interpret-trailers.txt
index a5e8b36..96ec649 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-interpret-trailers.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-interpret-trailers.txt
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
 NAME
 ----
-git-interpret-trailers - add or parse structured information in commit messages
+git-interpret-trailers - Add or parse structured information in commit messages
 
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
diff --git a/Documentation/git-ls-remote.txt b/Documentation/git-ls-remote.txt
index b9fd377..0b057cb 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-ls-remote.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-ls-remote.txt
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
 	displayed.
 
 --refs::
-	Do not show peeled tags or pseudorefs like HEAD	in the output.
+	Do not show peeled tags or pseudorefs like `HEAD` in the output.
 
 -q::
 --quiet::
diff --git a/Documentation/git-ls-tree.txt b/Documentation/git-ls-tree.txt
index 9dee7be..a751571 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-ls-tree.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-ls-tree.txt
@@ -27,9 +27,9 @@
    taken as relative to the current working directory.  E.g. when you are
    in a directory 'sub' that has a directory 'dir', you can run 'git
    ls-tree -r HEAD dir' to list the contents of the tree (that is
-   'sub/dir' in `HEAD`).  You don't want to give a tree that is not at the
+   `sub/dir` in `HEAD`).  You don't want to give a tree that is not at the
    root level (e.g. `git ls-tree -r HEAD:sub dir`) in this case, as that
-   would result in asking for 'sub/sub/dir' in the `HEAD` commit.
+   would result in asking for `sub/sub/dir` in the `HEAD` commit.
    However, the current working directory can be ignored by passing
    --full-tree option.
 
diff --git a/Documentation/git-merge.txt b/Documentation/git-merge.txt
index 4cc8646..6294dbc 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-merge.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-merge.txt
@@ -83,7 +83,8 @@
 If `--log` is specified, a shortlog of the commits being merged
 will be appended to the specified message.
 
---[no-]rerere-autoupdate::
+--rerere-autoupdate::
+--no-rerere-autoupdate::
 	Allow the rerere mechanism to update the index with the
 	result of auto-conflict resolution if possible.
 
diff --git a/Documentation/git-notes.txt b/Documentation/git-notes.txt
index df2b64d..f56a5a9 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-notes.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-notes.txt
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@
 
 -C <object>::
 --reuse-message=<object>::
-	Take the given blob object (for	example, another note) as the
+	Take the given blob object (for example, another note) as the
 	note message. (Use `git notes copy <object>` instead to
 	copy notes between objects.)
 
diff --git a/Documentation/git-read-tree.txt b/Documentation/git-read-tree.txt
index 5c70bc2..d271842 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-read-tree.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-read-tree.txt
@@ -38,8 +38,9 @@
 	started.
 
 --reset::
-        Same as -m, except that unmerged entries are discarded
-        instead of failing.
+	Same as -m, except that unmerged entries are discarded instead
+	of failing. When used with `-u`, updates leading to loss of
+	working tree changes will not abort the operation.
 
 -u::
 	After a successful merge, update the files in the work
@@ -128,6 +129,10 @@
 	Instead of reading tree object(s) into the index, just empty
 	it.
 
+-q::
+--quiet::
+	Quiet, suppress feedback messages.
+
 <tree-ish#>::
 	The id of the tree object(s) to be read/merged.
 
diff --git a/Documentation/git-rebase.txt b/Documentation/git-rebase.txt
index 6363d67..f5e6ae3 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-rebase.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-rebase.txt
@@ -300,6 +300,11 @@
 +
 See also INCOMPATIBLE OPTIONS below.
 
+--rerere-autoupdate::
+--no-rerere-autoupdate::
+	Allow the rerere mechanism to update the index with the
+	result of auto-conflict resolution if possible.
+
 -S[<keyid>]::
 --gpg-sign[=<keyid>]::
 	GPG-sign commits. The `keyid` argument is optional and
@@ -415,9 +420,9 @@
 the `rebase-cousins` mode is turned on, such commits are instead rebased
 onto `<upstream>` (or `<onto>`, if specified).
 +
-The `--rebase-merges` mode is similar in spirit to `--preserve-merges`, but
-in contrast to that option works well in interactive rebases: commits can be
-reordered, inserted and dropped at will.
+The `--rebase-merges` mode is similar in spirit to the deprecated
+`--preserve-merges`, but in contrast to that option works well in interactive
+rebases: commits can be reordered, inserted and dropped at will.
 +
 It is currently only possible to recreate the merge commits using the
 `recursive` merge strategy; Different merge strategies can be used only via
@@ -427,9 +432,10 @@
 
 -p::
 --preserve-merges::
-	Recreate merge commits instead of flattening the history by replaying
-	commits a merge commit introduces. Merge conflict resolutions or manual
-	amendments to merge commits are not preserved.
+	[DEPRECATED: use `--rebase-merges` instead] Recreate merge commits
+	instead of flattening the history by replaying commits a merge commit
+	introduces. Merge conflict resolutions or manual amendments to merge
+	commits are not preserved.
 +
 This uses the `--interactive` machinery internally, but combining it
 with the `--interactive` option explicitly is generally not a good
@@ -1020,11 +1026,11 @@
 
 BUGS
 ----
-The todo list presented by `--preserve-merges --interactive` does not
-represent the topology of the revision graph.  Editing commits and
-rewording their commit messages should work fine, but attempts to
-reorder commits tend to produce counterintuitive results. Use
-`--rebase-merges` in such scenarios instead.
+The todo list presented by the deprecated `--preserve-merges --interactive`
+does not represent the topology of the revision graph (use `--rebase-merges`
+instead).  Editing commits and rewording their commit messages should work
+fine, but attempts to reorder commits tend to produce counterintuitive results.
+Use `--rebase-merges` in such scenarios instead.
 
 For example, an attempt to rearrange
 ------------
diff --git a/Documentation/git-remote-ext.txt b/Documentation/git-remote-ext.txt
index 3fc5d94..88ea7e1 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-remote-ext.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-remote-ext.txt
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@
 	link-level address).
 
 "ext::git-server-alias foo %G/repo% with% spaces %Vfoo"::
-	Represents a repository with path '/repo with spaces' accessed
+	Represents a repository with path `/repo with spaces` accessed
 	using the helper program "git-server-alias foo".  The hostname for
 	the remote server passed in the protocol stream will be "foo"
 	(this allows multiple virtual Git servers to share a
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@
 
 SEE ALSO
 --------
-linkgit:gitremote-helpers[1]
+linkgit:gitremote-helpers[7]
 
 GIT
 ---
diff --git a/Documentation/git-remote-fd.txt b/Documentation/git-remote-fd.txt
index 80afca8..0451ceb 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-remote-fd.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-remote-fd.txt
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@
 
 SEE ALSO
 --------
-linkgit:gitremote-helpers[1]
+linkgit:gitremote-helpers[7]
 
 GIT
 ---
diff --git a/Documentation/git-remote-helpers.txto b/Documentation/git-remote-helpers.txto
index 49233f5..6f353eb 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-remote-helpers.txto
+++ b/Documentation/git-remote-helpers.txto
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 git-remote-helpers
 ==================
 
-This document has been moved to linkgit:gitremote-helpers[1].
+This document has been moved to linkgit:gitremote-helpers[7].
 
 Please let the owners of the referring site know so that they can update the
 link you clicked to get here.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-remote-testgit.txt b/Documentation/git-remote-testgit.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index f791d73..0000000
--- a/Documentation/git-remote-testgit.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-git-remote-testgit(1)
-=====================
-
-NAME
-----
-git-remote-testgit - Example remote-helper
-
-
-SYNOPSIS
---------
-[verse]
-git clone testgit::<source-repo> [<destination>]
-
-DESCRIPTION
------------
-
-This command is a simple remote-helper, that is used both as a
-testcase for the remote-helper functionality, and as an example to
-show remote-helper authors one possible implementation.
-
-The best way to learn more is to read the comments and source code in
-'git-remote-testgit'.
-
-SEE ALSO
---------
-linkgit:gitremote-helpers[1]
-
-GIT
----
-Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite
diff --git a/Documentation/git-reset.txt b/Documentation/git-reset.txt
index 132f8e5..26e746c 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-reset.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-reset.txt
@@ -428,8 +428,8 @@
 
 `reset --merge` is meant to be used when resetting out of a conflicted
 merge. Any mergy operation guarantees that the working tree file that is
-involved in the merge does not have local change wrt the index before
-it starts, and that it writes the result out to the working tree. So if
+involved in the merge does not have a local change with respect to the index
+before it starts, and that it writes the result out to the working tree. So if
 we see some difference between the index and the target and also
 between the index and the working tree, then it means that we are not
 resetting out from a state that a mergy operation left after failing
diff --git a/Documentation/git-revert.txt b/Documentation/git-revert.txt
index 837707a..6afccb2 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-revert.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-revert.txt
@@ -101,6 +101,11 @@
 	Pass the merge strategy-specific option through to the
 	merge strategy.  See linkgit:git-merge[1] for details.
 
+--rerere-autoupdate::
+--no-rerere-autoupdate::
+	Allow the rerere mechanism to update the index with the
+	result of auto-conflict resolution if possible.
+
 SEQUENCER SUBCOMMANDS
 ---------------------
 include::sequencer.txt[]
diff --git a/Documentation/git-stash.txt b/Documentation/git-stash.txt
index 7ef8c47..e31ea7d 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-stash.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-stash.txt
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 --------
 [verse]
 'git stash' list [<options>]
-'git stash' show [<stash>]
+'git stash' show [<options>] [<stash>]
 'git stash' drop [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]
 'git stash' ( pop | apply ) [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]
 'git stash' branch <branchname> [<stash>]
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@
 The command takes options applicable to the 'git log'
 command to control what is shown and how. See linkgit:git-log[1].
 
-show [<stash>]::
+show [<options>] [<stash>]::
 
 	Show the changes recorded in the stash entry as a diff between the
 	stashed contents and the commit back when the stash entry was first
diff --git a/Documentation/git-status.txt b/Documentation/git-status.txt
index 861d821..d4e8f24 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-status.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-status.txt
@@ -278,7 +278,8 @@
 command line arguments.  Parsers should ignore headers they
 don't recognize.
 
-### Branch Headers
+Branch Headers
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
 If `--branch` is given, a series of header lines are printed with
 information about the current branch.
@@ -294,7 +295,8 @@
 ------------------------------------------------------------
 ....
 
-### Changed Tracked Entries
+Changed Tracked Entries
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
 Following the headers, a series of lines are printed for tracked
 entries.  One of three different line formats may be used to describe
@@ -365,7 +367,8 @@
 --------------------------------------------------------
 ....
 
-### Other Items
+Other Items
+^^^^^^^^^^^
 
 Following the tracked entries (and if requested), a series of
 lines will be printed for untracked and then ignored items
@@ -379,7 +382,8 @@
 
     ! <path>
 
-### Pathname Format Notes and -z
+Pathname Format Notes and -z
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
 When the `-z` option is given, pathnames are printed as is and
 without any quoting and lines are terminated with a NUL (ASCII 0x00)
diff --git a/Documentation/git-submodule.txt b/Documentation/git-submodule.txt
index 2794e29..ac8c687 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-submodule.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-submodule.txt
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@
 or ../), the location relative to the superproject's default remote
 repository (Please note that to specify a repository 'foo.git'
 which is located right next to a superproject 'bar.git', you'll
-have to use '../foo.git' instead of './foo.git' - as one might expect
+have to use `../foo.git` instead of `./foo.git` - as one might expect
 when following the rules for relative URLs - because the evaluation
 of relative URLs in Git is identical to that of relative directories).
 +
diff --git a/Documentation/git-svn.txt b/Documentation/git-svn.txt
index b990295..223788f 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-svn.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-svn.txt
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@
 	command-line argument.
 +
 This automatically updates the rev_map if needed (see
-'$GIT_DIR/svn/\*\*/.rev_map.*' in the FILES section below for details).
+'$GIT_DIR/svn/\**/.rev_map.*' in the FILES section below for details).
 
 --localtime;;
 	Store Git commit times in the local time zone instead of UTC.  This
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@
 and have no uncommitted changes.
 +
 This automatically updates the rev_map if needed (see
-'$GIT_DIR/svn/\*\*/.rev_map.*' in the FILES section below for details).
+'$GIT_DIR/svn/\**/.rev_map.*' in the FILES section below for details).
 
 -l;;
 --local;;
@@ -524,7 +524,7 @@
 	way to repair the repo is to use 'reset'.
 +
 Only the rev_map and refs/remotes/git-svn are changed (see
-'$GIT_DIR/svn/\*\*/.rev_map.*' in the FILES section below for details).
+'$GIT_DIR/svn/\**/.rev_map.*' in the FILES section below for details).
 Follow 'reset' with a 'fetch' and then 'git reset' or 'git rebase' to
 move local branches onto the new tree.
 
@@ -760,7 +760,7 @@
 +
 This option can only be used for one-shot imports as 'git svn'
 will not be able to fetch again without metadata. Additionally,
-if you lose your '$GIT_DIR/svn/\*\*/.rev_map.*' files, 'git svn' will not
+if you lose your '$GIT_DIR/svn/\**/.rev_map.*' files, 'git svn' will not
 be able to rebuild them.
 +
 The 'git svn log' command will not work on repositories using
@@ -1154,7 +1154,7 @@
 
 FILES
 -----
-$GIT_DIR/svn/\*\*/.rev_map.*::
+$GIT_DIR/svn/\**/.rev_map.*::
 	Mapping between Subversion revision numbers and Git commit
 	names.  In a repository where the noMetadata option is not set,
 	this can be rebuilt from the git-svn-id: lines that are at the
diff --git a/Documentation/git-web--browse.txt b/Documentation/git-web--browse.txt
index fd952a5..8d162b5 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-web--browse.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-web--browse.txt
@@ -92,8 +92,8 @@
 man page on an already opened konqueror in a new tab if possible.
 
 For consistency, we also try such a trick if 'browser.konqueror.path' is
-set to something like 'A_PATH_TO/konqueror'. That means we will try to
-launch 'A_PATH_TO/kfmclient' instead.
+set to something like `A_PATH_TO/konqueror`. That means we will try to
+launch `A_PATH_TO/kfmclient` instead.
 
 If you really want to use 'konqueror', then you can use something like
 the following:
diff --git a/Documentation/git-worktree.txt b/Documentation/git-worktree.txt
index cb86318..85d92c9 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-worktree.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-worktree.txt
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@
 
 In general, all pseudo refs are per working tree and all refs starting
 with "refs/" are shared. Pseudo refs are ones like HEAD which are
-directly under GIT_DIR instead of inside GIT_DIR/refs. There are one
+directly under GIT_DIR instead of inside GIT_DIR/refs. There is one
 exception to this: refs inside refs/bisect and refs/worktree is not
 shared.
 
diff --git a/Documentation/git.txt b/Documentation/git.txt
index 00156d6..6d1f2fd 100644
--- a/Documentation/git.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git.txt
@@ -536,7 +536,6 @@
 	The command-line parameters passed to the configured command are
 	determined by the ssh variant.  See `ssh.variant` option in
 	linkgit:git-config[1] for details.
-
 +
 `$GIT_SSH_COMMAND` takes precedence over `$GIT_SSH`, and is interpreted
 by the shell, which allows additional arguments to be included.
diff --git a/Documentation/gitattributes.txt b/Documentation/gitattributes.txt
index bdd11a2..4fb20cd 100644
--- a/Documentation/gitattributes.txt
+++ b/Documentation/gitattributes.txt
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 
 Each line in `gitattributes` file is of form:
 
-	pattern	attr1 attr2 ...
+	pattern attr1 attr2 ...
 
 That is, a pattern followed by an attributes list,
 separated by whitespaces. Leading and trailing whitespaces are
@@ -314,8 +314,8 @@
 support will checkout `foo.ps1` as UTF-8 encoded file. This will
 typically cause trouble for the users of this file.
 +
-If a Git client, that does not support the `working-tree-encoding`
-attribute, adds a new file `bar.ps1`, then `bar.ps1` will be
+If a Git client that does not support the `working-tree-encoding`
+attribute adds a new file `bar.ps1`, then `bar.ps1` will be
 stored "as-is" internally (in this example probably as UTF-16).
 A client with `working-tree-encoding` support will interpret the
 internal contents as UTF-8 and try to convert it to UTF-16 on checkout.
diff --git a/Documentation/githooks.txt b/Documentation/githooks.txt
index 5bf653c..786e778 100644
--- a/Documentation/githooks.txt
+++ b/Documentation/githooks.txt
@@ -496,6 +496,24 @@
 from standard input. Exiting with non-zero status from this script prevent
 `git-p4 submit` from launching. Run `git-p4 submit --help` for details.
 
+post-index-change
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This hook is invoked when the index is written in read-cache.c
+do_write_locked_index.
+
+The first parameter passed to the hook is the indicator for the
+working directory being updated.  "1" meaning working directory
+was updated or "0" when the working directory was not updated.
+
+The second parameter passed to the hook is the indicator for whether
+or not the index was updated and the skip-worktree bit could have
+changed.  "1" meaning skip-worktree bits could have been updated
+and "0" meaning they were not.
+
+Only one parameter should be set to "1" when the hook runs.  The hook
+running passing "1", "1" should not be possible.
+
 GIT
 ---
 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite
diff --git a/Documentation/gitignore.txt b/Documentation/gitignore.txt
index 1c94f08..b5bc9db 100644
--- a/Documentation/gitignore.txt
+++ b/Documentation/gitignore.txt
@@ -132,6 +132,14 @@
  - Other consecutive asterisks are considered regular asterisks and
    will match according to the previous rules.
 
+CONFIGURATION
+-------------
+
+The optional configuration variable `core.excludesFile` indicates a path to a
+file containing patterns of file names to exclude, similar to
+`$GIT_DIR/info/exclude`.  Patterns in the exclude file are used in addition to
+those in `$GIT_DIR/info/exclude`.
+
 NOTES
 -----
 
diff --git a/Documentation/gitk.txt b/Documentation/gitk.txt
index 244cd01..1eabb0a 100644
--- a/Documentation/gitk.txt
+++ b/Documentation/gitk.txt
@@ -168,12 +168,12 @@
 -----
 User configuration and preferences are stored at:
 
-* '$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/git/gitk' if it exists, otherwise
-* '$HOME/.gitk' if it exists
+* `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/git/gitk` if it exists, otherwise
+* `$HOME/.gitk` if it exists
 
-If neither of the above exist then '$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/git/gitk' is created and
+If neither of the above exist then `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/git/gitk` is created and
 used by default. If '$XDG_CONFIG_HOME' is not set it defaults to
-'$HOME/.config' in all cases.
+`$HOME/.config` in all cases.
 
 History
 -------
diff --git a/Documentation/gitmodules.txt b/Documentation/gitmodules.txt
index 312b6f9..a66e95b 100644
--- a/Documentation/gitmodules.txt
+++ b/Documentation/gitmodules.txt
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@
 
 
 This defines two submodules, `libfoo` and `libbar`. These are expected to
-be checked out in the paths 'include/foo' and 'include/bar', and for both
+be checked out in the paths `include/foo` and `include/bar`, and for both
 submodules a URL is specified which can be used for cloning the submodules.
 
 SEE ALSO
diff --git a/Documentation/gitremote-helpers.txt b/Documentation/gitremote-helpers.txt
index 9d1459a..43f80c8 100644
--- a/Documentation/gitremote-helpers.txt
+++ b/Documentation/gitremote-helpers.txt
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-gitremote-helpers(1)
+gitremote-helpers(7)
 ====================
 
 NAME
@@ -468,7 +468,7 @@
 
 'option dry-run' {'true'|'false'}:
 	If true, pretend the operation completed successfully,
-	but don't actually change any repository data.	For most
+	but don't actually change any repository data.  For most
 	helpers this only applies to the 'push', if supported.
 
 'option servpath <c-style-quoted-path>'::
@@ -513,8 +513,6 @@
 
 linkgit:git-remote-fd[1]
 
-linkgit:git-remote-testgit[1]
-
 linkgit:git-fast-import[1]
 
 GIT
diff --git a/Documentation/gitrepository-layout.txt b/Documentation/gitrepository-layout.txt
index 366dee2..216b11e 100644
--- a/Documentation/gitrepository-layout.txt
+++ b/Documentation/gitrepository-layout.txt
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@
 	to the object database, not to the repository!) in your
 	alternates file, but it will not work if you use absolute
 	paths unless the absolute path in filesystem and web URL
-	is the same. See also 'objects/info/http-alternates'.
+	is the same. See also `objects/info/http-alternates`.
 
 objects/info/http-alternates::
 	This file records URLs to alternate object stores that
diff --git a/Documentation/gitweb.conf.txt b/Documentation/gitweb.conf.txt
index 92535db..35317e7 100644
--- a/Documentation/gitweb.conf.txt
+++ b/Documentation/gitweb.conf.txt
@@ -50,11 +50,11 @@
  * built-in values (some set during build stage),
 
  * common system-wide configuration file (defaults to
-   '/etc/gitweb-common.conf'),
+   `/etc/gitweb-common.conf`),
 
  * either per-instance configuration file (defaults to 'gitweb_config.perl'
    in the same directory as the installed gitweb), or if it does not exists
-   then fallback system-wide configuration file (defaults to '/etc/gitweb.conf').
+   then fallback system-wide configuration file (defaults to `/etc/gitweb.conf`).
 
 Values obtained in later configuration files override values obtained earlier
 in the above sequence.
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@
 subroutine.  For example, one might want to put gitweb configuration
 related to access control for viewing repositories via Gitolite (one
 of Git repository management tools) in a separate file, e.g. in
-'/etc/gitweb-gitolite.conf'.  To include it, put
+`/etc/gitweb-gitolite.conf`.  To include it, put
 
 --------------------------------------------------
 read_config_file("/etc/gitweb-gitolite.conf");
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@
 http://git.example.com/gitweb.cgi/foo/bar.git
 ------------------------------------------------
 +
-will map to the path '/srv/git/foo/bar.git' on the filesystem.
+will map to the path `/srv/git/foo/bar.git` on the filesystem.
 
 $projects_list::
 	Name of a plain text file listing projects, or a name of directory
@@ -234,9 +234,9 @@
 
 $mimetypes_file::
 	File to use for (filename extension based) guessing of MIME types before
-	trying '/etc/mime.types'.  *NOTE* that this path, if relative, is taken
+	trying `/etc/mime.types`.  *NOTE* that this path, if relative, is taken
 	as relative to the current Git repository, not to CGI script.  If unset,
-	only '/etc/mime.types' is used (if present on filesystem).  If no mimetypes
+	only `/etc/mime.types` is used (if present on filesystem).  If no mimetypes
 	file is found, mimetype guessing based on extension of file is disabled.
 	Unset by default.
 
@@ -297,8 +297,8 @@
 +
 This list should contain the URI of gitweb's standard stylesheet.  The default
 URI of gitweb stylesheet can be set at build time using the `GITWEB_CSS`
-makefile variable.  Its default value is 'static/gitweb.css'
-(or 'static/gitweb.min.css' if the `CSSMIN` variable is defined,
+makefile variable.  Its default value is `static/gitweb.css`
+(or `static/gitweb.min.css` if the `CSSMIN` variable is defined,
 i.e. if CSS minifier is used during build).
 +
 *Note*: there is also a legacy `$stylesheet` configuration variable, which was
@@ -311,7 +311,7 @@
 	is displayed in the top right corner of each gitweb page and used as
 	a logo for the Atom feed.  Relative to the base URI of gitweb (as a path).
 	Can be adjusted when building gitweb using `GITWEB_LOGO` variable
-	By default set to 'static/git-logo.png'.
+	By default set to `static/git-logo.png`.
 
 $favicon::
 	Points to the location where you put 'git-favicon.png' on your web
@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@
 	may display them in the browser's URL bar and next to the site name in
 	bookmarks.  Relative to the base URI of gitweb.  Can be adjusted at
 	build time using `GITWEB_FAVICON` variable.
-	By default set to 'static/git-favicon.png'.
+	By default set to `static/git-favicon.png`.
 
 $javascript::
 	Points to the location where you put 'gitweb.js' on your web server,
@@ -328,7 +328,7 @@
 	Relative to the base URI of gitweb.  Can be set at build time using
 	the `GITWEB_JS` build-time configuration variable.
 +
-The default value is either 'static/gitweb.js', or 'static/gitweb.min.js' if
+The default value is either `static/gitweb.js`, or `static/gitweb.min.js` if
 the `JSMIN` build variable was defined, i.e. if JavaScript minifier was used
 at build time.  *Note* that this single file is generated from multiple
 individual JavaScript "modules".
@@ -444,7 +444,7 @@
 	doesn't result in some other type; by default "text/plain".
 	Gitweb guesses mimetype of a file to display based on extension
 	of its filename, using `$mimetypes_file` (if set and file exists)
-	and '/etc/mime.types' files (see *mime.types*(5) manpage; only
+	and `/etc/mime.types` files (see *mime.types*(5) manpage; only
 	filename extension rules are supported by gitweb).
 
 $default_text_plain_charset::
@@ -486,7 +486,7 @@
 	(for example one for `git://` protocol, and one for `http://`
 	protocol).
 +
-Note that per repository configuration can be set in '$GIT_DIR/cloneurl'
+Note that per repository configuration can be set in `$GIT_DIR/cloneurl`
 file, or as values of multi-value `gitweb.url` configuration variable in
 project config.  Per-repository configuration takes precedence over value
 composed from `@git_base_url_list` elements and project name.
@@ -520,7 +520,7 @@
 	If the server load exceeds this value then gitweb will return
 	"503 Service Unavailable" error.  The server load is taken to be 0
 	if gitweb cannot determine its value.  Currently it works only on Linux,
-	where it uses '/proc/loadavg'; the load there is the number of active
+	where it uses `/proc/loadavg`; the load there is the number of active
 	tasks on the system -- processes that are actually running -- averaged
 	over the last minute.
 +
@@ -536,7 +536,7 @@
 
 $per_request_config::
 	If this is set to code reference, it will be run once for each request.
-	You can	set parts of configuration that change per session this way.
+	You can set parts of configuration that change per session this way.
 	For example, one might use the following code in a gitweb configuration
 	file
 +
@@ -739,7 +739,7 @@
 Only one provider at a time can be selected ('default' is one element list).
 If an unknown provider is specified, the feature is disabled.
 *Note* that some providers might require extra Perl packages to be
-installed; see 'gitweb/INSTALL' for more details.
+installed; see `gitweb/INSTALL` for more details.
 +
 This feature can be configured on a per-repository basis via
 repository's `gitweb.avatar` configuration variable.
diff --git a/Documentation/gitweb.txt b/Documentation/gitweb.txt
index 8845058..c743609 100644
--- a/Documentation/gitweb.txt
+++ b/Documentation/gitweb.txt
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
 CONFIGURATION
 -------------
 Various aspects of gitweb's behavior can be controlled through the configuration
-file 'gitweb_config.perl' or '/etc/gitweb.conf'.  See the linkgit:gitweb.conf[5]
+file `gitweb_config.perl` or `/etc/gitweb.conf`.  See the linkgit:gitweb.conf[5]
 for details.
 
 Repositories
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@
 our $projectroot = '/path/to/parent/directory';
 -----------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-The default value for `$projectroot` is '/pub/git'.  You can change it during
+The default value for `$projectroot` is `/pub/git`.  You can change it during
 building gitweb via `GITWEB_PROJECTROOT` build configuration variable.
 
 By default all Git repositories under `$projectroot` are visible and available
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@
 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 +
 from the template during repository creation, usually installed in
-'/usr/share/git-core/templates/'.  You can use the `gitweb.description` repo
+`/usr/share/git-core/templates/`.  You can use the `gitweb.description` repo
 configuration variable, but the file takes precedence.
 
 category (or `gitweb.category`)::
@@ -407,7 +407,7 @@
 Apache as CGI
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 Apache must be configured to support CGI scripts in the directory in
-which gitweb is installed.  Let's assume that it is '/var/www/cgi-bin'
+which gitweb is installed.  Let's assume that it is `/var/www/cgi-bin`
 directory.
 
 -----------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -431,7 +431,7 @@
 (for mod_perl 1.x) or ModPerl::Registry (for mod_perl 2.x) to enable
 this support.
 
-Assuming that gitweb is installed to '/var/www/perl', the following
+Assuming that gitweb is installed to `/var/www/perl`, the following
 Apache configuration (for mod_perl 2.x) is suitable.
 
 -----------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -456,7 +456,7 @@
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 Gitweb works with Apache and FastCGI.  First you need to rename, copy
 or symlink gitweb.cgi to gitweb.fcgi.  Let's assume that gitweb is
-installed in '/usr/share/gitweb' directory.  The following Apache
+installed in `/usr/share/gitweb` directory.  The following Apache
 configuration is suitable (UNTESTED!)
 
 -----------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -503,22 +503,22 @@
 -----------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 The above configuration expects your public repositories to live under
-'/pub/git' and will serve them as `http://git.domain.org/dir-under-pub-git`,
+`/pub/git` and will serve them as `http://git.domain.org/dir-under-pub-git`,
 both as clonable Git URL and as browseable gitweb interface.  If you then
 start your linkgit:git-daemon[1] with `--base-path=/pub/git --export-all`
 then you can even use the `git://` URL with exactly the same path.
 
 Setting the environment variable `GITWEB_CONFIG` will tell gitweb to use the
-named file (i.e. in this example '/etc/gitweb.conf') as a configuration for
+named file (i.e. in this example `/etc/gitweb.conf`) as a configuration for
 gitweb.  You don't really need it in above example; it is required only if
 your configuration file is in different place than built-in (during
-compiling gitweb) 'gitweb_config.perl' or '/etc/gitweb.conf'.  See
+compiling gitweb) 'gitweb_config.perl' or `/etc/gitweb.conf`.  See
 linkgit:gitweb.conf[5] for details, especially information about precedence
 rules.
 
 If you use the rewrite rules from the example you *might* also need
 something like the following in your gitweb configuration file
-('/etc/gitweb.conf' following example):
+(`/etc/gitweb.conf` following example):
 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 @stylesheets = ("/some/absolute/path/gitweb.css");
 $my_uri    = "/";
@@ -575,7 +575,7 @@
 
 Here actual project root is passed to gitweb via `GITWEB_PROJECT_ROOT`
 environment variable from a web server, so you need to put the following
-line in gitweb configuration file ('/etc/gitweb.conf' in above example):
+line in gitweb configuration file (`/etc/gitweb.conf` in above example):
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------
 $projectroot = $ENV{'GITWEB_PROJECTROOT'} || "/pub/git";
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -585,7 +585,7 @@
 
 These configurations enable two things. First, each unix user (`<user>`) of
 the server will be able to browse through gitweb Git repositories found in
-'~/public_git/' with the following url:
+`~/public_git/` with the following url:
 
   http://git.example.org/~<user>/
 
@@ -596,7 +596,7 @@
 use the \'~' as first character, just comment or remove the second rewrite
 rule, and uncomment one of the following according to what you want.
 
-Second, repositories found in '/pub/scm/' and '/var/git/' will be accessible
+Second, repositories found in `/pub/scm/` and `/var/git/` will be accessible
 through `http://git.example.org/scm/` and `http://git.example.org/var/`.
 You can add as many project roots as you want by adding rewrite rules like
 the third and the fourth.
@@ -614,7 +614,7 @@
   http://git.example.com/project.git/shortlog/sometag
 
 i.e. without 'gitweb.cgi' part, by using a configuration such as the
-following.  This configuration assumes that '/var/www/gitweb' is the
+following.  This configuration assumes that `/var/www/gitweb` is the
 DocumentRoot of your webserver, contains the gitweb.cgi script and
 complementary static files (stylesheet, favicon, JavaScript):
 
@@ -645,9 +645,9 @@
 `@stylesheets`, `$my_uri` and `$home_link`, but you lose "dumb client"
 access to your project .git dirs (described in "Single URL for gitweb and
 for fetching" section).  A possible workaround for the latter is the
-following: in your project root dir (e.g. '/pub/git') have the projects
-named *without* a .git extension (e.g. '/pub/git/project' instead of
-'/pub/git/project.git') and configure Apache as follows:
+following: in your project root dir (e.g. `/pub/git`) have the projects
+named *without* a .git extension (e.g. `/pub/git/project` instead of
+`/pub/git/project.git`) and configure Apache as follows:
 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 <VirtualHost *:80>
 	ServerAlias git.example.com
@@ -681,7 +681,7 @@
 will provide human-friendly gitweb access.
 
 This solution is not 100% bulletproof, in the sense that if some project has
-a named ref (branch, tag) starting with 'git/', then paths such as
+a named ref (branch, tag) starting with `git/`, then paths such as
 
   http://git.example.com/project/command/abranch..git/abranch
 
@@ -697,7 +697,7 @@
 --------
 linkgit:gitweb.conf[5], linkgit:git-instaweb[1]
 
-'gitweb/README', 'gitweb/INSTALL'
+`gitweb/README`, `gitweb/INSTALL`
 
 GIT
 ---
diff --git a/Documentation/glossary-content.txt b/Documentation/glossary-content.txt
index 023ca95..8d38ae6 100644
--- a/Documentation/glossary-content.txt
+++ b/Documentation/glossary-content.txt
@@ -287,6 +287,15 @@
 	origin/name-of-upstream-branch, which you can see using
 	`git branch -r`.
 
+[[def_overlay]]overlay::
+	Only update and add files to the working directory, but don't
+	delete them, similar to how 'cp -R' would update the contents
+	in the destination directory.  This is the default mode in a
+	<<def_checkout,checkout>> when checking out files from the
+	<<def_index,index>> or a <<def_tree-ish,tree-ish>>.  In
+	contrast, no-overlay mode also deletes tracked files not
+	present in the source, similar to 'rsync --delete'.
+
 [[def_pack]]pack::
 	A set of objects which have been compressed into one file (to save space
 	or to transmit them efficiently).
diff --git a/Documentation/howto/setup-git-server-over-http.txt b/Documentation/howto/setup-git-server-over-http.txt
index f44e5e9..bfe6f9b 100644
--- a/Documentation/howto/setup-git-server-over-http.txt
+++ b/Documentation/howto/setup-git-server-over-http.txt
@@ -244,8 +244,8 @@
 --------------
 
 If you have to access the WebDAV server from behind an HTTP(S) proxy,
-set the variable 'all_proxy' to 'http://proxy-host.com:port', or
-'http://login-on-proxy:passwd-on-proxy@proxy-host.com:port'. See 'man
+set the variable 'all_proxy' to `http://proxy-host.com:port`, or
+`http://login-on-proxy:passwd-on-proxy@proxy-host.com:port`. See 'man
 curl' for details.
 
 
diff --git a/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt b/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt
index ca959a7..ddbc1de 100644
--- a/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt
+++ b/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt
@@ -743,7 +743,7 @@
 
 --filter-print-omitted::
 	Only useful with `--filter=`; prints a list of the objects omitted
-	by the filter.	Object IDs are prefixed with a ``~'' character.
+	by the filter.  Object IDs are prefixed with a ``~'' character.
 
 --missing=<missing-action>::
 	A debug option to help with future "partial clone" development.
@@ -805,12 +805,13 @@
 	author's). If `-local` is appended to the format (e.g.,
 	`iso-local`), the user's local time zone is used instead.
 +
+--
 `--date=relative` shows dates relative to the current time,
 e.g. ``2 hours ago''. The `-local` option has no effect for
 `--date=relative`.
-+
+
 `--date=local` is an alias for `--date=default-local`.
-+
+
 `--date=iso` (or `--date=iso8601`) shows timestamps in a ISO 8601-like format.
 The differences to the strict ISO 8601 format are:
 
@@ -818,15 +819,14 @@
 	- a space between time and time zone
 	- no colon between hours and minutes of the time zone
 
-+
 `--date=iso-strict` (or `--date=iso8601-strict`) shows timestamps in strict
 ISO 8601 format.
-+
+
 `--date=rfc` (or `--date=rfc2822`) shows timestamps in RFC 2822
 format, often found in email messages.
-+
+
 `--date=short` shows only the date, but not the time, in `YYYY-MM-DD` format.
-+
+
 `--date=raw` shows the date as seconds since the epoch (1970-01-01
 00:00:00 UTC), followed by a space, and then the timezone as an offset
 from UTC (a `+` or `-` with four digits; the first two are hours, and
@@ -835,28 +835,28 @@
 Note that the `-local` option does not affect the seconds-since-epoch
 value (which is always measured in UTC), but does switch the accompanying
 timezone value.
-+
+
 `--date=human` shows the timezone if the timezone does not match the
 current time-zone, and doesn't print the whole date if that matches
 (ie skip printing year for dates that are "this year", but also skip
 the whole date itself if it's in the last few days and we can just say
 what weekday it was).  For older dates the hour and minute is also
 omitted.
-+
+
 `--date=unix` shows the date as a Unix epoch timestamp (seconds since
 1970).  As with `--raw`, this is always in UTC and therefore `-local`
 has no effect.
-+
+
 `--date=format:...` feeds the format `...` to your system `strftime`,
 except for %z and %Z, which are handled internally.
 Use `--date=format:%c` to show the date in your system locale's
 preferred format.  See the `strftime` manual for a complete list of
 format placeholders. When using `-local`, the correct syntax is
 `--date=format-local:...`.
-+
+
 `--date=default` is the default format, and is similar to
 `--date=rfc2822`, with a few exceptions:
-
+--
 	- there is no comma after the day-of-week
 
 	- the time zone is omitted when the local time zone is used
diff --git a/Documentation/revisions.txt b/Documentation/revisions.txt
index 72daa20..2337a99 100644
--- a/Documentation/revisions.txt
+++ b/Documentation/revisions.txt
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@
 when you run `git cherry-pick`.
 +
 Note that any of the 'refs/*' cases above may come either from
-the '$GIT_DIR/refs' directory or from the '$GIT_DIR/packed-refs' file.
+the `$GIT_DIR/refs` directory or from the `$GIT_DIR/packed-refs` file.
 While the ref name encoding is unspecified, UTF-8 is preferred as
 some output processing may assume ref names in UTF-8.
 
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@
   `git push` were run while `branchname` was checked out (or the current
   `HEAD` if no branchname is specified). Since our push destination is
   in a remote repository, of course, we report the local tracking branch
-  that corresponds to that branch (i.e., something in 'refs/remotes/').
+  that corresponds to that branch (i.e., something in `refs/remotes/`).
 +
 Here's an example to make it more clear:
 +
diff --git a/Documentation/sequencer.txt b/Documentation/sequencer.txt
index 5747f44..5a57c4a 100644
--- a/Documentation/sequencer.txt
+++ b/Documentation/sequencer.txt
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 --continue::
 	Continue the operation in progress using the information in
-	'.git/sequencer'.  Can be used to continue after resolving
+	`.git/sequencer`.  Can be used to continue after resolving
 	conflicts in a failed cherry-pick or revert.
 
 --quit::
diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-config.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-config.txt
index fa39ac9..7d20716 100644
--- a/Documentation/technical/api-config.txt
+++ b/Documentation/technical/api-config.txt
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@
 config-like files that the caller specifies (i.e., files like `.gitmodules`,
 `~/.gitconfig` etc.). For example,
 
----------------------------------------
+----------------------------------------
 struct config_set gm_config;
 git_configset_init(&gm_config);
 int b;
diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-parse-options.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-parse-options.txt
index 2b036d7..2e2e7c1 100644
--- a/Documentation/technical/api-parse-options.txt
+++ b/Documentation/technical/api-parse-options.txt
@@ -198,8 +198,10 @@
 	The filename will be prefixed by passing the filename along with
 	the prefix argument of `parse_options()` to `prefix_filename()`.
 
-`OPT_ARGUMENT(long, description)`::
+`OPT_ARGUMENT(long, &int_var, description)`::
 	Introduce a long-option argument that will be kept in `argv[]`.
+	If this option was seen, `int_var` will be set to one (except
+	if a `NULL` pointer was passed).
 
 `OPT_NUMBER_CALLBACK(&var, description, func_ptr)`::
 	Recognize numerical options like -123 and feed the integer as
diff --git a/Documentation/technical/directory-rename-detection.txt b/Documentation/technical/directory-rename-detection.txt
index 1c0086e..844629c 100644
--- a/Documentation/technical/directory-rename-detection.txt
+++ b/Documentation/technical/directory-rename-detection.txt
@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@
   * one side of history renames x -> z, and the other renames some file to
     x/e, causing the need for the merge to do a transitive rename.
 
-  * one side of history renames x -> z, but also renames all files within
-    x.  For example, x/a -> z/alpha, x/b -> z/bravo, etc.
+  * one side of history renames x -> z, but also renames all files within x.
+    For example, x/a -> z/alpha, x/b -> z/bravo, etc.
 
   * both 'x' and 'y' being merged into a single directory 'z', with a
     directory rename being detected for both x->z and y->z.
diff --git a/Documentation/technical/pack-protocol.txt b/Documentation/technical/pack-protocol.txt
index 7a2375a..c73e72d 100644
--- a/Documentation/technical/pack-protocol.txt
+++ b/Documentation/technical/pack-protocol.txt
@@ -657,14 +657,14 @@
 An example client/server communication might look like this:
 
 ----
-   S: 007c74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d refs/heads/local\0report-status delete-refs ofs-delta\n
+   S: 006274730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d refs/heads/local\0report-status delete-refs ofs-delta\n
    S: 003e7d1665144a3a975c05f1f43902ddaf084e784dbe refs/heads/debug\n
    S: 003f74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d refs/heads/master\n
-   S: 003f74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d refs/heads/team\n
+   S: 003d74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d refs/heads/team\n
    S: 0000
 
-   C: 003e7d1665144a3a975c05f1f43902ddaf084e784dbe 74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d refs/heads/debug\n
-   C: 003e74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d 5a3f6be755bbb7deae50065988cbfa1ffa9ab68a refs/heads/master\n
+   C: 00677d1665144a3a975c05f1f43902ddaf084e784dbe 74730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d refs/heads/debug\n
+   C: 006874730d410fcb6603ace96f1dc55ea6196122532d 5a3f6be755bbb7deae50065988cbfa1ffa9ab68a refs/heads/master\n
    C: 0000
    C: [PACKDATA]
 
diff --git a/Documentation/technical/protocol-v2.txt b/Documentation/technical/protocol-v2.txt
index ead85ce..03264c7 100644
--- a/Documentation/technical/protocol-v2.txt
+++ b/Documentation/technical/protocol-v2.txt
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
- Git Wire Protocol, Version 2
-==============================
+Git Wire Protocol, Version 2
+============================
 
 This document presents a specification for a version 2 of Git's wire
 protocol.  Protocol v2 will improve upon v1 in the following ways:
@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@
 has completed, a client can reuse the connection and request that other
 commands be executed.
 
- Packet-Line Framing
----------------------
+Packet-Line Framing
+-------------------
 
 All communication is done using packet-line framing, just as in v1.  See
 `Documentation/technical/pack-protocol.txt` and
@@ -34,8 +34,8 @@
   * '0000' Flush Packet (flush-pkt) - indicates the end of a message
   * '0001' Delimiter Packet (delim-pkt) - separates sections of a message
 
- Initial Client Request
-------------------------
+Initial Client Request
+----------------------
 
 In general a client can request to speak protocol v2 by sending
 `version=2` through the respective side-channel for the transport being
@@ -43,22 +43,22 @@
 found in `pack-protocol.txt` and `http-protocol.txt`.  In all cases the
 response from the server is the capability advertisement.
 
- Git Transport
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+Git Transport
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
 When using the git:// transport, you can request to use protocol v2 by
 sending "version=2" as an extra parameter:
 
    003egit-upload-pack /project.git\0host=myserver.com\0\0version=2\0
 
- SSH and File Transport
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+SSH and File Transport
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
 When using either the ssh:// or file:// transport, the GIT_PROTOCOL
 environment variable must be set explicitly to include "version=2".
 
- HTTP Transport
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+HTTP Transport
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
 When using the http:// or https:// transport a client makes a "smart"
 info/refs request as described in `http-protocol.txt` and requests that
@@ -79,8 +79,8 @@
 Subsequent requests are then made directly to the service
 `$GIT_URL/git-upload-pack`. (This works the same for git-receive-pack).
 
- Capability Advertisement
---------------------------
+Capability Advertisement
+------------------------
 
 A server which decides to communicate (based on a request from a client)
 using protocol version 2, notifies the client by sending a version string
@@ -101,8 +101,8 @@
     key = 1*(ALPHA | DIGIT | "-_")
     value = 1*(ALPHA | DIGIT | " -_.,?\/{}[]()<>!@#$%^&*+=:;")
 
- Command Request
------------------
+Command Request
+---------------
 
 After receiving the capability advertisement, a client can then issue a
 request to select the command it wants with any particular capabilities
@@ -137,8 +137,8 @@
 optionally send an empty request consisting of just a flush-pkt to
 indicate that no more requests will be made.
 
- Capabilities
---------------
+Capabilities
+------------
 
 There are two different types of capabilities: normal capabilities,
 which can be used to to convey information or alter the behavior of a
@@ -153,8 +153,8 @@
 permits simple round-robin load-balancing on the server side, without
 needing to worry about state management.
 
- agent
-~~~~~~~
+agent
+~~~~~
 
 The server can advertise the `agent` capability with a value `X` (in the
 form `agent=X`) to notify the client that the server is running version
@@ -168,8 +168,8 @@
 and debugging purposes, and MUST NOT be used to programmatically assume
 the presence or absence of particular features.
 
- ls-refs
-~~~~~~~~~
+ls-refs
+~~~~~~~
 
 `ls-refs` is the command used to request a reference advertisement in v2.
 Unlike the current reference advertisement, ls-refs takes in arguments
@@ -199,8 +199,8 @@
     symref = "symref-target:" symref-target
     peeled = "peeled:" obj-id
 
- fetch
-~~~~~~~
+fetch
+~~~~~
 
 `fetch` is the command used to fetch a packfile in v2.  It can be looked
 at as a modified version of the v1 fetch where the ref-advertisement is
@@ -444,8 +444,8 @@
 		2 - progress messages
 		3 - fatal error message just before stream aborts
 
- server-option
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+server-option
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
 If advertised, indicates that any number of server specific options can be
 included in a request.  This is done by sending each option as a
diff --git a/Documentation/urls.txt b/Documentation/urls.txt
index b05da95..bc354fe 100644
--- a/Documentation/urls.txt
+++ b/Documentation/urls.txt
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@
 
 where <address> may be a path, a server and path, or an arbitrary
 URL-like string recognized by the specific remote helper being
-invoked. See linkgit:gitremote-helpers[1] for details.
+invoked. See linkgit:gitremote-helpers[7] for details.
 
 If there are a large number of similarly-named remote repositories and
 you want to use a different format for them (such that the URLs you
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index 3e03290..9f1b6e8 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -613,10 +613,9 @@
 SCRIPT_SH += git-merge-resolve.sh
 SCRIPT_SH += git-mergetool.sh
 SCRIPT_SH += git-quiltimport.sh
-SCRIPT_SH += git-legacy-rebase.sh
+SCRIPT_SH += git-legacy-stash.sh
 SCRIPT_SH += git-remote-testgit.sh
 SCRIPT_SH += git-request-pull.sh
-SCRIPT_SH += git-stash.sh
 SCRIPT_SH += git-submodule.sh
 SCRIPT_SH += git-web--browse.sh
 
@@ -1131,6 +1130,7 @@
 BUILTIN_OBJS += builtin/show-branch.o
 BUILTIN_OBJS += builtin/show-index.o
 BUILTIN_OBJS += builtin/show-ref.o
+BUILTIN_OBJS += builtin/stash.o
 BUILTIN_OBJS += builtin/stripspace.o
 BUILTIN_OBJS += builtin/submodule--helper.o
 BUILTIN_OBJS += builtin/symbolic-ref.o
@@ -1198,6 +1198,7 @@
 BASIC_CFLAGS += -fno-omit-frame-pointer
 ifneq ($(filter undefined,$(SANITIZERS)),)
 BASIC_CFLAGS += -DNO_UNALIGNED_LOADS
+BASIC_CFLAGS += -DSHA1DC_FORCE_ALIGNED_ACCESS
 endif
 ifneq ($(filter leak,$(SANITIZERS)),)
 BASIC_CFLAGS += -DSUPPRESS_ANNOTATED_LEAKS
@@ -3077,7 +3078,7 @@
 .PHONY: check-docs
 check-docs::
 	$(MAKE) -C Documentation lint-docs
-	@(for v in $(ALL_COMMANDS); \
+	@(for v in $(patsubst %$X,%,$(ALL_COMMANDS)); \
 	do \
 		case "$$v" in \
 		git-merge-octopus | git-merge-ours | git-merge-recursive | \
@@ -3098,15 +3099,16 @@
 	( \
 		sed -e '1,/^### command list/d' \
 		    -e '/^#/d' \
+		    -e '/guide$$/d' \
 		    -e 's/[ 	].*//' \
 		    -e 's/^/listed /' command-list.txt; \
 		$(MAKE) -C Documentation print-man1 | \
 		grep '\.txt$$' | \
-		sed -e 's|Documentation/|documented |' \
+		sed -e 's|^|documented |' \
 		    -e 's/\.txt//'; \
 	) | while read how cmd; \
 	do \
-		case " $(ALL_COMMANDS) " in \
+		case " $(patsubst %$X,%,$(ALL_COMMANDS)) " in \
 		*" $$cmd "*)	;; \
 		*) echo "removed but $$how: $$cmd" ;; \
 		esac; \
diff --git a/builtin.h b/builtin.h
index 6538932..b78ab6e 100644
--- a/builtin.h
+++ b/builtin.h
@@ -225,6 +225,7 @@
 extern int cmd_show_branch(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix);
 extern int cmd_show_index(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix);
 extern int cmd_status(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix);
+extern int cmd_stash(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix);
 extern int cmd_stripspace(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix);
 extern int cmd_submodule__helper(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix);
 extern int cmd_symbolic_ref(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix);
diff --git a/builtin/am.c b/builtin/am.c
index 4fb107a..3ba5723 100644
--- a/builtin/am.c
+++ b/builtin/am.c
@@ -1501,11 +1501,11 @@
 		 * review them with extra care to spot mismerges.
 		 */
 		struct rev_info rev_info;
-		const char *diff_filter_str = "--diff-filter=AM";
 
 		repo_init_revisions(the_repository, &rev_info, NULL);
 		rev_info.diffopt.output_format = DIFF_FORMAT_NAME_STATUS;
-		diff_opt_parse(&rev_info.diffopt, &diff_filter_str, 1, rev_info.prefix);
+		rev_info.diffopt.filter |= diff_filter_bit('A');
+		rev_info.diffopt.filter |= diff_filter_bit('M');
 		add_pending_oid(&rev_info, "HEAD", &our_tree, 0);
 		diff_setup_done(&rev_info.diffopt);
 		run_diff_index(&rev_info, 1);
diff --git a/builtin/branch.c b/builtin/branch.c
index 4c83055..d4359b3 100644
--- a/builtin/branch.c
+++ b/builtin/branch.c
@@ -644,8 +644,7 @@
 		OPT_MERGED(&filter, N_("print only branches that are merged")),
 		OPT_NO_MERGED(&filter, N_("print only branches that are not merged")),
 		OPT_COLUMN(0, "column", &colopts, N_("list branches in columns")),
-		OPT_CALLBACK(0 , "sort", sorting_tail, N_("key"),
-			     N_("field name to sort on"), &parse_opt_ref_sorting),
+		OPT_REF_SORT(sorting_tail),
 		{
 			OPTION_CALLBACK, 0, "points-at", &filter.points_at, N_("object"),
 			N_("print only branches of the object"), 0, parse_opt_object_name
diff --git a/builtin/checkout.c b/builtin/checkout.c
index 0e6037b..ffa776c 100644
--- a/builtin/checkout.c
+++ b/builtin/checkout.c
@@ -376,7 +376,7 @@
 							ps_matched,
 							opts);
 
-	if (report_path_error(ps_matched, &opts->pathspec, opts->prefix)) {
+	if (report_path_error(ps_matched, &opts->pathspec)) {
 		free(ps_matched);
 		return 1;
 	}
@@ -700,7 +700,7 @@
 		topts.initial_checkout = is_cache_unborn();
 		topts.update = 1;
 		topts.merge = 1;
-		topts.gently = opts->merge && old_branch_info->commit;
+		topts.quiet = opts->merge && old_branch_info->commit;
 		topts.verbose_update = opts->show_progress;
 		topts.fn = twoway_merge;
 		if (opts->overwrite_ignore) {
@@ -725,7 +725,10 @@
 			 */
 			struct tree *result;
 			struct tree *work;
+			struct tree *old_tree;
 			struct merge_options o;
+			struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;
+
 			if (!opts->merge)
 				return 1;
 
@@ -735,6 +738,19 @@
 			 */
 			if (!old_branch_info->commit)
 				return 1;
+			old_tree = get_commit_tree(old_branch_info->commit);
+
+			if (repo_index_has_changes(the_repository, old_tree, &sb))
+				die(_("cannot continue with staged changes in "
+				      "the following files:\n%s"), sb.buf);
+			strbuf_release(&sb);
+
+			if (repo_index_has_changes(the_repository,
+						   get_commit_tree(old_branch_info->commit),
+						   &sb))
+				warning(_("staged changes in the following files may be lost: %s"),
+					sb.buf);
+			strbuf_release(&sb);
 
 			/* Do more real merge */
 
@@ -772,7 +788,7 @@
 			ret = merge_trees(&o,
 					  get_commit_tree(new_branch_info->commit),
 					  work,
-					  get_commit_tree(old_branch_info->commit),
+					  old_tree,
 					  &result);
 			if (ret < 0)
 				exit(128);
diff --git a/builtin/commit-graph.c b/builtin/commit-graph.c
index 4ae5027..537fdfd 100644
--- a/builtin/commit-graph.c
+++ b/builtin/commit-graph.c
@@ -42,6 +42,9 @@
 {
 	struct commit_graph *graph = NULL;
 	char *graph_name;
+	int open_ok;
+	int fd;
+	struct stat st;
 
 	static struct option builtin_commit_graph_verify_options[] = {
 		OPT_STRING(0, "object-dir", &opts.obj_dir,
@@ -58,11 +61,16 @@
 		opts.obj_dir = get_object_directory();
 
 	graph_name = get_commit_graph_filename(opts.obj_dir);
-	graph = load_commit_graph_one(graph_name);
+	open_ok = open_commit_graph(graph_name, &fd, &st);
+	if (!open_ok && errno == ENOENT)
+		return 0;
+	if (!open_ok)
+		die_errno(_("Could not open commit-graph '%s'"), graph_name);
+	graph = load_commit_graph_one_fd_st(fd, &st);
 	FREE_AND_NULL(graph_name);
 
 	if (!graph)
-		return 0;
+		return 1;
 
 	UNLEAK(graph);
 	return verify_commit_graph(the_repository, graph);
@@ -72,6 +80,9 @@
 {
 	struct commit_graph *graph = NULL;
 	char *graph_name;
+	int open_ok;
+	int fd;
+	struct stat st;
 
 	static struct option builtin_commit_graph_read_options[] = {
 		OPT_STRING(0, "object-dir", &opts.obj_dir,
@@ -88,10 +99,14 @@
 		opts.obj_dir = get_object_directory();
 
 	graph_name = get_commit_graph_filename(opts.obj_dir);
-	graph = load_commit_graph_one(graph_name);
 
+	open_ok = open_commit_graph(graph_name, &fd, &st);
+	if (!open_ok)
+		die_errno(_("Could not open commit-graph '%s'"), graph_name);
+
+	graph = load_commit_graph_one_fd_st(fd, &st);
 	if (!graph)
-		die("graph file %s does not exist", graph_name);
+		return 1;
 
 	FREE_AND_NULL(graph_name);
 
diff --git a/builtin/commit.c b/builtin/commit.c
index f175374..833ecb3 100644
--- a/builtin/commit.c
+++ b/builtin/commit.c
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@
  * and return the paths that match the given pattern in list.
  */
 static int list_paths(struct string_list *list, const char *with_tree,
-		      const char *prefix, const struct pathspec *pattern)
+		      const struct pathspec *pattern)
 {
 	int i, ret;
 	char *m;
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@
 			item->util = item; /* better a valid pointer than a fake one */
 	}
 
-	ret = report_path_error(m, pattern, prefix);
+	ret = report_path_error(m, pattern);
 	free(m);
 	return ret;
 }
@@ -454,7 +454,7 @@
 			die(_("cannot do a partial commit during a cherry-pick."));
 	}
 
-	if (list_paths(&partial, !current_head ? NULL : "HEAD", prefix, &pathspec))
+	if (list_paths(&partial, !current_head ? NULL : "HEAD", &pathspec))
 		exit(1);
 
 	discard_cache();
@@ -1194,7 +1194,8 @@
 	handle_untracked_files_arg(s);
 
 	if (all && argc > 0)
-		die(_("Paths with -a does not make sense."));
+		die(_("paths '%s ...' with -a does not make sense"),
+		    argv[0]);
 
 	if (status_format != STATUS_FORMAT_NONE)
 		dry_run = 1;
diff --git a/builtin/diff.c b/builtin/diff.c
index 53d4234..42ac803 100644
--- a/builtin/diff.c
+++ b/builtin/diff.c
@@ -321,24 +321,6 @@
 
 	repo_init_revisions(the_repository, &rev, prefix);
 
-	if (no_index && argc != i + 2) {
-		if (no_index == DIFF_NO_INDEX_IMPLICIT) {
-			/*
-			 * There was no --no-index and there were not two
-			 * paths. It is possible that the user intended
-			 * to do an inside-repository operation.
-			 */
-			fprintf(stderr, "Not a git repository\n");
-			fprintf(stderr,
-				"To compare two paths outside a working tree:\n");
-		}
-		/* Give the usage message for non-repository usage and exit. */
-		usagef("git diff %s <path> <path>",
-		       no_index == DIFF_NO_INDEX_EXPLICIT ?
-		       "--no-index" : "[--no-index]");
-
-	}
-
 	/* Set up defaults that will apply to both no-index and regular diffs. */
 	rev.diffopt.stat_width = -1;
 	rev.diffopt.stat_graph_width = -1;
@@ -347,7 +329,9 @@
 
 	/* If this is a no-index diff, just run it and exit there. */
 	if (no_index)
-		diff_no_index(&rev, argc, argv);
+		exit(diff_no_index(&rev, no_index == DIFF_NO_INDEX_IMPLICIT,
+				   argc, argv));
+
 
 	/*
 	 * Otherwise, we are doing the usual "git" diff; set up any
diff --git a/builtin/difftool.c b/builtin/difftool.c
index a3ea60e..4fff1e8 100644
--- a/builtin/difftool.c
+++ b/builtin/difftool.c
@@ -690,7 +690,7 @@
 int cmd_difftool(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 {
 	int use_gui_tool = 0, dir_diff = 0, prompt = -1, symlinks = 0,
-	    tool_help = 0;
+	    tool_help = 0, no_index = 0;
 	static char *difftool_cmd = NULL, *extcmd = NULL;
 	struct option builtin_difftool_options[] = {
 		OPT_BOOL('g', "gui", &use_gui_tool,
@@ -714,6 +714,7 @@
 			    "tool returns a non - zero exit code")),
 		OPT_STRING('x', "extcmd", &extcmd, N_("command"),
 			   N_("specify a custom command for viewing diffs")),
+		OPT_ARGUMENT("no-index", &no_index, N_("passed to `diff`")),
 		OPT_END()
 	};
 
@@ -727,9 +728,14 @@
 	if (tool_help)
 		return print_tool_help();
 
-	/* NEEDSWORK: once we no longer spawn anything, remove this */
-	setenv(GIT_DIR_ENVIRONMENT, absolute_path(get_git_dir()), 1);
-	setenv(GIT_WORK_TREE_ENVIRONMENT, absolute_path(get_git_work_tree()), 1);
+	if (!no_index && !startup_info->have_repository)
+		die(_("difftool requires worktree or --no-index"));
+
+	if (!no_index){
+		setup_work_tree();
+		setenv(GIT_DIR_ENVIRONMENT, absolute_path(get_git_dir()), 1);
+		setenv(GIT_WORK_TREE_ENVIRONMENT, absolute_path(get_git_work_tree()), 1);
+	}
 
 	if (use_gui_tool && diff_gui_tool && *diff_gui_tool)
 		setenv("GIT_DIFF_TOOL", diff_gui_tool, 1);
diff --git a/builtin/fetch-pack.c b/builtin/fetch-pack.c
index 153a2bd..dc1485c 100644
--- a/builtin/fetch-pack.c
+++ b/builtin/fetch-pack.c
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@
 		BUG("unknown protocol version");
 	}
 
-	ref = fetch_pack(&args, fd, conn, ref, dest, sought, nr_sought,
+	ref = fetch_pack(&args, fd, ref, sought, nr_sought,
 			 &shallow, pack_lockfile_ptr, version);
 	if (pack_lockfile) {
 		printf("lock %s\n", pack_lockfile);
diff --git a/builtin/for-each-ref.c b/builtin/for-each-ref.c
index e931be9..465153e 100644
--- a/builtin/for-each-ref.c
+++ b/builtin/for-each-ref.c
@@ -37,8 +37,7 @@
 		OPT_INTEGER( 0 , "count", &maxcount, N_("show only <n> matched refs")),
 		OPT_STRING(  0 , "format", &format.format, N_("format"), N_("format to use for the output")),
 		OPT__COLOR(&format.use_color, N_("respect format colors")),
-		OPT_CALLBACK(0 , "sort", sorting_tail, N_("key"),
-			    N_("field name to sort on"), &parse_opt_ref_sorting),
+		OPT_REF_SORT(sorting_tail),
 		OPT_CALLBACK(0, "points-at", &filter.points_at,
 			     N_("object"), N_("print only refs which points at the given object"),
 			     parse_opt_object_name),
diff --git a/builtin/gc.c b/builtin/gc.c
index 020f725..8943bcc 100644
--- a/builtin/gc.c
+++ b/builtin/gc.c
@@ -116,6 +116,19 @@
 	raise(signo);
 }
 
+static int gc_config_is_timestamp_never(const char *var)
+{
+	const char *value;
+	timestamp_t expire;
+
+	if (!git_config_get_value(var, &value) && value) {
+		if (parse_expiry_date(value, &expire))
+			die(_("failed to parse '%s' value '%s'"), var, value);
+		return expire == 0;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
 static void gc_config(void)
 {
 	const char *value;
@@ -127,6 +140,10 @@
 			pack_refs = git_config_bool("gc.packrefs", value);
 	}
 
+	if (gc_config_is_timestamp_never("gc.reflogexpire") &&
+	    gc_config_is_timestamp_never("gc.reflogexpireunreachable"))
+		prune_reflogs = 0;
+
 	git_config_get_int("gc.aggressivewindow", &aggressive_window);
 	git_config_get_int("gc.aggressivedepth", &aggressive_depth);
 	git_config_get_int("gc.auto", &gc_auto_threshold);
@@ -156,9 +173,7 @@
 	int auto_threshold;
 	int num_loose = 0;
 	int needed = 0;
-
-	if (gc_auto_threshold <= 0)
-		return 0;
+	const unsigned hexsz_loose = the_hash_algo->hexsz - 2;
 
 	dir = opendir(git_path("objects/17"));
 	if (!dir)
@@ -166,8 +181,8 @@
 
 	auto_threshold = DIV_ROUND_UP(gc_auto_threshold, 256);
 	while ((ent = readdir(dir)) != NULL) {
-		if (strspn(ent->d_name, "0123456789abcdef") != 38 ||
-		    ent->d_name[38] != '\0')
+		if (strspn(ent->d_name, "0123456789abcdef") != hexsz_loose ||
+		    ent->d_name[hexsz_loose] != '\0')
 			continue;
 		if (++num_loose > auto_threshold) {
 			needed = 1;
@@ -491,14 +506,20 @@
 
 static void gc_before_repack(void)
 {
+	/*
+	 * We may be called twice, as both the pre- and
+	 * post-daemonized phases will call us, but running these
+	 * commands more than once is pointless and wasteful.
+	 */
+	static int done = 0;
+	if (done++)
+		return;
+
 	if (pack_refs && run_command_v_opt(pack_refs_cmd.argv, RUN_GIT_CMD))
 		die(FAILED_RUN, pack_refs_cmd.argv[0]);
 
 	if (prune_reflogs && run_command_v_opt(reflog.argv, RUN_GIT_CMD))
 		die(FAILED_RUN, reflog.argv[0]);
-
-	pack_refs = 0;
-	prune_reflogs = 0;
 }
 
 int cmd_gc(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
diff --git a/builtin/init-db.c b/builtin/init-db.c
index 6090217..6ca0028 100644
--- a/builtin/init-db.c
+++ b/builtin/init-db.c
@@ -156,6 +156,9 @@
 	if (!strcmp(k, "init.templatedir"))
 		return git_config_pathname(&init_db_template_dir, k, v);
 
+	if (starts_with(k, "core."))
+		return platform_core_config(k, v, cb);
+
 	return 0;
 }
 
@@ -186,6 +189,7 @@
 	struct strbuf err = STRBUF_INIT;
 
 	/* Just look for `init.templatedir` */
+	init_db_template_dir = NULL; /* re-set in case it was set before */
 	git_config(git_init_db_config, NULL);
 
 	/*
@@ -362,6 +366,9 @@
 	}
 	startup_info->have_repository = 1;
 
+	/* Just look for `core.hidedotfiles` */
+	git_config(git_init_db_config, NULL);
+
 	safe_create_dir(git_dir, 0);
 
 	init_is_bare_repository = is_bare_repository();
diff --git a/builtin/log.c b/builtin/log.c
index ab859f5..e43ee12 100644
--- a/builtin/log.c
+++ b/builtin/log.c
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@
  * This gives a rough estimate for how many commits we
  * will print out in the list.
  */
-static int estimate_commit_count(struct rev_info *rev, struct commit_list *list)
+static int estimate_commit_count(struct commit_list *list)
 {
 	int n = 0;
 
@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@
 		switch (simplify_commit(revs, commit)) {
 		case commit_show:
 			if (show_header) {
-				int n = estimate_commit_count(revs, list);
+				int n = estimate_commit_count(list);
 				show_early_header(revs, "incomplete", n);
 				show_header = 0;
 			}
@@ -333,7 +333,7 @@
 	show_early_output = log_show_early;
 }
 
-static void setup_early_output(struct rev_info *rev)
+static void setup_early_output(void)
 {
 	struct sigaction sa;
 
@@ -364,7 +364,7 @@
 
 static void finish_early_output(struct rev_info *rev)
 {
-	int n = estimate_commit_count(rev, rev->commits);
+	int n = estimate_commit_count(rev->commits);
 	signal(SIGALRM, SIG_IGN);
 	show_early_header(rev, "done", n);
 }
@@ -376,7 +376,7 @@
 	int saved_dcctc = 0, close_file = rev->diffopt.close_file;
 
 	if (rev->early_output)
-		setup_early_output(rev);
+		setup_early_output();
 
 	if (prepare_revision_walk(rev))
 		die(_("revision walk setup failed"));
@@ -490,7 +490,7 @@
 	return cmd_log_walk(&rev);
 }
 
-static void show_tagger(char *buf, int len, struct rev_info *rev)
+static void show_tagger(const char *buf, struct rev_info *rev)
 {
 	struct strbuf out = STRBUF_INIT;
 	struct pretty_print_context pp = {0};
@@ -517,7 +517,7 @@
 	if (get_oid_with_context(the_repository, obj_name,
 				 GET_OID_RECORD_PATH,
 				 &oidc, &obj_context))
-		die(_("Not a valid object name %s"), obj_name);
+		die(_("not a valid object name %s"), obj_name);
 	if (!obj_context.path ||
 	    !textconv_object(the_repository, obj_context.path,
 			     obj_context.mode, &oidc, 1, &buf, &size)) {
@@ -541,16 +541,16 @@
 	int offset = 0;
 
 	if (!buf)
-		return error(_("Could not read object %s"), oid_to_hex(oid));
+		return error(_("could not read object %s"), oid_to_hex(oid));
 
 	assert(type == OBJ_TAG);
 	while (offset < size && buf[offset] != '\n') {
 		int new_offset = offset + 1;
+		const char *ident;
 		while (new_offset < size && buf[new_offset++] != '\n')
 			; /* do nothing */
-		if (starts_with(buf + offset, "tagger "))
-			show_tagger(buf + offset + 7,
-				    new_offset - offset - 7, rev);
+		if (skip_prefix(buf + offset, "tagger ", &ident))
+			show_tagger(ident, rev);
 		offset = new_offset;
 	}
 
@@ -635,7 +635,7 @@
 				break;
 			o = parse_object(the_repository, &t->tagged->oid);
 			if (!o)
-				ret = error(_("Could not read object %s"),
+				ret = error(_("could not read object %s"),
 					    oid_to_hex(&t->tagged->oid));
 			objects[i].item = o;
 			i--;
@@ -660,7 +660,7 @@
 			ret = cmd_log_walk(&rev);
 			break;
 		default:
-			ret = error(_("Unknown type: %d"), o->type);
+			ret = error(_("unknown type: %d"), o->type);
 		}
 	}
 	free(objects);
@@ -898,7 +898,7 @@
 		printf("%s\n", filename.buf + outdir_offset);
 
 	if ((rev->diffopt.file = fopen(filename.buf, "w")) == NULL) {
-		error_errno(_("Cannot open patch file %s"), filename.buf);
+		error_errno(_("cannot open patch file %s"), filename.buf);
 		strbuf_release(&filename);
 		return -1;
 	}
@@ -915,7 +915,7 @@
 	unsigned flags1, flags2;
 
 	if (rev->pending.nr != 2)
-		die(_("Need exactly one range."));
+		die(_("need exactly one range"));
 
 	o1 = rev->pending.objects[0].item;
 	o2 = rev->pending.objects[1].item;
@@ -925,7 +925,7 @@
 	c2 = lookup_commit_reference(the_repository, &o2->oid);
 
 	if ((flags1 & UNINTERESTING) == (flags2 & UNINTERESTING))
-		die(_("Not a range."));
+		die(_("not a range"));
 
 	init_patch_ids(the_repository, ids);
 
@@ -1048,13 +1048,13 @@
 	struct commit *head = list[0];
 
 	if (!cmit_fmt_is_mail(rev->commit_format))
-		die(_("Cover letter needs email format"));
+		die(_("cover letter needs email format"));
 
 	committer = git_committer_info(0);
 
 	if (!use_stdout &&
 	    open_next_file(NULL, rev->numbered_files ? NULL : "cover-letter", rev, quiet))
-		return;
+		die(_("failed to create cover-letter file"));
 
 	log_write_email_headers(rev, head, &pp.after_subject, &need_8bit_cte, 0);
 
@@ -1218,7 +1218,7 @@
 	const char **dir = (const char **)opt->value;
 	BUG_ON_OPT_NEG(unset);
 	if (*dir)
-		die(_("Two output directories?"));
+		die(_("two output directories?"));
 	*dir = arg;
 	return 0;
 }
@@ -1329,7 +1329,7 @@
 	if (base_commit && strcmp(base_commit, "auto")) {
 		base = lookup_commit_reference_by_name(base_commit);
 		if (!base)
-			die(_("Unknown commit %s"), base_commit);
+			die(_("unknown commit %s"), base_commit);
 	} else if ((base_commit && !strcmp(base_commit, "auto")) || base_auto) {
 		struct branch *curr_branch = branch_get(NULL);
 		const char *upstream = branch_get_upstream(curr_branch, NULL);
@@ -1339,18 +1339,18 @@
 			struct object_id oid;
 
 			if (get_oid(upstream, &oid))
-				die(_("Failed to resolve '%s' as a valid ref."), upstream);
+				die(_("failed to resolve '%s' as a valid ref"), upstream);
 			commit = lookup_commit_or_die(&oid, "upstream base");
 			base_list = get_merge_bases_many(commit, total, list);
 			/* There should be one and only one merge base. */
 			if (!base_list || base_list->next)
-				die(_("Could not find exact merge base."));
+				die(_("could not find exact merge base"));
 			base = base_list->item;
 			free_commit_list(base_list);
 		} else {
-			die(_("Failed to get upstream, if you want to record base commit automatically,\n"
+			die(_("failed to get upstream, if you want to record base commit automatically,\n"
 			      "please use git branch --set-upstream-to to track a remote branch.\n"
-			      "Or you could specify base commit by --base=<base-commit-id> manually."));
+			      "Or you could specify base commit by --base=<base-commit-id> manually"));
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -1368,7 +1368,7 @@
 			struct commit_list *merge_base;
 			merge_base = get_merge_bases(rev[2 * i], rev[2 * i + 1]);
 			if (!merge_base || merge_base->next)
-				die(_("Failed to find exact merge base"));
+				die(_("failed to find exact merge base"));
 
 			rev[i] = merge_base->item;
 		}
@@ -1747,7 +1747,7 @@
 		if (use_stdout)
 			die(_("standard output, or directory, which one?"));
 		if (mkdir(output_directory, 0777) < 0 && errno != EEXIST)
-			die_errno(_("Could not create directory '%s'"),
+			die_errno(_("could not create directory '%s'"),
 				  output_directory);
 	}
 
@@ -1949,7 +1949,7 @@
 
 		if (!use_stdout &&
 		    open_next_file(rev.numbered_files ? NULL : commit, NULL, &rev, quiet))
-			die(_("Failed to create output files"));
+			die(_("failed to create output files"));
 		shown = log_tree_commit(&rev, commit);
 		free_commit_buffer(the_repository->parsed_objects,
 				   commit);
@@ -2073,9 +2073,9 @@
 	revs.max_parents = 1;
 
 	if (add_pending_commit(head, &revs, 0))
-		die(_("Unknown commit %s"), head);
+		die(_("unknown commit %s"), head);
 	if (add_pending_commit(upstream, &revs, UNINTERESTING))
-		die(_("Unknown commit %s"), upstream);
+		die(_("unknown commit %s"), upstream);
 
 	/* Don't say anything if head and upstream are the same. */
 	if (revs.pending.nr == 2) {
@@ -2087,7 +2087,7 @@
 	get_patch_ids(&revs, &ids);
 
 	if (limit && add_pending_commit(limit, &revs, UNINTERESTING))
-		die(_("Unknown commit %s"), limit);
+		die(_("unknown commit %s"), limit);
 
 	/* reverse the list of commits */
 	if (prepare_revision_walk(&revs))
diff --git a/builtin/ls-files.c b/builtin/ls-files.c
index 29a8762..37a08c7 100644
--- a/builtin/ls-files.c
+++ b/builtin/ls-files.c
@@ -680,7 +680,7 @@
 
 	if (ps_matched) {
 		int bad;
-		bad = report_path_error(ps_matched, &pathspec, prefix);
+		bad = report_path_error(ps_matched, &pathspec);
 		if (bad)
 			fprintf(stderr, "Did you forget to 'git add'?\n");
 
diff --git a/builtin/ls-remote.c b/builtin/ls-remote.c
index 1d7f1f5..6ef5195 100644
--- a/builtin/ls-remote.c
+++ b/builtin/ls-remote.c
@@ -67,8 +67,7 @@
 		OPT_BIT(0, "refs", &flags, N_("do not show peeled tags"), REF_NORMAL),
 		OPT_BOOL(0, "get-url", &get_url,
 			 N_("take url.<base>.insteadOf into account")),
-		OPT_CALLBACK(0 , "sort", sorting_tail, N_("key"),
-			     N_("field name to sort on"), &parse_opt_ref_sorting),
+		OPT_REF_SORT(sorting_tail),
 		OPT_SET_INT_F(0, "exit-code", &status,
 			      N_("exit with exit code 2 if no matching refs are found"),
 			      2, PARSE_OPT_NOCOMPLETE),
diff --git a/builtin/multi-pack-index.c b/builtin/multi-pack-index.c
index fca70f8..ae6e476 100644
--- a/builtin/multi-pack-index.c
+++ b/builtin/multi-pack-index.c
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 #include "config.h"
 #include "parse-options.h"
 #include "midx.h"
+#include "trace2.h"
 
 static char const * const builtin_multi_pack_index_usage[] = {
 	N_("git multi-pack-index [--object-dir=<dir>] (write|verify)"),
@@ -40,6 +41,8 @@
 		return 1;
 	}
 
+	trace2_cmd_mode(argv[0]);
+
 	if (!strcmp(argv[0], "write"))
 		return write_midx_file(opts.object_dir);
 	if (!strcmp(argv[0], "verify"))
diff --git a/builtin/range-diff.c b/builtin/range-diff.c
index f01a0be..784bd19 100644
--- a/builtin/range-diff.c
+++ b/builtin/range-diff.c
@@ -16,42 +16,27 @@
 	int creation_factor = RANGE_DIFF_CREATION_FACTOR_DEFAULT;
 	struct diff_options diffopt = { NULL };
 	int simple_color = -1;
-	struct option options[] = {
+	struct option range_diff_options[] = {
 		OPT_INTEGER(0, "creation-factor", &creation_factor,
 			    N_("Percentage by which creation is weighted")),
 		OPT_BOOL(0, "no-dual-color", &simple_color,
 			    N_("use simple diff colors")),
 		OPT_END()
 	};
-	int i, j, res = 0;
+	struct option *options;
+	int res = 0;
 	struct strbuf range1 = STRBUF_INIT, range2 = STRBUF_INIT;
 
 	git_config(git_diff_ui_config, NULL);
 
 	repo_diff_setup(the_repository, &diffopt);
 
+	options = parse_options_concat(range_diff_options, diffopt.parseopts);
 	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, NULL, options,
-			     builtin_range_diff_usage, PARSE_OPT_KEEP_UNKNOWN |
-			     PARSE_OPT_KEEP_DASHDASH | PARSE_OPT_KEEP_ARGV0);
-
-	for (i = j = 1; i < argc && strcmp("--", argv[i]); ) {
-		int c = diff_opt_parse(&diffopt, argv + i, argc - i, prefix);
-
-		if (!c)
-			argv[j++] = argv[i++];
-		else
-			i += c;
-	}
-	while (i < argc)
-		argv[j++] = argv[i++];
-	argc = j;
-	diff_setup_done(&diffopt);
-
-	/* Make sure that there are no unparsed options */
-	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, NULL,
-			     options + ARRAY_SIZE(options) - 1, /* OPT_END */
 			     builtin_range_diff_usage, 0);
 
+	diff_setup_done(&diffopt);
+
 	/* force color when --dual-color was used */
 	if (!simple_color)
 		diffopt.use_color = 1;
@@ -90,6 +75,7 @@
 		error(_("need two commit ranges"));
 		usage_with_options(builtin_range_diff_usage, options);
 	}
+	FREE_AND_NULL(options);
 
 	res = show_range_diff(range1.buf, range2.buf, creation_factor,
 			      simple_color < 1, &diffopt);
diff --git a/builtin/read-tree.c b/builtin/read-tree.c
index 9083dcf..5c9c082 100644
--- a/builtin/read-tree.c
+++ b/builtin/read-tree.c
@@ -154,6 +154,7 @@
 		{ OPTION_CALLBACK, 0, "recurse-submodules", NULL,
 			    "checkout", "control recursive updating of submodules",
 			    PARSE_OPT_OPTARG, option_parse_recurse_submodules_worktree_updater },
+		OPT__QUIET(&opts.quiet, N_("suppress feedback messages")),
 		OPT_END()
 	};
 
diff --git a/builtin/rebase--interactive.c b/builtin/rebase--interactive.c
index 888390f..4535523 100644
--- a/builtin/rebase--interactive.c
+++ b/builtin/rebase--interactive.c
@@ -14,6 +14,103 @@
 static GIT_PATH_FUNC(path_squash_onto, "rebase-merge/squash-onto")
 static GIT_PATH_FUNC(path_interactive, "rebase-merge/interactive")
 
+static int add_exec_commands(struct string_list *commands)
+{
+	const char *todo_file = rebase_path_todo();
+	struct todo_list todo_list = TODO_LIST_INIT;
+	int res;
+
+	if (strbuf_read_file(&todo_list.buf, todo_file, 0) < 0)
+		return error_errno(_("could not read '%s'."), todo_file);
+
+	if (todo_list_parse_insn_buffer(the_repository, todo_list.buf.buf,
+					&todo_list)) {
+		todo_list_release(&todo_list);
+		return error(_("unusable todo list: '%s'"), todo_file);
+	}
+
+	todo_list_add_exec_commands(&todo_list, commands);
+	res = todo_list_write_to_file(the_repository, &todo_list,
+				      todo_file, NULL, NULL, -1, 0);
+	todo_list_release(&todo_list);
+
+	if (res)
+		return error_errno(_("could not write '%s'."), todo_file);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int rearrange_squash_in_todo_file(void)
+{
+	const char *todo_file = rebase_path_todo();
+	struct todo_list todo_list = TODO_LIST_INIT;
+	int res = 0;
+
+	if (strbuf_read_file(&todo_list.buf, todo_file, 0) < 0)
+		return error_errno(_("could not read '%s'."), todo_file);
+	if (todo_list_parse_insn_buffer(the_repository, todo_list.buf.buf,
+					&todo_list)) {
+		todo_list_release(&todo_list);
+		return error(_("unusable todo list: '%s'"), todo_file);
+	}
+
+	res = todo_list_rearrange_squash(&todo_list);
+	if (!res)
+		res = todo_list_write_to_file(the_repository, &todo_list,
+					      todo_file, NULL, NULL, -1, 0);
+
+	todo_list_release(&todo_list);
+
+	if (res)
+		return error_errno(_("could not write '%s'."), todo_file);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int transform_todo_file(unsigned flags)
+{
+	const char *todo_file = rebase_path_todo();
+	struct todo_list todo_list = TODO_LIST_INIT;
+	int res;
+
+	if (strbuf_read_file(&todo_list.buf, todo_file, 0) < 0)
+		return error_errno(_("could not read '%s'."), todo_file);
+
+	if (todo_list_parse_insn_buffer(the_repository, todo_list.buf.buf,
+					&todo_list)) {
+		todo_list_release(&todo_list);
+		return error(_("unusable todo list: '%s'"), todo_file);
+	}
+
+	res = todo_list_write_to_file(the_repository, &todo_list, todo_file,
+				      NULL, NULL, -1, flags);
+	todo_list_release(&todo_list);
+
+	if (res)
+		return error_errno(_("could not write '%s'."), todo_file);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int edit_todo_file(unsigned flags)
+{
+	const char *todo_file = rebase_path_todo();
+	struct todo_list todo_list = TODO_LIST_INIT,
+		new_todo = TODO_LIST_INIT;
+	int res = 0;
+
+	if (strbuf_read_file(&todo_list.buf, todo_file, 0) < 0)
+		return error_errno(_("could not read '%s'."), todo_file);
+
+	strbuf_stripspace(&todo_list.buf, 1);
+	res = edit_todo_list(the_repository, &todo_list, &new_todo, NULL, NULL, flags);
+	if (!res && todo_list_write_to_file(the_repository, &new_todo, todo_file,
+					    NULL, NULL, -1, flags & ~(TODO_LIST_SHORTEN_IDS)))
+		res = error_errno(_("could not write '%s'"), todo_file);
+
+	todo_list_release(&todo_list);
+	todo_list_release(&new_todo);
+
+	return res;
+}
+
 static int get_revision_ranges(const char *upstream, const char *onto,
 			       const char **head_hash,
 			       char **revisions, char **shortrevisions)
@@ -66,13 +163,13 @@
 				 const char *onto, const char *onto_name,
 				 const char *squash_onto, const char *head_name,
 				 const char *restrict_revision, char *raw_strategies,
-				 const char *cmd, unsigned autosquash)
+				 struct string_list *commands, unsigned autosquash)
 {
 	int ret;
 	const char *head_hash = NULL;
 	char *revisions = NULL, *shortrevisions = NULL;
 	struct argv_array make_script_args = ARGV_ARRAY_INIT;
-	FILE *todo_list;
+	struct todo_list todo_list = TODO_LIST_INIT;
 
 	if (prepare_branch_to_be_rebased(opts, switch_to))
 		return -1;
@@ -94,34 +191,29 @@
 	if (!upstream && squash_onto)
 		write_file(path_squash_onto(), "%s\n", squash_onto);
 
-	todo_list = fopen(rebase_path_todo(), "w");
-	if (!todo_list) {
-		free(revisions);
-		free(shortrevisions);
-
-		return error_errno(_("could not open %s"), rebase_path_todo());
-	}
-
 	argv_array_pushl(&make_script_args, "", revisions, NULL);
 	if (restrict_revision)
 		argv_array_push(&make_script_args, restrict_revision);
 
-	ret = sequencer_make_script(the_repository, todo_list,
+	ret = sequencer_make_script(the_repository, &todo_list.buf,
 				    make_script_args.argc, make_script_args.argv,
 				    flags);
-	fclose(todo_list);
 
 	if (ret)
 		error(_("could not generate todo list"));
 	else {
 		discard_cache();
-		ret = complete_action(the_repository, opts, flags,
-				      shortrevisions, onto_name, onto,
-				      head_hash, cmd, autosquash);
+		if (todo_list_parse_insn_buffer(the_repository, todo_list.buf.buf,
+						&todo_list))
+			BUG("unusable todo list");
+
+		ret = complete_action(the_repository, opts, flags, shortrevisions, onto_name,
+				      onto, head_hash, commands, autosquash, &todo_list);
 	}
 
 	free(revisions);
 	free(shortrevisions);
+	todo_list_release(&todo_list);
 	argv_array_clear(&make_script_args);
 
 	return ret;
@@ -140,6 +232,7 @@
 	const char *onto = NULL, *onto_name = NULL, *restrict_revision = NULL,
 		*squash_onto = NULL, *upstream = NULL, *head_name = NULL,
 		*switch_to = NULL, *cmd = NULL;
+	struct string_list commands = STRING_LIST_INIT_DUP;
 	char *raw_strategies = NULL;
 	enum {
 		NONE = 0, CONTINUE, SKIP, EDIT_TODO, SHOW_CURRENT_PATCH,
@@ -224,6 +317,14 @@
 		warning(_("--[no-]rebase-cousins has no effect without "
 			  "--rebase-merges"));
 
+	if (cmd && *cmd) {
+		string_list_split(&commands, cmd, '\n', -1);
+
+		/* rebase.c adds a new line to cmd after every command,
+		 * so here the last command is always empty */
+		string_list_remove_empty_items(&commands, 0);
+	}
+
 	switch (command) {
 	case NONE:
 		if (!onto && !upstream)
@@ -231,7 +332,7 @@
 
 		ret = do_interactive_rebase(&opts, flags, switch_to, upstream, onto,
 					    onto_name, squash_onto, head_name, restrict_revision,
-					    raw_strategies, cmd, autosquash);
+					    raw_strategies, &commands, autosquash);
 		break;
 	case SKIP: {
 		struct string_list merge_rr = STRING_LIST_INIT_DUP;
@@ -243,7 +344,7 @@
 		break;
 	}
 	case EDIT_TODO:
-		ret = edit_todo_list(the_repository, flags);
+		ret = edit_todo_file(flags);
 		break;
 	case SHOW_CURRENT_PATCH: {
 		struct child_process cmd = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
@@ -256,20 +357,21 @@
 	}
 	case SHORTEN_OIDS:
 	case EXPAND_OIDS:
-		ret = transform_todos(the_repository, flags);
+		ret = transform_todo_file(flags);
 		break;
 	case CHECK_TODO_LIST:
-		ret = check_todo_list(the_repository);
+		ret = check_todo_list_from_file(the_repository);
 		break;
 	case REARRANGE_SQUASH:
-		ret = rearrange_squash(the_repository);
+		ret = rearrange_squash_in_todo_file();
 		break;
 	case ADD_EXEC:
-		ret = sequencer_add_exec_commands(the_repository, cmd);
+		ret = add_exec_commands(&commands);
 		break;
 	default:
 		BUG("invalid command '%d'", command);
 	}
 
+	string_list_clear(&commands, 0);
 	return !!ret;
 }
diff --git a/builtin/rebase.c b/builtin/rebase.c
index 77deebc..2e41ad5 100644
--- a/builtin/rebase.c
+++ b/builtin/rebase.c
@@ -46,29 +46,6 @@
 	REBASE_PRESERVE_MERGES
 };
 
-static int use_builtin_rebase(void)
-{
-	struct child_process cp = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
-	struct strbuf out = STRBUF_INIT;
-	int ret, env = git_env_bool("GIT_TEST_REBASE_USE_BUILTIN", -1);
-
-	if (env != -1)
-		return env;
-
-	argv_array_pushl(&cp.args,
-			 "config", "--bool", "rebase.usebuiltin", NULL);
-	cp.git_cmd = 1;
-	if (capture_command(&cp, &out, 6)) {
-		strbuf_release(&out);
-		return 1;
-	}
-
-	strbuf_trim(&out);
-	ret = !strcmp("true", out.buf);
-	strbuf_release(&out);
-	return ret;
-}
-
 struct rebase_options {
 	enum rebase_type type;
 	const char *state_dir;
@@ -106,6 +83,7 @@
 	char *strategy, *strategy_opts;
 	struct strbuf git_format_patch_opt;
 	int reschedule_failed_exec;
+	int use_legacy_rebase;
 };
 
 static int is_interactive(struct rebase_options *opts)
@@ -874,6 +852,11 @@
 		return 0;
 	}
 
+	if (!strcmp(var, "rebase.usebuiltin")) {
+		opts->use_legacy_rebase = !git_config_bool(var, value);
+		return 0;
+	}
+
 	return git_default_config(var, value, data);
 }
 
@@ -1105,8 +1088,8 @@
 			PARSE_OPT_NOARG | PARSE_OPT_NONEG,
 			parse_opt_interactive },
 		OPT_SET_INT('p', "preserve-merges", &options.type,
-			    N_("try to recreate merges instead of ignoring "
-			       "them"), REBASE_PRESERVE_MERGES),
+			    N_("(DEPRECATED) try to recreate merges instead of "
+			       "ignoring them"), REBASE_PRESERVE_MERGES),
 		OPT_BOOL(0, "rerere-autoupdate",
 			 &options.allow_rerere_autoupdate,
 			 N_("allow rerere to update index with resolved "
@@ -1148,22 +1131,6 @@
 	};
 	int i;
 
-	/*
-	 * NEEDSWORK: Once the builtin rebase has been tested enough
-	 * and git-legacy-rebase.sh is retired to contrib/, this preamble
-	 * can be removed.
-	 */
-
-	if (!use_builtin_rebase()) {
-		const char *path = mkpath("%s/git-legacy-rebase",
-					  git_exec_path());
-
-		if (sane_execvp(path, (char **)argv) < 0)
-			die_errno(_("could not exec %s"), path);
-		else
-			BUG("sane_execvp() returned???");
-	}
-
 	if (argc == 2 && !strcmp(argv[1], "-h"))
 		usage_with_options(builtin_rebase_usage,
 				   builtin_rebase_options);
@@ -1174,6 +1141,11 @@
 
 	git_config(rebase_config, &options);
 
+	if (options.use_legacy_rebase ||
+	    !git_env_bool("GIT_TEST_REBASE_USE_BUILTIN", -1))
+		warning(_("the rebase.useBuiltin support has been removed!\n"
+			  "See its entry in 'git help config' for details."));
+
 	strbuf_reset(&buf);
 	strbuf_addf(&buf, "%s/applying", apply_dir());
 	if(file_exists(buf.buf))
@@ -1217,6 +1189,10 @@
 		usage_with_options(builtin_rebase_usage,
 				   builtin_rebase_options);
 
+	if (options.type == REBASE_PRESERVE_MERGES)
+		warning(_("git rebase --preserve-merges is deprecated. "
+			  "Use --rebase-merges instead."));
+
 	if (action != NO_ACTION && !in_progress)
 		die(_("No rebase in progress?"));
 	setenv(GIT_REFLOG_ACTION_ENVIRONMENT, "rebase", 0);
diff --git a/builtin/reset.c b/builtin/reset.c
index 7882829..26ef9a7 100644
--- a/builtin/reset.c
+++ b/builtin/reset.c
@@ -386,6 +386,7 @@
 			int flags = quiet ? REFRESH_QUIET : REFRESH_IN_PORCELAIN;
 			if (read_from_tree(&pathspec, &oid, intent_to_add))
 				return 1;
+			the_index.updated_skipworktree = 1;
 			if (!quiet && get_git_work_tree()) {
 				uint64_t t_begin, t_delta_in_ms;
 
diff --git a/builtin/stash.c b/builtin/stash.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2a8e6d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/builtin/stash.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1648 @@
+#define USE_THE_INDEX_COMPATIBILITY_MACROS
+#include "builtin.h"
+#include "config.h"
+#include "parse-options.h"
+#include "refs.h"
+#include "lockfile.h"
+#include "cache-tree.h"
+#include "unpack-trees.h"
+#include "merge-recursive.h"
+#include "argv-array.h"
+#include "run-command.h"
+#include "dir.h"
+#include "rerere.h"
+#include "revision.h"
+#include "log-tree.h"
+#include "diffcore.h"
+#include "exec-cmd.h"
+
+#define INCLUDE_ALL_FILES 2
+
+static const char * const git_stash_usage[] = {
+	N_("git stash list [<options>]"),
+	N_("git stash show [<options>] [<stash>]"),
+	N_("git stash drop [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]"),
+	N_("git stash ( pop | apply ) [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]"),
+	N_("git stash branch <branchname> [<stash>]"),
+	N_("git stash clear"),
+	N_("git stash [push [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet]\n"
+	   "          [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-m|--message <message>]\n"
+	   "          [--] [<pathspec>...]]"),
+	N_("git stash save [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet]\n"
+	   "          [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [<message>]"),
+	NULL
+};
+
+static const char * const git_stash_list_usage[] = {
+	N_("git stash list [<options>]"),
+	NULL
+};
+
+static const char * const git_stash_show_usage[] = {
+	N_("git stash show [<options>] [<stash>]"),
+	NULL
+};
+
+static const char * const git_stash_drop_usage[] = {
+	N_("git stash drop [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]"),
+	NULL
+};
+
+static const char * const git_stash_pop_usage[] = {
+	N_("git stash pop [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]"),
+	NULL
+};
+
+static const char * const git_stash_apply_usage[] = {
+	N_("git stash apply [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]"),
+	NULL
+};
+
+static const char * const git_stash_branch_usage[] = {
+	N_("git stash branch <branchname> [<stash>]"),
+	NULL
+};
+
+static const char * const git_stash_clear_usage[] = {
+	N_("git stash clear"),
+	NULL
+};
+
+static const char * const git_stash_store_usage[] = {
+	N_("git stash store [-m|--message <message>] [-q|--quiet] <commit>"),
+	NULL
+};
+
+static const char * const git_stash_push_usage[] = {
+	N_("git stash [push [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet]\n"
+	   "          [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-m|--message <message>]\n"
+	   "          [--] [<pathspec>...]]"),
+	NULL
+};
+
+static const char * const git_stash_save_usage[] = {
+	N_("git stash save [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet]\n"
+	   "          [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [<message>]"),
+	NULL
+};
+
+static const char *ref_stash = "refs/stash";
+static struct strbuf stash_index_path = STRBUF_INIT;
+
+/*
+ * w_commit is set to the commit containing the working tree
+ * b_commit is set to the base commit
+ * i_commit is set to the commit containing the index tree
+ * u_commit is set to the commit containing the untracked files tree
+ * w_tree is set to the working tree
+ * b_tree is set to the base tree
+ * i_tree is set to the index tree
+ * u_tree is set to the untracked files tree
+ */
+struct stash_info {
+	struct object_id w_commit;
+	struct object_id b_commit;
+	struct object_id i_commit;
+	struct object_id u_commit;
+	struct object_id w_tree;
+	struct object_id b_tree;
+	struct object_id i_tree;
+	struct object_id u_tree;
+	struct strbuf revision;
+	int is_stash_ref;
+	int has_u;
+};
+
+static void free_stash_info(struct stash_info *info)
+{
+	strbuf_release(&info->revision);
+}
+
+static void assert_stash_like(struct stash_info *info, const char *revision)
+{
+	if (get_oidf(&info->b_commit, "%s^1", revision) ||
+	    get_oidf(&info->w_tree, "%s:", revision) ||
+	    get_oidf(&info->b_tree, "%s^1:", revision) ||
+	    get_oidf(&info->i_tree, "%s^2:", revision))
+		die(_("'%s' is not a stash-like commit"), revision);
+}
+
+static int get_stash_info(struct stash_info *info, int argc, const char **argv)
+{
+	int ret;
+	char *end_of_rev;
+	char *expanded_ref;
+	const char *revision;
+	const char *commit = NULL;
+	struct object_id dummy;
+	struct strbuf symbolic = STRBUF_INIT;
+
+	if (argc > 1) {
+		int i;
+		struct strbuf refs_msg = STRBUF_INIT;
+
+		for (i = 0; i < argc; i++)
+			strbuf_addf(&refs_msg, " '%s'", argv[i]);
+
+		fprintf_ln(stderr, _("Too many revisions specified:%s"),
+			   refs_msg.buf);
+		strbuf_release(&refs_msg);
+
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	if (argc == 1)
+		commit = argv[0];
+
+	strbuf_init(&info->revision, 0);
+	if (!commit) {
+		if (!ref_exists(ref_stash)) {
+			free_stash_info(info);
+			fprintf_ln(stderr, _("No stash entries found."));
+			return -1;
+		}
+
+		strbuf_addf(&info->revision, "%s@{0}", ref_stash);
+	} else if (strspn(commit, "0123456789") == strlen(commit)) {
+		strbuf_addf(&info->revision, "%s@{%s}", ref_stash, commit);
+	} else {
+		strbuf_addstr(&info->revision, commit);
+	}
+
+	revision = info->revision.buf;
+
+	if (get_oid(revision, &info->w_commit)) {
+		error(_("%s is not a valid reference"), revision);
+		free_stash_info(info);
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	assert_stash_like(info, revision);
+
+	info->has_u = !get_oidf(&info->u_tree, "%s^3:", revision);
+
+	end_of_rev = strchrnul(revision, '@');
+	strbuf_add(&symbolic, revision, end_of_rev - revision);
+
+	ret = dwim_ref(symbolic.buf, symbolic.len, &dummy, &expanded_ref);
+	strbuf_release(&symbolic);
+	switch (ret) {
+	case 0: /* Not found, but valid ref */
+		info->is_stash_ref = 0;
+		break;
+	case 1:
+		info->is_stash_ref = !strcmp(expanded_ref, ref_stash);
+		break;
+	default: /* Invalid or ambiguous */
+		free_stash_info(info);
+	}
+
+	free(expanded_ref);
+	return !(ret == 0 || ret == 1);
+}
+
+static int do_clear_stash(void)
+{
+	struct object_id obj;
+	if (get_oid(ref_stash, &obj))
+		return 0;
+
+	return delete_ref(NULL, ref_stash, &obj, 0);
+}
+
+static int clear_stash(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
+{
+	struct option options[] = {
+		OPT_END()
+	};
+
+	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, options,
+			     git_stash_clear_usage,
+			     PARSE_OPT_STOP_AT_NON_OPTION);
+
+	if (argc)
+		return error(_("git stash clear with parameters is "
+			       "unimplemented"));
+
+	return do_clear_stash();
+}
+
+static int reset_tree(struct object_id *i_tree, int update, int reset)
+{
+	int nr_trees = 1;
+	struct unpack_trees_options opts;
+	struct tree_desc t[MAX_UNPACK_TREES];
+	struct tree *tree;
+	struct lock_file lock_file = LOCK_INIT;
+
+	read_cache_preload(NULL);
+	if (refresh_cache(REFRESH_QUIET))
+		return -1;
+
+	hold_locked_index(&lock_file, LOCK_DIE_ON_ERROR);
+
+	memset(&opts, 0, sizeof(opts));
+
+	tree = parse_tree_indirect(i_tree);
+	if (parse_tree(tree))
+		return -1;
+
+	init_tree_desc(t, tree->buffer, tree->size);
+
+	opts.head_idx = 1;
+	opts.src_index = &the_index;
+	opts.dst_index = &the_index;
+	opts.merge = 1;
+	opts.reset = reset;
+	opts.update = update;
+	opts.fn = oneway_merge;
+
+	if (unpack_trees(nr_trees, t, &opts))
+		return -1;
+
+	if (write_locked_index(&the_index, &lock_file, COMMIT_LOCK))
+		return error(_("unable to write new index file"));
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int diff_tree_binary(struct strbuf *out, struct object_id *w_commit)
+{
+	struct child_process cp = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
+	const char *w_commit_hex = oid_to_hex(w_commit);
+
+	/*
+	 * Diff-tree would not be very hard to replace with a native function,
+	 * however it should be done together with apply_cached.
+	 */
+	cp.git_cmd = 1;
+	argv_array_pushl(&cp.args, "diff-tree", "--binary", NULL);
+	argv_array_pushf(&cp.args, "%s^2^..%s^2", w_commit_hex, w_commit_hex);
+
+	return pipe_command(&cp, NULL, 0, out, 0, NULL, 0);
+}
+
+static int apply_cached(struct strbuf *out)
+{
+	struct child_process cp = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
+
+	/*
+	 * Apply currently only reads either from stdin or a file, thus
+	 * apply_all_patches would have to be updated to optionally take a
+	 * buffer.
+	 */
+	cp.git_cmd = 1;
+	argv_array_pushl(&cp.args, "apply", "--cached", NULL);
+	return pipe_command(&cp, out->buf, out->len, NULL, 0, NULL, 0);
+}
+
+static int reset_head(void)
+{
+	struct child_process cp = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
+
+	/*
+	 * Reset is overall quite simple, however there is no current public
+	 * API for resetting.
+	 */
+	cp.git_cmd = 1;
+	argv_array_push(&cp.args, "reset");
+
+	return run_command(&cp);
+}
+
+static void add_diff_to_buf(struct diff_queue_struct *q,
+			    struct diff_options *options,
+			    void *data)
+{
+	int i;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < q->nr; i++) {
+		strbuf_addstr(data, q->queue[i]->one->path);
+
+		/* NUL-terminate: will be fed to update-index -z */
+		strbuf_addch(data, '\0');
+	}
+}
+
+static int get_newly_staged(struct strbuf *out, struct object_id *c_tree)
+{
+	struct child_process cp = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
+	const char *c_tree_hex = oid_to_hex(c_tree);
+
+	/*
+	 * diff-index is very similar to diff-tree above, and should be
+	 * converted together with update_index.
+	 */
+	cp.git_cmd = 1;
+	argv_array_pushl(&cp.args, "diff-index", "--cached", "--name-only",
+			 "--diff-filter=A", NULL);
+	argv_array_push(&cp.args, c_tree_hex);
+	return pipe_command(&cp, NULL, 0, out, 0, NULL, 0);
+}
+
+static int update_index(struct strbuf *out)
+{
+	struct child_process cp = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
+
+	/*
+	 * Update-index is very complicated and may need to have a public
+	 * function exposed in order to remove this forking.
+	 */
+	cp.git_cmd = 1;
+	argv_array_pushl(&cp.args, "update-index", "--add", "--stdin", NULL);
+	return pipe_command(&cp, out->buf, out->len, NULL, 0, NULL, 0);
+}
+
+static int restore_untracked(struct object_id *u_tree)
+{
+	int res;
+	struct child_process cp = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
+
+	/*
+	 * We need to run restore files from a given index, but without
+	 * affecting the current index, so we use GIT_INDEX_FILE with
+	 * run_command to fork processes that will not interfere.
+	 */
+	cp.git_cmd = 1;
+	argv_array_push(&cp.args, "read-tree");
+	argv_array_push(&cp.args, oid_to_hex(u_tree));
+	argv_array_pushf(&cp.env_array, "GIT_INDEX_FILE=%s",
+			 stash_index_path.buf);
+	if (run_command(&cp)) {
+		remove_path(stash_index_path.buf);
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	child_process_init(&cp);
+	cp.git_cmd = 1;
+	argv_array_pushl(&cp.args, "checkout-index", "--all", NULL);
+	argv_array_pushf(&cp.env_array, "GIT_INDEX_FILE=%s",
+			 stash_index_path.buf);
+
+	res = run_command(&cp);
+	remove_path(stash_index_path.buf);
+	return res;
+}
+
+static int do_apply_stash(const char *prefix, struct stash_info *info,
+			  int index, int quiet)
+{
+	int ret;
+	int has_index = index;
+	struct merge_options o;
+	struct object_id c_tree;
+	struct object_id index_tree;
+	struct commit *result;
+	const struct object_id *bases[1];
+
+	read_cache_preload(NULL);
+	if (refresh_cache(REFRESH_QUIET))
+		return -1;
+
+	if (write_cache_as_tree(&c_tree, 0, NULL))
+		return error(_("cannot apply a stash in the middle of a merge"));
+
+	if (index) {
+		if (oideq(&info->b_tree, &info->i_tree) ||
+		    oideq(&c_tree, &info->i_tree)) {
+			has_index = 0;
+		} else {
+			struct strbuf out = STRBUF_INIT;
+
+			if (diff_tree_binary(&out, &info->w_commit)) {
+				strbuf_release(&out);
+				return error(_("could not generate diff %s^!."),
+					     oid_to_hex(&info->w_commit));
+			}
+
+			ret = apply_cached(&out);
+			strbuf_release(&out);
+			if (ret)
+				return error(_("conflicts in index."
+					       "Try without --index."));
+
+			discard_cache();
+			read_cache();
+			if (write_cache_as_tree(&index_tree, 0, NULL))
+				return error(_("could not save index tree"));
+
+			reset_head();
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (info->has_u && restore_untracked(&info->u_tree))
+		return error(_("could not restore untracked files from stash"));
+
+	init_merge_options(&o, the_repository);
+
+	o.branch1 = "Updated upstream";
+	o.branch2 = "Stashed changes";
+
+	if (oideq(&info->b_tree, &c_tree))
+		o.branch1 = "Version stash was based on";
+
+	if (quiet)
+		o.verbosity = 0;
+
+	if (o.verbosity >= 3)
+		printf_ln(_("Merging %s with %s"), o.branch1, o.branch2);
+
+	bases[0] = &info->b_tree;
+
+	ret = merge_recursive_generic(&o, &c_tree, &info->w_tree, 1, bases,
+				      &result);
+	if (ret) {
+		rerere(0);
+
+		if (index)
+			fprintf_ln(stderr, _("Index was not unstashed."));
+
+		return ret;
+	}
+
+	if (has_index) {
+		if (reset_tree(&index_tree, 0, 0))
+			return -1;
+	} else {
+		struct strbuf out = STRBUF_INIT;
+
+		if (get_newly_staged(&out, &c_tree)) {
+			strbuf_release(&out);
+			return -1;
+		}
+
+		if (reset_tree(&c_tree, 0, 1)) {
+			strbuf_release(&out);
+			return -1;
+		}
+
+		ret = update_index(&out);
+		strbuf_release(&out);
+		if (ret)
+			return -1;
+
+		discard_cache();
+	}
+
+	if (quiet) {
+		if (refresh_cache(REFRESH_QUIET))
+			warning("could not refresh index");
+	} else {
+		struct child_process cp = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
+
+		/*
+		 * Status is quite simple and could be replaced with calls to
+		 * wt_status in the future, but it adds complexities which may
+		 * require more tests.
+		 */
+		cp.git_cmd = 1;
+		cp.dir = prefix;
+		argv_array_push(&cp.args, "status");
+		run_command(&cp);
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int apply_stash(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
+{
+	int ret;
+	int quiet = 0;
+	int index = 0;
+	struct stash_info info;
+	struct option options[] = {
+		OPT__QUIET(&quiet, N_("be quiet, only report errors")),
+		OPT_BOOL(0, "index", &index,
+			 N_("attempt to recreate the index")),
+		OPT_END()
+	};
+
+	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, options,
+			     git_stash_apply_usage, 0);
+
+	if (get_stash_info(&info, argc, argv))
+		return -1;
+
+	ret = do_apply_stash(prefix, &info, index, quiet);
+	free_stash_info(&info);
+	return ret;
+}
+
+static int do_drop_stash(struct stash_info *info, int quiet)
+{
+	int ret;
+	struct child_process cp_reflog = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
+	struct child_process cp = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
+
+	/*
+	 * reflog does not provide a simple function for deleting refs. One will
+	 * need to be added to avoid implementing too much reflog code here
+	 */
+
+	cp_reflog.git_cmd = 1;
+	argv_array_pushl(&cp_reflog.args, "reflog", "delete", "--updateref",
+			 "--rewrite", NULL);
+	argv_array_push(&cp_reflog.args, info->revision.buf);
+	ret = run_command(&cp_reflog);
+	if (!ret) {
+		if (!quiet)
+			printf_ln(_("Dropped %s (%s)"), info->revision.buf,
+				  oid_to_hex(&info->w_commit));
+	} else {
+		return error(_("%s: Could not drop stash entry"),
+			     info->revision.buf);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * This could easily be replaced by get_oid, but currently it will throw
+	 * a fatal error when a reflog is empty, which we can not recover from.
+	 */
+	cp.git_cmd = 1;
+	/* Even though --quiet is specified, rev-parse still outputs the hash */
+	cp.no_stdout = 1;
+	argv_array_pushl(&cp.args, "rev-parse", "--verify", "--quiet", NULL);
+	argv_array_pushf(&cp.args, "%s@{0}", ref_stash);
+	ret = run_command(&cp);
+
+	/* do_clear_stash if we just dropped the last stash entry */
+	if (ret)
+		do_clear_stash();
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static void assert_stash_ref(struct stash_info *info)
+{
+	if (!info->is_stash_ref) {
+		error(_("'%s' is not a stash reference"), info->revision.buf);
+		free_stash_info(info);
+		exit(1);
+	}
+}
+
+static int drop_stash(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
+{
+	int ret;
+	int quiet = 0;
+	struct stash_info info;
+	struct option options[] = {
+		OPT__QUIET(&quiet, N_("be quiet, only report errors")),
+		OPT_END()
+	};
+
+	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, options,
+			     git_stash_drop_usage, 0);
+
+	if (get_stash_info(&info, argc, argv))
+		return -1;
+
+	assert_stash_ref(&info);
+
+	ret = do_drop_stash(&info, quiet);
+	free_stash_info(&info);
+	return ret;
+}
+
+static int pop_stash(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
+{
+	int ret;
+	int index = 0;
+	int quiet = 0;
+	struct stash_info info;
+	struct option options[] = {
+		OPT__QUIET(&quiet, N_("be quiet, only report errors")),
+		OPT_BOOL(0, "index", &index,
+			 N_("attempt to recreate the index")),
+		OPT_END()
+	};
+
+	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, options,
+			     git_stash_pop_usage, 0);
+
+	if (get_stash_info(&info, argc, argv))
+		return -1;
+
+	assert_stash_ref(&info);
+	if ((ret = do_apply_stash(prefix, &info, index, quiet)))
+		printf_ln(_("The stash entry is kept in case "
+			    "you need it again."));
+	else
+		ret = do_drop_stash(&info, quiet);
+
+	free_stash_info(&info);
+	return ret;
+}
+
+static int branch_stash(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
+{
+	int ret;
+	const char *branch = NULL;
+	struct stash_info info;
+	struct child_process cp = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
+	struct option options[] = {
+		OPT_END()
+	};
+
+	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, options,
+			     git_stash_branch_usage, 0);
+
+	if (!argc) {
+		fprintf_ln(stderr, _("No branch name specified"));
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	branch = argv[0];
+
+	if (get_stash_info(&info, argc - 1, argv + 1))
+		return -1;
+
+	cp.git_cmd = 1;
+	argv_array_pushl(&cp.args, "checkout", "-b", NULL);
+	argv_array_push(&cp.args, branch);
+	argv_array_push(&cp.args, oid_to_hex(&info.b_commit));
+	ret = run_command(&cp);
+	if (!ret)
+		ret = do_apply_stash(prefix, &info, 1, 0);
+	if (!ret && info.is_stash_ref)
+		ret = do_drop_stash(&info, 0);
+
+	free_stash_info(&info);
+
+	return ret;
+}
+
+static int list_stash(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
+{
+	struct child_process cp = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
+	struct option options[] = {
+		OPT_END()
+	};
+
+	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, options,
+			     git_stash_list_usage,
+			     PARSE_OPT_KEEP_UNKNOWN);
+
+	if (!ref_exists(ref_stash))
+		return 0;
+
+	cp.git_cmd = 1;
+	argv_array_pushl(&cp.args, "log", "--format=%gd: %gs", "-g",
+			 "--first-parent", "-m", NULL);
+	argv_array_pushv(&cp.args, argv);
+	argv_array_push(&cp.args, ref_stash);
+	argv_array_push(&cp.args, "--");
+	return run_command(&cp);
+}
+
+static int show_stat = 1;
+static int show_patch;
+
+static int git_stash_config(const char *var, const char *value, void *cb)
+{
+	if (!strcmp(var, "stash.showstat")) {
+		show_stat = git_config_bool(var, value);
+		return 0;
+	}
+	if (!strcmp(var, "stash.showpatch")) {
+		show_patch = git_config_bool(var, value);
+		return 0;
+	}
+	return git_default_config(var, value, cb);
+}
+
+static int show_stash(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
+{
+	int i;
+	int opts = 0;
+	int ret = 0;
+	struct stash_info info;
+	struct rev_info rev;
+	struct argv_array stash_args = ARGV_ARRAY_INIT;
+	struct option options[] = {
+		OPT_END()
+	};
+
+	init_diff_ui_defaults();
+	git_config(git_diff_ui_config, NULL);
+	init_revisions(&rev, prefix);
+
+	for (i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
+		if (argv[i][0] != '-')
+			argv_array_push(&stash_args, argv[i]);
+		else
+			opts++;
+	}
+
+	ret = get_stash_info(&info, stash_args.argc, stash_args.argv);
+	argv_array_clear(&stash_args);
+	if (ret)
+		return -1;
+
+	/*
+	 * The config settings are applied only if there are not passed
+	 * any options.
+	 */
+	if (!opts) {
+		git_config(git_stash_config, NULL);
+		if (show_stat)
+			rev.diffopt.output_format = DIFF_FORMAT_DIFFSTAT;
+
+		if (show_patch)
+			rev.diffopt.output_format |= DIFF_FORMAT_PATCH;
+
+		if (!show_stat && !show_patch) {
+			free_stash_info(&info);
+			return 0;
+		}
+	}
+
+	argc = setup_revisions(argc, argv, &rev, NULL);
+	if (argc > 1) {
+		free_stash_info(&info);
+		usage_with_options(git_stash_show_usage, options);
+	}
+	if (!rev.diffopt.output_format) {
+		rev.diffopt.output_format = DIFF_FORMAT_PATCH;
+		diff_setup_done(&rev.diffopt);
+	}
+
+	rev.diffopt.flags.recursive = 1;
+	setup_diff_pager(&rev.diffopt);
+	diff_tree_oid(&info.b_commit, &info.w_commit, "", &rev.diffopt);
+	log_tree_diff_flush(&rev);
+
+	free_stash_info(&info);
+	return diff_result_code(&rev.diffopt, 0);
+}
+
+static int do_store_stash(const struct object_id *w_commit, const char *stash_msg,
+			  int quiet)
+{
+	if (!stash_msg)
+		stash_msg = "Created via \"git stash store\".";
+
+	if (update_ref(stash_msg, ref_stash, w_commit, NULL,
+		       REF_FORCE_CREATE_REFLOG,
+		       quiet ? UPDATE_REFS_QUIET_ON_ERR :
+		       UPDATE_REFS_MSG_ON_ERR)) {
+		if (!quiet) {
+			fprintf_ln(stderr, _("Cannot update %s with %s"),
+				   ref_stash, oid_to_hex(w_commit));
+		}
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int store_stash(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
+{
+	int quiet = 0;
+	const char *stash_msg = NULL;
+	struct object_id obj;
+	struct object_context dummy;
+	struct option options[] = {
+		OPT__QUIET(&quiet, N_("be quiet")),
+		OPT_STRING('m', "message", &stash_msg, "message",
+			   N_("stash message")),
+		OPT_END()
+	};
+
+	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, options,
+			     git_stash_store_usage,
+			     PARSE_OPT_KEEP_UNKNOWN);
+
+	if (argc != 1) {
+		if (!quiet)
+			fprintf_ln(stderr, _("\"git stash store\" requires one "
+					     "<commit> argument"));
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	if (get_oid_with_context(the_repository,
+				 argv[0], quiet ? GET_OID_QUIETLY : 0, &obj,
+				 &dummy)) {
+		if (!quiet)
+			fprintf_ln(stderr, _("Cannot update %s with %s"),
+					     ref_stash, argv[0]);
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	return do_store_stash(&obj, stash_msg, quiet);
+}
+
+static void add_pathspecs(struct argv_array *args,
+			  const struct pathspec *ps) {
+	int i;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < ps->nr; i++)
+		argv_array_push(args, ps->items[i].original);
+}
+
+/*
+ * `untracked_files` will be filled with the names of untracked files.
+ * The return value is:
+ *
+ * = 0 if there are not any untracked files
+ * > 0 if there are untracked files
+ */
+static int get_untracked_files(const struct pathspec *ps, int include_untracked,
+			       struct strbuf *untracked_files)
+{
+	int i;
+	int max_len;
+	int found = 0;
+	char *seen;
+	struct dir_struct dir;
+
+	memset(&dir, 0, sizeof(dir));
+	if (include_untracked != INCLUDE_ALL_FILES)
+		setup_standard_excludes(&dir);
+
+	seen = xcalloc(ps->nr, 1);
+
+	max_len = fill_directory(&dir, the_repository->index, ps);
+	for (i = 0; i < dir.nr; i++) {
+		struct dir_entry *ent = dir.entries[i];
+		if (dir_path_match(&the_index, ent, ps, max_len, seen)) {
+			found++;
+			strbuf_addstr(untracked_files, ent->name);
+			/* NUL-terminate: will be fed to update-index -z */
+			strbuf_addch(untracked_files, '\0');
+		}
+		free(ent);
+	}
+
+	free(seen);
+	free(dir.entries);
+	free(dir.ignored);
+	clear_directory(&dir);
+	return found;
+}
+
+/*
+ * The return value of `check_changes_tracked_files()` can be:
+ *
+ * < 0 if there was an error
+ * = 0 if there are no changes.
+ * > 0 if there are changes.
+ */
+static int check_changes_tracked_files(const struct pathspec *ps)
+{
+	int result;
+	struct rev_info rev;
+	struct object_id dummy;
+	int ret = 0;
+
+	/* No initial commit. */
+	if (get_oid("HEAD", &dummy))
+		return -1;
+
+	if (read_cache() < 0)
+		return -1;
+
+	init_revisions(&rev, NULL);
+	copy_pathspec(&rev.prune_data, ps);
+
+	rev.diffopt.flags.quick = 1;
+	rev.diffopt.flags.ignore_submodules = 1;
+	rev.abbrev = 0;
+
+	add_head_to_pending(&rev);
+	diff_setup_done(&rev.diffopt);
+
+	result = run_diff_index(&rev, 1);
+	if (diff_result_code(&rev.diffopt, result)) {
+		ret = 1;
+		goto done;
+	}
+
+	object_array_clear(&rev.pending);
+	result = run_diff_files(&rev, 0);
+	if (diff_result_code(&rev.diffopt, result)) {
+		ret = 1;
+		goto done;
+	}
+
+done:
+	clear_pathspec(&rev.prune_data);
+	return ret;
+}
+
+/*
+ * The function will fill `untracked_files` with the names of untracked files
+ * It will return 1 if there were any changes and 0 if there were not.
+ */
+static int check_changes(const struct pathspec *ps, int include_untracked,
+			 struct strbuf *untracked_files)
+{
+	int ret = 0;
+	if (check_changes_tracked_files(ps))
+		ret = 1;
+
+	if (include_untracked && get_untracked_files(ps, include_untracked,
+						     untracked_files))
+		ret = 1;
+
+	return ret;
+}
+
+static int save_untracked_files(struct stash_info *info, struct strbuf *msg,
+				struct strbuf files)
+{
+	int ret = 0;
+	struct strbuf untracked_msg = STRBUF_INIT;
+	struct child_process cp_upd_index = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
+	struct index_state istate = { NULL };
+
+	cp_upd_index.git_cmd = 1;
+	argv_array_pushl(&cp_upd_index.args, "update-index", "-z", "--add",
+			 "--remove", "--stdin", NULL);
+	argv_array_pushf(&cp_upd_index.env_array, "GIT_INDEX_FILE=%s",
+			 stash_index_path.buf);
+
+	strbuf_addf(&untracked_msg, "untracked files on %s\n", msg->buf);
+	if (pipe_command(&cp_upd_index, files.buf, files.len, NULL, 0,
+			 NULL, 0)) {
+		ret = -1;
+		goto done;
+	}
+
+	if (write_index_as_tree(&info->u_tree, &istate, stash_index_path.buf, 0,
+				NULL)) {
+		ret = -1;
+		goto done;
+	}
+
+	if (commit_tree(untracked_msg.buf, untracked_msg.len,
+			&info->u_tree, NULL, &info->u_commit, NULL, NULL)) {
+		ret = -1;
+		goto done;
+	}
+
+done:
+	discard_index(&istate);
+	strbuf_release(&untracked_msg);
+	remove_path(stash_index_path.buf);
+	return ret;
+}
+
+static int stash_patch(struct stash_info *info, const struct pathspec *ps,
+		       struct strbuf *out_patch, int quiet)
+{
+	int ret = 0;
+	struct child_process cp_read_tree = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
+	struct child_process cp_add_i = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
+	struct child_process cp_diff_tree = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
+	struct index_state istate = { NULL };
+
+	remove_path(stash_index_path.buf);
+
+	cp_read_tree.git_cmd = 1;
+	argv_array_pushl(&cp_read_tree.args, "read-tree", "HEAD", NULL);
+	argv_array_pushf(&cp_read_tree.env_array, "GIT_INDEX_FILE=%s",
+			 stash_index_path.buf);
+	if (run_command(&cp_read_tree)) {
+		ret = -1;
+		goto done;
+	}
+
+	/* Find out what the user wants. */
+	cp_add_i.git_cmd = 1;
+	argv_array_pushl(&cp_add_i.args, "add--interactive", "--patch=stash",
+			 "--", NULL);
+	add_pathspecs(&cp_add_i.args, ps);
+	argv_array_pushf(&cp_add_i.env_array, "GIT_INDEX_FILE=%s",
+			 stash_index_path.buf);
+	if (run_command(&cp_add_i)) {
+		ret = -1;
+		goto done;
+	}
+
+	/* State of the working tree. */
+	if (write_index_as_tree(&info->w_tree, &istate, stash_index_path.buf, 0,
+				NULL)) {
+		ret = -1;
+		goto done;
+	}
+
+	cp_diff_tree.git_cmd = 1;
+	argv_array_pushl(&cp_diff_tree.args, "diff-tree", "-p", "HEAD",
+			 oid_to_hex(&info->w_tree), "--", NULL);
+	if (pipe_command(&cp_diff_tree, NULL, 0, out_patch, 0, NULL, 0)) {
+		ret = -1;
+		goto done;
+	}
+
+	if (!out_patch->len) {
+		if (!quiet)
+			fprintf_ln(stderr, _("No changes selected"));
+		ret = 1;
+	}
+
+done:
+	discard_index(&istate);
+	remove_path(stash_index_path.buf);
+	return ret;
+}
+
+static int stash_working_tree(struct stash_info *info, const struct pathspec *ps)
+{
+	int ret = 0;
+	struct rev_info rev;
+	struct child_process cp_upd_index = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
+	struct strbuf diff_output = STRBUF_INIT;
+	struct index_state istate = { NULL };
+
+	init_revisions(&rev, NULL);
+	copy_pathspec(&rev.prune_data, ps);
+
+	set_alternate_index_output(stash_index_path.buf);
+	if (reset_tree(&info->i_tree, 0, 0)) {
+		ret = -1;
+		goto done;
+	}
+	set_alternate_index_output(NULL);
+
+	rev.diffopt.output_format = DIFF_FORMAT_CALLBACK;
+	rev.diffopt.format_callback = add_diff_to_buf;
+	rev.diffopt.format_callback_data = &diff_output;
+
+	if (read_cache_preload(&rev.diffopt.pathspec) < 0) {
+		ret = -1;
+		goto done;
+	}
+
+	add_pending_object(&rev, parse_object(the_repository, &info->b_commit),
+			   "");
+	if (run_diff_index(&rev, 0)) {
+		ret = -1;
+		goto done;
+	}
+
+	cp_upd_index.git_cmd = 1;
+	argv_array_pushl(&cp_upd_index.args, "update-index", "-z", "--add",
+			 "--remove", "--stdin", NULL);
+	argv_array_pushf(&cp_upd_index.env_array, "GIT_INDEX_FILE=%s",
+			 stash_index_path.buf);
+
+	if (pipe_command(&cp_upd_index, diff_output.buf, diff_output.len,
+			 NULL, 0, NULL, 0)) {
+		ret = -1;
+		goto done;
+	}
+
+	if (write_index_as_tree(&info->w_tree, &istate, stash_index_path.buf, 0,
+				NULL)) {
+		ret = -1;
+		goto done;
+	}
+
+done:
+	discard_index(&istate);
+	UNLEAK(rev);
+	object_array_clear(&rev.pending);
+	clear_pathspec(&rev.prune_data);
+	strbuf_release(&diff_output);
+	remove_path(stash_index_path.buf);
+	return ret;
+}
+
+static int do_create_stash(const struct pathspec *ps, struct strbuf *stash_msg_buf,
+			   int include_untracked, int patch_mode,
+			   struct stash_info *info, struct strbuf *patch,
+			   int quiet)
+{
+	int ret = 0;
+	int flags = 0;
+	int untracked_commit_option = 0;
+	const char *head_short_sha1 = NULL;
+	const char *branch_ref = NULL;
+	const char *branch_name = "(no branch)";
+	struct commit *head_commit = NULL;
+	struct commit_list *parents = NULL;
+	struct strbuf msg = STRBUF_INIT;
+	struct strbuf commit_tree_label = STRBUF_INIT;
+	struct strbuf untracked_files = STRBUF_INIT;
+
+	prepare_fallback_ident("git stash", "git@stash");
+
+	read_cache_preload(NULL);
+	refresh_cache(REFRESH_QUIET);
+
+	if (get_oid("HEAD", &info->b_commit)) {
+		if (!quiet)
+			fprintf_ln(stderr, _("You do not have "
+					     "the initial commit yet"));
+		ret = -1;
+		goto done;
+	} else {
+		head_commit = lookup_commit(the_repository, &info->b_commit);
+	}
+
+	if (!check_changes(ps, include_untracked, &untracked_files)) {
+		ret = 1;
+		goto done;
+	}
+
+	branch_ref = resolve_ref_unsafe("HEAD", 0, NULL, &flags);
+	if (flags & REF_ISSYMREF)
+		branch_name = strrchr(branch_ref, '/') + 1;
+	head_short_sha1 = find_unique_abbrev(&head_commit->object.oid,
+					     DEFAULT_ABBREV);
+	strbuf_addf(&msg, "%s: %s ", branch_name, head_short_sha1);
+	pp_commit_easy(CMIT_FMT_ONELINE, head_commit, &msg);
+
+	strbuf_addf(&commit_tree_label, "index on %s\n", msg.buf);
+	commit_list_insert(head_commit, &parents);
+	if (write_cache_as_tree(&info->i_tree, 0, NULL) ||
+	    commit_tree(commit_tree_label.buf, commit_tree_label.len,
+			&info->i_tree, parents, &info->i_commit, NULL, NULL)) {
+		if (!quiet)
+			fprintf_ln(stderr, _("Cannot save the current "
+					     "index state"));
+		ret = -1;
+		goto done;
+	}
+
+	if (include_untracked) {
+		if (save_untracked_files(info, &msg, untracked_files)) {
+			if (!quiet)
+				fprintf_ln(stderr, _("Cannot save "
+						     "the untracked files"));
+			ret = -1;
+			goto done;
+		}
+		untracked_commit_option = 1;
+	}
+	if (patch_mode) {
+		ret = stash_patch(info, ps, patch, quiet);
+		if (ret < 0) {
+			if (!quiet)
+				fprintf_ln(stderr, _("Cannot save the current "
+						     "worktree state"));
+			goto done;
+		} else if (ret > 0) {
+			goto done;
+		}
+	} else {
+		if (stash_working_tree(info, ps)) {
+			if (!quiet)
+				fprintf_ln(stderr, _("Cannot save the current "
+						     "worktree state"));
+			ret = -1;
+			goto done;
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (!stash_msg_buf->len)
+		strbuf_addf(stash_msg_buf, "WIP on %s", msg.buf);
+	else
+		strbuf_insertf(stash_msg_buf, 0, "On %s: ", branch_name);
+
+	/*
+	 * `parents` will be empty after calling `commit_tree()`, so there is
+	 * no need to call `free_commit_list()`
+	 */
+	parents = NULL;
+	if (untracked_commit_option)
+		commit_list_insert(lookup_commit(the_repository,
+						 &info->u_commit),
+				   &parents);
+	commit_list_insert(lookup_commit(the_repository, &info->i_commit),
+			   &parents);
+	commit_list_insert(head_commit, &parents);
+
+	if (commit_tree(stash_msg_buf->buf, stash_msg_buf->len, &info->w_tree,
+			parents, &info->w_commit, NULL, NULL)) {
+		if (!quiet)
+			fprintf_ln(stderr, _("Cannot record "
+					     "working tree state"));
+		ret = -1;
+		goto done;
+	}
+
+done:
+	strbuf_release(&commit_tree_label);
+	strbuf_release(&msg);
+	strbuf_release(&untracked_files);
+	return ret;
+}
+
+static int create_stash(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
+{
+	int ret = 0;
+	struct strbuf stash_msg_buf = STRBUF_INIT;
+	struct stash_info info;
+	struct pathspec ps;
+
+	/* Starting with argv[1], since argv[0] is "create" */
+	strbuf_join_argv(&stash_msg_buf, argc - 1, ++argv, ' ');
+
+	memset(&ps, 0, sizeof(ps));
+	if (!check_changes_tracked_files(&ps))
+		return 0;
+
+	ret = do_create_stash(&ps, &stash_msg_buf, 0, 0, &info,
+			      NULL, 0);
+	if (!ret)
+		printf_ln("%s", oid_to_hex(&info.w_commit));
+
+	strbuf_release(&stash_msg_buf);
+	return ret;
+}
+
+static int do_push_stash(const struct pathspec *ps, const char *stash_msg, int quiet,
+			 int keep_index, int patch_mode, int include_untracked)
+{
+	int ret = 0;
+	struct stash_info info;
+	struct strbuf patch = STRBUF_INIT;
+	struct strbuf stash_msg_buf = STRBUF_INIT;
+	struct strbuf untracked_files = STRBUF_INIT;
+
+	if (patch_mode && keep_index == -1)
+		keep_index = 1;
+
+	if (patch_mode && include_untracked) {
+		fprintf_ln(stderr, _("Can't use --patch and --include-untracked"
+				     " or --all at the same time"));
+		ret = -1;
+		goto done;
+	}
+
+	read_cache_preload(NULL);
+	if (!include_untracked && ps->nr) {
+		int i;
+		char *ps_matched = xcalloc(ps->nr, 1);
+
+		for (i = 0; i < active_nr; i++)
+			ce_path_match(&the_index, active_cache[i], ps,
+				      ps_matched);
+
+		if (report_path_error(ps_matched, ps)) {
+			fprintf_ln(stderr, _("Did you forget to 'git add'?"));
+			ret = -1;
+			free(ps_matched);
+			goto done;
+		}
+		free(ps_matched);
+	}
+
+	if (refresh_cache(REFRESH_QUIET)) {
+		ret = -1;
+		goto done;
+	}
+
+	if (!check_changes(ps, include_untracked, &untracked_files)) {
+		if (!quiet)
+			printf_ln(_("No local changes to save"));
+		goto done;
+	}
+
+	if (!reflog_exists(ref_stash) && do_clear_stash()) {
+		ret = -1;
+		if (!quiet)
+			fprintf_ln(stderr, _("Cannot initialize stash"));
+		goto done;
+	}
+
+	if (stash_msg)
+		strbuf_addstr(&stash_msg_buf, stash_msg);
+	if (do_create_stash(ps, &stash_msg_buf, include_untracked, patch_mode,
+			    &info, &patch, quiet)) {
+		ret = -1;
+		goto done;
+	}
+
+	if (do_store_stash(&info.w_commit, stash_msg_buf.buf, 1)) {
+		ret = -1;
+		if (!quiet)
+			fprintf_ln(stderr, _("Cannot save the current status"));
+		goto done;
+	}
+
+	if (!quiet)
+		printf_ln(_("Saved working directory and index state %s"),
+			  stash_msg_buf.buf);
+
+	if (!patch_mode) {
+		if (include_untracked && !ps->nr) {
+			struct child_process cp = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
+
+			cp.git_cmd = 1;
+			argv_array_pushl(&cp.args, "clean", "--force",
+					 "--quiet", "-d", NULL);
+			if (include_untracked == INCLUDE_ALL_FILES)
+				argv_array_push(&cp.args, "-x");
+			if (run_command(&cp)) {
+				ret = -1;
+				goto done;
+			}
+		}
+		discard_cache();
+		if (ps->nr) {
+			struct child_process cp_add = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
+			struct child_process cp_diff = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
+			struct child_process cp_apply = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
+			struct strbuf out = STRBUF_INIT;
+
+			cp_add.git_cmd = 1;
+			argv_array_push(&cp_add.args, "add");
+			if (!include_untracked)
+				argv_array_push(&cp_add.args, "-u");
+			if (include_untracked == INCLUDE_ALL_FILES)
+				argv_array_push(&cp_add.args, "--force");
+			argv_array_push(&cp_add.args, "--");
+			add_pathspecs(&cp_add.args, ps);
+			if (run_command(&cp_add)) {
+				ret = -1;
+				goto done;
+			}
+
+			cp_diff.git_cmd = 1;
+			argv_array_pushl(&cp_diff.args, "diff-index", "-p",
+					 "--cached", "--binary", "HEAD", "--",
+					 NULL);
+			add_pathspecs(&cp_diff.args, ps);
+			if (pipe_command(&cp_diff, NULL, 0, &out, 0, NULL, 0)) {
+				ret = -1;
+				goto done;
+			}
+
+			cp_apply.git_cmd = 1;
+			argv_array_pushl(&cp_apply.args, "apply", "--index",
+					 "-R", NULL);
+			if (pipe_command(&cp_apply, out.buf, out.len, NULL, 0,
+					 NULL, 0)) {
+				ret = -1;
+				goto done;
+			}
+		} else {
+			struct child_process cp = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
+			cp.git_cmd = 1;
+			argv_array_pushl(&cp.args, "reset", "--hard", "-q",
+					 NULL);
+			if (run_command(&cp)) {
+				ret = -1;
+				goto done;
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (keep_index == 1 && !is_null_oid(&info.i_tree)) {
+			struct child_process cp_ls = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
+			struct child_process cp_checkout = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
+			struct strbuf out = STRBUF_INIT;
+
+			if (reset_tree(&info.i_tree, 0, 1)) {
+				ret = -1;
+				goto done;
+			}
+
+			cp_ls.git_cmd = 1;
+			argv_array_pushl(&cp_ls.args, "ls-files", "-z",
+					 "--modified", "--", NULL);
+
+			add_pathspecs(&cp_ls.args, ps);
+			if (pipe_command(&cp_ls, NULL, 0, &out, 0, NULL, 0)) {
+				ret = -1;
+				goto done;
+			}
+
+			cp_checkout.git_cmd = 1;
+			argv_array_pushl(&cp_checkout.args, "checkout-index",
+					 "-z", "--force", "--stdin", NULL);
+			if (pipe_command(&cp_checkout, out.buf, out.len, NULL,
+					 0, NULL, 0)) {
+				ret = -1;
+				goto done;
+			}
+		}
+		goto done;
+	} else {
+		struct child_process cp = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
+
+		cp.git_cmd = 1;
+		argv_array_pushl(&cp.args, "apply", "-R", NULL);
+
+		if (pipe_command(&cp, patch.buf, patch.len, NULL, 0, NULL, 0)) {
+			if (!quiet)
+				fprintf_ln(stderr, _("Cannot remove "
+						     "worktree changes"));
+			ret = -1;
+			goto done;
+		}
+
+		if (keep_index < 1) {
+			struct child_process cp = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
+
+			cp.git_cmd = 1;
+			argv_array_pushl(&cp.args, "reset", "-q", "--", NULL);
+			add_pathspecs(&cp.args, ps);
+			if (run_command(&cp)) {
+				ret = -1;
+				goto done;
+			}
+		}
+		goto done;
+	}
+
+done:
+	strbuf_release(&stash_msg_buf);
+	return ret;
+}
+
+static int push_stash(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
+{
+	int keep_index = -1;
+	int patch_mode = 0;
+	int include_untracked = 0;
+	int quiet = 0;
+	const char *stash_msg = NULL;
+	struct pathspec ps;
+	struct option options[] = {
+		OPT_BOOL('k', "keep-index", &keep_index,
+			 N_("keep index")),
+		OPT_BOOL('p', "patch", &patch_mode,
+			 N_("stash in patch mode")),
+		OPT__QUIET(&quiet, N_("quiet mode")),
+		OPT_BOOL('u', "include-untracked", &include_untracked,
+			 N_("include untracked files in stash")),
+		OPT_SET_INT('a', "all", &include_untracked,
+			    N_("include ignore files"), 2),
+		OPT_STRING('m', "message", &stash_msg, N_("message"),
+			   N_("stash message")),
+		OPT_END()
+	};
+
+	if (argc)
+		argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, options,
+				     git_stash_push_usage,
+				     0);
+
+	parse_pathspec(&ps, 0, PATHSPEC_PREFER_FULL | PATHSPEC_PREFIX_ORIGIN,
+		       prefix, argv);
+	return do_push_stash(&ps, stash_msg, quiet, keep_index, patch_mode,
+			     include_untracked);
+}
+
+static int save_stash(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
+{
+	int keep_index = -1;
+	int patch_mode = 0;
+	int include_untracked = 0;
+	int quiet = 0;
+	int ret = 0;
+	const char *stash_msg = NULL;
+	struct pathspec ps;
+	struct strbuf stash_msg_buf = STRBUF_INIT;
+	struct option options[] = {
+		OPT_BOOL('k', "keep-index", &keep_index,
+			 N_("keep index")),
+		OPT_BOOL('p', "patch", &patch_mode,
+			 N_("stash in patch mode")),
+		OPT__QUIET(&quiet, N_("quiet mode")),
+		OPT_BOOL('u', "include-untracked", &include_untracked,
+			 N_("include untracked files in stash")),
+		OPT_SET_INT('a', "all", &include_untracked,
+			    N_("include ignore files"), 2),
+		OPT_STRING('m', "message", &stash_msg, "message",
+			   N_("stash message")),
+		OPT_END()
+	};
+
+	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, options,
+			     git_stash_save_usage,
+			     PARSE_OPT_KEEP_DASHDASH);
+
+	if (argc)
+		stash_msg = strbuf_join_argv(&stash_msg_buf, argc, argv, ' ');
+
+	memset(&ps, 0, sizeof(ps));
+	ret = do_push_stash(&ps, stash_msg, quiet, keep_index,
+			    patch_mode, include_untracked);
+
+	strbuf_release(&stash_msg_buf);
+	return ret;
+}
+
+static int use_builtin_stash(void)
+{
+	struct child_process cp = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
+	struct strbuf out = STRBUF_INIT;
+	int ret, env = git_env_bool("GIT_TEST_STASH_USE_BUILTIN", -1);
+
+	if (env != -1)
+		return env;
+
+	argv_array_pushl(&cp.args,
+			 "config", "--bool", "stash.usebuiltin", NULL);
+	cp.git_cmd = 1;
+	if (capture_command(&cp, &out, 6)) {
+		strbuf_release(&out);
+		return 1;
+	}
+
+	strbuf_trim(&out);
+	ret = !strcmp("true", out.buf);
+	strbuf_release(&out);
+	return ret;
+}
+
+int cmd_stash(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
+{
+	int i = -1;
+	pid_t pid = getpid();
+	const char *index_file;
+	struct argv_array args = ARGV_ARRAY_INIT;
+
+	struct option options[] = {
+		OPT_END()
+	};
+
+	if (!use_builtin_stash()) {
+		const char *path = mkpath("%s/git-legacy-stash",
+					  git_exec_path());
+
+		if (sane_execvp(path, (char **)argv) < 0)
+			die_errno(_("could not exec %s"), path);
+		else
+			BUG("sane_execvp() returned???");
+	}
+
+	prefix = setup_git_directory();
+	trace_repo_setup(prefix);
+	setup_work_tree();
+
+	git_config(git_diff_basic_config, NULL);
+
+	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, options, git_stash_usage,
+			     PARSE_OPT_KEEP_UNKNOWN | PARSE_OPT_KEEP_DASHDASH);
+
+	index_file = get_index_file();
+	strbuf_addf(&stash_index_path, "%s.stash.%" PRIuMAX, index_file,
+		    (uintmax_t)pid);
+
+	if (!argc)
+		return !!push_stash(0, NULL, prefix);
+	else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "apply"))
+		return !!apply_stash(argc, argv, prefix);
+	else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "clear"))
+		return !!clear_stash(argc, argv, prefix);
+	else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "drop"))
+		return !!drop_stash(argc, argv, prefix);
+	else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "pop"))
+		return !!pop_stash(argc, argv, prefix);
+	else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "branch"))
+		return !!branch_stash(argc, argv, prefix);
+	else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "list"))
+		return !!list_stash(argc, argv, prefix);
+	else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "show"))
+		return !!show_stash(argc, argv, prefix);
+	else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "store"))
+		return !!store_stash(argc, argv, prefix);
+	else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "create"))
+		return !!create_stash(argc, argv, prefix);
+	else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "push"))
+		return !!push_stash(argc, argv, prefix);
+	else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "save"))
+		return !!save_stash(argc, argv, prefix);
+	else if (*argv[0] != '-')
+		usage_msg_opt(xstrfmt(_("unknown subcommand: %s"), argv[0]),
+			      git_stash_usage, options);
+
+	if (strcmp(argv[0], "-p")) {
+		while (++i < argc && strcmp(argv[i], "--")) {
+			/*
+			 * `akpqu` is a string which contains all short options,
+			 * except `-m` which is verified separately.
+			 */
+			if ((strlen(argv[i]) == 2) && *argv[i] == '-' &&
+			    strchr("akpqu", argv[i][1]))
+				continue;
+
+			if (!strcmp(argv[i], "--all") ||
+			    !strcmp(argv[i], "--keep-index") ||
+			    !strcmp(argv[i], "--no-keep-index") ||
+			    !strcmp(argv[i], "--patch") ||
+			    !strcmp(argv[i], "--quiet") ||
+			    !strcmp(argv[i], "--include-untracked"))
+				continue;
+
+			/*
+			 * `-m` and `--message=` are verified separately because
+			 * they need to be immediately followed by a string
+			 * (i.e.`-m"foobar"` or `--message="foobar"`).
+			 */
+			if (starts_with(argv[i], "-m") ||
+			    starts_with(argv[i], "--message="))
+				continue;
+
+			usage_with_options(git_stash_usage, options);
+		}
+	}
+
+	argv_array_push(&args, "push");
+	argv_array_pushv(&args, argv);
+	return !!push_stash(args.argc, args.argv, prefix);
+}
diff --git a/builtin/submodule--helper.c b/builtin/submodule--helper.c
index 6bcc4f1..8342b78 100644
--- a/builtin/submodule--helper.c
+++ b/builtin/submodule--helper.c
@@ -348,7 +348,7 @@
 			i++;
 	}
 
-	if (ps_matched && report_path_error(ps_matched, pathspec, prefix))
+	if (ps_matched && report_path_error(ps_matched, pathspec))
 		result = -1;
 
 	free(ps_matched);
diff --git a/builtin/tag.c b/builtin/tag.c
index 02f6bd1..ad97595 100644
--- a/builtin/tag.c
+++ b/builtin/tag.c
@@ -412,8 +412,7 @@
 		OPT_WITHOUT(&filter.no_commit, N_("print only tags that don't contain the commit")),
 		OPT_MERGED(&filter, N_("print only tags that are merged")),
 		OPT_NO_MERGED(&filter, N_("print only tags that are not merged")),
-		OPT_CALLBACK(0 , "sort", sorting_tail, N_("key"),
-			     N_("field name to sort on"), &parse_opt_ref_sorting),
+		OPT_REF_SORT(sorting_tail),
 		{
 			OPTION_CALLBACK, 0, "points-at", &filter.points_at, N_("object"),
 			N_("print only tags of the object"), PARSE_OPT_LASTARG_DEFAULT,
diff --git a/builtin/update-index.c b/builtin/update-index.c
index 1b6c42f..890c251 100644
--- a/builtin/update-index.c
+++ b/builtin/update-index.c
@@ -724,7 +724,7 @@
 }
 
 static int do_reupdate(int ac, const char **av,
-		       const char *prefix, int prefix_length)
+		       const char *prefix)
 {
 	/* Read HEAD and run update-index on paths that are
 	 * merged and already different between index and HEAD.
@@ -940,8 +940,7 @@
 
 	/* consume remaining arguments. */
 	setup_work_tree();
-	*has_errors = do_reupdate(ctx->argc, ctx->argv,
-				prefix, prefix ? strlen(prefix) : 0);
+	*has_errors = do_reupdate(ctx->argc, ctx->argv, prefix);
 	if (*has_errors)
 		active_cache_changed = 0;
 
@@ -1082,6 +1081,8 @@
 	if (entries < 0)
 		die("cache corrupted");
 
+	the_index.updated_skipworktree = 1;
+
 	/*
 	 * Custom copy of parse_options() because we want to handle
 	 * filename arguments as they come.
diff --git a/builtin/worktree.c b/builtin/worktree.c
index 6cc094a..d2a7e2f 100644
--- a/builtin/worktree.c
+++ b/builtin/worktree.c
@@ -268,10 +268,10 @@
 	struct strbuf sb_git = STRBUF_INIT, sb_repo = STRBUF_INIT;
 	struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;
 	const char *name;
-	struct stat st;
 	struct child_process cp = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
 	struct argv_array child_env = ARGV_ARRAY_INIT;
-	int counter = 0, len, ret;
+	unsigned int counter = 0;
+	int len, ret;
 	struct strbuf symref = STRBUF_INIT;
 	struct commit *commit = NULL;
 	int is_branch = 0;
@@ -295,8 +295,12 @@
 	if (safe_create_leading_directories_const(sb_repo.buf))
 		die_errno(_("could not create leading directories of '%s'"),
 			  sb_repo.buf);
-	while (!stat(sb_repo.buf, &st)) {
+
+	while (mkdir(sb_repo.buf, 0777)) {
 		counter++;
+		if ((errno != EEXIST) || !counter /* overflow */)
+			die_errno(_("could not create directory of '%s'"),
+				  sb_repo.buf);
 		strbuf_setlen(&sb_repo, len);
 		strbuf_addf(&sb_repo, "%d", counter);
 	}
@@ -306,8 +310,6 @@
 	atexit(remove_junk);
 	sigchain_push_common(remove_junk_on_signal);
 
-	if (mkdir(sb_repo.buf, 0777))
-		die_errno(_("could not create directory of '%s'"), sb_repo.buf);
 	junk_git_dir = xstrdup(sb_repo.buf);
 	is_junk = 1;
 
diff --git a/cache.h b/cache.h
index ac92421..e928fe9 100644
--- a/cache.h
+++ b/cache.h
@@ -339,7 +339,9 @@
 	struct cache_time timestamp;
 	unsigned name_hash_initialized : 1,
 		 initialized : 1,
-		 drop_cache_tree : 1;
+		 drop_cache_tree : 1,
+		 updated_workdir : 1,
+		 updated_skipworktree : 1;
 	struct hashmap name_hash;
 	struct hashmap dir_hash;
 	struct object_id oid;
@@ -1379,6 +1381,7 @@
 };
 
 extern int get_oid(const char *str, struct object_id *oid);
+extern int get_oidf(struct object_id *oid, const char *fmt, ...);
 extern int get_oid_commit(const char *str, struct object_id *oid);
 extern int get_oid_committish(const char *str, struct object_id *oid);
 extern int get_oid_tree(const char *str, struct object_id *oid);
@@ -1552,6 +1555,10 @@
 extern const char *git_pager(int stdout_is_tty);
 extern int is_terminal_dumb(void);
 extern int git_ident_config(const char *, const char *, void *);
+/*
+ * Prepare an ident to fall back on if the user didn't configure it.
+ */
+void prepare_fallback_ident(const char *name, const char *email);
 extern void reset_ident_date(void);
 
 struct ident_split {
diff --git a/ci/install-dependencies.sh b/ci/install-dependencies.sh
index d64667f..52a44c6 100755
--- a/ci/install-dependencies.sh
+++ b/ci/install-dependencies.sh
@@ -54,6 +54,9 @@
 Documentation)
 	sudo apt-get -q update
 	sudo apt-get -q -y install asciidoc xmlto
+
+	test -n "$ALREADY_HAVE_ASCIIDOCTOR" ||
+	gem install --version 1.5.8 asciidoctor
 	;;
 esac
 
diff --git a/ci/test-documentation.sh b/ci/test-documentation.sh
index be3b7d3..d490898 100755
--- a/ci/test-documentation.sh
+++ b/ci/test-documentation.sh
@@ -5,32 +5,38 @@
 
 . ${0%/*}/lib.sh
 
-test -n "$ALREADY_HAVE_ASCIIDOCTOR" ||
-gem install asciidoctor
+filter_log () {
+	sed -e '/^GIT_VERSION = /d' \
+	    -e '/^    \* new asciidoc flags$/d' \
+	    "$1"
+}
 
 make check-builtins
 make check-docs
 
 # Build docs with AsciiDoc
-make doc > >(tee stdout.log) 2> >(tee stderr.log >&2)
-! test -s stderr.log
+make doc > >(tee stdout.log) 2> >(tee stderr.raw >&2)
+cat stderr.raw
+filter_log stderr.raw >stderr.log
+test ! -s stderr.log
 test -s Documentation/git.html
 test -s Documentation/git.xml
 test -s Documentation/git.1
 grep '<meta name="generator" content="AsciiDoc ' Documentation/git.html
 
-rm -f stdout.log stderr.log
+rm -f stdout.log stderr.log stderr.raw
 check_unignored_build_artifacts
 
 # Build docs with AsciiDoctor
 make clean
-make USE_ASCIIDOCTOR=1 doc > >(tee stdout.log) 2> >(tee stderr.log >&2)
-sed '/^GIT_VERSION = / d' stderr.log
-! test -s stderr.log
+make USE_ASCIIDOCTOR=1 doc > >(tee stdout.log) 2> >(tee stderr.raw >&2)
+cat stderr.raw
+filter_log stderr.raw >stderr.log
+test ! -s stderr.log
 test -s Documentation/git.html
 grep '<meta name="generator" content="Asciidoctor ' Documentation/git.html
 
-rm -f stdout.log stderr.log
+rm -f stdout.log stderr.log stderr.raw
 check_unignored_build_artifacts
 
 save_good_tree
diff --git a/commit-graph.c b/commit-graph.c
index 47e9be0..66865ac 100644
--- a/commit-graph.c
+++ b/commit-graph.c
@@ -80,25 +80,30 @@
 	return 1;
 }
 
-struct commit_graph *load_commit_graph_one(const char *graph_file)
+int open_commit_graph(const char *graph_file, int *fd, struct stat *st)
+{
+	*fd = git_open(graph_file);
+	if (*fd < 0)
+		return 0;
+	if (fstat(*fd, st)) {
+		close(*fd);
+		return 0;
+	}
+	return 1;
+}
+
+struct commit_graph *load_commit_graph_one_fd_st(int fd, struct stat *st)
 {
 	void *graph_map;
 	size_t graph_size;
-	struct stat st;
 	struct commit_graph *ret;
-	int fd = git_open(graph_file);
 
-	if (fd < 0)
-		return NULL;
-	if (fstat(fd, &st)) {
-		close(fd);
-		return NULL;
-	}
-	graph_size = xsize_t(st.st_size);
+	graph_size = xsize_t(st->st_size);
 
 	if (graph_size < GRAPH_MIN_SIZE) {
 		close(fd);
-		die(_("graph file %s is too small"), graph_file);
+		error(_("commit-graph file is too small"));
+		return NULL;
 	}
 	graph_map = xmmap(NULL, graph_size, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, fd, 0);
 	ret = parse_commit_graph(graph_map, fd, graph_size);
@@ -106,12 +111,41 @@
 	if (!ret) {
 		munmap(graph_map, graph_size);
 		close(fd);
-		exit(1);
 	}
 
 	return ret;
 }
 
+static int verify_commit_graph_lite(struct commit_graph *g)
+{
+	/*
+	 * Basic validation shared between parse_commit_graph()
+	 * which'll be called every time the graph is used, and the
+	 * much more expensive verify_commit_graph() used by
+	 * "commit-graph verify".
+	 *
+	 * There should only be very basic checks here to ensure that
+	 * we don't e.g. segfault in fill_commit_in_graph(), but
+	 * because this is a very hot codepath nothing that e.g. loops
+	 * over g->num_commits, or runs a checksum on the commit-graph
+	 * itself.
+	 */
+	if (!g->chunk_oid_fanout) {
+		error("commit-graph is missing the OID Fanout chunk");
+		return 1;
+	}
+	if (!g->chunk_oid_lookup) {
+		error("commit-graph is missing the OID Lookup chunk");
+		return 1;
+	}
+	if (!g->chunk_commit_data) {
+		error("commit-graph is missing the Commit Data chunk");
+		return 1;
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
 struct commit_graph *parse_commit_graph(void *graph_map, int fd,
 					size_t graph_size)
 {
@@ -133,21 +167,21 @@
 
 	graph_signature = get_be32(data);
 	if (graph_signature != GRAPH_SIGNATURE) {
-		error(_("graph signature %X does not match signature %X"),
+		error(_("commit-graph signature %X does not match signature %X"),
 		      graph_signature, GRAPH_SIGNATURE);
 		return NULL;
 	}
 
 	graph_version = *(unsigned char*)(data + 4);
 	if (graph_version != GRAPH_VERSION) {
-		error(_("graph version %X does not match version %X"),
+		error(_("commit-graph version %X does not match version %X"),
 		      graph_version, GRAPH_VERSION);
 		return NULL;
 	}
 
 	hash_version = *(unsigned char*)(data + 5);
 	if (hash_version != oid_version()) {
-		error(_("hash version %X does not match version %X"),
+		error(_("commit-graph hash version %X does not match version %X"),
 		      hash_version, oid_version());
 		return NULL;
 	}
@@ -170,7 +204,7 @@
 
 		if (data + graph_size - chunk_lookup <
 		    GRAPH_CHUNKLOOKUP_WIDTH) {
-			error(_("chunk lookup table entry missing; graph file may be incomplete"));
+			error(_("commit-graph chunk lookup table entry missing; file may be incomplete"));
 			free(graph);
 			return NULL;
 		}
@@ -181,7 +215,7 @@
 		chunk_lookup += GRAPH_CHUNKLOOKUP_WIDTH;
 
 		if (chunk_offset > graph_size - the_hash_algo->rawsz) {
-			error(_("improper chunk offset %08x%08x"), (uint32_t)(chunk_offset >> 32),
+			error(_("commit-graph improper chunk offset %08x%08x"), (uint32_t)(chunk_offset >> 32),
 			      (uint32_t)chunk_offset);
 			free(graph);
 			return NULL;
@@ -218,7 +252,7 @@
 		}
 
 		if (chunk_repeated) {
-			error(_("chunk id %08x appears multiple times"), chunk_id);
+			error(_("commit-graph chunk id %08x appears multiple times"), chunk_id);
 			free(graph);
 			return NULL;
 		}
@@ -233,9 +267,25 @@
 		last_chunk_offset = chunk_offset;
 	}
 
+	if (verify_commit_graph_lite(graph))
+		return NULL;
+
 	return graph;
 }
 
+static struct commit_graph *load_commit_graph_one(const char *graph_file)
+{
+
+	struct stat st;
+	int fd;
+	int open_ok = open_commit_graph(graph_file, &fd, &st);
+
+	if (!open_ok)
+		return NULL;
+
+	return load_commit_graph_one_fd_st(fd, &st);
+}
+
 static void prepare_commit_graph_one(struct repository *r, const char *obj_dir)
 {
 	char *graph_name;
@@ -261,6 +311,10 @@
 	struct object_directory *odb;
 	int config_value;
 
+	if (git_env_bool(GIT_TEST_COMMIT_GRAPH_DIE_ON_LOAD, 0))
+		die("dying as requested by the '%s' variable on commit-graph load!",
+		    GIT_TEST_COMMIT_GRAPH_DIE_ON_LOAD);
+
 	if (r->objects->commit_graph_attempted)
 		return !!r->objects->commit_graph;
 	r->objects->commit_graph_attempted = 1;
@@ -525,7 +579,7 @@
 		uint32_t packedDate[2];
 		display_progress(progress, ++*progress_cnt);
 
-		parse_commit(*list);
+		parse_commit_no_graph(*list);
 		hashwrite(f, get_commit_tree_oid(*list)->hash, hash_len);
 
 		parent = (*list)->parents;
@@ -722,7 +776,7 @@
 		display_progress(progress, i + 1);
 		commit = lookup_commit(the_repository, &oids->list[i]);
 
-		if (commit && !parse_commit(commit))
+		if (commit && !parse_commit_no_graph(commit))
 			add_missing_parents(oids, commit);
 	}
 	stop_progress(&progress);
@@ -971,7 +1025,7 @@
 			continue;
 
 		commits.list[commits.nr] = lookup_commit(the_repository, &oids.list[i]);
-		parse_commit(commits.list[commits.nr]);
+		parse_commit_no_graph(commits.list[commits.nr]);
 
 		for (parent = commits.list[commits.nr]->parents;
 		     parent; parent = parent->next)
@@ -1089,15 +1143,7 @@
 		return 1;
 	}
 
-	verify_commit_graph_error = 0;
-
-	if (!g->chunk_oid_fanout)
-		graph_report("commit-graph is missing the OID Fanout chunk");
-	if (!g->chunk_oid_lookup)
-		graph_report("commit-graph is missing the OID Lookup chunk");
-	if (!g->chunk_commit_data)
-		graph_report("commit-graph is missing the Commit Data chunk");
-
+	verify_commit_graph_error = verify_commit_graph_lite(g);
 	if (verify_commit_graph_error)
 		return verify_commit_graph_error;
 
@@ -1116,7 +1162,7 @@
 		hashcpy(cur_oid.hash, g->chunk_oid_lookup + g->hash_len * i);
 
 		if (i && oidcmp(&prev_oid, &cur_oid) >= 0)
-			graph_report("commit-graph has incorrect OID order: %s then %s",
+			graph_report(_("commit-graph has incorrect OID order: %s then %s"),
 				     oid_to_hex(&prev_oid),
 				     oid_to_hex(&cur_oid));
 
@@ -1126,14 +1172,14 @@
 			uint32_t fanout_value = get_be32(g->chunk_oid_fanout + cur_fanout_pos);
 
 			if (i != fanout_value)
-				graph_report("commit-graph has incorrect fanout value: fanout[%d] = %u != %u",
+				graph_report(_("commit-graph has incorrect fanout value: fanout[%d] = %u != %u"),
 					     cur_fanout_pos, fanout_value, i);
 			cur_fanout_pos++;
 		}
 
 		graph_commit = lookup_commit(r, &cur_oid);
 		if (!parse_commit_in_graph_one(r, g, graph_commit))
-			graph_report("failed to parse %s from commit-graph",
+			graph_report(_("failed to parse commit %s from commit-graph"),
 				     oid_to_hex(&cur_oid));
 	}
 
@@ -1141,7 +1187,7 @@
 		uint32_t fanout_value = get_be32(g->chunk_oid_fanout + cur_fanout_pos);
 
 		if (g->num_commits != fanout_value)
-			graph_report("commit-graph has incorrect fanout value: fanout[%d] = %u != %u",
+			graph_report(_("commit-graph has incorrect fanout value: fanout[%d] = %u != %u"),
 				     cur_fanout_pos, fanout_value, i);
 
 		cur_fanout_pos++;
@@ -1163,14 +1209,14 @@
 		graph_commit = lookup_commit(r, &cur_oid);
 		odb_commit = (struct commit *)create_object(r, cur_oid.hash, alloc_commit_node(r));
 		if (parse_commit_internal(odb_commit, 0, 0)) {
-			graph_report("failed to parse %s from object database",
+			graph_report(_("failed to parse commit %s from object database for commit-graph"),
 				     oid_to_hex(&cur_oid));
 			continue;
 		}
 
 		if (!oideq(&get_commit_tree_in_graph_one(r, g, graph_commit)->object.oid,
 			   get_commit_tree_oid(odb_commit)))
-			graph_report("root tree OID for commit %s in commit-graph is %s != %s",
+			graph_report(_("root tree OID for commit %s in commit-graph is %s != %s"),
 				     oid_to_hex(&cur_oid),
 				     oid_to_hex(get_commit_tree_oid(graph_commit)),
 				     oid_to_hex(get_commit_tree_oid(odb_commit)));
@@ -1180,13 +1226,13 @@
 
 		while (graph_parents) {
 			if (odb_parents == NULL) {
-				graph_report("commit-graph parent list for commit %s is too long",
+				graph_report(_("commit-graph parent list for commit %s is too long"),
 					     oid_to_hex(&cur_oid));
 				break;
 			}
 
 			if (!oideq(&graph_parents->item->object.oid, &odb_parents->item->object.oid))
-				graph_report("commit-graph parent for %s is %s != %s",
+				graph_report(_("commit-graph parent for %s is %s != %s"),
 					     oid_to_hex(&cur_oid),
 					     oid_to_hex(&graph_parents->item->object.oid),
 					     oid_to_hex(&odb_parents->item->object.oid));
@@ -1199,16 +1245,16 @@
 		}
 
 		if (odb_parents != NULL)
-			graph_report("commit-graph parent list for commit %s terminates early",
+			graph_report(_("commit-graph parent list for commit %s terminates early"),
 				     oid_to_hex(&cur_oid));
 
 		if (!graph_commit->generation) {
 			if (generation_zero == GENERATION_NUMBER_EXISTS)
-				graph_report("commit-graph has generation number zero for commit %s, but non-zero elsewhere",
+				graph_report(_("commit-graph has generation number zero for commit %s, but non-zero elsewhere"),
 					     oid_to_hex(&cur_oid));
 			generation_zero = GENERATION_ZERO_EXISTS;
 		} else if (generation_zero == GENERATION_ZERO_EXISTS)
-			graph_report("commit-graph has non-zero generation number for commit %s, but zero elsewhere",
+			graph_report(_("commit-graph has non-zero generation number for commit %s, but zero elsewhere"),
 				     oid_to_hex(&cur_oid));
 
 		if (generation_zero == GENERATION_ZERO_EXISTS)
@@ -1223,13 +1269,13 @@
 			max_generation--;
 
 		if (graph_commit->generation != max_generation + 1)
-			graph_report("commit-graph generation for commit %s is %u != %u",
+			graph_report(_("commit-graph generation for commit %s is %u != %u"),
 				     oid_to_hex(&cur_oid),
 				     graph_commit->generation,
 				     max_generation + 1);
 
 		if (graph_commit->date != odb_commit->date)
-			graph_report("commit date for commit %s in commit-graph is %"PRItime" != %"PRItime,
+			graph_report(_("commit date for commit %s in commit-graph is %"PRItime" != %"PRItime),
 				     oid_to_hex(&cur_oid),
 				     graph_commit->date,
 				     odb_commit->date);
diff --git a/commit-graph.h b/commit-graph.h
index 096d8ba..7dfb8c8 100644
--- a/commit-graph.h
+++ b/commit-graph.h
@@ -7,10 +7,12 @@
 #include "cache.h"
 
 #define GIT_TEST_COMMIT_GRAPH "GIT_TEST_COMMIT_GRAPH"
+#define GIT_TEST_COMMIT_GRAPH_DIE_ON_LOAD "GIT_TEST_COMMIT_GRAPH_DIE_ON_LOAD"
 
 struct commit;
 
 char *get_commit_graph_filename(const char *obj_dir);
+int open_commit_graph(const char *graph_file, int *fd, struct stat *st);
 
 /*
  * Given a commit struct, try to fill the commit struct info, including:
@@ -52,7 +54,7 @@
 	const unsigned char *chunk_extra_edges;
 };
 
-struct commit_graph *load_commit_graph_one(const char *graph_file);
+struct commit_graph *load_commit_graph_one_fd_st(int fd, struct stat *st);
 
 struct commit_graph *parse_commit_graph(void *graph_map, int fd,
 					size_t graph_size);
diff --git a/commit.h b/commit.h
index 42728c2..5d33477 100644
--- a/commit.h
+++ b/commit.h
@@ -89,6 +89,12 @@
 {
 	return repo_parse_commit_gently(r, item, 0);
 }
+
+static inline int parse_commit_no_graph(struct commit *commit)
+{
+	return repo_parse_commit_internal(the_repository, commit, 0, 0);
+}
+
 #ifndef NO_THE_REPOSITORY_COMPATIBILITY_MACROS
 #define parse_commit_internal(item, quiet, use) repo_parse_commit_internal(the_repository, item, quiet, use)
 #define parse_commit_gently(item, quiet) repo_parse_commit_gently(the_repository, item, quiet)
diff --git a/config.c b/config.c
index 0f0cdd8..c2846df 100644
--- a/config.c
+++ b/config.c
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@
 	}
 
 	ret = !wildmatch(pattern.buf + prefix, text.buf + prefix,
-			 icase ? WM_CASEFOLD : 0);
+			 WM_PATHNAME | (icase ? WM_CASEFOLD : 0));
 
 	if (!ret && !already_tried_absolute) {
 		/*
diff --git a/contrib/coccinelle/flex_alloc.cocci b/contrib/coccinelle/flex_alloc.cocci
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e9f7f6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/coccinelle/flex_alloc.cocci
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+@@
+expression str;
+identifier x, flexname;
+@@
+- FLEX_ALLOC_MEM(x, flexname, str, strlen(str));
++ FLEX_ALLOC_STR(x, flexname, str);
+
+@@
+expression str;
+identifier x, ptrname;
+@@
+- FLEXPTR_ALLOC_MEM(x, ptrname, str, strlen(str));
++ FLEXPTR_ALLOC_STR(x, ptrname, str);
diff --git a/contrib/completion/git-completion.bash b/contrib/completion/git-completion.bash
index 976e4a6..42a3c8e 100644
--- a/contrib/completion/git-completion.bash
+++ b/contrib/completion/git-completion.bash
@@ -1024,7 +1024,7 @@
 __git_compute_all_commands ()
 {
 	test -n "$__git_all_commands" ||
-	__git_all_commands=$(git --list-cmds=main,others,alias,nohelpers)
+	__git_all_commands=$(__git --list-cmds=main,others,alias,nohelpers)
 }
 
 # Lists all set config variables starting with the given section prefix,
@@ -1501,7 +1501,8 @@
 }
 
 __git_mergetools_common="diffuse diffmerge ecmerge emerge kdiff3 meld opendiff
-			tkdiff vimdiff gvimdiff xxdiff araxis p4merge bc codecompare
+			tkdiff vimdiff gvimdiff xxdiff araxis p4merge bc
+			codecompare smerge
 "
 
 _git_difftool ()
@@ -1652,9 +1653,9 @@
 	esac
 	if test -n "$GIT_TESTING_ALL_COMMAND_LIST"
 	then
-		__gitcomp "$GIT_TESTING_ALL_COMMAND_LIST $(git --list-cmds=alias,list-guide) gitk"
+		__gitcomp "$GIT_TESTING_ALL_COMMAND_LIST $(__git --list-cmds=alias,list-guide) gitk"
 	else
-		__gitcomp "$(git --list-cmds=main,nohelpers,alias,list-guide) gitk"
+		__gitcomp "$(__git --list-cmds=main,nohelpers,alias,list-guide) gitk"
 	fi
 }
 
@@ -2925,7 +2926,7 @@
 			then
 				__gitcomp "$GIT_TESTING_PORCELAIN_COMMAND_LIST"
 			else
-				__gitcomp "$(git --list-cmds=list-mainporcelain,others,nohelpers,alias,list-complete,config)"
+				__gitcomp "$(__git --list-cmds=list-mainporcelain,others,nohelpers,alias,list-complete,config)"
 			fi
 			;;
 		esac
diff --git a/contrib/subtree/git-subtree.sh b/contrib/subtree/git-subtree.sh
index 147201d..868e18b 100755
--- a/contrib/subtree/git-subtree.sh
+++ b/contrib/subtree/git-subtree.sh
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 git subtree merge --prefix=<prefix> <commit>
 git subtree pull  --prefix=<prefix> <repository> <ref>
 git subtree push  --prefix=<prefix> <repository> <ref>
-git subtree split --prefix=<prefix> <commit...>
+git subtree split --prefix=<prefix> <commit>
 --
 h,help        show the help
 q             quiet
@@ -77,6 +77,12 @@
 	fi
 }
 
+ensure_single_rev () {
+	if test $# -ne 1
+	then
+		die "You must provide exactly one revision.  Got: '$@'"
+	fi
+}
 
 while test $# -gt 0
 do
@@ -185,6 +191,7 @@
 then
 	revs=$(git rev-parse $default --revs-only "$@") || exit $?
 	dirs=$(git rev-parse --no-revs --no-flags "$@") || exit $?
+	ensure_single_rev $revs
 	if test -n "$dirs"
 	then
 		die "Error: Use --prefix instead of bare filenames."
@@ -716,9 +723,8 @@
 }
 
 cmd_add_commit () {
-	revs=$(git rev-parse $default --revs-only "$@") || exit $?
-	set -- $revs
-	rev="$1"
+	rev=$(git rev-parse $default --revs-only "$@") || exit $?
+	ensure_single_rev $rev
 
 	debug "Adding $dir as '$rev'..."
 	git read-tree --prefix="$dir" $rev || exit $?
@@ -817,16 +823,10 @@
 }
 
 cmd_merge () {
-	revs=$(git rev-parse $default --revs-only "$@") || exit $?
+	rev=$(git rev-parse $default --revs-only "$@") || exit $?
+	ensure_single_rev $rev
 	ensure_clean
 
-	set -- $revs
-	if test $# -ne 1
-	then
-		die "You must provide exactly one revision.  Got: '$revs'"
-	fi
-	rev="$1"
-
 	if test -n "$squash"
 	then
 		first_split="$(find_latest_squash "$dir")"
diff --git a/convert.c b/convert.c
index 5d0307f..94ff837 100644
--- a/convert.c
+++ b/convert.c
@@ -731,7 +731,7 @@
 	if (start_async(&async))
 		return 0;	/* error was already reported */
 
-	if (strbuf_read(&nbuf, async.out, len) < 0) {
+	if (strbuf_read(&nbuf, async.out, 0) < 0) {
 		err = error(_("read from external filter '%s' failed"), cmd);
 	}
 	if (close(async.out)) {
diff --git a/diff-no-index.c b/diff-no-index.c
index 6001bae..7814eab 100644
--- a/diff-no-index.c
+++ b/diff-no-index.c
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 #include "revision.h"
 #include "log-tree.h"
 #include "builtin.h"
+#include "parse-options.h"
 #include "string-list.h"
 #include "dir.h"
 
@@ -233,29 +234,37 @@
 	}
 }
 
-void diff_no_index(struct rev_info *revs,
-		   int argc, const char **argv)
+static const char * const diff_no_index_usage[] = {
+	N_("git diff --no-index [<options>] <path> <path>"),
+	NULL
+};
+
+int diff_no_index(struct rev_info *revs,
+		  int implicit_no_index,
+		  int argc, const char **argv)
 {
-	int i;
+	int i, no_index;
 	const char *paths[2];
 	struct strbuf replacement = STRBUF_INIT;
 	const char *prefix = revs->prefix;
+	struct option no_index_options[] = {
+		OPT_BOOL_F(0, "no-index", &no_index, "",
+			   PARSE_OPT_NONEG | PARSE_OPT_HIDDEN),
+		OPT_END(),
+	};
+	struct option *options;
 
-	for (i = 1; i < argc - 2; ) {
-		int j;
-		if (!strcmp(argv[i], "--no-index"))
-			i++;
-		else if (!strcmp(argv[i], "--"))
-			i++;
-		else {
-			j = diff_opt_parse(&revs->diffopt, argv + i, argc - i,
-					   revs->prefix);
-			if (j <= 0)
-				die("invalid diff option/value: %s", argv[i]);
-			i += j;
-		}
+	options = parse_options_concat(no_index_options,
+				       revs->diffopt.parseopts);
+	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, revs->prefix, options,
+			     diff_no_index_usage, 0);
+	if (argc != 2) {
+		if (implicit_no_index)
+			warning(_("Not a git repository. Use --no-index to "
+				  "compare two paths outside a working tree"));
+		usage_with_options(diff_no_index_usage, options);
 	}
-
+	FREE_AND_NULL(options);
 	for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
 		const char *p = argv[argc - 2 + i];
 		if (!strcmp(p, "-"))
@@ -287,7 +296,7 @@
 	revs->diffopt.flags.exit_with_status = 1;
 
 	if (queue_diff(&revs->diffopt, paths[0], paths[1]))
-		exit(1);
+		return 1;
 	diff_set_mnemonic_prefix(&revs->diffopt, "1/", "2/");
 	diffcore_std(&revs->diffopt);
 	diff_flush(&revs->diffopt);
@@ -298,5 +307,5 @@
 	 * The return code for --no-index imitates diff(1):
 	 * 0 = no changes, 1 = changes, else error
 	 */
-	exit(diff_result_code(&revs->diffopt, 0));
+	return diff_result_code(&revs->diffopt, 0);
 }
diff --git a/diff.c b/diff.c
index ec5c095..e30a645 100644
--- a/diff.c
+++ b/diff.c
@@ -4640,66 +4640,6 @@
 	FREE_AND_NULL(options->parseopts);
 }
 
-static int opt_arg(const char *arg, int arg_short, const char *arg_long, int *val)
-{
-	char c, *eq;
-	int len;
-
-	if (*arg != '-')
-		return 0;
-	c = *++arg;
-	if (!c)
-		return 0;
-	if (c == arg_short) {
-		c = *++arg;
-		if (!c)
-			return 1;
-		if (val && isdigit(c)) {
-			char *end;
-			int n = strtoul(arg, &end, 10);
-			if (*end)
-				return 0;
-			*val = n;
-			return 1;
-		}
-		return 0;
-	}
-	if (c != '-')
-		return 0;
-	arg++;
-	eq = strchrnul(arg, '=');
-	len = eq - arg;
-	if (!len || strncmp(arg, arg_long, len))
-		return 0;
-	if (*eq) {
-		int n;
-		char *end;
-		if (!isdigit(*++eq))
-			return 0;
-		n = strtoul(eq, &end, 10);
-		if (*end)
-			return 0;
-		*val = n;
-	}
-	return 1;
-}
-
-static inline int short_opt(char opt, const char **argv,
-			    const char **optarg)
-{
-	const char *arg = argv[0];
-	if (arg[0] != '-' || arg[1] != opt)
-		return 0;
-	if (arg[2] != '\0') {
-		*optarg = arg + 2;
-		return 1;
-	}
-	if (!argv[1])
-		die("Option '%c' requires a value", opt);
-	*optarg = argv[1];
-	return 2;
-}
-
 int parse_long_opt(const char *opt, const char **argv,
 		   const char **optarg)
 {
@@ -4788,14 +4728,6 @@
 	return 1;
 }
 
-static int parse_submodule_opt(struct diff_options *options, const char *value)
-{
-	if (parse_submodule_params(options, value))
-		die(_("Failed to parse --submodule option parameter: '%s'"),
-			value);
-	return 1;
-}
-
 static const char diff_status_letters[] = {
 	DIFF_STATUS_ADDED,
 	DIFF_STATUS_COPIED,
@@ -4827,10 +4759,19 @@
 	return opt->filter & filter_bit[(int) status];
 }
 
-static int parse_diff_filter_opt(const char *optarg, struct diff_options *opt)
+unsigned diff_filter_bit(char status)
 {
+	prepare_filter_bits();
+	return filter_bit[(int) status];
+}
+
+static int diff_opt_diff_filter(const struct option *option,
+				const char *optarg, int unset)
+{
+	struct diff_options *opt = option->value;
 	int i, optch;
 
+	BUG_ON_OPT_NEG(unset);
 	prepare_filter_bits();
 
 	/*
@@ -4861,7 +4802,8 @@
 
 		bit = (0 <= optch && optch <= 'Z') ? filter_bit[optch] : 0;
 		if (!bit)
-			return optarg[i];
+			return error(_("unknown change class '%c' in --diff-filter=%s"),
+				     optarg[i], optarg);
 		if (negate)
 			opt->filter &= ~bit;
 		else
@@ -4876,25 +4818,29 @@
 	*fmt |= DIFF_FORMAT_PATCH;
 }
 
-static int parse_ws_error_highlight_opt(struct diff_options *opt, const char *arg)
+static int diff_opt_ws_error_highlight(const struct option *option,
+				       const char *arg, int unset)
 {
+	struct diff_options *opt = option->value;
 	int val = parse_ws_error_highlight(arg);
 
-	if (val < 0) {
-		error("unknown value after ws-error-highlight=%.*s",
-		      -1 - val, arg);
-		return 0;
-	}
+	BUG_ON_OPT_NEG(unset);
+	if (val < 0)
+		return error(_("unknown value after ws-error-highlight=%.*s"),
+			     -1 - val, arg);
 	opt->ws_error_highlight = val;
-	return 1;
+	return 0;
 }
 
-static int parse_objfind_opt(struct diff_options *opt, const char *arg)
+static int diff_opt_find_object(const struct option *option,
+				const char *arg, int unset)
 {
+	struct diff_options *opt = option->value;
 	struct object_id oid;
 
+	BUG_ON_OPT_NEG(unset);
 	if (get_oid(arg, &oid))
-		return error("unable to resolve '%s'", arg);
+		return error(_("unable to resolve '%s'"), arg);
 
 	if (!opt->objfind)
 		opt->objfind = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*opt->objfind));
@@ -4903,7 +4849,32 @@
 	opt->flags.recursive = 1;
 	opt->flags.tree_in_recursive = 1;
 	oidset_insert(opt->objfind, &oid);
-	return 1;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int diff_opt_anchored(const struct option *opt,
+			     const char *arg, int unset)
+{
+	struct diff_options *options = opt->value;
+
+	BUG_ON_OPT_NEG(unset);
+	options->xdl_opts = DIFF_WITH_ALG(options, PATIENCE_DIFF);
+	ALLOC_GROW(options->anchors, options->anchors_nr + 1,
+		   options->anchors_alloc);
+	options->anchors[options->anchors_nr++] = xstrdup(arg);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int diff_opt_binary(const struct option *opt,
+			   const char *arg, int unset)
+{
+	struct diff_options *options = opt->value;
+
+	BUG_ON_OPT_NEG(unset);
+	BUG_ON_OPT_ARG(arg);
+	enable_patch_output(&options->output_format);
+	options->flags.binary = 1;
+	return 0;
 }
 
 static int diff_opt_break_rewrites(const struct option *opt,
@@ -4943,6 +4914,57 @@
 	return 0;
 }
 
+static int diff_opt_color_moved(const struct option *opt,
+				const char *arg, int unset)
+{
+	struct diff_options *options = opt->value;
+
+	if (unset) {
+		options->color_moved = COLOR_MOVED_NO;
+	} else if (!arg) {
+		if (diff_color_moved_default)
+			options->color_moved = diff_color_moved_default;
+		if (options->color_moved == COLOR_MOVED_NO)
+			options->color_moved = COLOR_MOVED_DEFAULT;
+	} else {
+		int cm = parse_color_moved(arg);
+		if (cm < 0)
+			return error(_("bad --color-moved argument: %s"), arg);
+		options->color_moved = cm;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int diff_opt_color_moved_ws(const struct option *opt,
+				   const char *arg, int unset)
+{
+	struct diff_options *options = opt->value;
+	unsigned cm;
+
+	if (unset) {
+		options->color_moved_ws_handling = 0;
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	cm = parse_color_moved_ws(arg);
+	if (cm & COLOR_MOVED_WS_ERROR)
+		return error(_("invalid mode '%s' in --color-moved-ws"), arg);
+	options->color_moved_ws_handling = cm;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int diff_opt_color_words(const struct option *opt,
+				const char *arg, int unset)
+{
+	struct diff_options *options = opt->value;
+
+	BUG_ON_OPT_NEG(unset);
+	options->use_color = 1;
+	options->word_diff = DIFF_WORDS_COLOR;
+	options->word_regex = arg;
+	return 0;
+}
+
 static int diff_opt_compact_summary(const struct option *opt,
 				    const char *arg, int unset)
 {
@@ -4958,6 +4980,24 @@
 	return 0;
 }
 
+static int diff_opt_diff_algorithm(const struct option *opt,
+				   const char *arg, int unset)
+{
+	struct diff_options *options = opt->value;
+	long value = parse_algorithm_value(arg);
+
+	BUG_ON_OPT_NEG(unset);
+	if (value < 0)
+		return error(_("option diff-algorithm accepts \"myers\", "
+			       "\"minimal\", \"patience\" and \"histogram\""));
+
+	/* clear out previous settings */
+	DIFF_XDL_CLR(options, NEED_MINIMAL);
+	options->xdl_opts &= ~XDF_DIFF_ALGORITHM_MASK;
+	options->xdl_opts |= value;
+	return 0;
+}
+
 static int diff_opt_dirstat(const struct option *opt,
 			    const char *arg, int unset)
 {
@@ -5010,6 +5050,58 @@
 	return 0;
 }
 
+static int diff_opt_follow(const struct option *opt,
+			   const char *arg, int unset)
+{
+	struct diff_options *options = opt->value;
+
+	BUG_ON_OPT_ARG(arg);
+	if (unset) {
+		options->flags.follow_renames = 0;
+		options->flags.default_follow_renames = 0;
+	} else {
+		options->flags.follow_renames = 1;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int diff_opt_ignore_submodules(const struct option *opt,
+				      const char *arg, int unset)
+{
+	struct diff_options *options = opt->value;
+
+	BUG_ON_OPT_NEG(unset);
+	if (!arg)
+		arg = "all";
+	options->flags.override_submodule_config = 1;
+	handle_ignore_submodules_arg(options, arg);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int diff_opt_line_prefix(const struct option *opt,
+				const char *optarg, int unset)
+{
+	struct diff_options *options = opt->value;
+
+	BUG_ON_OPT_NEG(unset);
+	options->line_prefix = optarg;
+	options->line_prefix_length = strlen(options->line_prefix);
+	graph_setup_line_prefix(options);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int diff_opt_no_prefix(const struct option *opt,
+			      const char *optarg, int unset)
+{
+	struct diff_options *options = opt->value;
+
+	BUG_ON_OPT_NEG(unset);
+	BUG_ON_OPT_ARG(optarg);
+	options->a_prefix = "";
+	options->b_prefix = "";
+	return 0;
+}
+
 static enum parse_opt_result diff_opt_output(struct parse_opt_ctx_t *ctx,
 					     const struct option *opt,
 					     const char *arg, int unset)
@@ -5027,6 +5119,48 @@
 	return 0;
 }
 
+static int diff_opt_patience(const struct option *opt,
+			     const char *arg, int unset)
+{
+	struct diff_options *options = opt->value;
+	int i;
+
+	BUG_ON_OPT_NEG(unset);
+	BUG_ON_OPT_ARG(arg);
+	options->xdl_opts = DIFF_WITH_ALG(options, PATIENCE_DIFF);
+	/*
+	 * Both --patience and --anchored use PATIENCE_DIFF
+	 * internally, so remove any anchors previously
+	 * specified.
+	 */
+	for (i = 0; i < options->anchors_nr; i++)
+		free(options->anchors[i]);
+	options->anchors_nr = 0;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int diff_opt_pickaxe_regex(const struct option *opt,
+				  const char *arg, int unset)
+{
+	struct diff_options *options = opt->value;
+
+	BUG_ON_OPT_NEG(unset);
+	options->pickaxe = arg;
+	options->pickaxe_opts |= DIFF_PICKAXE_KIND_G;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int diff_opt_pickaxe_string(const struct option *opt,
+				   const char *arg, int unset)
+{
+	struct diff_options *options = opt->value;
+
+	BUG_ON_OPT_NEG(unset);
+	options->pickaxe = arg;
+	options->pickaxe_opts |= DIFF_PICKAXE_KIND_S;
+	return 0;
+}
+
 static int diff_opt_relative(const struct option *opt,
 			     const char *arg, int unset)
 {
@@ -5039,6 +5173,35 @@
 	return 0;
 }
 
+static int diff_opt_submodule(const struct option *opt,
+			      const char *arg, int unset)
+{
+	struct diff_options *options = opt->value;
+
+	BUG_ON_OPT_NEG(unset);
+	if (!arg)
+		arg = "log";
+	if (parse_submodule_params(options, arg))
+		return error(_("failed to parse --submodule option parameter: '%s'"),
+			     arg);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int diff_opt_textconv(const struct option *opt,
+			     const char *arg, int unset)
+{
+	struct diff_options *options = opt->value;
+
+	BUG_ON_OPT_ARG(arg);
+	if (unset) {
+		options->flags.allow_textconv = 0;
+	} else {
+		options->flags.allow_textconv = 1;
+		options->flags.textconv_set_via_cmdline = 1;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
 static int diff_opt_unified(const struct option *opt,
 			    const char *arg, int unset)
 {
@@ -5055,6 +5218,44 @@
 	return 0;
 }
 
+static int diff_opt_word_diff(const struct option *opt,
+			      const char *arg, int unset)
+{
+	struct diff_options *options = opt->value;
+
+	BUG_ON_OPT_NEG(unset);
+	if (arg) {
+		if (!strcmp(arg, "plain"))
+			options->word_diff = DIFF_WORDS_PLAIN;
+		else if (!strcmp(arg, "color")) {
+			options->use_color = 1;
+			options->word_diff = DIFF_WORDS_COLOR;
+		}
+		else if (!strcmp(arg, "porcelain"))
+			options->word_diff = DIFF_WORDS_PORCELAIN;
+		else if (!strcmp(arg, "none"))
+			options->word_diff = DIFF_WORDS_NONE;
+		else
+			return error(_("bad --word-diff argument: %s"), arg);
+	} else {
+		if (options->word_diff == DIFF_WORDS_NONE)
+			options->word_diff = DIFF_WORDS_PLAIN;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int diff_opt_word_diff_regex(const struct option *opt,
+				    const char *arg, int unset)
+{
+	struct diff_options *options = opt->value;
+
+	BUG_ON_OPT_NEG(unset);
+	if (options->word_diff == DIFF_WORDS_NONE)
+		options->word_diff = DIFF_WORDS_PLAIN;
+	options->word_regex = arg;
+	return 0;
+}
+
 static void prep_parse_options(struct diff_options *options)
 {
 	struct option parseopts[] = {
@@ -5132,6 +5333,35 @@
 		OPT_CALLBACK_F(0, "compact-summary", options, NULL,
 			       N_("generate compact summary in diffstat"),
 			       PARSE_OPT_NOARG, diff_opt_compact_summary),
+		OPT_CALLBACK_F(0, "binary", options, NULL,
+			       N_("output a binary diff that can be applied"),
+			       PARSE_OPT_NONEG | PARSE_OPT_NOARG, diff_opt_binary),
+		OPT_BOOL(0, "full-index", &options->flags.full_index,
+			 N_("show full pre- and post-image object names on the \"index\" lines")),
+		OPT_COLOR_FLAG(0, "color", &options->use_color,
+			       N_("show colored diff")),
+		OPT_CALLBACK_F(0, "ws-error-highlight", options, N_("<kind>"),
+			       N_("highlight whitespace errors in the 'context', 'old' or 'new' lines in the diff"),
+			       PARSE_OPT_NONEG, diff_opt_ws_error_highlight),
+		OPT_SET_INT('z', NULL, &options->line_termination,
+			    N_("do not munge pathnames and use NULs as output field terminators in --raw or --numstat"),
+			    0),
+		OPT__ABBREV(&options->abbrev),
+		OPT_STRING_F(0, "src-prefix", &options->a_prefix, N_("<prefix>"),
+			     N_("show the given source prefix instead of \"a/\""),
+			     PARSE_OPT_NONEG),
+		OPT_STRING_F(0, "dst-prefix", &options->b_prefix, N_("<prefix>"),
+			     N_("show the given source prefix instead of \"b/\""),
+			     PARSE_OPT_NONEG),
+		OPT_CALLBACK_F(0, "line-prefix", options, N_("<prefix>"),
+			       N_("prepend an additional prefix to every line of output"),
+			       PARSE_OPT_NONEG, diff_opt_line_prefix),
+		OPT_CALLBACK_F(0, "no-prefix", options, NULL,
+			       N_("do not show any source or destination prefix"),
+			       PARSE_OPT_NONEG | PARSE_OPT_NOARG, diff_opt_no_prefix),
+		OPT_INTEGER_F(0, "inter-hunk-context", &options->interhunkcontext,
+			      N_("show context between diff hunks up to the specified number of lines"),
+			      PARSE_OPT_NONEG),
 		OPT_CALLBACK_F(0, "output-indicator-new",
 			       &options->output_indicators[OUTPUT_INDICATOR_NEW],
 			       N_("<char>"),
@@ -5171,6 +5401,11 @@
 			      0, PARSE_OPT_NONEG),
 		OPT_BOOL(0, "rename-empty", &options->flags.rename_empty,
 			 N_("use empty blobs as rename source")),
+		OPT_CALLBACK_F(0, "follow", options, NULL,
+			       N_("continue listing the history of a file beyond renames"),
+			       PARSE_OPT_NOARG, diff_opt_follow),
+		OPT_INTEGER('l', NULL, &options->rename_limit,
+			    N_("prevent rename/copy detection if the number of rename/copy targets exceeds given limit")),
 
 		OPT_GROUP(N_("Diff algorithm options")),
 		OPT_BIT(0, "minimal", &options->xdl_opts,
@@ -5191,12 +5426,90 @@
 		OPT_BIT_F(0, "ignore-blank-lines", &options->xdl_opts,
 			  N_("ignore changes whose lines are all blank"),
 			  XDF_IGNORE_BLANK_LINES, PARSE_OPT_NONEG),
+		OPT_BIT(0, "indent-heuristic", &options->xdl_opts,
+			N_("heuristic to shift diff hunk boundaries for easy reading"),
+			XDF_INDENT_HEURISTIC),
+		OPT_CALLBACK_F(0, "patience", options, NULL,
+			       N_("generate diff using the \"patience diff\" algorithm"),
+			       PARSE_OPT_NONEG | PARSE_OPT_NOARG,
+			       diff_opt_patience),
+		OPT_BITOP(0, "histogram", &options->xdl_opts,
+			  N_("generate diff using the \"histogram diff\" algorithm"),
+			  XDF_HISTOGRAM_DIFF, XDF_DIFF_ALGORITHM_MASK),
+		OPT_CALLBACK_F(0, "diff-algorithm", options, N_("<algorithm>"),
+			       N_("choose a diff algorithm"),
+			       PARSE_OPT_NONEG, diff_opt_diff_algorithm),
+		OPT_CALLBACK_F(0, "anchored", options, N_("<text>"),
+			       N_("generate diff using the \"anchored diff\" algorithm"),
+			       PARSE_OPT_NONEG, diff_opt_anchored),
+		OPT_CALLBACK_F(0, "word-diff", options, N_("<mode>"),
+			       N_("show word diff, using <mode> to delimit changed words"),
+			       PARSE_OPT_NONEG | PARSE_OPT_OPTARG, diff_opt_word_diff),
+		OPT_CALLBACK_F(0, "word-diff-regex", options, N_("<regex>"),
+			       N_("use <regex> to decide what a word is"),
+			       PARSE_OPT_NONEG, diff_opt_word_diff_regex),
+		OPT_CALLBACK_F(0, "color-words", options, N_("<regex>"),
+			       N_("equivalent to --word-diff=color --word-diff-regex=<regex>"),
+			       PARSE_OPT_NONEG | PARSE_OPT_OPTARG, diff_opt_color_words),
+		OPT_CALLBACK_F(0, "color-moved", options, N_("<mode>"),
+			       N_("move lines of code are colored differently"),
+			       PARSE_OPT_OPTARG, diff_opt_color_moved),
+		OPT_CALLBACK_F(0, "color-moved-ws", options, N_("<mode>"),
+			       N_("how white spaces are ignored in --color-moved"),
+			       0, diff_opt_color_moved_ws),
 
 		OPT_GROUP(N_("Diff other options")),
 		OPT_CALLBACK_F(0, "relative", options, N_("<prefix>"),
 			       N_("when run from subdir, exclude changes outside and show relative paths"),
 			       PARSE_OPT_NONEG | PARSE_OPT_OPTARG,
 			       diff_opt_relative),
+		OPT_BOOL('a', "text", &options->flags.text,
+			 N_("treat all files as text")),
+		OPT_BOOL('R', NULL, &options->flags.reverse_diff,
+			 N_("swap two inputs, reverse the diff")),
+		OPT_BOOL(0, "exit-code", &options->flags.exit_with_status,
+			 N_("exit with 1 if there were differences, 0 otherwise")),
+		OPT_BOOL(0, "quiet", &options->flags.quick,
+			 N_("disable all output of the program")),
+		OPT_BOOL(0, "ext-diff", &options->flags.allow_external,
+			 N_("allow an external diff helper to be executed")),
+		OPT_CALLBACK_F(0, "textconv", options, NULL,
+			       N_("run external text conversion filters when comparing binary files"),
+			       PARSE_OPT_NOARG, diff_opt_textconv),
+		OPT_CALLBACK_F(0, "ignore-submodules", options, N_("<when>"),
+			       N_("ignore changes to submodules in the diff generation"),
+			       PARSE_OPT_NONEG | PARSE_OPT_OPTARG,
+			       diff_opt_ignore_submodules),
+		OPT_CALLBACK_F(0, "submodule", options, N_("<format>"),
+			       N_("specify how differences in submodules are shown"),
+			       PARSE_OPT_NONEG | PARSE_OPT_OPTARG,
+			       diff_opt_submodule),
+		OPT_SET_INT_F(0, "ita-invisible-in-index", &options->ita_invisible_in_index,
+			      N_("hide 'git add -N' entries from the index"),
+			      1, PARSE_OPT_NONEG),
+		OPT_SET_INT_F(0, "ita-visible-in-index", &options->ita_invisible_in_index,
+			      N_("treat 'git add -N' entries as real in the index"),
+			      0, PARSE_OPT_NONEG),
+		OPT_CALLBACK_F('S', NULL, options, N_("<string>"),
+			       N_("look for differences that change the number of occurrences of the specified string"),
+			       0, diff_opt_pickaxe_string),
+		OPT_CALLBACK_F('G', NULL, options, N_("<regex>"),
+			       N_("look for differences that change the number of occurrences of the specified regex"),
+			       0, diff_opt_pickaxe_regex),
+		OPT_BIT_F(0, "pickaxe-all", &options->pickaxe_opts,
+			  N_("show all changes in the changeset with -S or -G"),
+			  DIFF_PICKAXE_ALL, PARSE_OPT_NONEG),
+		OPT_BIT_F(0, "pickaxe-regex", &options->pickaxe_opts,
+			  N_("treat <string> in -S as extended POSIX regular expression"),
+			  DIFF_PICKAXE_REGEX, PARSE_OPT_NONEG),
+		OPT_FILENAME('O', NULL, &options->orderfile,
+			     N_("control the order in which files appear in the output")),
+		OPT_CALLBACK_F(0, "find-object", options, N_("<object-id>"),
+			       N_("look for differences that change the number of occurrences of the specified object"),
+			       PARSE_OPT_NONEG, diff_opt_find_object),
+		OPT_CALLBACK_F(0, "diff-filter", options, N_("[(A|C|D|M|R|T|U|X|B)...[*]]"),
+			       N_("select files by diff type"),
+			       PARSE_OPT_NONEG, diff_opt_diff_filter),
 		{ OPTION_CALLBACK, 0, "output", options, N_("<file>"),
 		  N_("Output to a specific file"),
 		  PARSE_OPT_NONEG, NULL, 0, diff_opt_output },
@@ -5211,10 +5524,6 @@
 int diff_opt_parse(struct diff_options *options,
 		   const char **av, int ac, const char *prefix)
 {
-	const char *arg = av[0];
-	const char *optarg;
-	int argcount;
-
 	if (!prefix)
 		prefix = "";
 
@@ -5225,205 +5534,7 @@
 			   PARSE_OPT_ONE_SHOT |
 			   PARSE_OPT_STOP_AT_NON_OPTION);
 
-	if (ac)
-		return ac;
-
-	/* xdiff options */
-	if (!strcmp(arg, "--indent-heuristic"))
-		DIFF_XDL_SET(options, INDENT_HEURISTIC);
-	else if (!strcmp(arg, "--no-indent-heuristic"))
-		DIFF_XDL_CLR(options, INDENT_HEURISTIC);
-	else if (!strcmp(arg, "--patience")) {
-		int i;
-		options->xdl_opts = DIFF_WITH_ALG(options, PATIENCE_DIFF);
-		/*
-		 * Both --patience and --anchored use PATIENCE_DIFF
-		 * internally, so remove any anchors previously
-		 * specified.
-		 */
-		for (i = 0; i < options->anchors_nr; i++)
-			free(options->anchors[i]);
-		options->anchors_nr = 0;
-	} else if (!strcmp(arg, "--histogram"))
-		options->xdl_opts = DIFF_WITH_ALG(options, HISTOGRAM_DIFF);
-	else if ((argcount = parse_long_opt("diff-algorithm", av, &optarg))) {
-		long value = parse_algorithm_value(optarg);
-		if (value < 0)
-			return error("option diff-algorithm accepts \"myers\", "
-				     "\"minimal\", \"patience\" and \"histogram\"");
-		/* clear out previous settings */
-		DIFF_XDL_CLR(options, NEED_MINIMAL);
-		options->xdl_opts &= ~XDF_DIFF_ALGORITHM_MASK;
-		options->xdl_opts |= value;
-		return argcount;
-	} else if (skip_prefix(arg, "--anchored=", &arg)) {
-		options->xdl_opts = DIFF_WITH_ALG(options, PATIENCE_DIFF);
-		ALLOC_GROW(options->anchors, options->anchors_nr + 1,
-			   options->anchors_alloc);
-		options->anchors[options->anchors_nr++] = xstrdup(arg);
-	}
-
-	/* flags options */
-	else if (!strcmp(arg, "--binary")) {
-		enable_patch_output(&options->output_format);
-		options->flags.binary = 1;
-	}
-	else if (!strcmp(arg, "--full-index"))
-		options->flags.full_index = 1;
-	else if (!strcmp(arg, "-a") || !strcmp(arg, "--text"))
-		options->flags.text = 1;
-	else if (!strcmp(arg, "-R"))
-		options->flags.reverse_diff = 1;
-	else if (!strcmp(arg, "--follow"))
-		options->flags.follow_renames = 1;
-	else if (!strcmp(arg, "--no-follow")) {
-		options->flags.follow_renames = 0;
-		options->flags.default_follow_renames = 0;
-	} else if (skip_to_optional_arg_default(arg, "--color", &arg, "always")) {
-		int value = git_config_colorbool(NULL, arg);
-		if (value < 0)
-			return error("option `color' expects \"always\", \"auto\", or \"never\"");
-		options->use_color = value;
-	}
-	else if (!strcmp(arg, "--no-color"))
-		options->use_color = 0;
-	else if (!strcmp(arg, "--color-moved")) {
-		if (diff_color_moved_default)
-			options->color_moved = diff_color_moved_default;
-		if (options->color_moved == COLOR_MOVED_NO)
-			options->color_moved = COLOR_MOVED_DEFAULT;
-	} else if (!strcmp(arg, "--no-color-moved"))
-		options->color_moved = COLOR_MOVED_NO;
-	else if (skip_prefix(arg, "--color-moved=", &arg)) {
-		int cm = parse_color_moved(arg);
-		if (cm < 0)
-			return error("bad --color-moved argument: %s", arg);
-		options->color_moved = cm;
-	} else if (!strcmp(arg, "--no-color-moved-ws")) {
-		options->color_moved_ws_handling = 0;
-	} else if (skip_prefix(arg, "--color-moved-ws=", &arg)) {
-		unsigned cm = parse_color_moved_ws(arg);
-		if (cm & COLOR_MOVED_WS_ERROR)
-			return -1;
-		options->color_moved_ws_handling = cm;
-	} else if (skip_to_optional_arg_default(arg, "--color-words", &options->word_regex, NULL)) {
-		options->use_color = 1;
-		options->word_diff = DIFF_WORDS_COLOR;
-	}
-	else if (!strcmp(arg, "--word-diff")) {
-		if (options->word_diff == DIFF_WORDS_NONE)
-			options->word_diff = DIFF_WORDS_PLAIN;
-	}
-	else if (skip_prefix(arg, "--word-diff=", &arg)) {
-		if (!strcmp(arg, "plain"))
-			options->word_diff = DIFF_WORDS_PLAIN;
-		else if (!strcmp(arg, "color")) {
-			options->use_color = 1;
-			options->word_diff = DIFF_WORDS_COLOR;
-		}
-		else if (!strcmp(arg, "porcelain"))
-			options->word_diff = DIFF_WORDS_PORCELAIN;
-		else if (!strcmp(arg, "none"))
-			options->word_diff = DIFF_WORDS_NONE;
-		else
-			die("bad --word-diff argument: %s", arg);
-	}
-	else if ((argcount = parse_long_opt("word-diff-regex", av, &optarg))) {
-		if (options->word_diff == DIFF_WORDS_NONE)
-			options->word_diff = DIFF_WORDS_PLAIN;
-		options->word_regex = optarg;
-		return argcount;
-	}
-	else if (!strcmp(arg, "--exit-code"))
-		options->flags.exit_with_status = 1;
-	else if (!strcmp(arg, "--quiet"))
-		options->flags.quick = 1;
-	else if (!strcmp(arg, "--ext-diff"))
-		options->flags.allow_external = 1;
-	else if (!strcmp(arg, "--no-ext-diff"))
-		options->flags.allow_external = 0;
-	else if (!strcmp(arg, "--textconv")) {
-		options->flags.allow_textconv = 1;
-		options->flags.textconv_set_via_cmdline = 1;
-	} else if (!strcmp(arg, "--no-textconv"))
-		options->flags.allow_textconv = 0;
-	else if (skip_to_optional_arg_default(arg, "--ignore-submodules", &arg, "all")) {
-		options->flags.override_submodule_config = 1;
-		handle_ignore_submodules_arg(options, arg);
-	} else if (skip_to_optional_arg_default(arg, "--submodule", &arg, "log"))
-		return parse_submodule_opt(options, arg);
-	else if (skip_prefix(arg, "--ws-error-highlight=", &arg))
-		return parse_ws_error_highlight_opt(options, arg);
-	else if (!strcmp(arg, "--ita-invisible-in-index"))
-		options->ita_invisible_in_index = 1;
-	else if (!strcmp(arg, "--ita-visible-in-index"))
-		options->ita_invisible_in_index = 0;
-
-	/* misc options */
-	else if (!strcmp(arg, "-z"))
-		options->line_termination = 0;
-	else if ((argcount = short_opt('l', av, &optarg))) {
-		options->rename_limit = strtoul(optarg, NULL, 10);
-		return argcount;
-	}
-	else if ((argcount = short_opt('S', av, &optarg))) {
-		options->pickaxe = optarg;
-		options->pickaxe_opts |= DIFF_PICKAXE_KIND_S;
-		return argcount;
-	} else if ((argcount = short_opt('G', av, &optarg))) {
-		options->pickaxe = optarg;
-		options->pickaxe_opts |= DIFF_PICKAXE_KIND_G;
-		return argcount;
-	}
-	else if (!strcmp(arg, "--pickaxe-all"))
-		options->pickaxe_opts |= DIFF_PICKAXE_ALL;
-	else if (!strcmp(arg, "--pickaxe-regex"))
-		options->pickaxe_opts |= DIFF_PICKAXE_REGEX;
-	else if ((argcount = short_opt('O', av, &optarg))) {
-		options->orderfile = prefix_filename(prefix, optarg);
-		return argcount;
-	} else if (skip_prefix(arg, "--find-object=", &arg))
-		return parse_objfind_opt(options, arg);
-	else if ((argcount = parse_long_opt("diff-filter", av, &optarg))) {
-		int offending = parse_diff_filter_opt(optarg, options);
-		if (offending)
-			die("unknown change class '%c' in --diff-filter=%s",
-			    offending, optarg);
-		return argcount;
-	}
-	else if (!strcmp(arg, "--no-abbrev"))
-		options->abbrev = 0;
-	else if (!strcmp(arg, "--abbrev"))
-		options->abbrev = DEFAULT_ABBREV;
-	else if (skip_prefix(arg, "--abbrev=", &arg)) {
-		options->abbrev = strtoul(arg, NULL, 10);
-		if (options->abbrev < MINIMUM_ABBREV)
-			options->abbrev = MINIMUM_ABBREV;
-		else if (the_hash_algo->hexsz < options->abbrev)
-			options->abbrev = the_hash_algo->hexsz;
-	}
-	else if ((argcount = parse_long_opt("src-prefix", av, &optarg))) {
-		options->a_prefix = optarg;
-		return argcount;
-	}
-	else if ((argcount = parse_long_opt("line-prefix", av, &optarg))) {
-		options->line_prefix = optarg;
-		options->line_prefix_length = strlen(options->line_prefix);
-		graph_setup_line_prefix(options);
-		return argcount;
-	}
-	else if ((argcount = parse_long_opt("dst-prefix", av, &optarg))) {
-		options->b_prefix = optarg;
-		return argcount;
-	}
-	else if (!strcmp(arg, "--no-prefix"))
-		options->a_prefix = options->b_prefix = "";
-	else if (opt_arg(arg, '\0', "inter-hunk-context",
-			 &options->interhunkcontext))
-		;
-	else
-		return 0;
-	return 1;
+	return ac;
 }
 
 int parse_rename_score(const char **cp_p)
diff --git a/diff.h b/diff.h
index c9db982..b20cbcc 100644
--- a/diff.h
+++ b/diff.h
@@ -233,6 +233,8 @@
 	struct option *parseopts;
 };
 
+unsigned diff_filter_bit(char status);
+
 void diff_emit_submodule_del(struct diff_options *o, const char *line);
 void diff_emit_submodule_add(struct diff_options *o, const char *line);
 void diff_emit_submodule_untracked(struct diff_options *o, const char *path);
@@ -438,7 +440,8 @@
 
 int diff_result_code(struct diff_options *, int);
 
-void diff_no_index(struct rev_info *, int, const char **);
+int diff_no_index(struct rev_info *,
+		  int implicit_no_index, int, const char **);
 
 int index_differs_from(struct repository *r, const char *def,
 		       const struct diff_flags *flags,
diff --git a/dir.c b/dir.c
index b2cabad..5286f71 100644
--- a/dir.c
+++ b/dir.c
@@ -502,8 +502,7 @@
 }
 
 int report_path_error(const char *ps_matched,
-		      const struct pathspec *pathspec,
-		      const char *prefix)
+		      const struct pathspec *pathspec)
 {
 	/*
 	 * Make sure all pathspec matched; otherwise it is an error.
diff --git a/dir.h b/dir.h
index e3ec261..823bae6 100644
--- a/dir.h
+++ b/dir.h
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@
 			  const struct pathspec *pathspec,
 			  const char *name, int namelen,
 			  int prefix, char *seen, int is_dir);
-extern int report_path_error(const char *ps_matched, const struct pathspec *pathspec, const char *prefix);
+extern int report_path_error(const char *ps_matched, const struct pathspec *pathspec);
 extern int within_depth(const char *name, int namelen, int depth, int max_depth);
 
 extern int fill_directory(struct dir_struct *dir,
diff --git a/fetch-pack.c b/fetch-pack.c
index e69993b..8d67d4e 100644
--- a/fetch-pack.c
+++ b/fetch-pack.c
@@ -1615,9 +1615,8 @@
 }
 
 struct ref *fetch_pack(struct fetch_pack_args *args,
-		       int fd[], struct child_process *conn,
+		       int fd[],
 		       const struct ref *ref,
-		       const char *dest,
 		       struct ref **sought, int nr_sought,
 		       struct oid_array *shallow,
 		       char **pack_lockfile,
diff --git a/fetch-pack.h b/fetch-pack.h
index 43ec344..67f6842 100644
--- a/fetch-pack.h
+++ b/fetch-pack.h
@@ -78,9 +78,8 @@
  * marked as such.
  */
 struct ref *fetch_pack(struct fetch_pack_args *args,
-		       int fd[], struct child_process *conn,
+		       int fd[],
 		       const struct ref *ref,
-		       const char *dest,
 		       struct ref **sought,
 		       int nr_sought,
 		       struct oid_array *shallow,
diff --git a/git-legacy-rebase.sh b/git-legacy-rebase.sh
deleted file mode 100755
index 5c2c4e5..0000000
--- a/git-legacy-rebase.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,770 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/sh
-#
-# Copyright (c) 2005 Junio C Hamano.
-#
-
-SUBDIRECTORY_OK=Yes
-OPTIONS_KEEPDASHDASH=
-OPTIONS_STUCKLONG=t
-OPTIONS_SPEC="\
-git rebase [-i] [options] [--exec <cmd>] [--onto <newbase>] [<upstream>] [<branch>]
-git rebase [-i] [options] [--exec <cmd>] [--onto <newbase>] --root [<branch>]
-git rebase --continue | --abort | --skip | --edit-todo
---
- Available options are
-v,verbose!         display a diffstat of what changed upstream
-q,quiet!           be quiet. implies --no-stat
-autostash          automatically stash/stash pop before and after
-fork-point         use 'merge-base --fork-point' to refine upstream
-onto=!             rebase onto given branch instead of upstream
-r,rebase-merges?   try to rebase merges instead of skipping them
-p,preserve-merges! try to recreate merges instead of ignoring them
-s,strategy=!       use the given merge strategy
-X,strategy-option=! pass the argument through to the merge strategy
-no-ff!             cherry-pick all commits, even if unchanged
-f,force-rebase!    cherry-pick all commits, even if unchanged
-m,merge!           use merging strategies to rebase
-i,interactive!     let the user edit the list of commits to rebase
-x,exec=!           add exec lines after each commit of the editable list
-k,keep-empty	   preserve empty commits during rebase
-allow-empty-message allow rebasing commits with empty messages
-stat!              display a diffstat of what changed upstream
-n,no-stat!         do not show diffstat of what changed upstream
-verify             allow pre-rebase hook to run
-rerere-autoupdate  allow rerere to update index with resolved conflicts
-root!              rebase all reachable commits up to the root(s)
-autosquash         move commits that begin with squash!/fixup! under -i
-signoff            add a Signed-off-by: line to each commit
-committer-date-is-author-date! passed to 'git am'
-ignore-date!       passed to 'git am'
-whitespace=!       passed to 'git apply'
-ignore-whitespace! passed to 'git apply'
-C=!                passed to 'git apply'
-S,gpg-sign?        GPG-sign commits
- Actions:
-continue!          continue
-abort!             abort and check out the original branch
-skip!              skip current patch and continue
-edit-todo!         edit the todo list during an interactive rebase
-quit!              abort but keep HEAD where it is
-show-current-patch! show the patch file being applied or merged
-reschedule-failed-exec automatically reschedule failed exec commands
-"
-. git-sh-setup
-set_reflog_action rebase
-require_work_tree_exists
-cd_to_toplevel
-
-LF='
-'
-ok_to_skip_pre_rebase=
-
-squash_onto=
-unset onto
-unset restrict_revision
-cmd=
-strategy=
-strategy_opts=
-do_merge=
-merge_dir="$GIT_DIR"/rebase-merge
-apply_dir="$GIT_DIR"/rebase-apply
-verbose=
-diffstat=
-test "$(git config --bool rebase.stat)" = true && diffstat=t
-autostash="$(git config --bool rebase.autostash || echo false)"
-fork_point=auto
-git_am_opt=
-git_format_patch_opt=
-rebase_root=
-force_rebase=
-allow_rerere_autoupdate=
-# Non-empty if a rebase was in progress when 'git rebase' was invoked
-in_progress=
-# One of {am, merge, interactive}
-type=
-# One of {"$GIT_DIR"/rebase-apply, "$GIT_DIR"/rebase-merge}
-state_dir=
-# One of {'', continue, skip, abort}, as parsed from command line
-action=
-rebase_merges=
-rebase_cousins=
-preserve_merges=
-autosquash=
-keep_empty=
-allow_empty_message=--allow-empty-message
-signoff=
-reschedule_failed_exec=
-test "$(git config --bool rebase.autosquash)" = "true" && autosquash=t
-case "$(git config --bool commit.gpgsign)" in
-true)	gpg_sign_opt=-S ;;
-*)	gpg_sign_opt= ;;
-esac
-test "$(git config --bool rebase.reschedulefailedexec)" = "true" &&
-reschedule_failed_exec=--reschedule-failed-exec
-. git-rebase--common
-
-read_basic_state () {
-	test -f "$state_dir/head-name" &&
-	test -f "$state_dir/onto" &&
-	head_name=$(cat "$state_dir"/head-name) &&
-	onto=$(cat "$state_dir"/onto) &&
-	# We always write to orig-head, but interactive rebase used to write to
-	# head. Fall back to reading from head to cover for the case that the
-	# user upgraded git with an ongoing interactive rebase.
-	if test -f "$state_dir"/orig-head
-	then
-		orig_head=$(cat "$state_dir"/orig-head)
-	else
-		orig_head=$(cat "$state_dir"/head)
-	fi &&
-	test -f "$state_dir"/quiet && GIT_QUIET=t
-	test -f "$state_dir"/verbose && verbose=t
-	test -f "$state_dir"/strategy && strategy="$(cat "$state_dir"/strategy)"
-	test -f "$state_dir"/strategy_opts &&
-		strategy_opts="$(cat "$state_dir"/strategy_opts)"
-	test -f "$state_dir"/allow_rerere_autoupdate &&
-		allow_rerere_autoupdate="$(cat "$state_dir"/allow_rerere_autoupdate)"
-	test -f "$state_dir"/gpg_sign_opt &&
-		gpg_sign_opt="$(cat "$state_dir"/gpg_sign_opt)"
-	test -f "$state_dir"/signoff && {
-		signoff="$(cat "$state_dir"/signoff)"
-		force_rebase=t
-	}
-	test -f "$state_dir"/reschedule-failed-exec &&
-		reschedule_failed_exec=t
-}
-
-finish_rebase () {
-	rm -f "$(git rev-parse --git-path REBASE_HEAD)"
-	apply_autostash &&
-	{ git gc --auto || true; } &&
-	rm -rf "$state_dir"
-}
-
-run_interactive () {
-	GIT_CHERRY_PICK_HELP="$resolvemsg"
-	export GIT_CHERRY_PICK_HELP
-
-	test -n "$keep_empty" && keep_empty="--keep-empty"
-	test -n "$rebase_merges" && rebase_merges="--rebase-merges"
-	test -n "$rebase_cousins" && rebase_cousins="--rebase-cousins"
-	test -n "$autosquash" && autosquash="--autosquash"
-	test -n "$verbose" && verbose="--verbose"
-	test -n "$force_rebase" && force_rebase="--no-ff"
-	test -n "$restrict_revision" && \
-		restrict_revision="--restrict-revision=^$restrict_revision"
-	test -n "$upstream" && upstream="--upstream=$upstream"
-	test -n "$onto" && onto="--onto=$onto"
-	test -n "$squash_onto" && squash_onto="--squash-onto=$squash_onto"
-	test -n "$onto_name" && onto_name="--onto-name=$onto_name"
-	test -n "$head_name" && head_name="--head-name=$head_name"
-	test -n "$strategy" && strategy="--strategy=$strategy"
-	test -n "$strategy_opts" && strategy_opts="--strategy-opts=$strategy_opts"
-	test -n "$switch_to" && switch_to="--switch-to=$switch_to"
-	test -n "$cmd" && cmd="--cmd=$cmd"
-	test -n "$action" && action="--$action"
-
-	exec git rebase--interactive "$action" "$keep_empty" "$rebase_merges" "$rebase_cousins" \
-		"$upstream" "$onto" "$squash_onto" "$restrict_revision" \
-		"$allow_empty_message" "$autosquash" "$verbose" \
-		"$force_rebase" "$onto_name" "$head_name" "$strategy" \
-		"$strategy_opts" "$cmd" "$switch_to" \
-		"$allow_rerere_autoupdate" "$gpg_sign_opt" "$signoff" \
-		"$reschedule_failed_exec"
-}
-
-run_specific_rebase () {
-	if [ "$interactive_rebase" = implied ]; then
-		GIT_SEQUENCE_EDITOR=:
-		export GIT_SEQUENCE_EDITOR
-		autosquash=
-	fi
-
-	if test -n "$interactive_rebase" -a -z "$preserve_merges"
-	then
-		run_interactive
-	else
-		. git-rebase--$type
-
-		if test -z "$preserve_merges"
-		then
-			git_rebase__$type
-		else
-			git_rebase__preserve_merges
-		fi
-	fi
-
-	ret=$?
-	if test $ret -eq 0
-	then
-		finish_rebase
-	elif test $ret -eq 2 # special exit status for rebase -p
-	then
-		apply_autostash &&
-		rm -rf "$state_dir" &&
-		die "Nothing to do"
-	fi
-	exit $ret
-}
-
-run_pre_rebase_hook () {
-	if test -z "$ok_to_skip_pre_rebase" &&
-	   test -x "$(git rev-parse --git-path hooks/pre-rebase)"
-	then
-		"$(git rev-parse --git-path hooks/pre-rebase)" ${1+"$@"} ||
-		die "$(gettext "The pre-rebase hook refused to rebase.")"
-	fi
-}
-
-test -f "$apply_dir"/applying &&
-	die "$(gettext "It looks like 'git am' is in progress. Cannot rebase.")"
-
-if test -d "$apply_dir"
-then
-	type=am
-	state_dir="$apply_dir"
-elif test -d "$merge_dir"
-then
-	type=interactive
-	if test -d "$merge_dir"/rewritten
-	then
-		type=preserve-merges
-		interactive_rebase=explicit
-		preserve_merges=t
-	elif test -f "$merge_dir"/interactive
-	then
-		interactive_rebase=explicit
-	fi
-	state_dir="$merge_dir"
-fi
-test -n "$type" && in_progress=t
-
-total_argc=$#
-while test $# != 0
-do
-	case "$1" in
-	--no-verify)
-		ok_to_skip_pre_rebase=yes
-		;;
-	--verify)
-		ok_to_skip_pre_rebase=
-		;;
-	--continue|--skip|--abort|--quit|--edit-todo|--show-current-patch)
-		test $total_argc -eq 2 || usage
-		action=${1##--}
-		;;
-	--onto=*)
-		onto="${1#--onto=}"
-		;;
-	--exec=*)
-		cmd="${cmd}exec ${1#--exec=}${LF}"
-		test -z "$interactive_rebase" && interactive_rebase=implied
-		;;
-	--interactive)
-		interactive_rebase=explicit
-		;;
-	--keep-empty)
-		keep_empty=yes
-		;;
-	--allow-empty-message)
-		allow_empty_message=--allow-empty-message
-		;;
-	--no-keep-empty)
-		keep_empty=
-		;;
-	--rebase-merges)
-		rebase_merges=t
-		test -z "$interactive_rebase" && interactive_rebase=implied
-		;;
-	--rebase-merges=*)
-		rebase_merges=t
-		case "${1#*=}" in
-		rebase-cousins) rebase_cousins=t;;
-		no-rebase-cousins) rebase_cousins=;;
-		*) die "Unknown mode: $1";;
-		esac
-		test -z "$interactive_rebase" && interactive_rebase=implied
-		;;
-	--preserve-merges)
-		preserve_merges=t
-		test -z "$interactive_rebase" && interactive_rebase=implied
-		;;
-	--autosquash)
-		autosquash=t
-		;;
-	--no-autosquash)
-		autosquash=
-		;;
-	--fork-point)
-		fork_point=t
-		;;
-	--no-fork-point)
-		fork_point=
-		;;
-	--merge)
-		do_merge=t
-		;;
-	--strategy-option=*)
-		strategy_opts="$strategy_opts $(git rev-parse --sq-quote "--${1#--strategy-option=}" | sed -e s/^.//)"
-		do_merge=t
-		test -z "$strategy" && strategy=recursive
-		;;
-	--strategy=*)
-		strategy="${1#--strategy=}"
-		do_merge=t
-		;;
-	--no-stat)
-		diffstat=
-		;;
-	--stat)
-		diffstat=t
-		;;
-	--autostash)
-		autostash=true
-		;;
-	--no-autostash)
-		autostash=false
-		;;
-	--verbose)
-		verbose=t
-		diffstat=t
-		GIT_QUIET=
-		;;
-	--quiet)
-		GIT_QUIET=t
-		git_am_opt="$git_am_opt -q"
-		verbose=
-		diffstat=
-		;;
-	--whitespace=*)
-		git_am_opt="$git_am_opt --whitespace=${1#--whitespace=}"
-		case "${1#--whitespace=}" in
-		fix|strip)
-			force_rebase=t
-			;;
-		warn|nowarn|error|error-all)
-			;; # okay, known whitespace option
-		*)
-			die "fatal: Invalid whitespace option: '${1#*=}'"
-			;;
-		esac
-		;;
-	--ignore-whitespace)
-		git_am_opt="$git_am_opt $1"
-		;;
-	--signoff)
-		signoff=--signoff
-		;;
-	--no-signoff)
-		signoff=
-		;;
-	--committer-date-is-author-date|--ignore-date)
-		git_am_opt="$git_am_opt $1"
-		force_rebase=t
-		;;
-	-C*[!0-9]*)
-		die "fatal: switch \`C' expects a numerical value"
-		;;
-	-C*)
-		git_am_opt="$git_am_opt $1"
-		;;
-	--root)
-		rebase_root=t
-		;;
-	--force-rebase|--no-ff)
-		force_rebase=t
-		;;
-	--rerere-autoupdate|--no-rerere-autoupdate)
-		allow_rerere_autoupdate="$1"
-		;;
-	--gpg-sign)
-		gpg_sign_opt=-S
-		;;
-	--gpg-sign=*)
-		gpg_sign_opt="-S${1#--gpg-sign=}"
-		;;
-	--reschedule-failed-exec)
-		reschedule_failed_exec=--reschedule-failed-exec
-		;;
-	--no-reschedule-failed-exec)
-		reschedule_failed_exec=
-		;;
-	--)
-		shift
-		break
-		;;
-	*)
-		usage
-		;;
-	esac
-	shift
-done
-test $# -gt 2 && usage
-
-if test -n "$action"
-then
-	test -z "$in_progress" && die "$(gettext "No rebase in progress?")"
-	# Only interactive rebase uses detailed reflog messages
-	if test -n "$interactive_rebase" && test "$GIT_REFLOG_ACTION" = rebase
-	then
-		GIT_REFLOG_ACTION="rebase -i ($action)"
-		export GIT_REFLOG_ACTION
-	fi
-fi
-
-if test "$action" = "edit-todo" && test -z "$interactive_rebase"
-then
-	die "$(gettext "The --edit-todo action can only be used during interactive rebase.")"
-fi
-
-case "$action" in
-continue)
-	# Sanity check
-	git rev-parse --verify HEAD >/dev/null ||
-		die "$(gettext "Cannot read HEAD")"
-	git update-index --ignore-submodules --refresh &&
-	git diff-files --quiet --ignore-submodules || {
-		echo "$(gettext "You must edit all merge conflicts and then
-mark them as resolved using git add")"
-		exit 1
-	}
-	read_basic_state
-	run_specific_rebase
-	;;
-skip)
-	output git reset --hard HEAD || exit $?
-	read_basic_state
-	run_specific_rebase
-	;;
-abort)
-	git rerere clear
-	read_basic_state
-	case "$head_name" in
-	refs/*)
-		git symbolic-ref -m "rebase: aborting" HEAD $head_name ||
-		die "$(eval_gettext "Could not move back to \$head_name")"
-		;;
-	esac
-	output git reset --hard $orig_head
-	finish_rebase
-	exit
-	;;
-quit)
-	exec rm -rf "$state_dir"
-	;;
-edit-todo)
-	run_specific_rebase
-	;;
-show-current-patch)
-	run_specific_rebase
-	die "BUG: run_specific_rebase is not supposed to return here"
-	;;
-esac
-
-# Make sure no rebase is in progress
-if test -n "$in_progress"
-then
-	state_dir_base=${state_dir##*/}
-	cmd_live_rebase="git rebase (--continue | --abort | --skip)"
-	cmd_clear_stale_rebase="rm -fr \"$state_dir\""
-	die "
-$(eval_gettext 'It seems that there is already a $state_dir_base directory, and
-I wonder if you are in the middle of another rebase.  If that is the
-case, please try
-	$cmd_live_rebase
-If that is not the case, please
-	$cmd_clear_stale_rebase
-and run me again.  I am stopping in case you still have something
-valuable there.')"
-fi
-
-if test -n "$rebase_root" && test -z "$onto"
-then
-	test -z "$interactive_rebase" && interactive_rebase=implied
-fi
-
-if test -n "$keep_empty"
-then
-	test -z "$interactive_rebase" && interactive_rebase=implied
-fi
-
-actually_interactive=
-if test -n "$interactive_rebase"
-then
-	if test -z "$preserve_merges"
-	then
-		type=interactive
-	else
-		type=preserve-merges
-	fi
-	actually_interactive=t
-	state_dir="$merge_dir"
-elif test -n "$do_merge"
-then
-	interactive_rebase=implied
-	type=interactive
-	state_dir="$merge_dir"
-else
-	type=am
-	state_dir="$apply_dir"
-fi
-
-if test -t 2 && test -z "$GIT_QUIET"
-then
-	git_format_patch_opt="$git_format_patch_opt --progress"
-fi
-
-incompatible_opts=$(echo " $git_am_opt " | \
-		    sed -e 's/ -q / /g' -e 's/^ \(.*\) $/\1/')
-if test -n "$incompatible_opts"
-then
-	if test -n "$actually_interactive" || test "$do_merge"
-	then
-		die "$(gettext "fatal: cannot combine am options with either interactive or merge options")"
-	fi
-fi
-
-if test -n "$signoff"
-then
-	test -n "$preserve_merges" &&
-		die "$(gettext "fatal: cannot combine '--signoff' with '--preserve-merges'")"
-	git_am_opt="$git_am_opt $signoff"
-	force_rebase=t
-fi
-
-if test -n "$preserve_merges"
-then
-	# Note: incompatibility with --signoff handled in signoff block above
-	# Note: incompatibility with --interactive is just a strong warning;
-	#       git-rebase.txt caveats with "unless you know what you are doing"
-	test -n "$rebase_merges" &&
-		die "$(gettext "fatal: cannot combine '--preserve-merges' with '--rebase-merges'")"
-
-	test -n "$reschedule_failed_exec" &&
-		die "$(gettext "error: cannot combine '--preserve-merges' with '--reschedule-failed-exec'")"
-fi
-
-if test -n "$rebase_merges"
-then
-	test -n "$strategy_opts" &&
-		die "$(gettext "fatal: cannot combine '--rebase-merges' with '--strategy-option'")"
-	test -n "$strategy" &&
-		die "$(gettext "fatal: cannot combine '--rebase-merges' with '--strategy'")"
-fi
-
-if test -z "$rebase_root"
-then
-	case "$#" in
-	0)
-		if ! upstream_name=$(git rev-parse --symbolic-full-name \
-			--verify -q @{upstream} 2>/dev/null)
-		then
-			. git-parse-remote
-			error_on_missing_default_upstream "rebase" "rebase" \
-				"against" "git rebase $(gettext '<branch>')"
-		fi
-
-		test "$fork_point" = auto && fork_point=t
-		;;
-	*)	upstream_name="$1"
-		if test "$upstream_name" = "-"
-		then
-			upstream_name="@{-1}"
-		fi
-		shift
-		;;
-	esac
-	upstream=$(peel_committish "${upstream_name}") ||
-	die "$(eval_gettext "invalid upstream '\$upstream_name'")"
-	upstream_arg="$upstream_name"
-else
-	if test -z "$onto"
-	then
-		empty_tree=$(git hash-object -t tree /dev/null)
-		onto=$(git commit-tree $empty_tree </dev/null)
-		squash_onto="$onto"
-	fi
-	unset upstream_name
-	unset upstream
-	test $# -gt 1 && usage
-	upstream_arg=--root
-fi
-
-# Make sure the branch to rebase onto is valid.
-onto_name=${onto-"$upstream_name"}
-case "$onto_name" in
-*...*)
-	if	left=${onto_name%...*} right=${onto_name#*...} &&
-		onto=$(git merge-base --all ${left:-HEAD} ${right:-HEAD})
-	then
-		case "$onto" in
-		?*"$LF"?*)
-			die "$(eval_gettext "\$onto_name: there are more than one merge bases")"
-			;;
-		'')
-			die "$(eval_gettext "\$onto_name: there is no merge base")"
-			;;
-		esac
-	else
-		die "$(eval_gettext "\$onto_name: there is no merge base")"
-	fi
-	;;
-*)
-	onto=$(peel_committish "$onto_name") ||
-	die "$(eval_gettext "Does not point to a valid commit: \$onto_name")"
-	;;
-esac
-
-# If the branch to rebase is given, that is the branch we will rebase
-# $branch_name -- branch/commit being rebased, or HEAD (already detached)
-# $orig_head -- commit object name of tip of the branch before rebasing
-# $head_name -- refs/heads/<that-branch> or "detached HEAD"
-switch_to=
-case "$#" in
-1)
-	# Is it "rebase other $branchname" or "rebase other $commit"?
-	branch_name="$1"
-	switch_to="$1"
-
-	# Is it a local branch?
-	if git show-ref --verify --quiet -- "refs/heads/$branch_name" &&
-	   orig_head=$(git rev-parse -q --verify "refs/heads/$branch_name")
-	then
-		head_name="refs/heads/$branch_name"
-	# If not is it a valid ref (branch or commit)?
-	elif orig_head=$(git rev-parse -q --verify "$branch_name")
-	then
-		head_name="detached HEAD"
-
-	else
-		die "$(eval_gettext "fatal: no such branch/commit '\$branch_name'")"
-	fi
-	;;
-0)
-	# Do not need to switch branches, we are already on it.
-	if branch_name=$(git symbolic-ref -q HEAD)
-	then
-		head_name=$branch_name
-		branch_name=$(expr "z$branch_name" : 'zrefs/heads/\(.*\)')
-	else
-		head_name="detached HEAD"
-		branch_name=HEAD
-	fi
-	orig_head=$(git rev-parse --verify HEAD) || exit
-	;;
-*)
-	die "BUG: unexpected number of arguments left to parse"
-	;;
-esac
-
-if test "$fork_point" = t
-then
-	new_upstream=$(git merge-base --fork-point "$upstream_name" \
-			"${switch_to:-HEAD}")
-	if test -n "$new_upstream"
-	then
-		restrict_revision=$new_upstream
-	fi
-fi
-
-if test "$autostash" = true && ! (require_clean_work_tree) 2>/dev/null
-then
-	stash_sha1=$(git stash create "autostash") ||
-	die "$(gettext 'Cannot autostash')"
-
-	mkdir -p "$state_dir" &&
-	echo $stash_sha1 >"$state_dir/autostash" &&
-	stash_abbrev=$(git rev-parse --short $stash_sha1) &&
-	echo "$(eval_gettext 'Created autostash: $stash_abbrev')" &&
-	git reset --hard
-fi
-
-require_clean_work_tree "rebase" "$(gettext "Please commit or stash them.")"
-
-# Now we are rebasing commits $upstream..$orig_head (or with --root,
-# everything leading up to $orig_head) on top of $onto
-
-# Check if we are already based on $onto with linear history,
-# but this should be done only when upstream and onto are the same
-# and if this is not an interactive rebase.
-mb=$(git merge-base "$onto" "$orig_head")
-if test -z "$actually_interactive" && test "$upstream" = "$onto" &&
-	test "$mb" = "$onto" && test -z "$restrict_revision" &&
-	# linear history?
-	! (git rev-list --parents "$onto".."$orig_head" | sane_grep " .* ") > /dev/null
-then
-	if test -z "$force_rebase"
-	then
-		# Lazily switch to the target branch if needed...
-		test -z "$switch_to" ||
-		GIT_REFLOG_ACTION="$GIT_REFLOG_ACTION: checkout $switch_to" \
-			git checkout -q "$switch_to" --
-		if test "$branch_name" = "HEAD" &&
-			 ! git symbolic-ref -q HEAD
-		then
-			say "$(eval_gettext "HEAD is up to date.")"
-		else
-			say "$(eval_gettext "Current branch \$branch_name is up to date.")"
-		fi
-		finish_rebase
-		exit 0
-	else
-		if test "$branch_name" = "HEAD" &&
-			 ! git symbolic-ref -q HEAD
-		then
-			say "$(eval_gettext "HEAD is up to date, rebase forced.")"
-		else
-			say "$(eval_gettext "Current branch \$branch_name is up to date, rebase forced.")"
-		fi
-	fi
-fi
-
-# If a hook exists, give it a chance to interrupt
-run_pre_rebase_hook "$upstream_arg" "$@"
-
-if test -n "$diffstat"
-then
-	if test -n "$verbose"
-	then
-		if test -z "$mb"
-		then
-			echo "$(eval_gettext "Changes to \$onto:")"
-		else
-			echo "$(eval_gettext "Changes from \$mb to \$onto:")"
-		fi
-	fi
-	mb_tree="${mb:-$(git hash-object -t tree /dev/null)}"
-	# We want color (if set), but no pager
-	GIT_PAGER='' git diff --stat --summary "$mb_tree" "$onto"
-fi
-
-if test -z "$actually_interactive" && test "$mb" = "$orig_head"
-then
-	say "$(eval_gettext "Fast-forwarded \$branch_name to \$onto_name.")"
-	GIT_REFLOG_ACTION="$GIT_REFLOG_ACTION: checkout $onto_name" \
-		git checkout -q "$onto^0" || die "could not detach HEAD"
-	# If the $onto is a proper descendant of the tip of the branch, then
-	# we just fast-forwarded.
-	git update-ref ORIG_HEAD $orig_head
-	move_to_original_branch
-	finish_rebase
-	exit 0
-fi
-
-test -n "$interactive_rebase" && run_specific_rebase
-
-# Detach HEAD and reset the tree
-say "$(gettext "First, rewinding head to replay your work on top of it...")"
-
-GIT_REFLOG_ACTION="$GIT_REFLOG_ACTION: checkout $onto_name" \
-	git checkout -q "$onto^0" || die "could not detach HEAD"
-git update-ref ORIG_HEAD $orig_head
-
-if test -n "$rebase_root"
-then
-	revisions="$onto..$orig_head"
-else
-	revisions="${restrict_revision-$upstream}..$orig_head"
-fi
-
-run_specific_rebase
diff --git a/git-stash.sh b/git-legacy-stash.sh
similarity index 97%
rename from git-stash.sh
rename to git-legacy-stash.sh
index 789ce2f..f60e9b3 100755
--- a/git-stash.sh
+++ b/git-legacy-stash.sh
@@ -80,6 +80,28 @@
 	fi
 }
 
+maybe_quiet () {
+	case "$1" in
+	--keep-stdout)
+		shift
+		if test -n "$GIT_QUIET"
+		then
+			"$@" 2>/dev/null
+		else
+			"$@"
+		fi
+		;;
+	*)
+		if test -n "$GIT_QUIET"
+		then
+			"$@" >/dev/null 2>&1
+		else
+			"$@"
+		fi
+		;;
+	esac
+}
+
 create_stash () {
 
 	prepare_fallback_ident
@@ -112,15 +134,18 @@
 	done
 
 	git update-index -q --refresh
-	if no_changes "$@"
+	if maybe_quiet no_changes "$@"
 	then
 		exit 0
 	fi
 
 	# state of the base commit
-	if b_commit=$(git rev-parse --verify HEAD)
+	if b_commit=$(maybe_quiet --keep-stdout git rev-parse --verify HEAD)
 	then
 		head=$(git rev-list --oneline -n 1 HEAD --)
+	elif test -n "$GIT_QUIET"
+	then
+		exit 1
 	else
 		die "$(gettext "You do not have the initial commit yet")"
 	fi
@@ -315,7 +340,7 @@
 	test -n "$untracked" || git ls-files --error-unmatch -- "$@" >/dev/null || exit 1
 
 	git update-index -q --refresh
-	if no_changes "$@"
+	if maybe_quiet no_changes "$@"
 	then
 		say "$(gettext "No local changes to save")"
 		exit 0
@@ -370,6 +395,9 @@
 	while test $# != 0
 	do
 		case "$1" in
+		-q|--quiet)
+			GIT_QUIET=t
+			;;
 		--)
 			shift
 			break
diff --git a/git-mergetool--lib.sh b/git-mergetool--lib.sh
index 83bf524..aaa4eed 100644
--- a/git-mergetool--lib.sh
+++ b/git-mergetool--lib.sh
@@ -279,6 +279,7 @@
 		fi
 		tools="$tools gvimdiff diffuse diffmerge ecmerge"
 		tools="$tools p4merge araxis bc codecompare"
+		tools="$tools smerge"
 	fi
 	case "${VISUAL:-$EDITOR}" in
 	*vim*)
diff --git a/git-sh-setup.sh b/git-sh-setup.sh
index 3789285..10d9764 100644
--- a/git-sh-setup.sh
+++ b/git-sh-setup.sh
@@ -101,6 +101,7 @@
 	case "$1" in
 		-h)
 		echo "$LONG_USAGE"
+		case "$0" in *git-legacy-stash) exit 129;; esac
 		exit
 	esac
 fi
diff --git a/git-submodule.sh b/git-submodule.sh
index 514ede2..2c0fb6d 100755
--- a/git-submodule.sh
+++ b/git-submodule.sh
@@ -594,7 +594,7 @@
 				# is not reachable from a ref.
 				is_tip_reachable "$sm_path" "$sha1" ||
 				fetch_in_submodule "$sm_path" $depth ||
-				say "$(eval_gettext "Unable to fetch in submodule path '\$displaypath'")"
+				say "$(eval_gettext "Unable to fetch in submodule path '\$displaypath'; trying to directly fetch \$sha1:")"
 
 				# Now we tried the usual fetch, but $sha1 may
 				# not be reachable from any of the refs
diff --git a/git.c b/git.c
index 2014aab..50da125 100644
--- a/git.c
+++ b/git.c
@@ -62,6 +62,13 @@
 {
 	struct string_list list = STRING_LIST_INIT_DUP;
 	int i;
+	int nongit;
+
+	/*
+	* Set up the repository so we can pick up any repo-level config (like
+	* completion.commands).
+	*/
+	setup_git_directory_gently(&nongit);
 
 	while (*spec) {
 		const char *sep = strchrnul(spec, ',');
@@ -491,7 +498,7 @@
 	{ "diff-files", cmd_diff_files, RUN_SETUP | NEED_WORK_TREE | NO_PARSEOPT },
 	{ "diff-index", cmd_diff_index, RUN_SETUP | NO_PARSEOPT },
 	{ "diff-tree", cmd_diff_tree, RUN_SETUP | NO_PARSEOPT },
-	{ "difftool", cmd_difftool, RUN_SETUP | NEED_WORK_TREE },
+	{ "difftool", cmd_difftool, RUN_SETUP_GENTLY },
 	{ "fast-export", cmd_fast_export, RUN_SETUP },
 	{ "fetch", cmd_fetch, RUN_SETUP },
 	{ "fetch-pack", cmd_fetch_pack, RUN_SETUP | NO_PARSEOPT },
@@ -570,6 +577,12 @@
 	{ "show-index", cmd_show_index },
 	{ "show-ref", cmd_show_ref, RUN_SETUP },
 	{ "stage", cmd_add, RUN_SETUP | NEED_WORK_TREE },
+	/*
+	 * NEEDSWORK: Until the builtin stash is thoroughly robust and no
+	 * longer needs redirection to the stash shell script this is kept as
+	 * is, then should be changed to RUN_SETUP | NEED_WORK_TREE
+	 */
+	{ "stash", cmd_stash },
 	{ "status", cmd_status, RUN_SETUP | NEED_WORK_TREE },
 	{ "stripspace", cmd_stripspace },
 	{ "submodule--helper", cmd_submodule__helper, RUN_SETUP | SUPPORT_SUPER_PREFIX | NO_PARSEOPT },
diff --git a/help.c b/help.c
index 520c908..a9e451f 100644
--- a/help.c
+++ b/help.c
@@ -375,13 +375,6 @@
 {
 	const char *cmd_list;
 
-	/*
-	 * There's no actual repository setup at this point (and even
-	 * if there is, we don't really care; only global config
-	 * matters). If we accidentally set up a repository, it's ok
-	 * too since the caller (git --list-cmds=) should exit shortly
-	 * anyway.
-	 */
 	if (git_config_get_string_const("completion.commands", &cmd_list))
 		return;
 
@@ -393,8 +386,8 @@
 		const char *p = strchrnul(cmd_list, ' ');
 
 		strbuf_add(&sb, cmd_list, p - cmd_list);
-		if (*cmd_list == '-')
-			string_list_remove(list, cmd_list + 1, 0);
+		if (sb.buf[0] == '-')
+			string_list_remove(list, sb.buf + 1, 0);
 		else
 			string_list_insert(list, sb.buf);
 		strbuf_release(&sb);
diff --git a/http-walker.c b/http-walker.c
index 8ae5d76..48b1b3a 100644
--- a/http-walker.c
+++ b/http-walker.c
@@ -98,6 +98,11 @@
 	process_http_object_request(obj_req->req);
 	obj_req->state = COMPLETE;
 
+	normalize_curl_result(&obj_req->req->curl_result,
+			      obj_req->req->http_code,
+			      obj_req->req->errorstr,
+			      sizeof(obj_req->req->errorstr));
+
 	/* Use alternates if necessary */
 	if (missing_target(obj_req->req)) {
 		fetch_alternates(walker, alt->base);
@@ -208,6 +213,9 @@
 	char *data;
 	int i = 0;
 
+	normalize_curl_result(&slot->curl_result, slot->http_code,
+			      curl_errorstr, sizeof(curl_errorstr));
+
 	if (alt_req->http_specific) {
 		if (slot->curl_result != CURLE_OK ||
 		    !alt_req->buffer->len) {
@@ -518,17 +526,8 @@
 		req->localfile = -1;
 	}
 
-	/*
-	 * we turned off CURLOPT_FAILONERROR to avoid losing a
-	 * persistent connection and got CURLE_OK.
-	 */
-	if (req->http_code >= 300 && req->curl_result == CURLE_OK &&
-			(starts_with(req->url, "http://") ||
-			 starts_with(req->url, "https://"))) {
-		req->curl_result = CURLE_HTTP_RETURNED_ERROR;
-		xsnprintf(req->errorstr, sizeof(req->errorstr),
-			  "HTTP request failed");
-	}
+	normalize_curl_result(&req->curl_result, req->http_code,
+			      req->errorstr, sizeof(req->errorstr));
 
 	if (obj_req->state == ABORTED) {
 		ret = error("Request for %s aborted", hex);
diff --git a/http.c b/http.c
index a32ad36..b583355 100644
--- a/http.c
+++ b/http.c
@@ -1544,7 +1544,8 @@
 	return strbuf_detach(&buf, NULL);
 }
 
-static int handle_curl_result(struct slot_results *results)
+void normalize_curl_result(CURLcode *result, long http_code,
+			   char *errorstr, size_t errorlen)
 {
 	/*
 	 * If we see a failing http code with CURLE_OK, we have turned off
@@ -1554,19 +1555,24 @@
 	 * Likewise, if we see a redirect (30x code), that means we turned off
 	 * redirect-following, and we should treat the result as an error.
 	 */
-	if (results->curl_result == CURLE_OK &&
-	    results->http_code >= 300) {
-		results->curl_result = CURLE_HTTP_RETURNED_ERROR;
+	if (*result == CURLE_OK && http_code >= 300) {
+		*result = CURLE_HTTP_RETURNED_ERROR;
 		/*
 		 * Normally curl will already have put the "reason phrase"
 		 * from the server into curl_errorstr; unfortunately without
 		 * FAILONERROR it is lost, so we can give only the numeric
 		 * status code.
 		 */
-		xsnprintf(curl_errorstr, sizeof(curl_errorstr),
+		xsnprintf(errorstr, errorlen,
 			  "The requested URL returned error: %ld",
-			  results->http_code);
+			  http_code);
 	}
+}
+
+static int handle_curl_result(struct slot_results *results)
+{
+	normalize_curl_result(&results->curl_result, results->http_code,
+			      curl_errorstr, sizeof(curl_errorstr));
 
 	if (results->curl_result == CURLE_OK) {
 		credential_approve(&http_auth);
@@ -2147,11 +2153,11 @@
 int http_get_info_packs(const char *base_url, struct packed_git **packs_head)
 {
 	struct http_get_options options = {0};
-	int ret = 0, i = 0;
-	char *url, *data;
+	int ret = 0;
+	char *url;
+	const char *data;
 	struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
-	unsigned char hash[GIT_MAX_RAWSZ];
-	const unsigned hexsz = the_hash_algo->hexsz;
+	struct object_id oid;
 
 	end_url_with_slash(&buf, base_url);
 	strbuf_addstr(&buf, "objects/info/packs");
@@ -2163,24 +2169,17 @@
 		goto cleanup;
 
 	data = buf.buf;
-	while (i < buf.len) {
-		switch (data[i]) {
-		case 'P':
-			i++;
-			if (i + hexsz + 12 <= buf.len &&
-			    starts_with(data + i, " pack-") &&
-			    starts_with(data + i + hexsz + 6, ".pack\n")) {
-				get_sha1_hex(data + i + 6, hash);
-				fetch_and_setup_pack_index(packs_head, hash,
-						      base_url);
-				i += hexsz + 11;
-				break;
-			}
-		default:
-			while (i < buf.len && data[i] != '\n')
-				i++;
+	while (*data) {
+		if (skip_prefix(data, "P pack-", &data) &&
+		    !parse_oid_hex(data, &oid, &data) &&
+		    skip_prefix(data, ".pack", &data) &&
+		    (*data == '\n' || *data == '\0')) {
+			fetch_and_setup_pack_index(packs_head, oid.hash, base_url);
+		} else {
+			data = strchrnul(data, '\n');
 		}
-		i++;
+		if (*data)
+			data++; /* skip past newline */
 	}
 
 cleanup:
diff --git a/http.h b/http.h
index 4eb4e80..f0d271b 100644
--- a/http.h
+++ b/http.h
@@ -136,6 +136,15 @@
 
 #define missing_target(a) missing__target((a)->http_code, (a)->curl_result)
 
+/*
+ * Normalize curl results to handle CURL_FAILONERROR (or lack thereof). Failing
+ * http codes have their "result" converted to CURLE_HTTP_RETURNED_ERROR, and
+ * an appropriate string placed in the errorstr buffer (pass curl_errorstr if
+ * you don't have a custom buffer).
+ */
+void normalize_curl_result(CURLcode *result, long http_code, char *errorstr,
+			   size_t errorlen);
+
 /* Helpers for modifying and creating URLs */
 extern void append_remote_object_url(struct strbuf *buf, const char *url,
 				     const char *hex,
diff --git a/ident.c b/ident.c
index 9c2eb0a..e666ee4 100644
--- a/ident.c
+++ b/ident.c
@@ -585,6 +585,26 @@
 	return set_ident(var, value);
 }
 
+static void set_env_if(const char *key, const char *value, int *given, int bit)
+{
+	if ((*given & bit) || getenv(key))
+		return; /* nothing to do */
+	setenv(key, value, 0);
+	*given |= bit;
+}
+
+void prepare_fallback_ident(const char *name, const char *email)
+{
+	set_env_if("GIT_AUTHOR_NAME", name,
+		   &author_ident_explicitly_given, IDENT_NAME_GIVEN);
+	set_env_if("GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL", email,
+		   &author_ident_explicitly_given, IDENT_MAIL_GIVEN);
+	set_env_if("GIT_COMMITTER_NAME", name,
+		   &committer_ident_explicitly_given, IDENT_NAME_GIVEN);
+	set_env_if("GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL", email,
+		   &committer_ident_explicitly_given, IDENT_MAIL_GIVEN);
+}
+
 static int buf_cmp(const char *a_begin, const char *a_end,
 		   const char *b_begin, const char *b_end)
 {
diff --git a/line-log.c b/line-log.c
index 24e2173..59248e3 100644
--- a/line-log.c
+++ b/line-log.c
@@ -1103,10 +1103,12 @@
 
 int line_log_print(struct rev_info *rev, struct commit *commit)
 {
-	struct line_log_data *range = lookup_line_range(rev, commit);
 
 	show_log(rev);
-	dump_diff_hacky(rev, range);
+	if (!(rev->diffopt.output_format & DIFF_FORMAT_NO_OUTPUT)) {
+		struct line_log_data *range = lookup_line_range(rev, commit);
+		dump_diff_hacky(rev, range);
+	}
 	return 1;
 }
 
diff --git a/mergetools/smerge b/mergetools/smerge
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9c2e6f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mergetools/smerge
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+diff_cmd () {
+	"$merge_tool_path" mergetool "$LOCAL" "$REMOTE" -o "$MERGED"
+}
+
+merge_cmd () {
+	if $base_present
+	then
+		"$merge_tool_path" mergetool "$BASE" "$LOCAL" "$REMOTE" -o "$MERGED"
+	else
+		"$merge_tool_path" mergetool "$LOCAL" "$REMOTE" -o "$MERGED"
+	fi
+}
diff --git a/midx.c b/midx.c
index 8a505fd..d5d2e95 100644
--- a/midx.c
+++ b/midx.c
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 #include "sha1-lookup.h"
 #include "midx.h"
 #include "progress.h"
+#include "trace2.h"
 
 #define MIDX_SIGNATURE 0x4d494458 /* "MIDX" */
 #define MIDX_VERSION 1
@@ -70,7 +71,7 @@
 
 	midx_map = xmmap(NULL, midx_size, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, fd, 0);
 
-	FLEX_ALLOC_MEM(m, object_dir, object_dir, strlen(object_dir));
+	FLEX_ALLOC_STR(m, object_dir, object_dir);
 	m->fd = fd;
 	m->data = midx_map;
 	m->data_len = midx_size;
@@ -164,6 +165,9 @@
 			      m->pack_names[i]);
 	}
 
+	trace2_data_intmax("midx", the_repository, "load/num_packs", m->num_packs);
+	trace2_data_intmax("midx", the_repository, "load/num_objects", m->num_objects);
+
 	return m;
 
 cleanup_fail:
@@ -307,7 +311,39 @@
 	return nth_midxed_pack_entry(m, e, pos);
 }
 
-int midx_contains_pack(struct multi_pack_index *m, const char *idx_name)
+/* Match "foo.idx" against either "foo.pack" _or_ "foo.idx". */
+static int cmp_idx_or_pack_name(const char *idx_or_pack_name,
+				const char *idx_name)
+{
+	/* Skip past any initial matching prefix. */
+	while (*idx_name && *idx_name == *idx_or_pack_name) {
+		idx_name++;
+		idx_or_pack_name++;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * If we didn't match completely, we may have matched "pack-1234." and
+	 * be left with "idx" and "pack" respectively, which is also OK. We do
+	 * not have to check for "idx" and "idx", because that would have been
+	 * a complete match (and in that case these strcmps will be false, but
+	 * we'll correctly return 0 from the final strcmp() below.
+	 *
+	 * Technically this matches "fooidx" and "foopack", but we'd never have
+	 * such names in the first place.
+	 */
+	if (!strcmp(idx_name, "idx") && !strcmp(idx_or_pack_name, "pack"))
+		return 0;
+
+	/*
+	 * This not only checks for a complete match, but also orders based on
+	 * the first non-identical character, which means our ordering will
+	 * match a raw strcmp(). That makes it OK to use this to binary search
+	 * a naively-sorted list.
+	 */
+	return strcmp(idx_or_pack_name, idx_name);
+}
+
+int midx_contains_pack(struct multi_pack_index *m, const char *idx_or_pack_name)
 {
 	uint32_t first = 0, last = m->num_packs;
 
@@ -317,7 +353,7 @@
 		int cmp;
 
 		current = m->pack_names[mid];
-		cmp = strcmp(idx_name, current);
+		cmp = cmp_idx_or_pack_name(idx_or_pack_name, current);
 		if (!cmp)
 			return 1;
 		if (cmp > 0) {
@@ -958,8 +994,35 @@
 	va_end(ap);
 }
 
+struct pair_pos_vs_id
+{
+	uint32_t pos;
+	uint32_t pack_int_id;
+};
+
+static int compare_pair_pos_vs_id(const void *_a, const void *_b)
+{
+	struct pair_pos_vs_id *a = (struct pair_pos_vs_id *)_a;
+	struct pair_pos_vs_id *b = (struct pair_pos_vs_id *)_b;
+
+	return b->pack_int_id - a->pack_int_id;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Limit calls to display_progress() for performance reasons.
+ * The interval here was arbitrarily chosen.
+ */
+#define SPARSE_PROGRESS_INTERVAL (1 << 12)
+#define midx_display_sparse_progress(progress, n) \
+	do { \
+		uint64_t _n = (n); \
+		if ((_n & (SPARSE_PROGRESS_INTERVAL - 1)) == 0) \
+			display_progress(progress, _n); \
+	} while (0)
+
 int verify_midx_file(const char *object_dir)
 {
+	struct pair_pos_vs_id *pairs = NULL;
 	uint32_t i;
 	struct progress *progress;
 	struct multi_pack_index *m = load_multi_pack_index(object_dir, 1);
@@ -968,10 +1031,15 @@
 	if (!m)
 		return 0;
 
+	progress = start_progress(_("Looking for referenced packfiles"),
+				  m->num_packs);
 	for (i = 0; i < m->num_packs; i++) {
 		if (prepare_midx_pack(m, i))
 			midx_report("failed to load pack in position %d", i);
+
+		display_progress(progress, i + 1);
 	}
+	stop_progress(&progress);
 
 	for (i = 0; i < 255; i++) {
 		uint32_t oid_fanout1 = ntohl(m->chunk_oid_fanout[i]);
@@ -982,6 +1050,8 @@
 				    i, oid_fanout1, oid_fanout2, i + 1);
 	}
 
+	progress = start_sparse_progress(_("Verifying OID order in MIDX"),
+					 m->num_objects - 1);
 	for (i = 0; i < m->num_objects - 1; i++) {
 		struct object_id oid1, oid2;
 
@@ -991,18 +1061,47 @@
 		if (oidcmp(&oid1, &oid2) >= 0)
 			midx_report(_("oid lookup out of order: oid[%d] = %s >= %s = oid[%d]"),
 				    i, oid_to_hex(&oid1), oid_to_hex(&oid2), i + 1);
+
+		midx_display_sparse_progress(progress, i + 1);
+	}
+	stop_progress(&progress);
+
+	/*
+	 * Create an array mapping each object to its packfile id.  Sort it
+	 * to group the objects by packfile.  Use this permutation to visit
+	 * each of the objects and only require 1 packfile to be open at a
+	 * time.
+	 */
+	ALLOC_ARRAY(pairs, m->num_objects);
+	for (i = 0; i < m->num_objects; i++) {
+		pairs[i].pos = i;
+		pairs[i].pack_int_id = nth_midxed_pack_int_id(m, i);
 	}
 
-	progress = start_progress(_("Verifying object offsets"), m->num_objects);
+	progress = start_sparse_progress(_("Sorting objects by packfile"),
+					 m->num_objects);
+	display_progress(progress, 0); /* TODO: Measure QSORT() progress */
+	QSORT(pairs, m->num_objects, compare_pair_pos_vs_id);
+	stop_progress(&progress);
+
+	progress = start_sparse_progress(_("Verifying object offsets"), m->num_objects);
 	for (i = 0; i < m->num_objects; i++) {
 		struct object_id oid;
 		struct pack_entry e;
 		off_t m_offset, p_offset;
 
-		nth_midxed_object_oid(&oid, m, i);
+		if (i > 0 && pairs[i-1].pack_int_id != pairs[i].pack_int_id &&
+		    m->packs[pairs[i-1].pack_int_id])
+		{
+			close_pack_fd(m->packs[pairs[i-1].pack_int_id]);
+			close_pack_index(m->packs[pairs[i-1].pack_int_id]);
+		}
+
+		nth_midxed_object_oid(&oid, m, pairs[i].pos);
+
 		if (!fill_midx_entry(&oid, &e, m)) {
 			midx_report(_("failed to load pack entry for oid[%d] = %s"),
-				    i, oid_to_hex(&oid));
+				    pairs[i].pos, oid_to_hex(&oid));
 			continue;
 		}
 
@@ -1017,11 +1116,13 @@
 
 		if (m_offset != p_offset)
 			midx_report(_("incorrect object offset for oid[%d] = %s: %"PRIx64" != %"PRIx64),
-				    i, oid_to_hex(&oid), m_offset, p_offset);
+				    pairs[i].pos, oid_to_hex(&oid), m_offset, p_offset);
 
-		display_progress(progress, i + 1);
+		midx_display_sparse_progress(progress, i + 1);
 	}
 	stop_progress(&progress);
 
+	free(pairs);
+
 	return verify_midx_error;
 }
diff --git a/midx.h b/midx.h
index 774f652..26dd042 100644
--- a/midx.h
+++ b/midx.h
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@
 					struct multi_pack_index *m,
 					uint32_t n);
 int fill_midx_entry(const struct object_id *oid, struct pack_entry *e, struct multi_pack_index *m);
-int midx_contains_pack(struct multi_pack_index *m, const char *idx_name);
+int midx_contains_pack(struct multi_pack_index *m, const char *idx_or_pack_name);
 int prepare_multi_pack_index_one(struct repository *r, const char *object_dir, int local);
 
 int write_midx_file(const char *object_dir);
diff --git a/pack-bitmap.c b/pack-bitmap.c
index 4695aaf..3960ad9 100644
--- a/pack-bitmap.c
+++ b/pack-bitmap.c
@@ -308,7 +308,8 @@
 
 	bitmap_git->bitmaps = kh_init_sha1();
 	bitmap_git->ext_index.positions = kh_init_sha1_pos();
-	load_pack_revindex(bitmap_git->pack);
+	if (load_pack_revindex(bitmap_git->pack))
+		goto failed;
 
 	if (!(bitmap_git->commits = read_bitmap_1(bitmap_git)) ||
 		!(bitmap_git->trees = read_bitmap_1(bitmap_git)) ||
diff --git a/pack-revindex.c b/pack-revindex.c
index 50891f7..d28a7e4 100644
--- a/pack-revindex.c
+++ b/pack-revindex.c
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #include "cache.h"
 #include "pack-revindex.h"
 #include "object-store.h"
+#include "packfile.h"
 
 /*
  * Pack index for existing packs give us easy access to the offsets into
@@ -158,10 +159,14 @@
 	sort_revindex(p->revindex, num_ent, p->pack_size);
 }
 
-void load_pack_revindex(struct packed_git *p)
+int load_pack_revindex(struct packed_git *p)
 {
-	if (!p->revindex)
+	if (!p->revindex) {
+		if (open_pack_index(p))
+			return -1;
 		create_pack_revindex(p);
+	}
+	return 0;
 }
 
 int find_revindex_position(struct packed_git *p, off_t ofs)
@@ -188,7 +193,9 @@
 {
 	int pos;
 
-	load_pack_revindex(p);
+	if (load_pack_revindex(p))
+		return NULL;
+
 	pos = find_revindex_position(p, ofs);
 
 	if (pos < 0)
diff --git a/pack-revindex.h b/pack-revindex.h
index e262f3e..848331d 100644
--- a/pack-revindex.h
+++ b/pack-revindex.h
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 	unsigned int nr;
 };
 
-void load_pack_revindex(struct packed_git *p);
+int load_pack_revindex(struct packed_git *p);
 int find_revindex_position(struct packed_git *p, off_t ofs);
 
 struct revindex_entry *find_pack_revindex(struct packed_git *p, off_t ofs);
diff --git a/packfile.c b/packfile.c
index 16bcb75..b5ec0ee 100644
--- a/packfile.c
+++ b/packfile.c
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@
 	}
 }
 
-static int close_pack_fd(struct packed_git *p)
+int close_pack_fd(struct packed_git *p)
 {
 	if (p->pack_fd < 0)
 		return 0;
@@ -466,6 +466,16 @@
 #endif
 }
 
+const char *pack_basename(struct packed_git *p)
+{
+	const char *ret = strrchr(p->pack_name, '/');
+	if (ret)
+		ret = ret + 1; /* skip past slash */
+	else
+		ret = p->pack_name; /* we only have a base */
+	return ret;
+}
+
 /*
  * Do not call this directly as this leaks p->pack_fd on error return;
  * call open_packed_git() instead.
@@ -482,7 +492,7 @@
 
 	if (!p->index_data) {
 		struct multi_pack_index *m;
-		const char *pack_name = strrchr(p->pack_name, '/');
+		const char *pack_name = pack_basename(p);
 
 		for (m = the_repository->objects->multi_pack_index;
 		     m; m = m->next) {
@@ -2023,8 +2033,10 @@
 	uint32_t i;
 	int r = 0;
 
-	if (flags & FOR_EACH_OBJECT_PACK_ORDER)
-		load_pack_revindex(p);
+	if (flags & FOR_EACH_OBJECT_PACK_ORDER) {
+		if (load_pack_revindex(p))
+			return -1;
+	}
 
 	for (i = 0; i < p->num_objects; i++) {
 		uint32_t pos;
diff --git a/packfile.h b/packfile.h
index d70c6d9..12baa61 100644
--- a/packfile.h
+++ b/packfile.h
@@ -15,23 +15,29 @@
  *
  * Example: odb_pack_name(out, sha1, "idx") => ".git/objects/pack/pack-1234..idx"
  */
-extern char *odb_pack_name(struct strbuf *buf, const unsigned char *sha1, const char *ext);
+char *odb_pack_name(struct strbuf *buf, const unsigned char *sha1, const char *ext);
 
 /*
  * Return the name of the (local) packfile with the specified sha1 in
  * its name.  The return value is a pointer to memory that is
  * overwritten each time this function is called.
  */
-extern char *sha1_pack_name(const unsigned char *sha1);
+char *sha1_pack_name(const unsigned char *sha1);
 
 /*
  * Return the name of the (local) pack index file with the specified
  * sha1 in its name.  The return value is a pointer to memory that is
  * overwritten each time this function is called.
  */
-extern char *sha1_pack_index_name(const unsigned char *sha1);
+char *sha1_pack_index_name(const unsigned char *sha1);
 
-extern struct packed_git *parse_pack_index(unsigned char *sha1, const char *idx_path);
+/*
+ * Return the basename of the packfile, omitting any containing directory
+ * (e.g., "pack-1234abcd[...].pack").
+ */
+const char *pack_basename(struct packed_git *p);
+
+struct packed_git *parse_pack_index(unsigned char *sha1, const char *idx_path);
 
 typedef void each_file_in_pack_dir_fn(const char *full_path, size_t full_path_len,
 				      const char *file_pach, void *data);
@@ -45,8 +51,8 @@
 #define PACKDIR_FILE_GARBAGE 4
 extern void (*report_garbage)(unsigned seen_bits, const char *path);
 
-extern void reprepare_packed_git(struct repository *r);
-extern void install_packed_git(struct repository *r, struct packed_git *pack);
+void reprepare_packed_git(struct repository *r);
+void install_packed_git(struct repository *r, struct packed_git *pack);
 
 struct packed_git *get_packed_git(struct repository *r);
 struct list_head *get_packed_git_mru(struct repository *r);
@@ -59,32 +65,34 @@
  */
 unsigned long approximate_object_count(void);
 
-extern struct packed_git *find_sha1_pack(const unsigned char *sha1,
-					 struct packed_git *packs);
+struct packed_git *find_sha1_pack(const unsigned char *sha1,
+				  struct packed_git *packs);
 
-extern void pack_report(void);
+void pack_report(void);
 
 /*
  * mmap the index file for the specified packfile (if it is not
  * already mmapped).  Return 0 on success.
  */
-extern int open_pack_index(struct packed_git *);
+int open_pack_index(struct packed_git *);
 
 /*
  * munmap the index file for the specified packfile (if it is
  * currently mmapped).
  */
-extern void close_pack_index(struct packed_git *);
+void close_pack_index(struct packed_git *);
 
-extern uint32_t get_pack_fanout(struct packed_git *p, uint32_t value);
+int close_pack_fd(struct packed_git *p);
 
-extern unsigned char *use_pack(struct packed_git *, struct pack_window **, off_t, unsigned long *);
-extern void close_pack_windows(struct packed_git *);
-extern void close_pack(struct packed_git *);
-extern void close_all_packs(struct raw_object_store *o);
-extern void unuse_pack(struct pack_window **);
-extern void clear_delta_base_cache(void);
-extern struct packed_git *add_packed_git(const char *path, size_t path_len, int local);
+uint32_t get_pack_fanout(struct packed_git *p, uint32_t value);
+
+unsigned char *use_pack(struct packed_git *, struct pack_window **, off_t, unsigned long *);
+void close_pack_windows(struct packed_git *);
+void close_pack(struct packed_git *);
+void close_all_packs(struct raw_object_store *o);
+void unuse_pack(struct pack_window **);
+void clear_delta_base_cache(void);
+struct packed_git *add_packed_git(const char *path, size_t path_len, int local);
 
 /*
  * Make sure that a pointer access into an mmap'd index file is within bounds,
@@ -94,7 +102,7 @@
  * (like the 64-bit extended offset table), as we compare the size to the
  * fixed-length parts when we open the file.
  */
-extern void check_pack_index_ptr(const struct packed_git *p, const void *ptr);
+void check_pack_index_ptr(const struct packed_git *p, const void *ptr);
 
 /*
  * Perform binary search on a pack-index for a given oid. Packfile is expected to
@@ -110,59 +118,59 @@
  * at the SHA-1 within the mmapped index.  Return NULL if there is an
  * error.
  */
-extern const unsigned char *nth_packed_object_sha1(struct packed_git *, uint32_t n);
+const unsigned char *nth_packed_object_sha1(struct packed_git *, uint32_t n);
 /*
  * Like nth_packed_object_sha1, but write the data into the object specified by
  * the the first argument.  Returns the first argument on success, and NULL on
  * error.
  */
-extern const struct object_id *nth_packed_object_oid(struct object_id *, struct packed_git *, uint32_t n);
+const struct object_id *nth_packed_object_oid(struct object_id *, struct packed_git *, uint32_t n);
 
 /*
  * Return the offset of the nth object within the specified packfile.
  * The index must already be opened.
  */
-extern off_t nth_packed_object_offset(const struct packed_git *, uint32_t n);
+off_t nth_packed_object_offset(const struct packed_git *, uint32_t n);
 
 /*
  * If the object named sha1 is present in the specified packfile,
  * return its offset within the packfile; otherwise, return 0.
  */
-extern off_t find_pack_entry_one(const unsigned char *sha1, struct packed_git *);
+off_t find_pack_entry_one(const unsigned char *sha1, struct packed_git *);
 
-extern int is_pack_valid(struct packed_git *);
-extern void *unpack_entry(struct repository *r, struct packed_git *, off_t, enum object_type *, unsigned long *);
-extern unsigned long unpack_object_header_buffer(const unsigned char *buf, unsigned long len, enum object_type *type, unsigned long *sizep);
-extern unsigned long get_size_from_delta(struct packed_git *, struct pack_window **, off_t);
-extern int unpack_object_header(struct packed_git *, struct pack_window **, off_t *, unsigned long *);
+int is_pack_valid(struct packed_git *);
+void *unpack_entry(struct repository *r, struct packed_git *, off_t, enum object_type *, unsigned long *);
+unsigned long unpack_object_header_buffer(const unsigned char *buf, unsigned long len, enum object_type *type, unsigned long *sizep);
+unsigned long get_size_from_delta(struct packed_git *, struct pack_window **, off_t);
+int unpack_object_header(struct packed_git *, struct pack_window **, off_t *, unsigned long *);
 
-extern void release_pack_memory(size_t);
+void release_pack_memory(size_t);
 
 /* global flag to enable extra checks when accessing packed objects */
 extern int do_check_packed_object_crc;
 
-extern int packed_object_info(struct repository *r,
-			      struct packed_git *pack,
-			      off_t offset, struct object_info *);
+int packed_object_info(struct repository *r,
+		       struct packed_git *pack,
+		       off_t offset, struct object_info *);
 
-extern void mark_bad_packed_object(struct packed_git *p, const unsigned char *sha1);
-extern const struct packed_git *has_packed_and_bad(struct repository *r, const unsigned char *sha1);
+void mark_bad_packed_object(struct packed_git *p, const unsigned char *sha1);
+const struct packed_git *has_packed_and_bad(struct repository *r, const unsigned char *sha1);
 
 /*
  * Iff a pack file in the given repository contains the object named by sha1,
  * return true and store its location to e.
  */
-extern int find_pack_entry(struct repository *r, const struct object_id *oid, struct pack_entry *e);
+int find_pack_entry(struct repository *r, const struct object_id *oid, struct pack_entry *e);
 
-extern int has_object_pack(const struct object_id *oid);
+int has_object_pack(const struct object_id *oid);
 
-extern int has_pack_index(const unsigned char *sha1);
+int has_pack_index(const unsigned char *sha1);
 
 /*
  * Return 1 if an object in a promisor packfile is or refers to the given
  * object, 0 otherwise.
  */
-extern int is_promisor_object(const struct object_id *oid);
+int is_promisor_object(const struct object_id *oid);
 
 /*
  * Expose a function for fuzz testing.
@@ -174,7 +182,7 @@
  * have a convenient entry-point for fuzz testing. For real uses, you should
  * probably use open_pack_index() or parse_pack_index() instead.
  */
-extern int load_idx(const char *path, const unsigned int hashsz, void *idx_map,
-		    size_t idx_size, struct packed_git *p);
+int load_idx(const char *path, const unsigned int hashsz, void *idx_map,
+	     size_t idx_size, struct packed_git *p);
 
 #endif
diff --git a/parse-options-cb.c b/parse-options-cb.c
index 2733393..6e2e8d6 100644
--- a/parse-options-cb.c
+++ b/parse-options-cb.c
@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@
 				     opt->long_name);
 		if (v && v < MINIMUM_ABBREV)
 			v = MINIMUM_ABBREV;
-		else if (v > 40)
-			v = 40;
+		else if (v > the_hash_algo->hexsz)
+			v = the_hash_algo->hexsz;
 	}
 	*(int *)(opt->value) = v;
 	return 0;
diff --git a/parse-options.c b/parse-options.c
index cec7452..cb24f1a 100644
--- a/parse-options.c
+++ b/parse-options.c
@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@
 #include "color.h"
 #include "utf8.h"
 
+static int disallow_abbreviated_options;
+
 #define OPT_SHORT 1
 #define OPT_UNSET 2
 
@@ -286,6 +288,8 @@
 					     optname(options, flags));
 			if (*rest)
 				continue;
+			if (options->value)
+				*(int *)options->value = options->defval;
 			p->out[p->cpidx++] = arg - 2;
 			return PARSE_OPT_DONE;
 		}
@@ -344,6 +348,10 @@
 		return get_value(p, options, all_opts, flags ^ opt_flags);
 	}
 
+	if (disallow_abbreviated_options && (ambiguous_option || abbrev_option))
+		die("disallowed abbreviated or ambiguous option '%.*s'",
+		    (int)(arg_end - arg), arg);
+
 	if (ambiguous_option) {
 		error(_("ambiguous option: %s "
 			"(could be --%s%s or --%s%s)"),
@@ -523,8 +531,7 @@
 	}
 }
 
-static int show_gitcomp(struct parse_opt_ctx_t *ctx,
-			const struct option *opts)
+static int show_gitcomp(const struct option *opts)
 {
 	const struct option *original_opts = opts;
 	int nr_noopts = 0;
@@ -603,7 +610,7 @@
 
 		/* lone --git-completion-helper is asked by git-completion.bash */
 		if (ctx->total == 1 && !strcmp(arg + 1, "-git-completion-helper"))
-			return show_gitcomp(ctx, options);
+			return show_gitcomp(options);
 
 		if (arg[1] != '-') {
 			ctx->opt = arg + 1;
@@ -708,6 +715,9 @@
 {
 	struct parse_opt_ctx_t ctx;
 
+	disallow_abbreviated_options =
+		git_env_bool("GIT_TEST_DISALLOW_ABBREVIATED_OPTIONS", 0);
+
 	parse_options_start(&ctx, argc, argv, prefix, options, flags);
 	switch (parse_options_step(&ctx, options, usagestr)) {
 	case PARSE_OPT_HELP:
diff --git a/parse-options.h b/parse-options.h
index 74cce4e..cc9230a 100644
--- a/parse-options.h
+++ b/parse-options.h
@@ -136,10 +136,12 @@
 #define OPT_BOOL_F(s, l, v, h, f)   OPT_SET_INT_F(s, l, v, h, 1, f)
 #define OPT_CALLBACK_F(s, l, v, a, h, f, cb)			\
 	{ OPTION_CALLBACK, (s), (l), (v), (a), (h), (f), (cb) }
+#define OPT_STRING_F(s, l, v, a, h, f)   { OPTION_STRING,  (s), (l), (v), (a), (h), (f) }
+#define OPT_INTEGER_F(s, l, v, h, f)     { OPTION_INTEGER, (s), (l), (v), N_("n"), (h), (f) }
 
 #define OPT_END()                   { OPTION_END }
-#define OPT_ARGUMENT(l, h)          { OPTION_ARGUMENT, 0, (l), NULL, NULL, \
-				      (h), PARSE_OPT_NOARG}
+#define OPT_ARGUMENT(l, v, h)       { OPTION_ARGUMENT, 0, (l), (v), NULL, \
+				      (h), PARSE_OPT_NOARG, NULL, 1 }
 #define OPT_GROUP(h)                { OPTION_GROUP, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL, (h) }
 #define OPT_BIT(s, l, v, h, b)      OPT_BIT_F(s, l, v, h, b, 0)
 #define OPT_BITOP(s, l, v, h, set, clear) { OPTION_BITOP, (s), (l), (v), NULL, (h), \
@@ -154,10 +156,10 @@
 				      (h), PARSE_OPT_NOARG | PARSE_OPT_HIDDEN, NULL, 1}
 #define OPT_CMDMODE(s, l, v, h, i)  { OPTION_CMDMODE, (s), (l), (v), NULL, \
 				      (h), PARSE_OPT_NOARG|PARSE_OPT_NONEG, NULL, (i) }
-#define OPT_INTEGER(s, l, v, h)     { OPTION_INTEGER, (s), (l), (v), N_("n"), (h) }
+#define OPT_INTEGER(s, l, v, h)     OPT_INTEGER_F(s, l, v, h, 0)
 #define OPT_MAGNITUDE(s, l, v, h)   { OPTION_MAGNITUDE, (s), (l), (v), \
 				      N_("n"), (h), PARSE_OPT_NONEG }
-#define OPT_STRING(s, l, v, a, h)   { OPTION_STRING,  (s), (l), (v), (a), (h) }
+#define OPT_STRING(s, l, v, a, h)   OPT_STRING_F(s, l, v, a, h, 0)
 #define OPT_STRING_LIST(s, l, v, a, h) \
 				    { OPTION_CALLBACK, (s), (l), (v), (a), \
 				      (h), 0, &parse_opt_string_list }
diff --git a/path.c b/path.c
index 03ab712..25e97b8 100644
--- a/path.c
+++ b/path.c
@@ -115,10 +115,13 @@
 	{ 1, 1, 0, "logs" },
 	{ 1, 1, 1, "logs/HEAD" },
 	{ 0, 1, 1, "logs/refs/bisect" },
+	{ 0, 1, 1, "logs/refs/rewritten" },
+	{ 0, 1, 1, "logs/refs/worktree" },
 	{ 0, 1, 0, "lost-found" },
 	{ 0, 1, 0, "objects" },
 	{ 0, 1, 0, "refs" },
 	{ 0, 1, 1, "refs/bisect" },
+	{ 0, 1, 1, "refs/rewritten" },
 	{ 0, 1, 1, "refs/worktree" },
 	{ 0, 1, 0, "remotes" },
 	{ 0, 1, 0, "worktrees" },
diff --git a/pretty.c b/pretty.c
index f496f0f..ced0485 100644
--- a/pretty.c
+++ b/pretty.c
@@ -343,8 +343,7 @@
 	return !(isalnum(ch) || ch == '!' || ch == '*' || ch == '+' || ch == '-' || ch == '/');
 }
 
-static int needs_rfc2047_encoding(const char *line, int len,
-				  enum rfc2047_type type)
+static int needs_rfc2047_encoding(const char *line, int len)
 {
 	int i;
 
@@ -470,7 +469,7 @@
 		}
 
 		strbuf_addstr(sb, "From: ");
-		if (needs_rfc2047_encoding(namebuf, namelen, RFC2047_ADDRESS)) {
+		if (needs_rfc2047_encoding(namebuf, namelen)) {
 			add_rfc2047(sb, namebuf, namelen,
 				    encoding, RFC2047_ADDRESS);
 			max_length = 76; /* per rfc2047 */
@@ -989,8 +988,7 @@
 	return rest - placeholder;
 }
 
-static size_t parse_padding_placeholder(struct strbuf *sb,
-					const char *placeholder,
+static size_t parse_padding_placeholder(const char *placeholder,
 					struct format_commit_context *c)
 {
 	const char *ch = placeholder;
@@ -1195,7 +1193,7 @@
 
 	case '<':
 	case '>':
-		return parse_padding_placeholder(sb, placeholder, c);
+		return parse_padding_placeholder(placeholder, c);
 	}
 
 	/* these depend on the commit */
@@ -1728,7 +1726,7 @@
 	if (pp->print_email_subject) {
 		if (pp->rev)
 			fmt_output_email_subject(sb, pp->rev);
-		if (needs_rfc2047_encoding(title.buf, title.len, RFC2047_SUBJECT))
+		if (needs_rfc2047_encoding(title.buf, title.len))
 			add_rfc2047(sb, title.buf, title.len,
 						encoding, RFC2047_SUBJECT);
 		else
diff --git a/progress.c b/progress.c
index 5a99c9f..212d00e 100644
--- a/progress.c
+++ b/progress.c
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@
 	uint64_t total;
 	unsigned last_percent;
 	unsigned delay;
+	unsigned sparse;
 	struct throughput *throughput;
 	uint64_t start_ns;
 };
@@ -194,7 +195,7 @@
 }
 
 static struct progress *start_progress_delay(const char *title, uint64_t total,
-					     unsigned delay)
+					     unsigned delay, unsigned sparse)
 {
 	struct progress *progress = malloc(sizeof(*progress));
 	if (!progress) {
@@ -208,6 +209,7 @@
 	progress->last_value = -1;
 	progress->last_percent = -1;
 	progress->delay = delay;
+	progress->sparse = sparse;
 	progress->throughput = NULL;
 	progress->start_ns = getnanotime();
 	set_progress_signal();
@@ -216,16 +218,46 @@
 
 struct progress *start_delayed_progress(const char *title, uint64_t total)
 {
-	return start_progress_delay(title, total, 2);
+	return start_progress_delay(title, total, 2, 0);
 }
 
 struct progress *start_progress(const char *title, uint64_t total)
 {
-	return start_progress_delay(title, total, 0);
+	return start_progress_delay(title, total, 0, 0);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Here "sparse" means that the caller might use some sampling criteria to
+ * decide when to call display_progress() rather than calling it for every
+ * integer value in[0 .. total).  In particular, the caller might not call
+ * display_progress() for the last value in the range.
+ *
+ * When "sparse" is set, stop_progress() will automatically force the done
+ * message to show 100%.
+ */
+struct progress *start_sparse_progress(const char *title, uint64_t total)
+{
+	return start_progress_delay(title, total, 0, 1);
+}
+
+struct progress *start_delayed_sparse_progress(const char *title,
+					       uint64_t total)
+{
+	return start_progress_delay(title, total, 2, 1);
+}
+
+static void finish_if_sparse(struct progress *progress)
+{
+	if (progress &&
+	    progress->sparse &&
+	    progress->last_value != progress->total)
+		display_progress(progress, progress->total);
 }
 
 void stop_progress(struct progress **p_progress)
 {
+	finish_if_sparse(*p_progress);
+
 	stop_progress_msg(p_progress, _("done"));
 }
 
diff --git a/progress.h b/progress.h
index 70a4d4a..7b725ac 100644
--- a/progress.h
+++ b/progress.h
@@ -6,7 +6,10 @@
 void display_throughput(struct progress *progress, uint64_t total);
 int display_progress(struct progress *progress, uint64_t n);
 struct progress *start_progress(const char *title, uint64_t total);
+struct progress *start_sparse_progress(const char *title, uint64_t total);
 struct progress *start_delayed_progress(const char *title, uint64_t total);
+struct progress *start_delayed_sparse_progress(const char *title,
+					       uint64_t total);
 void stop_progress(struct progress **progress);
 void stop_progress_msg(struct progress **progress, const char *msg);
 
diff --git a/protocol.c b/protocol.c
index 5e63678..9741f05 100644
--- a/protocol.c
+++ b/protocol.c
@@ -17,6 +17,10 @@
 enum protocol_version get_protocol_version_config(void)
 {
 	const char *value;
+	enum protocol_version retval = protocol_v0;
+	const char *git_test_k = "GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION";
+	const char *git_test_v = getenv(git_test_k);
+
 	if (!git_config_get_string_const("protocol.version", &value)) {
 		enum protocol_version version = parse_protocol_version(value);
 
@@ -24,10 +28,19 @@
 			die("unknown value for config 'protocol.version': %s",
 			    value);
 
-		return version;
+		retval = version;
 	}
 
-	return protocol_v0;
+	if (git_test_v && *git_test_v) {
+		enum protocol_version env = parse_protocol_version(git_test_v);
+
+		if (env == protocol_unknown_version)
+			die("unknown value for %s: %s", git_test_k, git_test_v);
+		if (retval < env)
+			retval = env;
+	}
+
+	return retval;
 }
 
 enum protocol_version determine_protocol_version_server(void)
diff --git a/read-cache.c b/read-cache.c
index 4dc6de1..c62eae6 100644
--- a/read-cache.c
+++ b/read-cache.c
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 #include "commit.h"
 #include "blob.h"
 #include "resolve-undo.h"
+#include "run-command.h"
 #include "strbuf.h"
 #include "varint.h"
 #include "split-index.h"
@@ -3049,8 +3050,17 @@
 	if (ret)
 		return ret;
 	if (flags & COMMIT_LOCK)
-		return commit_locked_index(lock);
-	return close_lock_file_gently(lock);
+		ret = commit_locked_index(lock);
+	else
+		ret = close_lock_file_gently(lock);
+
+	run_hook_le(NULL, "post-index-change",
+			istate->updated_workdir ? "1" : "0",
+			istate->updated_skipworktree ? "1" : "0", NULL);
+	istate->updated_workdir = 0;
+	istate->updated_skipworktree = 0;
+
+	return ret;
 }
 
 static int write_split_index(struct index_state *istate,
diff --git a/rebase-interactive.c b/rebase-interactive.c
index 68aff1d..aa18ae8 100644
--- a/rebase-interactive.c
+++ b/rebase-interactive.c
@@ -1,10 +1,35 @@
 #include "cache.h"
 #include "commit.h"
-#include "rebase-interactive.h"
 #include "sequencer.h"
+#include "rebase-interactive.h"
 #include "strbuf.h"
+#include "commit-slab.h"
+#include "config.h"
 
-void append_todo_help(unsigned edit_todo, unsigned keep_empty,
+enum missing_commit_check_level {
+	MISSING_COMMIT_CHECK_IGNORE = 0,
+	MISSING_COMMIT_CHECK_WARN,
+	MISSING_COMMIT_CHECK_ERROR
+};
+
+static enum missing_commit_check_level get_missing_commit_check_level(void)
+{
+	const char *value;
+
+	if (git_config_get_value("rebase.missingcommitscheck", &value) ||
+			!strcasecmp("ignore", value))
+		return MISSING_COMMIT_CHECK_IGNORE;
+	if (!strcasecmp("warn", value))
+		return MISSING_COMMIT_CHECK_WARN;
+	if (!strcasecmp("error", value))
+		return MISSING_COMMIT_CHECK_ERROR;
+	warning(_("unrecognized setting %s for option "
+		  "rebase.missingCommitsCheck. Ignoring."), value);
+	return MISSING_COMMIT_CHECK_IGNORE;
+}
+
+void append_todo_help(unsigned keep_empty, int command_count,
+		      const char *shortrevisions, const char *shortonto,
 		      struct strbuf *buf)
 {
 	const char *msg = _("\nCommands:\n"
@@ -24,6 +49,15 @@
 ".       specified). Use -c <commit> to reword the commit message.\n"
 "\n"
 "These lines can be re-ordered; they are executed from top to bottom.\n");
+	unsigned edit_todo = !(shortrevisions && shortonto);
+
+	if (!edit_todo) {
+		strbuf_addch(buf, '\n');
+		strbuf_commented_addf(buf, Q_("Rebase %s onto %s (%d command)",
+					      "Rebase %s onto %s (%d commands)",
+					      command_count),
+				      shortrevisions, shortonto, command_count);
+	}
 
 	strbuf_add_commented_lines(buf, msg, strlen(msg));
 
@@ -53,39 +87,103 @@
 	}
 }
 
-int edit_todo_list(struct repository *r, unsigned flags)
+int edit_todo_list(struct repository *r, struct todo_list *todo_list,
+		   struct todo_list *new_todo, const char *shortrevisions,
+		   const char *shortonto, unsigned flags)
 {
-	struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
 	const char *todo_file = rebase_path_todo();
+	unsigned initial = shortrevisions && shortonto;
 
-	if (strbuf_read_file(&buf, todo_file, 0) < 0)
-		return error_errno(_("could not read '%s'."), todo_file);
+	/* If the user is editing the todo list, we first try to parse
+	 * it.  If there is an error, we do not return, because the user
+	 * might want to fix it in the first place. */
+	if (!initial)
+		todo_list_parse_insn_buffer(r, todo_list->buf.buf, todo_list);
 
-	strbuf_stripspace(&buf, 1);
-	if (write_message(buf.buf, buf.len, todo_file, 0)) {
-		strbuf_release(&buf);
-		return -1;
-	}
+	if (todo_list_write_to_file(r, todo_list, todo_file, shortrevisions, shortonto,
+				    -1, flags | TODO_LIST_SHORTEN_IDS | TODO_LIST_APPEND_TODO_HELP))
+		return error_errno(_("could not write '%s'"), todo_file);
 
-	strbuf_release(&buf);
+	if (initial && copy_file(rebase_path_todo_backup(), todo_file, 0666))
+		return error(_("could not copy '%s' to '%s'."), todo_file,
+			     rebase_path_todo_backup());
 
-	transform_todos(r, flags | TODO_LIST_SHORTEN_IDS);
+	if (launch_sequence_editor(todo_file, &new_todo->buf, NULL))
+		return -2;
 
-	if (strbuf_read_file(&buf, todo_file, 0) < 0)
-		return error_errno(_("could not read '%s'."), todo_file);
+	strbuf_stripspace(&new_todo->buf, 1);
+	if (initial && new_todo->buf.len == 0)
+		return -3;
 
-	append_todo_help(1, 0, &buf);
-	if (write_message(buf.buf, buf.len, todo_file, 0)) {
-		strbuf_release(&buf);
-		return -1;
-	}
-
-	strbuf_release(&buf);
-
-	if (launch_sequence_editor(todo_file, NULL, NULL))
-		return -1;
-
-	transform_todos(r, flags & ~(TODO_LIST_SHORTEN_IDS));
+	/* For the initial edit, the todo list gets parsed in
+	 * complete_action(). */
+	if (!initial)
+		return todo_list_parse_insn_buffer(r, new_todo->buf.buf, new_todo);
 
 	return 0;
 }
+
+define_commit_slab(commit_seen, unsigned char);
+/*
+ * Check if the user dropped some commits by mistake
+ * Behaviour determined by rebase.missingCommitsCheck.
+ * Check if there is an unrecognized command or a
+ * bad SHA-1 in a command.
+ */
+int todo_list_check(struct todo_list *old_todo, struct todo_list *new_todo)
+{
+	enum missing_commit_check_level check_level = get_missing_commit_check_level();
+	struct strbuf missing = STRBUF_INIT;
+	int res = 0, i;
+	struct commit_seen commit_seen;
+
+	init_commit_seen(&commit_seen);
+
+	if (check_level == MISSING_COMMIT_CHECK_IGNORE)
+		goto leave_check;
+
+	/* Mark the commits in git-rebase-todo as seen */
+	for (i = 0; i < new_todo->nr; i++) {
+		struct commit *commit = new_todo->items[i].commit;
+		if (commit)
+			*commit_seen_at(&commit_seen, commit) = 1;
+	}
+
+	/* Find commits in git-rebase-todo.backup yet unseen */
+	for (i = old_todo->nr - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+		struct todo_item *item = old_todo->items + i;
+		struct commit *commit = item->commit;
+		if (commit && !*commit_seen_at(&commit_seen, commit)) {
+			strbuf_addf(&missing, " - %s %.*s\n",
+				    find_unique_abbrev(&commit->object.oid, DEFAULT_ABBREV),
+				    item->arg_len,
+				    todo_item_get_arg(old_todo, item));
+			*commit_seen_at(&commit_seen, commit) = 1;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* Warn about missing commits */
+	if (!missing.len)
+		goto leave_check;
+
+	if (check_level == MISSING_COMMIT_CHECK_ERROR)
+		res = 1;
+
+	fprintf(stderr,
+		_("Warning: some commits may have been dropped accidentally.\n"
+		"Dropped commits (newer to older):\n"));
+
+	/* Make the list user-friendly and display */
+	fputs(missing.buf, stderr);
+	strbuf_release(&missing);
+
+	fprintf(stderr, _("To avoid this message, use \"drop\" to "
+		"explicitly remove a commit.\n\n"
+		"Use 'git config rebase.missingCommitsCheck' to change "
+		"the level of warnings.\n"
+		"The possible behaviours are: ignore, warn, error.\n\n"));
+
+leave_check:
+	clear_commit_seen(&commit_seen);
+	return res;
+}
diff --git a/rebase-interactive.h b/rebase-interactive.h
index 17b6c9f..44dbb06 100644
--- a/rebase-interactive.h
+++ b/rebase-interactive.h
@@ -3,9 +3,14 @@
 
 struct strbuf;
 struct repository;
+struct todo_list;
 
-void append_todo_help(unsigned edit_todo, unsigned keep_empty,
+void append_todo_help(unsigned keep_empty, int command_count,
+		      const char *shortrevisions, const char *shortonto,
 		      struct strbuf *buf);
-int edit_todo_list(struct repository *r, unsigned flags);
+int edit_todo_list(struct repository *r, struct todo_list *todo_list,
+		   struct todo_list *new_todo, const char *shortrevisions,
+		   const char *shortonto, unsigned flags);
+int todo_list_check(struct todo_list *old_todo, struct todo_list *new_todo);
 
 #endif
diff --git a/ref-filter.c b/ref-filter.c
index 3aca105..8d11a94 100644
--- a/ref-filter.c
+++ b/ref-filter.c
@@ -2337,8 +2337,13 @@
 
 int parse_opt_ref_sorting(const struct option *opt, const char *arg, int unset)
 {
-	if (!arg) /* should --no-sort void the list ? */
-		return -1;
+	/*
+	 * NEEDSWORK: We should probably clear the list in this case, but we've
+	 * already munged the global used_atoms list, which would need to be
+	 * undone.
+	 */
+	BUG_ON_OPT_NEG(unset);
+
 	parse_ref_sorting(opt->value, arg);
 	return 0;
 }
diff --git a/ref-filter.h b/ref-filter.h
index 85c8ebc..f1dcff4 100644
--- a/ref-filter.h
+++ b/ref-filter.h
@@ -96,6 +96,11 @@
 #define OPT_MERGED(f, h) _OPT_MERGED_NO_MERGED("merged", f, h)
 #define OPT_NO_MERGED(f, h) _OPT_MERGED_NO_MERGED("no-merged", f, h)
 
+#define OPT_REF_SORT(var) \
+	OPT_CALLBACK_F(0, "sort", (var), \
+		       N_("key"), N_("field name to sort on"), \
+		       PARSE_OPT_NONEG, parse_opt_ref_sorting)
+
 /*
  * API for filtering a set of refs. Based on the type of refs the user
  * has requested, we iterate through those refs and apply filters
diff --git a/refs/files-backend.c b/refs/files-backend.c
index ef053f7..63e55e6 100644
--- a/refs/files-backend.c
+++ b/refs/files-backend.c
@@ -215,6 +215,33 @@
 }
 
 /*
+ * Manually add refs/bisect, refs/rewritten and refs/worktree, which, being
+ * per-worktree, might not appear in the directory listing for
+ * refs/ in the main repo.
+ */
+static void add_per_worktree_entries_to_dir(struct ref_dir *dir, const char *dirname)
+{
+	const char *prefixes[] = { "refs/bisect/", "refs/worktree/", "refs/rewritten/" };
+	int ip;
+
+	if (strcmp(dirname, "refs/"))
+		return;
+
+	for (ip = 0; ip < ARRAY_SIZE(prefixes); ip++) {
+		const char *prefix = prefixes[ip];
+		int prefix_len = strlen(prefix);
+		struct ref_entry *child_entry;
+		int pos;
+
+		pos = search_ref_dir(dir, prefix, prefix_len);
+		if (pos >= 0)
+			continue;
+		child_entry = create_dir_entry(dir->cache, prefix, prefix_len, 1);
+		add_entry_to_dir(dir, child_entry);
+	}
+}
+
+/*
  * Read the loose references from the namespace dirname into dir
  * (without recursing).  dirname must end with '/'.  dir must be the
  * directory entry corresponding to dirname.
@@ -297,28 +324,7 @@
 	strbuf_release(&path);
 	closedir(d);
 
-	/*
-	 * Manually add refs/bisect and refs/worktree, which, being
-	 * per-worktree, might not appear in the directory listing for
-	 * refs/ in the main repo.
-	 */
-	if (!strcmp(dirname, "refs/")) {
-		int pos = search_ref_dir(dir, "refs/bisect/", 12);
-
-		if (pos < 0) {
-			struct ref_entry *child_entry = create_dir_entry(
-					dir->cache, "refs/bisect/", 12, 1);
-			add_entry_to_dir(dir, child_entry);
-		}
-
-		pos = search_ref_dir(dir, "refs/worktree/", 11);
-
-		if (pos < 0) {
-			struct ref_entry *child_entry = create_dir_entry(
-					dir->cache, "refs/worktree/", 11, 1);
-			add_entry_to_dir(dir, child_entry);
-		}
-	}
+	add_per_worktree_entries_to_dir(dir, dirname);
 }
 
 static struct ref_cache *get_loose_ref_cache(struct files_ref_store *refs)
@@ -2695,18 +2701,32 @@
 		if (is_packed_transaction_needed(refs->packed_ref_store,
 						 packed_transaction)) {
 			ret = ref_transaction_prepare(packed_transaction, err);
+			/*
+			 * A failure during the prepare step will abort
+			 * itself, but not free. Do that now, and disconnect
+			 * from the files_transaction so it does not try to
+			 * abort us when we hit the cleanup code below.
+			 */
+			if (ret) {
+				ref_transaction_free(packed_transaction);
+				backend_data->packed_transaction = NULL;
+			}
 		} else {
 			/*
 			 * We can skip rewriting the `packed-refs`
 			 * file. But we do need to leave it locked, so
 			 * that somebody else doesn't pack a reference
 			 * that we are trying to delete.
+			 *
+			 * We need to disconnect our transaction from
+			 * backend_data, since the abort (whether successful or
+			 * not) will free it.
 			 */
+			backend_data->packed_transaction = NULL;
 			if (ref_transaction_abort(packed_transaction, err)) {
 				ret = TRANSACTION_GENERIC_ERROR;
 				goto cleanup;
 			}
-			backend_data->packed_transaction = NULL;
 		}
 	}
 
diff --git a/remote-curl.c b/remote-curl.c
index 5b44794..8bba572 100644
--- a/remote-curl.c
+++ b/remote-curl.c
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 #include "send-pack.h"
 #include "protocol.h"
 #include "quote.h"
+#include "transport.h"
 
 static struct remote *remote;
 /* always ends with a trailing slash */
@@ -153,7 +154,7 @@
 		else {
 			struct strbuf unquoted = STRBUF_INIT;
 			if (unquote_c_style(&unquoted, value, NULL) < 0)
-				die("invalid quoting in push-option value");
+				die(_("invalid quoting in push-option value: '%s'"), value);
 			string_list_append_nodup(&options.push_options,
 						 strbuf_detach(&unquoted, NULL));
 		}
@@ -250,8 +251,8 @@
 			mid = &data[i];
 		if (data[i] == '\n') {
 			if (mid - start != 40)
-				die("%sinfo/refs not valid: is this a git repository?",
-				    url.buf);
+				die(_("%sinfo/refs not valid: is this a git repository?"),
+				    transport_anonymize_url(url.buf));
 			data[i] = 0;
 			ref_name = mid + 1;
 			ref = alloc_ref(ref_name);
@@ -351,7 +352,7 @@
 			   PACKET_READ_CHOMP_NEWLINE |
 			   PACKET_READ_DIE_ON_ERR_PACKET);
 	if (packet_reader_read(&reader) != PACKET_READ_NORMAL)
-		die("invalid server response; expected service, got flush packet");
+		die(_("invalid server response; expected service, got flush packet"));
 
 	if (skip_prefix(reader.line, "# service=", &p) && !strcmp(p, service)) {
 		/*
@@ -382,7 +383,7 @@
 		d->proto_git = 1;
 
 	} else {
-		die("invalid server response; got '%s'", reader.line);
+		die(_("invalid server response; got '%s'"), reader.line);
 	}
 }
 
@@ -442,17 +443,23 @@
 		break;
 	case HTTP_MISSING_TARGET:
 		show_http_message(&type, &charset, &buffer);
-		die("repository '%s' not found", url.buf);
+		die(_("repository '%s' not found"),
+		    transport_anonymize_url(url.buf));
 	case HTTP_NOAUTH:
 		show_http_message(&type, &charset, &buffer);
-		die("Authentication failed for '%s'", url.buf);
+		die(_("Authentication failed for '%s'"),
+		    transport_anonymize_url(url.buf));
 	default:
 		show_http_message(&type, &charset, &buffer);
-		die("unable to access '%s': %s", url.buf, curl_errorstr);
+		die(_("unable to access '%s': %s"),
+		    transport_anonymize_url(url.buf), curl_errorstr);
 	}
 
-	if (options.verbosity && !starts_with(refs_url.buf, url.buf))
-		warning(_("redirecting to %s"), url.buf);
+	if (options.verbosity && !starts_with(refs_url.buf, url.buf)) {
+		char *u = transport_anonymize_url(url.buf);
+		warning(_("redirecting to %s"), u);
+		free(u);
+	}
 
 	last= xcalloc(1, sizeof(*last_discovery));
 	last->service = xstrdup(service);
@@ -574,7 +581,7 @@
 		switch (*status) {
 		case PACKET_READ_EOF:
 			if (!(options & PACKET_READ_GENTLE_ON_EOF))
-				die("shouldn't have EOF when not gentle on EOF");
+				die(_("shouldn't have EOF when not gentle on EOF"));
 			break;
 		case PACKET_READ_NORMAL:
 			set_packet_header(buf - 4, *appended);
@@ -654,7 +661,7 @@
 			rpc->pos = 0;
 			return CURLIOE_OK;
 		}
-		error("unable to rewind rpc post data - try increasing http.postBuffer");
+		error(_("unable to rewind rpc post data - try increasing http.postBuffer"));
 		return CURLIOE_FAILRESTART;
 
 	default:
@@ -714,7 +721,7 @@
 				strbuf_addstr(&msg, curl_errorstr);
 			}
 		}
-		error("RPC failed; %s", msg.buf);
+		error(_("RPC failed; %s"), msg.buf);
 		strbuf_release(&msg);
 	}
 
@@ -754,7 +761,7 @@
 {
 	uintmax_t size = len;
 	if (size > maximum_signed_value_of_type(curl_off_t))
-		die("cannot handle pushes this big");
+		die(_("cannot handle pushes this big"));
 	return (curl_off_t)size;
 }
 
@@ -869,11 +876,11 @@
 
 		ret = git_deflate(&stream, Z_FINISH);
 		if (ret != Z_STREAM_END)
-			die("cannot deflate request; zlib deflate error %d", ret);
+			die(_("cannot deflate request; zlib deflate error %d"), ret);
 
 		ret = git_deflate_end_gently(&stream);
 		if (ret != Z_OK)
-			die("cannot deflate request; zlib end error %d", ret);
+			die(_("cannot deflate request; zlib end error %d"), ret);
 
 		gzip_size = stream.total_out;
 
@@ -1004,7 +1011,7 @@
 
 	ALLOC_ARRAY(targets, nr_heads);
 	if (options.depth || options.deepen_since)
-		die("dumb http transport does not support shallow capabilities");
+		die(_("dumb http transport does not support shallow capabilities"));
 	for (i = 0; i < nr_heads; i++)
 		targets[i] = xstrdup(oid_to_hex(&to_fetch[i]->old_oid));
 
@@ -1018,7 +1025,7 @@
 		free(targets[i]);
 	free(targets);
 
-	return ret ? error("fetch failed.") : 0;
+	return ret ? error(_("fetch failed.")) : 0;
 }
 
 static int fetch_git(struct discovery *heads,
@@ -1066,7 +1073,7 @@
 	for (i = 0; i < nr_heads; i++) {
 		struct ref *ref = to_fetch[i];
 		if (!*ref->name)
-			die("cannot fetch by sha1 over smart http");
+			die(_("cannot fetch by sha1 over smart http"));
 		packet_buf_write(&preamble, "%s %s\n",
 				 oid_to_hex(&ref->old_oid), ref->name);
 	}
@@ -1109,13 +1116,13 @@
 			struct object_id old_oid;
 
 			if (get_oid_hex(p, &old_oid))
-				die("protocol error: expected sha/ref, got %s'", p);
+				die(_("protocol error: expected sha/ref, got %s'"), p);
 			if (p[GIT_SHA1_HEXSZ] == ' ')
 				name = p + GIT_SHA1_HEXSZ + 1;
 			else if (!p[GIT_SHA1_HEXSZ])
 				name = "";
 			else
-				die("protocol error: expected sha/ref, got %s'", p);
+				die(_("protocol error: expected sha/ref, got %s'"), p);
 
 			ref = alloc_ref(name);
 			oidcpy(&ref->old_oid, &old_oid);
@@ -1127,7 +1134,7 @@
 			to_fetch[nr_heads++] = ref;
 		}
 		else
-			die("http transport does not support %s", buf->buf);
+			die(_("http transport does not support %s"), buf->buf);
 
 		strbuf_reset(buf);
 		if (strbuf_getline_lf(buf, stdin) == EOF)
@@ -1163,7 +1170,7 @@
 		argv_array_push(&child.args, specs[i]);
 
 	if (run_command(&child))
-		die("git-http-push failed");
+		die(_("git-http-push failed"));
 	return 0;
 }
 
@@ -1241,7 +1248,7 @@
 			specs[nr_spec++] = xstrdup(buf->buf + 5);
 		}
 		else
-			die("http transport does not support %s", buf->buf);
+			die(_("http transport does not support %s"), buf->buf);
 
 		strbuf_reset(buf);
 		if (strbuf_getline_lf(buf, stdin) == EOF)
@@ -1349,7 +1356,7 @@
 
 	setup_git_directory_gently(&nongit);
 	if (argc < 2) {
-		error("remote-curl: usage: git remote-curl <remote> [<url>]");
+		error(_("remote-curl: usage: git remote-curl <remote> [<url>]"));
 		return 1;
 	}
 
@@ -1381,14 +1388,14 @@
 
 		if (strbuf_getline_lf(&buf, stdin) == EOF) {
 			if (ferror(stdin))
-				error("remote-curl: error reading command stream from git");
+				error(_("remote-curl: error reading command stream from git"));
 			return 1;
 		}
 		if (buf.len == 0)
 			break;
 		if (starts_with(buf.buf, "fetch ")) {
 			if (nongit)
-				die("remote-curl: fetch attempted without a local repo");
+				die(_("remote-curl: fetch attempted without a local repo"));
 			parse_fetch(&buf);
 
 		} else if (!strcmp(buf.buf, "list") || starts_with(buf.buf, "list ")) {
@@ -1428,7 +1435,7 @@
 			if (!stateless_connect(arg))
 				break;
 		} else {
-			error("remote-curl: unknown command '%s' from git", buf.buf);
+			error(_("remote-curl: unknown command '%s' from git"), buf.buf);
 			return 1;
 		}
 		strbuf_reset(&buf);
diff --git a/revision.c b/revision.c
index eb8e51b..60553d8 100644
--- a/revision.c
+++ b/revision.c
@@ -1894,7 +1894,7 @@
 	return 0;
 }
 
-static void read_pathspec_from_stdin(struct rev_info *revs, struct strbuf *sb,
+static void read_pathspec_from_stdin(struct strbuf *sb,
 				     struct argv_array *prune)
 {
 	while (strbuf_getline(sb, stdin) != EOF)
@@ -1928,7 +1928,7 @@
 			die("bad revision '%s'", sb.buf);
 	}
 	if (seen_dashdash)
-		read_pathspec_from_stdin(revs, &sb, prune);
+		read_pathspec_from_stdin(&sb, prune);
 
 	strbuf_release(&sb);
 	warn_on_object_refname_ambiguity = save_warning;
@@ -2689,6 +2689,10 @@
 	if (revs->first_parent_only && revs->bisect)
 		die(_("--first-parent is incompatible with --bisect"));
 
+	if (revs->line_level_traverse &&
+	    (revs->diffopt.output_format & ~(DIFF_FORMAT_PATCH | DIFF_FORMAT_NO_OUTPUT)))
+		die(_("-L does not yet support diff formats besides -p and -s"));
+
 	if (revs->expand_tabs_in_log < 0)
 		revs->expand_tabs_in_log = revs->expand_tabs_in_log_default;
 
@@ -2748,7 +2752,7 @@
 	return st;
 }
 
-static int mark_redundant_parents(struct rev_info *revs, struct commit *commit)
+static int mark_redundant_parents(struct commit *commit)
 {
 	struct commit_list *h = reduce_heads(commit->parents);
 	int i = 0, marked = 0;
@@ -2784,7 +2788,7 @@
 	return marked;
 }
 
-static int mark_treesame_root_parents(struct rev_info *revs, struct commit *commit)
+static int mark_treesame_root_parents(struct commit *commit)
 {
 	struct commit_list *p;
 	int marked = 0;
@@ -2976,8 +2980,8 @@
 	 * Detect and simplify both cases.
 	 */
 	if (1 < cnt) {
-		int marked = mark_redundant_parents(revs, commit);
-		marked += mark_treesame_root_parents(revs, commit);
+		int marked = mark_redundant_parents(commit);
+		marked += mark_treesame_root_parents(commit);
 		if (marked)
 			marked -= leave_one_treesame_to_parent(revs, commit);
 		if (marked)
diff --git a/sequencer.c b/sequencer.c
index 95dda23..546f281 100644
--- a/sequencer.c
+++ b/sequencer.c
@@ -55,8 +55,7 @@
  * file and written to the tail of 'done'.
  */
 GIT_PATH_FUNC(rebase_path_todo, "rebase-merge/git-rebase-todo")
-static GIT_PATH_FUNC(rebase_path_todo_backup,
-		     "rebase-merge/git-rebase-todo.backup")
+GIT_PATH_FUNC(rebase_path_todo_backup, "rebase-merge/git-rebase-todo.backup")
 
 /*
  * The rebase command lines that have already been processed. A line
@@ -384,8 +383,8 @@
 	}
 }
 
-int write_message(const void *buf, size_t len, const char *filename,
-		  int append_eol)
+static int write_message(const void *buf, size_t len, const char *filename,
+			 int append_eol)
 {
 	struct lock_file msg_file = LOCK_INIT;
 
@@ -1513,32 +1512,6 @@
 		return 1;
 }
 
-/*
- * Note that ordering matters in this enum. Not only must it match the mapping
- * below, it is also divided into several sections that matter.  When adding
- * new commands, make sure you add it in the right section.
- */
-enum todo_command {
-	/* commands that handle commits */
-	TODO_PICK = 0,
-	TODO_REVERT,
-	TODO_EDIT,
-	TODO_REWORD,
-	TODO_FIXUP,
-	TODO_SQUASH,
-	/* commands that do something else than handling a single commit */
-	TODO_EXEC,
-	TODO_BREAK,
-	TODO_LABEL,
-	TODO_RESET,
-	TODO_MERGE,
-	/* commands that do nothing but are counted for reporting progress */
-	TODO_NOOP,
-	TODO_DROP,
-	/* comments (not counted for reporting progress) */
-	TODO_COMMENT
-};
-
 static struct {
 	char c;
 	const char *str;
@@ -2021,26 +1994,7 @@
 	TODO_EDIT_MERGE_MSG = 1
 };
 
-struct todo_item {
-	enum todo_command command;
-	struct commit *commit;
-	unsigned int flags;
-	const char *arg;
-	int arg_len;
-	size_t offset_in_buf;
-};
-
-struct todo_list {
-	struct strbuf buf;
-	struct todo_item *items;
-	int nr, alloc, current;
-	int done_nr, total_nr;
-	struct stat_data stat;
-};
-
-#define TODO_LIST_INIT { STRBUF_INIT }
-
-static void todo_list_release(struct todo_list *todo_list)
+void todo_list_release(struct todo_list *todo_list)
 {
 	strbuf_release(&todo_list->buf);
 	FREE_AND_NULL(todo_list->items);
@@ -2053,8 +2007,14 @@
 	return todo_list->items + todo_list->nr++;
 }
 
+const char *todo_item_get_arg(struct todo_list *todo_list,
+			      struct todo_item *item)
+{
+	return todo_list->buf.buf + item->arg_offset;
+}
+
 static int parse_insn_line(struct repository *r, struct todo_item *item,
-			   const char *bol, char *eol)
+			   const char *buf, const char *bol, char *eol)
 {
 	struct object_id commit_oid;
 	char *end_of_object_name;
@@ -2068,7 +2028,7 @@
 	if (bol == eol || *bol == '\r' || *bol == comment_line_char) {
 		item->command = TODO_COMMENT;
 		item->commit = NULL;
-		item->arg = bol;
+		item->arg_offset = bol - buf;
 		item->arg_len = eol - bol;
 		return 0;
 	}
@@ -2095,7 +2055,7 @@
 			return error(_("%s does not accept arguments: '%s'"),
 				     command_to_string(item->command), bol);
 		item->commit = NULL;
-		item->arg = bol;
+		item->arg_offset = bol - buf;
 		item->arg_len = eol - bol;
 		return 0;
 	}
@@ -2107,7 +2067,7 @@
 	if (item->command == TODO_EXEC || item->command == TODO_LABEL ||
 	    item->command == TODO_RESET) {
 		item->commit = NULL;
-		item->arg = bol;
+		item->arg_offset = bol - buf;
 		item->arg_len = (int)(eol - bol);
 		return 0;
 	}
@@ -2121,7 +2081,7 @@
 		} else {
 			item->flags |= TODO_EDIT_MERGE_MSG;
 			item->commit = NULL;
-			item->arg = bol;
+			item->arg_offset = bol - buf;
 			item->arg_len = (int)(eol - bol);
 			return 0;
 		}
@@ -2133,23 +2093,27 @@
 	status = get_oid(bol, &commit_oid);
 	*end_of_object_name = saved;
 
-	item->arg = end_of_object_name + strspn(end_of_object_name, " \t");
-	item->arg_len = (int)(eol - item->arg);
+	bol = end_of_object_name + strspn(end_of_object_name, " \t");
+	item->arg_offset = bol - buf;
+	item->arg_len = (int)(eol - bol);
 
 	if (status < 0)
-		return -1;
+		return error(_("could not parse '%.*s'"),
+			     (int)(end_of_object_name - bol), bol);
 
 	item->commit = lookup_commit_reference(r, &commit_oid);
 	return !item->commit;
 }
 
-static int parse_insn_buffer(struct repository *r, char *buf,
-			     struct todo_list *todo_list)
+int todo_list_parse_insn_buffer(struct repository *r, char *buf,
+				struct todo_list *todo_list)
 {
 	struct todo_item *item;
 	char *p = buf, *next_p;
 	int i, res = 0, fixup_okay = file_exists(rebase_path_done());
 
+	todo_list->current = todo_list->nr = 0;
+
 	for (i = 1; *p; i++, p = next_p) {
 		char *eol = strchrnul(p, '\n');
 
@@ -2160,10 +2124,13 @@
 
 		item = append_new_todo(todo_list);
 		item->offset_in_buf = p - todo_list->buf.buf;
-		if (parse_insn_line(r, item, p, eol)) {
+		if (parse_insn_line(r, item, buf, p, eol)) {
 			res = error(_("invalid line %d: %.*s"),
 				i, (int)(eol - p), p);
-			item->command = TODO_NOOP;
+			item->command = TODO_COMMENT + 1;
+			item->arg_offset = p - buf;
+			item->arg_len = (int)(eol - p);
+			item->commit = NULL;
 		}
 
 		if (fixup_okay)
@@ -2238,7 +2205,7 @@
 		return error(_("could not stat '%s'"), todo_file);
 	fill_stat_data(&todo_list->stat, &st);
 
-	res = parse_insn_buffer(r, todo_list->buf.buf, todo_list);
+	res = todo_list_parse_insn_buffer(r, todo_list->buf.buf, todo_list);
 	if (res) {
 		if (is_rebase_i(opts))
 			return error(_("please fix this using "
@@ -2269,7 +2236,7 @@
 		FILE *f = fopen_or_warn(rebase_path_msgtotal(), "w");
 
 		if (strbuf_read_file(&done.buf, rebase_path_done(), 0) > 0 &&
-		    !parse_insn_buffer(r, done.buf.buf, &done))
+		    !todo_list_parse_insn_buffer(r, done.buf.buf, &done))
 			todo_list->done_nr = count_commands(&done);
 		else
 			todo_list->done_nr = 0;
@@ -2308,6 +2275,15 @@
 		opts->no_commit = git_config_bool_or_int(key, value, &error_flag);
 	else if (!strcmp(key, "options.edit"))
 		opts->edit = git_config_bool_or_int(key, value, &error_flag);
+	else if (!strcmp(key, "options.allow-empty"))
+		opts->allow_empty =
+			git_config_bool_or_int(key, value, &error_flag);
+	else if (!strcmp(key, "options.allow-empty-message"))
+		opts->allow_empty_message =
+			git_config_bool_or_int(key, value, &error_flag);
+	else if (!strcmp(key, "options.keep-redundant-commits"))
+		opts->keep_redundant_commits =
+			git_config_bool_or_int(key, value, &error_flag);
 	else if (!strcmp(key, "options.signoff"))
 		opts->signoff = git_config_bool_or_int(key, value, &error_flag);
 	else if (!strcmp(key, "options.record-origin"))
@@ -2506,7 +2482,7 @@
 
 		item->command = command;
 		item->commit = commit;
-		item->arg = NULL;
+		item->arg_offset = 0;
 		item->arg_len = 0;
 		item->offset_in_buf = todo_list->buf.len;
 		subject_len = find_commit_subject(commit_buffer, &subject);
@@ -2701,36 +2677,54 @@
 	int res = 0;
 
 	if (opts->no_commit)
-		res |= git_config_set_in_file_gently(opts_file, "options.no-commit", "true");
+		res |= git_config_set_in_file_gently(opts_file,
+					"options.no-commit", "true");
 	if (opts->edit)
-		res |= git_config_set_in_file_gently(opts_file, "options.edit", "true");
+		res |= git_config_set_in_file_gently(opts_file,
+					"options.edit", "true");
+	if (opts->allow_empty)
+		res |= git_config_set_in_file_gently(opts_file,
+					"options.allow-empty", "true");
+	if (opts->allow_empty_message)
+		res |= git_config_set_in_file_gently(opts_file,
+				"options.allow-empty-message", "true");
+	if (opts->keep_redundant_commits)
+		res |= git_config_set_in_file_gently(opts_file,
+				"options.keep-redundant-commits", "true");
 	if (opts->signoff)
-		res |= git_config_set_in_file_gently(opts_file, "options.signoff", "true");
+		res |= git_config_set_in_file_gently(opts_file,
+					"options.signoff", "true");
 	if (opts->record_origin)
-		res |= git_config_set_in_file_gently(opts_file, "options.record-origin", "true");
+		res |= git_config_set_in_file_gently(opts_file,
+					"options.record-origin", "true");
 	if (opts->allow_ff)
-		res |= git_config_set_in_file_gently(opts_file, "options.allow-ff", "true");
+		res |= git_config_set_in_file_gently(opts_file,
+					"options.allow-ff", "true");
 	if (opts->mainline) {
 		struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
 		strbuf_addf(&buf, "%d", opts->mainline);
-		res |= git_config_set_in_file_gently(opts_file, "options.mainline", buf.buf);
+		res |= git_config_set_in_file_gently(opts_file,
+					"options.mainline", buf.buf);
 		strbuf_release(&buf);
 	}
 	if (opts->strategy)
-		res |= git_config_set_in_file_gently(opts_file, "options.strategy", opts->strategy);
+		res |= git_config_set_in_file_gently(opts_file,
+					"options.strategy", opts->strategy);
 	if (opts->gpg_sign)
-		res |= git_config_set_in_file_gently(opts_file, "options.gpg-sign", opts->gpg_sign);
+		res |= git_config_set_in_file_gently(opts_file,
+					"options.gpg-sign", opts->gpg_sign);
 	if (opts->xopts) {
 		int i;
 		for (i = 0; i < opts->xopts_nr; i++)
 			res |= git_config_set_multivar_in_file_gently(opts_file,
-							"options.strategy-option",
-							opts->xopts[i], "^$", 0);
+					"options.strategy-option",
+					opts->xopts[i], "^$", 0);
 	}
 	if (opts->allow_rerere_auto)
-		res |= git_config_set_in_file_gently(opts_file, "options.allow-rerere-auto",
-						     opts->allow_rerere_auto == RERERE_AUTOUPDATE ?
-						     "true" : "false");
+		res |= git_config_set_in_file_gently(opts_file,
+				"options.allow-rerere-auto",
+				opts->allow_rerere_auto == RERERE_AUTOUPDATE ?
+				"true" : "false");
 	return res;
 }
 
@@ -3545,6 +3539,8 @@
 
 	while (todo_list->current < todo_list->nr) {
 		struct todo_item *item = todo_list->items + todo_list->current;
+		const char *arg = todo_item_get_arg(todo_list, item);
+
 		if (save_todo(todo_list, opts))
 			return -1;
 		if (is_rebase_i(opts)) {
@@ -3597,10 +3593,9 @@
 					fprintf(stderr,
 						_("Stopped at %s...  %.*s\n"),
 						short_commit_name(commit),
-						item->arg_len, item->arg);
+						item->arg_len, arg);
 				return error_with_patch(r, commit,
-					item->arg, item->arg_len, opts, res,
-					!res);
+					arg, item->arg_len, opts, res, !res);
 			}
 			if (is_rebase_i(opts) && !res)
 				record_in_rewritten(&item->commit->object.oid,
@@ -3609,7 +3604,7 @@
 				if (res == 1)
 					intend_to_amend();
 				return error_failed_squash(r, item->commit, opts,
-					item->arg_len, item->arg);
+					item->arg_len, arg);
 			} else if (res && is_rebase_i(opts) && item->commit) {
 				int to_amend = 0;
 				struct object_id oid;
@@ -3628,19 +3623,18 @@
 					to_amend = 1;
 
 				return res | error_with_patch(r, item->commit,
-						item->arg, item->arg_len, opts,
+						arg, item->arg_len, opts,
 						res, to_amend);
 			}
 		} else if (item->command == TODO_EXEC) {
-			char *end_of_arg = (char *)(item->arg + item->arg_len);
+			char *end_of_arg = (char *)(arg + item->arg_len);
 			int saved = *end_of_arg;
 			struct stat st;
 
 			*end_of_arg = '\0';
-			res = do_exec(r, item->arg);
+			res = do_exec(r, arg);
 			*end_of_arg = saved;
 
-			/* Reread the todo file if it has changed. */
 			if (res) {
 				if (opts->reschedule_failed_exec)
 					reschedule = 1;
@@ -3648,6 +3642,7 @@
 				res = error_errno(_("could not stat '%s'"),
 						  get_todo_path(opts));
 			else if (match_stat_data(&todo_list->stat, &st)) {
+				/* Reread the todo file if it has changed. */
 				todo_list_release(todo_list);
 				if (read_populate_todo(r, todo_list, opts))
 					res = -1; /* message was printed */
@@ -3655,14 +3650,14 @@
 				todo_list->current = -1;
 			}
 		} else if (item->command == TODO_LABEL) {
-			if ((res = do_label(r, item->arg, item->arg_len)))
+			if ((res = do_label(r, arg, item->arg_len)))
 				reschedule = 1;
 		} else if (item->command == TODO_RESET) {
-			if ((res = do_reset(r, item->arg, item->arg_len, opts)))
+			if ((res = do_reset(r, arg, item->arg_len, opts)))
 				reschedule = 1;
 		} else if (item->command == TODO_MERGE) {
 			if ((res = do_merge(r, item->commit,
-					    item->arg, item->arg_len,
+					    arg, item->arg_len,
 					    item->flags, opts)) < 0)
 				reschedule = 1;
 			else if (item->commit)
@@ -3671,9 +3666,8 @@
 			if (res > 0)
 				/* failed with merge conflicts */
 				return error_with_patch(r, item->commit,
-							item->arg,
-							item->arg_len, opts,
-							res, 0);
+							arg, item->arg_len,
+							opts, res, 0);
 		} else if (!is_noop(item->command))
 			return error(_("unknown command %d"), item->command);
 
@@ -3688,9 +3682,8 @@
 			if (item->commit)
 				return error_with_patch(r,
 							item->commit,
-							item->arg,
-							item->arg_len, opts,
-							res, 0);
+							arg, item->arg_len,
+							opts, res, 0);
 		}
 
 		todo_list->current++;
@@ -4267,7 +4260,7 @@
 }
 
 static int make_script_with_merges(struct pretty_print_context *pp,
-				   struct rev_info *revs, FILE *out,
+				   struct rev_info *revs, struct strbuf *out,
 				   unsigned flags)
 {
 	int keep_empty = flags & TODO_LIST_KEEP_EMPTY;
@@ -4412,7 +4405,7 @@
 	 * gathering commits not yet shown, reversing the list on the fly,
 	 * then outputting that list (labeling revisions as needed).
 	 */
-	fprintf(out, "%s onto\n", cmd_label);
+	strbuf_addf(out, "%s onto\n", cmd_label);
 	for (iter = tips; iter; iter = iter->next) {
 		struct commit_list *list = NULL, *iter2;
 
@@ -4422,9 +4415,9 @@
 		entry = oidmap_get(&state.commit2label, &commit->object.oid);
 
 		if (entry)
-			fprintf(out, "\n%c Branch %s\n", comment_line_char, entry->string);
+			strbuf_addf(out, "\n%c Branch %s\n", comment_line_char, entry->string);
 		else
-			fprintf(out, "\n");
+			strbuf_addch(out, '\n');
 
 		while (oidset_contains(&interesting, &commit->object.oid) &&
 		       !oidset_contains(&shown, &commit->object.oid)) {
@@ -4437,8 +4430,8 @@
 		}
 
 		if (!commit)
-			fprintf(out, "%s %s\n", cmd_reset,
-				rebase_cousins ? "onto" : "[new root]");
+			strbuf_addf(out, "%s %s\n", cmd_reset,
+				    rebase_cousins ? "onto" : "[new root]");
 		else {
 			const char *to = NULL;
 
@@ -4451,12 +4444,12 @@
 					       &state);
 
 			if (!to || !strcmp(to, "onto"))
-				fprintf(out, "%s onto\n", cmd_reset);
+				strbuf_addf(out, "%s onto\n", cmd_reset);
 			else {
 				strbuf_reset(&oneline);
 				pretty_print_commit(pp, commit, &oneline);
-				fprintf(out, "%s %s # %s\n",
-					cmd_reset, to, oneline.buf);
+				strbuf_addf(out, "%s %s # %s\n",
+					    cmd_reset, to, oneline.buf);
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -4465,11 +4458,11 @@
 			entry = oidmap_get(&commit2todo, oid);
 			/* only show if not already upstream */
 			if (entry)
-				fprintf(out, "%s\n", entry->string);
+				strbuf_addf(out, "%s\n", entry->string);
 			entry = oidmap_get(&state.commit2label, oid);
 			if (entry)
-				fprintf(out, "%s %s\n",
-					cmd_label, entry->string);
+				strbuf_addf(out, "%s %s\n",
+					    cmd_label, entry->string);
 			oidset_insert(&shown, oid);
 		}
 
@@ -4491,13 +4484,11 @@
 	return 0;
 }
 
-int sequencer_make_script(struct repository *r, FILE *out,
-			  int argc, const char **argv,
-			  unsigned flags)
+int sequencer_make_script(struct repository *r, struct strbuf *out, int argc,
+			  const char **argv, unsigned flags)
 {
 	char *format = NULL;
 	struct pretty_print_context pp = {0};
-	struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
 	struct rev_info revs;
 	struct commit *commit;
 	int keep_empty = flags & TODO_LIST_KEEP_EMPTY;
@@ -4540,16 +4531,13 @@
 
 		if (!is_empty && (commit->object.flags & PATCHSAME))
 			continue;
-		strbuf_reset(&buf);
 		if (!keep_empty && is_empty)
-			strbuf_addf(&buf, "%c ", comment_line_char);
-		strbuf_addf(&buf, "%s %s ", insn,
+			strbuf_addf(out, "%c ", comment_line_char);
+		strbuf_addf(out, "%s %s ", insn,
 			    oid_to_hex(&commit->object.oid));
-		pretty_print_commit(&pp, commit, &buf);
-		strbuf_addch(&buf, '\n');
-		fputs(buf.buf, out);
+		pretty_print_commit(&pp, commit, out);
+		strbuf_addch(out, '\n');
 	}
-	strbuf_release(&buf);
 	return 0;
 }
 
@@ -4557,91 +4545,95 @@
  * Add commands after pick and (series of) squash/fixup commands
  * in the todo list.
  */
-int sequencer_add_exec_commands(struct repository *r,
-				const char *commands)
+void todo_list_add_exec_commands(struct todo_list *todo_list,
+				 struct string_list *commands)
 {
-	const char *todo_file = rebase_path_todo();
-	struct todo_list todo_list = TODO_LIST_INIT;
-	struct strbuf *buf = &todo_list.buf;
-	size_t offset = 0, commands_len = strlen(commands);
-	int i, insert;
+	struct strbuf *buf = &todo_list->buf;
+	size_t base_offset = buf->len;
+	int i, insert, nr = 0, alloc = 0;
+	struct todo_item *items = NULL, *base_items = NULL;
 
-	if (strbuf_read_file(&todo_list.buf, todo_file, 0) < 0)
-		return error(_("could not read '%s'."), todo_file);
+	base_items = xcalloc(commands->nr, sizeof(struct todo_item));
+	for (i = 0; i < commands->nr; i++) {
+		size_t command_len = strlen(commands->items[i].string);
 
-	if (parse_insn_buffer(r, todo_list.buf.buf, &todo_list)) {
-		todo_list_release(&todo_list);
-		return error(_("unusable todo list: '%s'"), todo_file);
+		strbuf_addstr(buf, commands->items[i].string);
+		strbuf_addch(buf, '\n');
+
+		base_items[i].command = TODO_EXEC;
+		base_items[i].offset_in_buf = base_offset;
+		base_items[i].arg_offset = base_offset + strlen("exec ");
+		base_items[i].arg_len = command_len - strlen("exec ");
+
+		base_offset += command_len + 1;
 	}
 
 	/*
 	 * Insert <commands> after every pick. Here, fixup/squash chains
 	 * are considered part of the pick, so we insert the commands *after*
 	 * those chains if there are any.
+	 *
+	 * As we insert the exec commands immediatly after rearranging
+	 * any fixups and before the user edits the list, a fixup chain
+	 * can never contain comments (any comments are empty picks that
+	 * have been commented out because the user did not specify
+	 * --keep-empty).  So, it is safe to insert an exec command
+	 * without looking at the command following a comment.
 	 */
-	insert = -1;
-	for (i = 0; i < todo_list.nr; i++) {
-		enum todo_command command = todo_list.items[i].command;
+	insert = 0;
+	for (i = 0; i < todo_list->nr; i++) {
+		enum todo_command command = todo_list->items[i].command;
+		if (insert && !is_fixup(command)) {
+			ALLOC_GROW(items, nr + commands->nr, alloc);
+			COPY_ARRAY(items + nr, base_items, commands->nr);
+			nr += commands->nr;
 
-		if (insert >= 0) {
-			/* skip fixup/squash chains */
-			if (command == TODO_COMMENT)
-				continue;
-			else if (is_fixup(command)) {
-				insert = i + 1;
-				continue;
-			}
-			strbuf_insert(buf,
-				      todo_list.items[insert].offset_in_buf +
-				      offset, commands, commands_len);
-			offset += commands_len;
-			insert = -1;
+			insert = 0;
 		}
 
+		ALLOC_GROW(items, nr + 1, alloc);
+		items[nr++] = todo_list->items[i];
+
 		if (command == TODO_PICK || command == TODO_MERGE)
-			insert = i + 1;
+			insert = 1;
 	}
 
 	/* insert or append final <commands> */
-	if (insert >= 0 && insert < todo_list.nr)
-		strbuf_insert(buf, todo_list.items[insert].offset_in_buf +
-			      offset, commands, commands_len);
-	else if (insert >= 0 || !offset)
-		strbuf_add(buf, commands, commands_len);
-
-	i = write_message(buf->buf, buf->len, todo_file, 0);
-	todo_list_release(&todo_list);
-	return i;
-}
-
-int transform_todos(struct repository *r, unsigned flags)
-{
-	const char *todo_file = rebase_path_todo();
-	struct todo_list todo_list = TODO_LIST_INIT;
-	struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
-	struct todo_item *item;
-	int i;
-
-	if (strbuf_read_file(&todo_list.buf, todo_file, 0) < 0)
-		return error(_("could not read '%s'."), todo_file);
-
-	if (parse_insn_buffer(r, todo_list.buf.buf, &todo_list)) {
-		todo_list_release(&todo_list);
-		return error(_("unusable todo list: '%s'"), todo_file);
+	if (insert || nr == todo_list->nr) {
+		ALLOC_GROW(items, nr + commands->nr, alloc);
+		COPY_ARRAY(items + nr, base_items, commands->nr);
+		nr += commands->nr;
 	}
 
-	for (item = todo_list.items, i = 0; i < todo_list.nr; i++, item++) {
+	free(base_items);
+	FREE_AND_NULL(todo_list->items);
+	todo_list->items = items;
+	todo_list->nr = nr;
+	todo_list->alloc = alloc;
+}
+
+static void todo_list_to_strbuf(struct repository *r, struct todo_list *todo_list,
+				struct strbuf *buf, int num, unsigned flags)
+{
+	struct todo_item *item;
+	int i, max = todo_list->nr;
+
+	if (num > 0 && num < max)
+		max = num;
+
+	for (item = todo_list->items, i = 0; i < max; i++, item++) {
 		/* if the item is not a command write it and continue */
 		if (item->command >= TODO_COMMENT) {
-			strbuf_addf(&buf, "%.*s\n", item->arg_len, item->arg);
+			strbuf_addf(buf, "%.*s\n", item->arg_len,
+				    todo_item_get_arg(todo_list, item));
 			continue;
 		}
 
 		/* add command to the buffer */
 		if (flags & TODO_LIST_ABBREVIATE_CMDS)
-			strbuf_addch(&buf, command_to_char(item->command));
+			strbuf_addch(buf, command_to_char(item->command));
 		else
-			strbuf_addstr(&buf, command_to_string(item->command));
+			strbuf_addstr(buf, command_to_string(item->command));
 
 		/* add commit id */
 		if (item->commit) {
@@ -4651,181 +4643,92 @@
 
 			if (item->command == TODO_MERGE) {
 				if (item->flags & TODO_EDIT_MERGE_MSG)
-					strbuf_addstr(&buf, " -c");
+					strbuf_addstr(buf, " -c");
 				else
-					strbuf_addstr(&buf, " -C");
+					strbuf_addstr(buf, " -C");
 			}
 
-			strbuf_addf(&buf, " %s", oid);
+			strbuf_addf(buf, " %s", oid);
 		}
 
 		/* add all the rest */
 		if (!item->arg_len)
-			strbuf_addch(&buf, '\n');
+			strbuf_addch(buf, '\n');
 		else
-			strbuf_addf(&buf, " %.*s\n", item->arg_len, item->arg);
+			strbuf_addf(buf, " %.*s\n", item->arg_len,
+				    todo_item_get_arg(todo_list, item));
 	}
-
-	i = write_message(buf.buf, buf.len, todo_file, 0);
-	todo_list_release(&todo_list);
-	return i;
 }
 
-enum missing_commit_check_level get_missing_commit_check_level(void)
+int todo_list_write_to_file(struct repository *r, struct todo_list *todo_list,
+			    const char *file, const char *shortrevisions,
+			    const char *shortonto, int num, unsigned flags)
 {
-	const char *value;
+	int res;
+	struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
 
-	if (git_config_get_value("rebase.missingcommitscheck", &value) ||
-			!strcasecmp("ignore", value))
-		return MISSING_COMMIT_CHECK_IGNORE;
-	if (!strcasecmp("warn", value))
-		return MISSING_COMMIT_CHECK_WARN;
-	if (!strcasecmp("error", value))
-		return MISSING_COMMIT_CHECK_ERROR;
-	warning(_("unrecognized setting %s for option "
-		  "rebase.missingCommitsCheck. Ignoring."), value);
-	return MISSING_COMMIT_CHECK_IGNORE;
-}
+	todo_list_to_strbuf(r, todo_list, &buf, num, flags);
+	if (flags & TODO_LIST_APPEND_TODO_HELP)
+		append_todo_help(flags & TODO_LIST_KEEP_EMPTY, count_commands(todo_list),
+				 shortrevisions, shortonto, &buf);
 
-define_commit_slab(commit_seen, unsigned char);
-/*
- * Check if the user dropped some commits by mistake
- * Behaviour determined by rebase.missingCommitsCheck.
- * Check if there is an unrecognized command or a
- * bad SHA-1 in a command.
- */
-int check_todo_list(struct repository *r)
-{
-	enum missing_commit_check_level check_level = get_missing_commit_check_level();
-	struct strbuf todo_file = STRBUF_INIT;
-	struct todo_list todo_list = TODO_LIST_INIT;
-	struct strbuf missing = STRBUF_INIT;
-	int advise_to_edit_todo = 0, res = 0, i;
-	struct commit_seen commit_seen;
-
-	init_commit_seen(&commit_seen);
-
-	strbuf_addstr(&todo_file, rebase_path_todo());
-	if (strbuf_read_file_or_whine(&todo_list.buf, todo_file.buf) < 0) {
-		res = -1;
-		goto leave_check;
-	}
-	advise_to_edit_todo = res =
-		parse_insn_buffer(r, todo_list.buf.buf, &todo_list);
-
-	if (res || check_level == MISSING_COMMIT_CHECK_IGNORE)
-		goto leave_check;
-
-	/* Mark the commits in git-rebase-todo as seen */
-	for (i = 0; i < todo_list.nr; i++) {
-		struct commit *commit = todo_list.items[i].commit;
-		if (commit)
-			*commit_seen_at(&commit_seen, commit) = 1;
-	}
-
-	todo_list_release(&todo_list);
-	strbuf_addstr(&todo_file, ".backup");
-	if (strbuf_read_file_or_whine(&todo_list.buf, todo_file.buf) < 0) {
-		res = -1;
-		goto leave_check;
-	}
-	strbuf_release(&todo_file);
-	res = !!parse_insn_buffer(r, todo_list.buf.buf, &todo_list);
-
-	/* Find commits in git-rebase-todo.backup yet unseen */
-	for (i = todo_list.nr - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
-		struct todo_item *item = todo_list.items + i;
-		struct commit *commit = item->commit;
-		if (commit && !*commit_seen_at(&commit_seen, commit)) {
-			strbuf_addf(&missing, " - %s %.*s\n",
-				    short_commit_name(commit),
-				    item->arg_len, item->arg);
-			*commit_seen_at(&commit_seen, commit) = 1;
-		}
-	}
-
-	/* Warn about missing commits */
-	if (!missing.len)
-		goto leave_check;
-
-	if (check_level == MISSING_COMMIT_CHECK_ERROR)
-		advise_to_edit_todo = res = 1;
-
-	fprintf(stderr,
-		_("Warning: some commits may have been dropped accidentally.\n"
-		"Dropped commits (newer to older):\n"));
-
-	/* Make the list user-friendly and display */
-	fputs(missing.buf, stderr);
-	strbuf_release(&missing);
-
-	fprintf(stderr, _("To avoid this message, use \"drop\" to "
-		"explicitly remove a commit.\n\n"
-		"Use 'git config rebase.missingCommitsCheck' to change "
-		"the level of warnings.\n"
-		"The possible behaviours are: ignore, warn, error.\n\n"));
-
-leave_check:
-	clear_commit_seen(&commit_seen);
-	strbuf_release(&todo_file);
-	todo_list_release(&todo_list);
-
-	if (advise_to_edit_todo)
-		fprintf(stderr,
-			_("You can fix this with 'git rebase --edit-todo' "
-			  "and then run 'git rebase --continue'.\n"
-			  "Or you can abort the rebase with 'git rebase"
-			  " --abort'.\n"));
+	res = write_message(buf.buf, buf.len, file, 0);
+	strbuf_release(&buf);
 
 	return res;
 }
 
-static int rewrite_file(const char *path, const char *buf, size_t len)
+static const char edit_todo_list_advice[] =
+N_("You can fix this with 'git rebase --edit-todo' "
+"and then run 'git rebase --continue'.\n"
+"Or you can abort the rebase with 'git rebase"
+" --abort'.\n");
+
+int check_todo_list_from_file(struct repository *r)
 {
-	int rc = 0;
-	int fd = open(path, O_WRONLY | O_TRUNC);
-	if (fd < 0)
-		return error_errno(_("could not open '%s' for writing"), path);
-	if (write_in_full(fd, buf, len) < 0)
-		rc = error_errno(_("could not write to '%s'"), path);
-	if (close(fd) && !rc)
-		rc = error_errno(_("could not close '%s'"), path);
-	return rc;
+	struct todo_list old_todo = TODO_LIST_INIT, new_todo = TODO_LIST_INIT;
+	int res = 0;
+
+	if (strbuf_read_file_or_whine(&new_todo.buf, rebase_path_todo()) < 0) {
+		res = -1;
+		goto out;
+	}
+
+	if (strbuf_read_file_or_whine(&old_todo.buf, rebase_path_todo_backup()) < 0) {
+		res = -1;
+		goto out;
+	}
+
+	res = todo_list_parse_insn_buffer(r, old_todo.buf.buf, &old_todo);
+	if (!res)
+		res = todo_list_parse_insn_buffer(r, new_todo.buf.buf, &new_todo);
+	if (!res)
+		res = todo_list_check(&old_todo, &new_todo);
+	if (res)
+		fprintf(stderr, _(edit_todo_list_advice));
+out:
+	todo_list_release(&old_todo);
+	todo_list_release(&new_todo);
+
+	return res;
 }
 
 /* skip picking commits whose parents are unchanged */
-static int skip_unnecessary_picks(struct repository *r, struct object_id *output_oid)
+static int skip_unnecessary_picks(struct repository *r,
+				  struct todo_list *todo_list,
+				  struct object_id *base_oid)
 {
-	const char *todo_file = rebase_path_todo();
-	struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
-	struct todo_list todo_list = TODO_LIST_INIT;
 	struct object_id *parent_oid;
-	int fd, i;
+	int i;
 
-	if (!read_oneliner(&buf, rebase_path_onto(), 0))
-		return error(_("could not read 'onto'"));
-	if (get_oid(buf.buf, output_oid)) {
-		strbuf_release(&buf);
-		return error(_("need a HEAD to fixup"));
-	}
-	strbuf_release(&buf);
-
-	if (strbuf_read_file_or_whine(&todo_list.buf, todo_file) < 0)
-		return -1;
-	if (parse_insn_buffer(r, todo_list.buf.buf, &todo_list) < 0) {
-		todo_list_release(&todo_list);
-		return -1;
-	}
-
-	for (i = 0; i < todo_list.nr; i++) {
-		struct todo_item *item = todo_list.items + i;
+	for (i = 0; i < todo_list->nr; i++) {
+		struct todo_item *item = todo_list->items + i;
 
 		if (item->command >= TODO_NOOP)
 			continue;
 		if (item->command != TODO_PICK)
 			break;
 		if (parse_commit(item->commit)) {
-			todo_list_release(&todo_list);
 			return error(_("could not parse commit '%s'"),
 				oid_to_hex(&item->commit->object.oid));
 		}
@@ -4834,135 +4737,101 @@
 		if (item->commit->parents->next)
 			break; /* merge commit */
 		parent_oid = &item->commit->parents->item->object.oid;
-		if (!oideq(parent_oid, output_oid))
+		if (!oideq(parent_oid, base_oid))
 			break;
-		oidcpy(output_oid, &item->commit->object.oid);
+		oidcpy(base_oid, &item->commit->object.oid);
 	}
 	if (i > 0) {
-		int offset = get_item_line_offset(&todo_list, i);
 		const char *done_path = rebase_path_done();
 
-		fd = open(done_path, O_CREAT | O_WRONLY | O_APPEND, 0666);
-		if (fd < 0) {
-			error_errno(_("could not open '%s' for writing"),
-				    done_path);
-			todo_list_release(&todo_list);
-			return -1;
-		}
-		if (write_in_full(fd, todo_list.buf.buf, offset) < 0) {
+		if (todo_list_write_to_file(r, todo_list, done_path, NULL, NULL, i, 0)) {
 			error_errno(_("could not write to '%s'"), done_path);
-			todo_list_release(&todo_list);
-			close(fd);
-			return -1;
-		}
-		close(fd);
-
-		if (rewrite_file(rebase_path_todo(), todo_list.buf.buf + offset,
-				 todo_list.buf.len - offset) < 0) {
-			todo_list_release(&todo_list);
 			return -1;
 		}
 
-		todo_list.current = i;
-		if (is_fixup(peek_command(&todo_list, 0)))
-			record_in_rewritten(output_oid, peek_command(&todo_list, 0));
+		MOVE_ARRAY(todo_list->items, todo_list->items + i, todo_list->nr - i);
+		todo_list->nr -= i;
+		todo_list->current = 0;
+
+		if (is_fixup(peek_command(todo_list, 0)))
+			record_in_rewritten(base_oid, peek_command(todo_list, 0));
 	}
 
-	todo_list_release(&todo_list);
-
 	return 0;
 }
 
 int complete_action(struct repository *r, struct replay_opts *opts, unsigned flags,
 		    const char *shortrevisions, const char *onto_name,
-		    const char *onto, const char *orig_head, const char *cmd,
-		    unsigned autosquash)
+		    const char *onto, const char *orig_head, struct string_list *commands,
+		    unsigned autosquash, struct todo_list *todo_list)
 {
 	const char *shortonto, *todo_file = rebase_path_todo();
-	struct todo_list todo_list = TODO_LIST_INIT;
-	struct strbuf *buf = &(todo_list.buf);
+	struct todo_list new_todo = TODO_LIST_INIT;
+	struct strbuf *buf = &todo_list->buf;
 	struct object_id oid;
-	struct stat st;
+	int res;
 
 	get_oid(onto, &oid);
 	shortonto = find_unique_abbrev(&oid, DEFAULT_ABBREV);
 
-	if (!lstat(todo_file, &st) && st.st_size == 0 &&
-	    write_message("noop\n", 5, todo_file, 0))
-		return -1;
-
-	if (autosquash && rearrange_squash(r))
-		return -1;
-
-	if (cmd && *cmd)
-		sequencer_add_exec_commands(r, cmd);
-
-	if (strbuf_read_file(buf, todo_file, 0) < 0)
-		return error_errno(_("could not read '%s'."), todo_file);
-
-	if (parse_insn_buffer(r, buf->buf, &todo_list)) {
-		todo_list_release(&todo_list);
-		return error(_("unusable todo list: '%s'"), todo_file);
-	}
-
-	if (count_commands(&todo_list) == 0) {
-		apply_autostash(opts);
-		sequencer_remove_state(opts);
-		todo_list_release(&todo_list);
-
-		return error(_("nothing to do"));
-	}
-
-	strbuf_addch(buf, '\n');
-	strbuf_commented_addf(buf, Q_("Rebase %s onto %s (%d command)",
-				      "Rebase %s onto %s (%d commands)",
-				      count_commands(&todo_list)),
-			      shortrevisions, shortonto, count_commands(&todo_list));
-	append_todo_help(0, flags & TODO_LIST_KEEP_EMPTY, buf);
-
-	if (write_message(buf->buf, buf->len, todo_file, 0)) {
-		todo_list_release(&todo_list);
-		return -1;
-	}
-
-	if (copy_file(rebase_path_todo_backup(), todo_file, 0666))
-		return error(_("could not copy '%s' to '%s'."), todo_file,
-			     rebase_path_todo_backup());
-
-	if (transform_todos(r, flags | TODO_LIST_SHORTEN_IDS))
-		return error(_("could not transform the todo list"));
-
-	strbuf_reset(buf);
-
-	if (launch_sequence_editor(todo_file, buf, NULL)) {
-		apply_autostash(opts);
-		sequencer_remove_state(opts);
-		todo_list_release(&todo_list);
-
-		return -1;
-	}
-
-	strbuf_stripspace(buf, 1);
 	if (buf->len == 0) {
+		struct todo_item *item = append_new_todo(todo_list);
+		item->command = TODO_NOOP;
+		item->commit = NULL;
+		item->arg_len = item->arg_offset = item->flags = item->offset_in_buf = 0;
+	}
+
+	if (autosquash && todo_list_rearrange_squash(todo_list))
+		return -1;
+
+	if (commands->nr)
+		todo_list_add_exec_commands(todo_list, commands);
+
+	if (count_commands(todo_list) == 0) {
 		apply_autostash(opts);
 		sequencer_remove_state(opts);
-		todo_list_release(&todo_list);
 
 		return error(_("nothing to do"));
 	}
 
-	todo_list_release(&todo_list);
+	res = edit_todo_list(r, todo_list, &new_todo, shortrevisions,
+			     shortonto, flags);
+	if (res == -1)
+		return -1;
+	else if (res == -2) {
+		apply_autostash(opts);
+		sequencer_remove_state(opts);
 
-	if (check_todo_list(r)) {
+		return -1;
+	} else if (res == -3) {
+		apply_autostash(opts);
+		sequencer_remove_state(opts);
+		todo_list_release(&new_todo);
+
+		return error(_("nothing to do"));
+	}
+
+	if (todo_list_parse_insn_buffer(r, new_todo.buf.buf, &new_todo) ||
+	    todo_list_check(todo_list, &new_todo)) {
+		fprintf(stderr, _(edit_todo_list_advice));
 		checkout_onto(opts, onto_name, onto, orig_head);
+		todo_list_release(&new_todo);
+
 		return -1;
 	}
 
-	if (transform_todos(r, flags & ~(TODO_LIST_SHORTEN_IDS)))
-		return error(_("could not transform the todo list"));
-
-	if (opts->allow_ff && skip_unnecessary_picks(r, &oid))
+	if (opts->allow_ff && skip_unnecessary_picks(r, &new_todo, &oid)) {
+		todo_list_release(&new_todo);
 		return error(_("could not skip unnecessary pick commands"));
+	}
+
+	if (todo_list_write_to_file(r, &new_todo, todo_file, NULL, NULL, -1,
+				    flags & ~(TODO_LIST_SHORTEN_IDS))) {
+		todo_list_release(&new_todo);
+		return error_errno(_("could not write '%s'"), todo_file);
+	}
+
+	todo_list_release(&new_todo);
 
 	if (checkout_onto(opts, onto_name, oid_to_hex(&oid), orig_head))
 		return -1;
@@ -4997,21 +4866,13 @@
  * message will have to be retrieved from the commit (as the oneline in the
  * script cannot be trusted) in order to normalize the autosquash arrangement.
  */
-int rearrange_squash(struct repository *r)
+int todo_list_rearrange_squash(struct todo_list *todo_list)
 {
-	const char *todo_file = rebase_path_todo();
-	struct todo_list todo_list = TODO_LIST_INIT;
 	struct hashmap subject2item;
-	int res = 0, rearranged = 0, *next, *tail, i;
+	int rearranged = 0, *next, *tail, i, nr = 0, alloc = 0;
 	char **subjects;
 	struct commit_todo_item commit_todo;
-
-	if (strbuf_read_file_or_whine(&todo_list.buf, todo_file) < 0)
-		return -1;
-	if (parse_insn_buffer(r, todo_list.buf.buf, &todo_list) < 0) {
-		todo_list_release(&todo_list);
-		return -1;
-	}
+	struct todo_item *items = NULL;
 
 	init_commit_todo_item(&commit_todo);
 	/*
@@ -5024,13 +4885,13 @@
 	 * be moved to appear after the i'th.
 	 */
 	hashmap_init(&subject2item, (hashmap_cmp_fn) subject2item_cmp,
-		     NULL, todo_list.nr);
-	ALLOC_ARRAY(next, todo_list.nr);
-	ALLOC_ARRAY(tail, todo_list.nr);
-	ALLOC_ARRAY(subjects, todo_list.nr);
-	for (i = 0; i < todo_list.nr; i++) {
+		     NULL, todo_list->nr);
+	ALLOC_ARRAY(next, todo_list->nr);
+	ALLOC_ARRAY(tail, todo_list->nr);
+	ALLOC_ARRAY(subjects, todo_list->nr);
+	for (i = 0; i < todo_list->nr; i++) {
 		struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
-		struct todo_item *item = todo_list.items + i;
+		struct todo_item *item = todo_list->items + i;
 		const char *commit_buffer, *subject, *p;
 		size_t subject_len;
 		int i2 = -1;
@@ -5043,7 +4904,6 @@
 		}
 
 		if (is_fixup(item->command)) {
-			todo_list_release(&todo_list);
 			clear_commit_todo_item(&commit_todo);
 			return error(_("the script was already rearranged."));
 		}
@@ -5078,7 +4938,7 @@
 				 *commit_todo_item_at(&commit_todo, commit2))
 				/* found by commit name */
 				i2 = *commit_todo_item_at(&commit_todo, commit2)
-					- todo_list.items;
+					- todo_list->items;
 			else {
 				/* copy can be a prefix of the commit subject */
 				for (i2 = 0; i2 < i; i2++)
@@ -5091,7 +4951,7 @@
 		}
 		if (i2 >= 0) {
 			rearranged = 1;
-			todo_list.items[i].command =
+			todo_list->items[i].command =
 				starts_with(subject, "fixup!") ?
 				TODO_FIXUP : TODO_SQUASH;
 			if (next[i2] < 0)
@@ -5109,10 +4969,8 @@
 	}
 
 	if (rearranged) {
-		struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
-
-		for (i = 0; i < todo_list.nr; i++) {
-			enum todo_command command = todo_list.items[i].command;
+		for (i = 0; i < todo_list->nr; i++) {
+			enum todo_command command = todo_list->items[i].command;
 			int cur = i;
 
 			/*
@@ -5123,37 +4981,26 @@
 				continue;
 
 			while (cur >= 0) {
-				const char *bol =
-					get_item_line(&todo_list, cur);
-				const char *eol =
-					get_item_line(&todo_list, cur + 1);
-
-				/* replace 'pick', by 'fixup' or 'squash' */
-				command = todo_list.items[cur].command;
-				if (is_fixup(command)) {
-					strbuf_addstr(&buf,
-						todo_command_info[command].str);
-					bol += strcspn(bol, " \t");
-				}
-
-				strbuf_add(&buf, bol, eol - bol);
-
+				ALLOC_GROW(items, nr + 1, alloc);
+				items[nr++] = todo_list->items[cur];
 				cur = next[cur];
 			}
 		}
 
-		res = rewrite_file(todo_file, buf.buf, buf.len);
-		strbuf_release(&buf);
+		FREE_AND_NULL(todo_list->items);
+		todo_list->items = items;
+		todo_list->nr = nr;
+		todo_list->alloc = alloc;
 	}
 
 	free(next);
 	free(tail);
-	for (i = 0; i < todo_list.nr; i++)
+	for (i = 0; i < todo_list->nr; i++)
 		free(subjects[i]);
 	free(subjects);
 	hashmap_free(&subject2item, 1);
-	todo_list_release(&todo_list);
 
 	clear_commit_todo_item(&commit_todo);
-	return res;
+
+	return 0;
 }
diff --git a/sequencer.h b/sequencer.h
index 4d505b3..a515ee4 100644
--- a/sequencer.h
+++ b/sequencer.h
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 const char *git_path_commit_editmsg(void);
 const char *git_path_seq_dir(void);
 const char *rebase_path_todo(void);
+const char *rebase_path_todo_backup(void);
 
 #define APPEND_SIGNOFF_DEDUP (1u << 0)
 
@@ -66,14 +67,60 @@
 };
 #define REPLAY_OPTS_INIT { .action = -1, .current_fixups = STRBUF_INIT }
 
-enum missing_commit_check_level {
-	MISSING_COMMIT_CHECK_IGNORE = 0,
-	MISSING_COMMIT_CHECK_WARN,
-	MISSING_COMMIT_CHECK_ERROR
+/*
+ * Note that ordering matters in this enum. Not only must it match the mapping
+ * of todo_command_info (in sequencer.c), it is also divided into several
+ * sections that matter.  When adding new commands, make sure you add it in the
+ * right section.
+ */
+enum todo_command {
+	/* commands that handle commits */
+	TODO_PICK = 0,
+	TODO_REVERT,
+	TODO_EDIT,
+	TODO_REWORD,
+	TODO_FIXUP,
+	TODO_SQUASH,
+	/* commands that do something else than handling a single commit */
+	TODO_EXEC,
+	TODO_BREAK,
+	TODO_LABEL,
+	TODO_RESET,
+	TODO_MERGE,
+	/* commands that do nothing but are counted for reporting progress */
+	TODO_NOOP,
+	TODO_DROP,
+	/* comments (not counted for reporting progress) */
+	TODO_COMMENT
 };
 
-int write_message(const void *buf, size_t len, const char *filename,
-		  int append_eol);
+struct todo_item {
+	enum todo_command command;
+	struct commit *commit;
+	unsigned int flags;
+	int arg_len;
+	/* The offset of the command and its argument in the strbuf */
+	size_t offset_in_buf, arg_offset;
+};
+
+struct todo_list {
+	struct strbuf buf;
+	struct todo_item *items;
+	int nr, alloc, current;
+	int done_nr, total_nr;
+	struct stat_data stat;
+};
+
+#define TODO_LIST_INIT { STRBUF_INIT }
+
+int todo_list_parse_insn_buffer(struct repository *r, char *buf,
+				struct todo_list *todo_list);
+int todo_list_write_to_file(struct repository *r, struct todo_list *todo_list,
+			    const char *file, const char *shortrevisions,
+			    const char *shortonto, int num, unsigned flags);
+void todo_list_release(struct todo_list *todo_list);
+const char *todo_item_get_arg(struct todo_list *todo_list,
+			      struct todo_item *item);
 
 /* Call this to setup defaults before parsing command line options */
 void sequencer_init_config(struct replay_opts *opts);
@@ -93,19 +140,19 @@
  * commits should be rebased onto the new base, this flag needs to be passed.
  */
 #define TODO_LIST_REBASE_COUSINS (1U << 4)
-int sequencer_make_script(struct repository *repo, FILE *out,
-			  int argc, const char **argv,
-			  unsigned flags);
+#define TODO_LIST_APPEND_TODO_HELP (1U << 5)
 
-int sequencer_add_exec_commands(struct repository *r, const char *command);
-int transform_todos(struct repository *r, unsigned flags);
-enum missing_commit_check_level get_missing_commit_check_level(void);
-int check_todo_list(struct repository *r);
+int sequencer_make_script(struct repository *r, struct strbuf *out, int argc,
+			  const char **argv, unsigned flags);
+
+void todo_list_add_exec_commands(struct todo_list *todo_list,
+				 struct string_list *commands);
+int check_todo_list_from_file(struct repository *r);
 int complete_action(struct repository *r, struct replay_opts *opts, unsigned flags,
 		    const char *shortrevisions, const char *onto_name,
-		    const char *onto, const char *orig_head, const char *cmd,
-		    unsigned autosquash);
-int rearrange_squash(struct repository *r);
+		    const char *onto, const char *orig_head, struct string_list *commands,
+		    unsigned autosquash, struct todo_list *todo_list);
+int todo_list_rearrange_squash(struct todo_list *todo_list);
 
 /*
  * Append a signoff to the commit message in "msgbuf". The ignore_footer
diff --git a/server-info.c b/server-info.c
index e2b2d6a2..41274d0 100644
--- a/server-info.c
+++ b/server-info.c
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@
 	return for_each_ref(add_info_ref, fp);
 }
 
-static int update_info_refs(int force)
+static int update_info_refs(void)
 {
 	char *path = git_pathdup("info/refs");
 	int ret = update_info_file(path, generate_info_refs);
@@ -91,19 +91,15 @@
 	struct packed_git *p;
 	int old_num;
 	int new_num;
-	int nr_alloc;
 } **info;
 static int num_pack;
-static const char *objdir;
-static int objdirlen;
 
 static struct pack_info *find_pack_by_name(const char *name)
 {
 	int i;
 	for (i = 0; i < num_pack; i++) {
 		struct packed_git *p = info[i]->p;
-		/* skip "/pack/" after ".git/objects" */
-		if (!strcmp(p->pack_name + objdirlen + 6, name))
+		if (!strcmp(pack_basename(p), name))
 			return info[i];
 	}
 	return NULL;
@@ -112,9 +108,9 @@
 /* Returns non-zero when we detect that the info in the
  * old file is useless.
  */
-static int parse_pack_def(const char *line, int old_cnt)
+static int parse_pack_def(const char *packname, int old_cnt)
 {
-	struct pack_info *i = find_pack_by_name(line + 2);
+	struct pack_info *i = find_pack_by_name(packname);
 	if (i) {
 		i->old_num = old_cnt;
 		return 0;
@@ -131,39 +127,40 @@
 static int read_pack_info_file(const char *infofile)
 {
 	FILE *fp;
-	char line[1000];
+	struct strbuf line = STRBUF_INIT;
 	int old_cnt = 0;
+	int stale = 1;
 
 	fp = fopen_or_warn(infofile, "r");
 	if (!fp)
 		return 1; /* nonexistent is not an error. */
 
-	while (fgets(line, sizeof(line), fp)) {
-		int len = strlen(line);
-		if (len && line[len-1] == '\n')
-			line[--len] = 0;
+	while (strbuf_getline(&line, fp) != EOF) {
+		const char *arg;
 
-		if (!len)
+		if (!line.len)
 			continue;
 
-		switch (line[0]) {
-		case 'P': /* P name */
-			if (parse_pack_def(line, old_cnt++))
+		if (skip_prefix(line.buf, "P ", &arg)) {
+			/* P name */
+			if (parse_pack_def(arg, old_cnt++))
 				goto out_stale;
-			break;
-		case 'D': /* we used to emit D but that was misguided. */
-		case 'T': /* we used to emit T but nobody uses it. */
+		} else if (line.buf[0] == 'D') {
+			/* we used to emit D but that was misguided. */
 			goto out_stale;
-		default:
-			error("unrecognized: %s", line);
-			break;
+		} else if (line.buf[0] == 'T') {
+			/* we used to emit T but nobody uses it. */
+			goto out_stale;
+		} else {
+			error("unrecognized: %s", line.buf);
 		}
 	}
-	fclose(fp);
-	return 0;
+	stale = 0;
+
  out_stale:
+	strbuf_release(&line);
 	fclose(fp);
-	return 1;
+	return stale;
 }
 
 static int compare_info(const void *a_, const void *b_)
@@ -196,9 +193,6 @@
 	int stale;
 	int i = 0;
 
-	objdir = get_object_directory();
-	objdirlen = strlen(objdir);
-
 	for (p = get_all_packs(the_repository); p; p = p->next) {
 		/* we ignore things on alternate path since they are
 		 * not available to the pullers in general.
@@ -212,6 +206,7 @@
 	for (i = 0, p = get_all_packs(the_repository); p; p = p->next) {
 		if (!p->pack_local)
 			continue;
+		assert(i < num_pack);
 		info[i] = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct pack_info));
 		info[i]->p = p;
 		info[i]->old_num = -1;
@@ -245,7 +240,7 @@
 {
 	int i;
 	for (i = 0; i < num_pack; i++) {
-		if (fprintf(fp, "P %s\n", info[i]->p->pack_name + objdirlen + 6) < 0)
+		if (fprintf(fp, "P %s\n", pack_basename(info[i]->p)) < 0)
 			return -1;
 	}
 	if (fputc('\n', fp) == EOF)
@@ -274,7 +269,7 @@
 	 */
 	int errs = 0;
 
-	errs = errs | update_info_refs(force);
+	errs = errs | update_info_refs();
 	errs = errs | update_info_packs(force);
 
 	/* remove leftover rev-cache file if there is any */
diff --git a/sha1-name.c b/sha1-name.c
index 6dda2c1..07c71a7 100644
--- a/sha1-name.c
+++ b/sha1-name.c
@@ -442,6 +442,18 @@
 	find_short_packed_object(&ds);
 	status = finish_object_disambiguation(&ds, oid);
 
+	/*
+	 * If we didn't find it, do the usual reprepare() slow-path,
+	 * since the object may have recently been added to the repository
+	 * or migrated from loose to packed.
+	 */
+	if (status == MISSING_OBJECT) {
+		reprepare_packed_git(the_repository);
+		find_short_object_filename(&ds);
+		find_short_packed_object(&ds);
+		status = finish_object_disambiguation(&ds, oid);
+	}
+
 	if (!quietly && (status == SHORT_NAME_AMBIGUOUS)) {
 		struct oid_array collect = OID_ARRAY_INIT;
 
@@ -1518,6 +1530,25 @@
 	return get_oid_with_context(the_repository, name, 0, oid, &unused);
 }
 
+/*
+ * This returns a non-zero value if the string (built using printf
+ * format and the given arguments) is not a valid object.
+ */
+int get_oidf(struct object_id *oid, const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+	va_list ap;
+	int ret;
+	struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;
+
+	va_start(ap, fmt);
+	strbuf_vaddf(&sb, fmt, ap);
+	va_end(ap);
+
+	ret = get_oid(sb.buf, oid);
+	strbuf_release(&sb);
+
+	return ret;
+}
 
 /*
  * Many callers know that the user meant to name a commit-ish by
diff --git a/sha1collisiondetection b/sha1collisiondetection
index 232357e..1603399 160000
--- a/sha1collisiondetection
+++ b/sha1collisiondetection
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 232357eb2ea0397388254a4b188333a227bf5b10
+Subproject commit 16033998da4b273aebd92c84b1e1b12e4aaf7009
diff --git a/sha1dc/sha1.c b/sha1dc/sha1.c
index df0630b..5931cf2 100644
--- a/sha1dc/sha1.c
+++ b/sha1dc/sha1.c
@@ -124,10 +124,11 @@
 #endif
 /*ENDIANNESS SELECTION*/
 
+#ifndef SHA1DC_FORCE_ALIGNED_ACCESS
 #if defined(SHA1DC_FORCE_UNALIGNED_ACCESS) || defined(SHA1DC_ON_INTEL_LIKE_PROCESSOR)
 #define SHA1DC_ALLOW_UNALIGNED_ACCESS
-#endif /*UNALIGNMENT DETECTION*/
-
+#endif /*UNALIGNED ACCESS DETECTION*/
+#endif /*FORCE ALIGNED ACCESS*/
 
 #define rotate_right(x,n) (((x)>>(n))|((x)<<(32-(n))))
 #define rotate_left(x,n)  (((x)<<(n))|((x)>>(32-(n))))
diff --git a/strbuf.c b/strbuf.c
index 78eecd2..0e18b25 100644
--- a/strbuf.c
+++ b/strbuf.c
@@ -249,6 +249,42 @@
 	strbuf_splice(sb, pos, 0, data, len);
 }
 
+void strbuf_vinsertf(struct strbuf *sb, size_t pos, const char *fmt, va_list ap)
+{
+	int len, len2;
+	char save;
+	va_list cp;
+
+	if (pos > sb->len)
+		die("`pos' is too far after the end of the buffer");
+	va_copy(cp, ap);
+	len = vsnprintf(sb->buf + sb->len, 0, fmt, cp);
+	va_end(cp);
+	if (len < 0)
+		BUG("your vsnprintf is broken (returned %d)", len);
+	if (!len)
+		return; /* nothing to do */
+	if (unsigned_add_overflows(sb->len, len))
+		die("you want to use way too much memory");
+	strbuf_grow(sb, len);
+	memmove(sb->buf + pos + len, sb->buf + pos, sb->len - pos);
+	/* vsnprintf() will append a NUL, overwriting one of our characters */
+	save = sb->buf[pos + len];
+	len2 = vsnprintf(sb->buf + pos, len + 1, fmt, ap);
+	sb->buf[pos + len] = save;
+	if (len2 != len)
+		BUG("your vsnprintf is broken (returns inconsistent lengths)");
+	strbuf_setlen(sb, sb->len + len);
+}
+
+void strbuf_insertf(struct strbuf *sb, size_t pos, const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+	va_list ap;
+	va_start(ap, fmt);
+	strbuf_vinsertf(sb, pos, fmt, ap);
+	va_end(ap);
+}
+
 void strbuf_remove(struct strbuf *sb, size_t pos, size_t len)
 {
 	strbuf_splice(sb, pos, len, "", 0);
@@ -268,6 +304,21 @@
 	strbuf_setlen(sb, sb->len + sb2->len);
 }
 
+const char *strbuf_join_argv(struct strbuf *buf,
+			     int argc, const char **argv, char delim)
+{
+	if (!argc)
+		return buf->buf;
+
+	strbuf_addstr(buf, *argv);
+	while (--argc) {
+		strbuf_addch(buf, delim);
+		strbuf_addstr(buf, *(++argv));
+	}
+
+	return buf->buf;
+}
+
 void strbuf_addchars(struct strbuf *sb, int c, size_t n)
 {
 	strbuf_grow(sb, n);
diff --git a/strbuf.h b/strbuf.h
index 52e44c9..c8d98df 100644
--- a/strbuf.h
+++ b/strbuf.h
@@ -245,6 +245,15 @@
 void strbuf_insert(struct strbuf *sb, size_t pos, const void *, size_t);
 
 /**
+ * Insert data to the given position of the buffer giving a printf format
+ * string. The contents will be shifted, not overwritten.
+ */
+void strbuf_vinsertf(struct strbuf *sb, size_t pos, const char *fmt,
+		     va_list ap);
+
+void strbuf_insertf(struct strbuf *sb, size_t pos, const char *fmt, ...);
+
+/**
  * Remove given amount of data from a given position of the buffer.
  */
 void strbuf_remove(struct strbuf *sb, size_t pos, size_t len);
@@ -289,6 +298,13 @@
 void strbuf_addbuf(struct strbuf *sb, const struct strbuf *sb2);
 
 /**
+ * Join the arguments into a buffer. `delim` is put between every
+ * two arguments.
+ */
+const char *strbuf_join_argv(struct strbuf *buf, int argc,
+			     const char **argv, char delim);
+
+/**
  * This function can be used to expand a format string containing
  * placeholders. To that end, it parses the string and calls the specified
  * function for every percent sign found.
diff --git a/submodule.c b/submodule.c
index 21cf50c..b16c0ec 100644
--- a/submodule.c
+++ b/submodule.c
@@ -1548,6 +1548,13 @@
 	struct oid_array *commits;
 
 	if (retvalue)
+		/*
+		 * NEEDSWORK: This indicates that the overall fetch
+		 * failed, even though there may be a subsequent fetch
+		 * by commit hash that might work. It may be a good
+		 * idea to not indicate failure in this case, and only
+		 * indicate failure if the subsequent fetch fails.
+		 */
 		spf->result = 1;
 
 	if (!task || !task->sub)
diff --git a/t/README b/t/README
index 656288e..6404f33 100644
--- a/t/README
+++ b/t/README
@@ -343,6 +343,9 @@
 GIT_TEST_SPLIT_INDEX=<boolean> forces split-index mode on the whole
 test suite. Accept any boolean values that are accepted by git-config.
 
+GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION=<n>, when set, overrides the
+'protocol.version' setting to n if it is less than n.
+
 GIT_TEST_FULL_IN_PACK_ARRAY=<boolean> exercises the uncommon
 pack-objects code path where there are more than 1024 packs even if
 the actual number of packs in repository is below this limit. Accept
@@ -381,8 +384,8 @@
 GIT_TEST_PRELOAD_INDEX=<boolean> exercises the preload-index code path
 by overriding the minimum number of cache entries required per thread.
 
-GIT_TEST_REBASE_USE_BUILTIN=<boolean>, when false, disables the
-builtin version of git-rebase. See 'rebase.useBuiltin' in
+GIT_TEST_STASH_USE_BUILTIN=<boolean>, when false, disables the
+built-in version of git-stash. See 'stash.useBuiltin' in
 git-config(1).
 
 GIT_TEST_INDEX_THREADS=<n> enables exercising the multi-threaded loading
@@ -399,6 +402,10 @@
 fetch-pack to not request sideband-all (even if the server advertises
 sideband-all).
 
+GIT_TEST_DISALLOW_ABBREVIATED_OPTIONS=<boolean>, when true (which is
+the default when running tests), errors out when an abbreviated option
+is used.
+
 Naming Tests
 ------------
 
@@ -864,6 +871,26 @@
 		...
 	'
 
+ - test_atexit <script>
+
+   Prepend <script> to a list of commands to run unconditionally to
+   clean up before the test script exits, e.g. to stop a daemon:
+
+	test_expect_success 'test git daemon' '
+		git daemon &
+		daemon_pid=$! &&
+		test_atexit 'kill $daemon_pid' &&
+		hello world
+	'
+
+   The commands will be executed before the trash directory is removed,
+   i.e. the atexit commands will still be able to access any pidfiles or
+   socket files.
+
+   Note that these commands will be run even when a test script run
+   with '--immediate' fails.  Be careful with your atexit commands to
+   minimize any changes to the failed state.
+
  - test_write_lines <lines>
 
    Write <lines> on standard output, one line per argument.
diff --git a/t/helper/test-date.c b/t/helper/test-date.c
index b325380..585347e 100644
--- a/t/helper/test-date.c
+++ b/t/helper/test-date.c
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
 	}
 }
 
-static void parse_dates(const char **argv, struct timeval *now)
+static void parse_dates(const char **argv)
 {
 	struct strbuf result = STRBUF_INIT;
 
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@
 	else if (skip_prefix(*argv, "show:", &x))
 		show_dates(argv+1, x);
 	else if (!strcmp(*argv, "parse"))
-		parse_dates(argv+1, &now);
+		parse_dates(argv+1);
 	else if (!strcmp(*argv, "approxidate"))
 		parse_approxidate(argv+1, &now);
 	else if (!strcmp(*argv, "timestamp"))
diff --git a/t/helper/test-parse-options.c b/t/helper/test-parse-options.c
index cc88fba..2232b2f 100644
--- a/t/helper/test-parse-options.c
+++ b/t/helper/test-parse-options.c
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@
 		OPT_NOOP_NOARG(0, "obsolete"),
 		OPT_STRING_LIST(0, "list", &list, "str", "add str to list"),
 		OPT_GROUP("Magic arguments"),
-		OPT_ARGUMENT("quux", "means --quux"),
+		OPT_ARGUMENT("quux", NULL, "means --quux"),
 		OPT_NUMBER_CALLBACK(&integer, "set integer to NUM",
 			number_callback),
 		{ OPTION_COUNTUP, '+', NULL, &boolean, NULL, "same as -b",
diff --git a/t/interop/i5500-git-daemon.sh b/t/interop/i5500-git-daemon.sh
index 1daf694..4d22e42 100755
--- a/t/interop/i5500-git-daemon.sh
+++ b/t/interop/i5500-git-daemon.sh
@@ -37,5 +37,4 @@
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
-stop_git_daemon
 test_done
diff --git a/t/lib-git-daemon.sh b/t/lib-git-daemon.sh
index 79db3b7..7b34071 100644
--- a/t/lib-git-daemon.sh
+++ b/t/lib-git-daemon.sh
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@
 #
 #	test_expect_success ...
 #
-#	stop_git_daemon
 #	test_done
 
 test_tristate GIT_TEST_GIT_DAEMON
@@ -31,10 +30,12 @@
 test_set_port LIB_GIT_DAEMON_PORT
 
 GIT_DAEMON_PID=
+GIT_DAEMON_PIDFILE="$PWD"/daemon.pid
 GIT_DAEMON_DOCUMENT_ROOT_PATH="$PWD"/repo
 GIT_DAEMON_HOST_PORT=127.0.0.1:$LIB_GIT_DAEMON_PORT
 GIT_DAEMON_URL=git://$GIT_DAEMON_HOST_PORT
 
+registered_stop_git_daemon_atexit_handler=
 start_git_daemon() {
 	if test -n "$GIT_DAEMON_PID"
 	then
@@ -43,13 +44,19 @@
 
 	mkdir -p "$GIT_DAEMON_DOCUMENT_ROOT_PATH"
 
-	trap 'code=$?; stop_git_daemon; (exit $code); die' EXIT
+	# One of the test scripts stops and then re-starts 'git daemon'.
+	# Don't register and then run the same atexit handlers several times.
+	if test -z "$registered_stop_git_daemon_atexit_handler"
+	then
+		test_atexit 'stop_git_daemon'
+		registered_stop_git_daemon_atexit_handler=AlreadyDone
+	fi
 
 	say >&3 "Starting git daemon ..."
 	mkfifo git_daemon_output
 	${LIB_GIT_DAEMON_COMMAND:-git daemon} \
 		--listen=127.0.0.1 --port="$LIB_GIT_DAEMON_PORT" \
-		--reuseaddr --verbose \
+		--reuseaddr --verbose --pid-file="$GIT_DAEMON_PIDFILE" \
 		--base-path="$GIT_DAEMON_DOCUMENT_ROOT_PATH" \
 		"$@" "$GIT_DAEMON_DOCUMENT_ROOT_PATH" \
 		>&3 2>git_daemon_output &
@@ -65,7 +72,7 @@
 	then
 		kill "$GIT_DAEMON_PID"
 		wait "$GIT_DAEMON_PID"
-		trap 'die' EXIT
+		unset GIT_DAEMON_PID
 		test_skip_or_die $GIT_TEST_GIT_DAEMON \
 			"git daemon failed to start"
 	fi
@@ -77,8 +84,6 @@
 		return
 	fi
 
-	trap 'die' EXIT
-
 	# kill git-daemon child of git
 	say >&3 "Stopping git daemon ..."
 	kill "$GIT_DAEMON_PID"
@@ -88,8 +93,9 @@
 	then
 		error "git daemon exited with status: $ret"
 	fi
+	kill "$(cat "$GIT_DAEMON_PIDFILE")" 2>/dev/null
 	GIT_DAEMON_PID=
-	rm -f git_daemon_output
+	rm -f git_daemon_output "$GIT_DAEMON_PIDFILE"
 }
 
 # A stripped-down version of a netcat client, that connects to a "host:port"
diff --git a/t/lib-git-p4.sh b/t/lib-git-p4.sh
index b3be3ba..547b9f8 100644
--- a/t/lib-git-p4.sh
+++ b/t/lib-git-p4.sh
@@ -44,15 +44,6 @@
 	echo "$path"
 }
 
-# On Solaris the 'date +%s' function is not supported and therefore we
-# need this replacement.
-# Attention: This function is not safe again against time offset updates
-# at runtime (e.g. via NTP). The 'clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC)'
-# function could fix that but it is not in Python until 3.3.
-time_in_seconds () {
-	(cd / && "$PYTHON_PATH" -c 'import time; print(int(time.time()))')
-}
-
 test_set_port P4DPORT
 
 P4PORT=localhost:$P4DPORT
@@ -67,14 +58,9 @@
 git="$TRASH_DIRECTORY/git"
 pidfile="$TRASH_DIRECTORY/p4d.pid"
 
-# Sometimes "prove" seems to hang on exit because p4d is still running
-cleanup () {
-	if test -f "$pidfile"
-	then
-		kill -9 $(cat "$pidfile") 2>/dev/null && exit 255
-	fi
+stop_p4d_and_watchdog () {
+	kill -9 $p4d_pid $watchdog_pid
 }
-trap cleanup EXIT
 
 # git p4 submit generates a temp file, which will
 # not get cleaned up if the submission fails.  Don't
@@ -82,7 +68,16 @@
 TMPDIR="$TRASH_DIRECTORY"
 export TMPDIR
 
+registered_stop_p4d_atexit_handler=
 start_p4d () {
+	# One of the test scripts stops and then re-starts p4d.
+	# Don't register and then run the same atexit handlers several times.
+	if test -z "$registered_stop_p4d_atexit_handler"
+	then
+		test_atexit 'stop_p4d_and_watchdog'
+		registered_stop_p4d_atexit_handler=AlreadyDone
+	fi
+
 	mkdir -p "$db" "$cli" "$git" &&
 	rm -f "$pidfile" &&
 	(
@@ -92,6 +87,7 @@
 			echo $! >"$pidfile"
 		}
 	) &&
+	p4d_pid=$(cat "$pidfile")
 
 	# This gives p4d a long time to start up, as it can be
 	# quite slow depending on the machine.  Set this environment
@@ -99,18 +95,18 @@
 	# an automated test setup.  If the p4d process dies, that
 	# will be caught with the "kill -0" check below.
 	i=${P4D_START_PATIENCE:-300}
-	pid=$(cat "$pidfile")
 
-	timeout=$(($(time_in_seconds) + $P4D_TIMEOUT))
+	nr_tries_left=$P4D_TIMEOUT
 	while true
 	do
-		if test $(time_in_seconds) -gt $timeout
+		if test $nr_tries_left -eq 0
 		then
-			kill -9 $pid
+			kill -9 $p4d_pid
 			exit 1
 		fi
 		sleep 1
-	done &
+		nr_tries_left=$(($nr_tries_left - 1))
+	done 2>/dev/null 4>&2 &
 	watchdog_pid=$!
 
 	ready=
@@ -123,7 +119,7 @@
 			break
 		fi
 		# fail if p4d died
-		kill -0 $pid 2>/dev/null || break
+		kill -0 $p4d_pid 2>/dev/null || break
 		echo waiting for p4d to start
 		sleep 1
 		i=$(( $i - 1 ))
@@ -163,29 +159,18 @@
 }
 
 retry_until_success () {
-	timeout=$(($(time_in_seconds) + $RETRY_TIMEOUT))
-	until "$@" 2>/dev/null || test $(time_in_seconds) -gt $timeout
+	nr_tries_left=$RETRY_TIMEOUT
+	until "$@" 2>/dev/null || test $nr_tries_left -eq 0
 	do
 		sleep 1
+		nr_tries_left=$(($nr_tries_left - 1))
 	done
 }
 
-retry_until_fail () {
-	timeout=$(($(time_in_seconds) + $RETRY_TIMEOUT))
-	until ! "$@" 2>/dev/null || test $(time_in_seconds) -gt $timeout
-	do
-		sleep 1
-	done
-}
-
-kill_p4d () {
-	pid=$(cat "$pidfile")
-	retry_until_fail kill $pid
-	retry_until_fail kill -9 $pid
-	# complain if it would not die
-	test_must_fail kill $pid >/dev/null 2>&1 &&
-	rm -rf "$db" "$cli" "$pidfile" &&
-	retry_until_fail kill -9 $watchdog_pid
+stop_and_cleanup_p4d () {
+	kill -9 $p4d_pid $watchdog_pid
+	wait $p4d_pid
+	rm -rf "$db" "$cli" "$pidfile"
 }
 
 cleanup_git () {
diff --git a/t/lib-git-svn.sh b/t/lib-git-svn.sh
index f3b478c..c1271d6 100644
--- a/t/lib-git-svn.sh
+++ b/t/lib-git-svn.sh
@@ -76,11 +76,6 @@
 		LIB_HTTPD_SVN="$loc"
 		start_httpd
 		;;
-	*)
-		stop_httpd () {
-			: noop
-		}
-		;;
 	esac
 }
 
diff --git a/t/lib-httpd.sh b/t/lib-httpd.sh
index 0dfb48c..b3cc62b 100644
--- a/t/lib-httpd.sh
+++ b/t/lib-httpd.sh
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
 #
 #	test_expect_success ...
 #
-#	stop_httpd
 #	test_done
 #
 # Can be configured using the following variables.
@@ -176,7 +175,7 @@
 start_httpd() {
 	prepare_httpd >&3 2>&4
 
-	trap 'code=$?; stop_httpd; (exit $code); die' EXIT
+	test_atexit stop_httpd
 
 	"$LIB_HTTPD_PATH" -d "$HTTPD_ROOT_PATH" \
 		-f "$TEST_PATH/apache.conf" $HTTPD_PARA \
@@ -184,15 +183,12 @@
 		>&3 2>&4
 	if test $? -ne 0
 	then
-		trap 'die' EXIT
 		cat "$HTTPD_ROOT_PATH"/error.log >&4 2>/dev/null
 		test_skip_or_die $GIT_TEST_HTTPD "web server setup failed"
 	fi
 }
 
 stop_httpd() {
-	trap 'die' EXIT
-
 	"$LIB_HTTPD_PATH" -d "$HTTPD_ROOT_PATH" \
 		-f "$TEST_PATH/apache.conf" $HTTPD_PARA -k stop
 }
diff --git a/t/perf/perf-lib.sh b/t/perf/perf-lib.sh
index 2e33ab3..169f92e 100644
--- a/t/perf/perf-lib.sh
+++ b/t/perf/perf-lib.sh
@@ -17,37 +17,25 @@
 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 # along with this program.  If not, see http://www.gnu.org/licenses/ .
 
-# do the --tee work early; it otherwise confuses our careful
-# GIT_BUILD_DIR mangling
-case "$GIT_TEST_TEE_STARTED, $* " in
-done,*)
-	# do not redirect again
-	;;
-*' --tee '*|*' --va'*)
-	mkdir -p test-results
-	BASE=test-results/$(basename "$0" .sh)
-	(GIT_TEST_TEE_STARTED=done ${SHELL-sh} "$0" "$@" 2>&1;
-	 echo $? > $BASE.exit) | tee $BASE.out
-	test "$(cat $BASE.exit)" = 0
-	exit
-	;;
-esac
-
+# These variables must be set before the inclusion of test-lib.sh below,
+# because it will change our working directory.
 TEST_DIRECTORY=$(pwd)/..
 TEST_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY=$(pwd)
-if test -z "$GIT_TEST_INSTALLED"; then
-	perf_results_prefix=
-else
-	perf_results_prefix=$(printf "%s" "${GIT_TEST_INSTALLED%/bin-wrappers}" | tr -c "[a-zA-Z0-9]" "[_*]")"."
-	# make the tested dir absolute
-	GIT_TEST_INSTALLED=$(cd "$GIT_TEST_INSTALLED" && pwd)
-fi
+ABSOLUTE_GIT_TEST_INSTALLED=$(
+	test -n "$GIT_TEST_INSTALLED" && cd "$GIT_TEST_INSTALLED" && pwd)
 
 TEST_NO_CREATE_REPO=t
 TEST_NO_MALLOC_CHECK=t
 
 . ../test-lib.sh
 
+if test -z "$GIT_TEST_INSTALLED"; then
+	perf_results_prefix=
+else
+	perf_results_prefix=$(printf "%s" "${GIT_TEST_INSTALLED%/bin-wrappers}" | tr -c "[a-zA-Z0-9]" "[_*]")"."
+	GIT_TEST_INSTALLED=$ABSOLUTE_GIT_TEST_INSTALLED
+fi
+
 # Variables from test-lib that are normally internal to the tests; we
 # need to export them for test_perf subshells
 export TEST_DIRECTORY TRASH_DIRECTORY GIT_BUILD_DIR GIT_TEST_CMP
diff --git a/t/t0000-basic.sh b/t/t0000-basic.sh
index b656600..c03054c 100755
--- a/t/t0000-basic.sh
+++ b/t/t0000-basic.sh
@@ -825,6 +825,24 @@
 	EOF
 "
 
+test_expect_success 'test_atexit is run' "
+	test_must_fail run_sub_test_lib_test \
+		atexit-cleanup 'Run atexit commands' -i <<-\\EOF &&
+	test_expect_success 'tests clean up even after a failure' '
+		> ../../clean-atexit &&
+		test_atexit rm ../../clean-atexit &&
+		> ../../also-clean-atexit &&
+		test_atexit rm ../../also-clean-atexit &&
+		> ../../dont-clean-atexit &&
+		(exit 1)
+	'
+	test_done
+	EOF
+	test_path_is_file dont-clean-atexit &&
+	test_path_is_missing clean-atexit &&
+	test_path_is_missing also-clean-atexit
+"
+
 test_expect_success 'test_oid setup' '
 	test_oid_init
 '
diff --git a/t/t0001-init.sh b/t/t0001-init.sh
index 5e27604..1f46220 100755
--- a/t/t0001-init.sh
+++ b/t/t0001-init.sh
@@ -454,6 +454,17 @@
 	)
 '
 
+test_expect_success MINGW 'core.hidedotfiles = false' '
+	git config --global core.hidedotfiles false &&
+	rm -rf newdir &&
+	mkdir newdir &&
+	(
+		sane_unset GIT_DIR GIT_WORK_TREE GIT_CONFIG &&
+		git -C newdir init
+	) &&
+	! is_hidden newdir/.git
+'
+
 test_expect_success MINGW 'redirect std handles' '
 	GIT_REDIRECT_STDOUT=output.txt git rev-parse --git-dir &&
 	test .git = "$(cat output.txt)" &&
diff --git a/t/t0040-parse-options.sh b/t/t0040-parse-options.sh
index b8f366c..800b3ea 100755
--- a/t/t0040-parse-options.sh
+++ b/t/t0040-parse-options.sh
@@ -203,20 +203,24 @@
 EOF
 
 test_expect_success 'unambiguously abbreviated option' '
+	GIT_TEST_DISALLOW_ABBREVIATED_OPTIONS=false \
 	test-tool parse-options --int 2 --boolean --no-bo >output 2>output.err &&
 	test_must_be_empty output.err &&
 	test_cmp expect output
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'unambiguously abbreviated option with "="' '
+	GIT_TEST_DISALLOW_ABBREVIATED_OPTIONS=false \
 	test-tool parse-options --expect="integer: 2" --int=2
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'ambiguously abbreviated option' '
-	test_expect_code 129 test-tool parse-options --strin 123
+	test_expect_code 129 env GIT_TEST_DISALLOW_ABBREVIATED_OPTIONS=false \
+	test-tool parse-options --strin 123
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'non ambiguous option (after two options it abbreviates)' '
+	GIT_TEST_DISALLOW_ABBREVIATED_OPTIONS=false \
 	test-tool parse-options --expect="string: 123" --st 123
 '
 
@@ -325,6 +329,7 @@
 EOF
 
 test_expect_success 'negation of OPT_NONEG flags is not ambiguous' '
+	GIT_TEST_DISALLOW_ABBREVIATED_OPTIONS=false \
 	test-tool parse-options --no-ambig >output 2>output.err &&
 	test_must_be_empty output.err &&
 	test_cmp expect output
@@ -370,4 +375,11 @@
 	test-tool parse-options --expect="verbose: 0" -v -v -v --no-verbose
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'GIT_TEST_DISALLOW_ABBREVIATED_OPTIONS works' '
+	GIT_TEST_DISALLOW_ABBREVIATED_OPTIONS=false \
+		test-tool parse-options --ye &&
+	test_must_fail env GIT_TEST_DISALLOW_ABBREVIATED_OPTIONS=true \
+		test-tool parse-options --ye
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t0301-credential-cache.sh b/t/t0301-credential-cache.sh
index fd92533..ebd5fa5 100755
--- a/t/t0301-credential-cache.sh
+++ b/t/t0301-credential-cache.sh
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 }
 
 # don't leave a stale daemon running
-trap 'code=$?; git credential-cache exit; (exit $code); die' EXIT
+test_atexit 'git credential-cache exit'
 
 # test that the daemon works with no special setup
 helper_test cache
@@ -108,9 +108,4 @@
 
 helper_test_timeout cache --timeout=1
 
-# we can't rely on our "trap" above working after test_done,
-# as test_done will delete the trash directory containing
-# our socket, leaving us with no way to access the daemon.
-git credential-cache exit
-
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t0410-partial-clone.sh b/t/t0410-partial-clone.sh
index bce0278..5bd892f 100755
--- a/t/t0410-partial-clone.sh
+++ b/t/t0410-partial-clone.sh
@@ -518,6 +518,4 @@
 	git verify-pack --verbose "$IDX" | grep "$HASH"
 '
 
-stop_httpd
-
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t1305-config-include.sh b/t/t1305-config-include.sh
index 6359185..579a86b 100755
--- a/t/t1305-config-include.sh
+++ b/t/t1305-config-include.sh
@@ -229,6 +229,19 @@
 	)
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'conditional include with /**/' '
+	REPO=foo/bar/repo &&
+	git init $REPO &&
+	cat >>$REPO/.git/config <<-\EOF &&
+	[includeIf "gitdir:**/foo/**/bar/**"]
+	path=bar7
+	EOF
+	echo "[test]seven=7" >$REPO/.git/bar7 &&
+	echo 7 >expect &&
+	git -C $REPO config test.seven >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
 test_expect_success SYMLINKS 'conditional include, set up symlinked $HOME' '
 	mkdir real-home &&
 	ln -s real-home home &&
diff --git a/t/t1404-update-ref-errors.sh b/t/t1404-update-ref-errors.sh
index 6b6a8e2..970c5c3 100755
--- a/t/t1404-update-ref-errors.sh
+++ b/t/t1404-update-ref-errors.sh
@@ -618,4 +618,20 @@
 	test_cmp unchanged actual
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'delete fails cleanly if packed-refs.new write fails' '
+	# Setup and expectations are similar to the test above.
+	prefix=refs/failed-packed-refs &&
+	git update-ref $prefix/foo $C &&
+	git pack-refs --all &&
+	git update-ref $prefix/foo $D &&
+	git for-each-ref $prefix >unchanged &&
+	# This should not happen in practice, but it is an easy way to get a
+	# reliable error (we open with create_tempfile(), which uses O_EXCL).
+	: >.git/packed-refs.new &&
+	test_when_finished "rm -f .git/packed-refs.new" &&
+	test_must_fail git update-ref -d $prefix/foo &&
+	git for-each-ref $prefix >actual &&
+	test_cmp unchanged actual
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t1410-reflog.sh b/t/t1410-reflog.sh
index ae8a448..79f731d 100755
--- a/t/t1410-reflog.sh
+++ b/t/t1410-reflog.sh
@@ -232,25 +232,34 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'gc.reflogexpire=never' '
+	test_config gc.reflogexpire never &&
+	test_config gc.reflogexpireunreachable never &&
 
-	git config gc.reflogexpire never &&
-	git config gc.reflogexpireunreachable never &&
-	git reflog expire --verbose --all &&
+	git reflog expire --verbose --all >output &&
+	test_line_count = 9 output &&
+
 	git reflog refs/heads/master >output &&
 	test_line_count = 4 output
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'gc.reflogexpire=false' '
+	test_config gc.reflogexpire false &&
+	test_config gc.reflogexpireunreachable false &&
 
-	git config gc.reflogexpire false &&
-	git config gc.reflogexpireunreachable false &&
 	git reflog expire --verbose --all &&
 	git reflog refs/heads/master >output &&
-	test_line_count = 4 output &&
+	test_line_count = 4 output
 
-	git config --unset gc.reflogexpire &&
-	git config --unset gc.reflogexpireunreachable
+'
 
+test_expect_success 'git reflog expire unknown reference' '
+	test_config gc.reflogexpire never &&
+	test_config gc.reflogexpireunreachable never &&
+
+	test_must_fail git reflog expire master@{123} 2>stderr &&
+	test_i18ngrep "points nowhere" stderr &&
+	test_must_fail git reflog expire does-not-exist 2>stderr &&
+	test_i18ngrep "points nowhere" stderr
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'checkout should not delete log for packed ref' '
diff --git a/t/t1415-worktree-refs.sh b/t/t1415-worktree-refs.sh
index b664e51..bb2c757 100755
--- a/t/t1415-worktree-refs.sh
+++ b/t/t1415-worktree-refs.sh
@@ -76,4 +76,39 @@
 	test_cmp expected actual.wt2
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'for-each-ref from main repo' '
+	mkdir fer1 &&
+	git -C fer1 init repo &&
+	test_commit -C fer1/repo initial &&
+	git -C fer1/repo worktree add ../second &&
+	git -C fer1/repo update-ref refs/bisect/main HEAD &&
+	git -C fer1/repo update-ref refs/rewritten/main HEAD &&
+	git -C fer1/repo update-ref refs/worktree/main HEAD &&
+	git -C fer1/repo for-each-ref --format="%(refname)" | grep main >actual &&
+	cat >expected <<-\EOF &&
+	refs/bisect/main
+	refs/rewritten/main
+	refs/worktree/main
+	EOF
+	test_cmp expected actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'for-each-ref from linked repo' '
+	mkdir fer2 &&
+	git -C fer2 init repo &&
+	test_commit -C fer2/repo initial &&
+	git -C fer2/repo worktree add ../second &&
+	git -C fer2/second update-ref refs/bisect/second HEAD &&
+	git -C fer2/second update-ref refs/rewritten/second HEAD &&
+	git -C fer2/second update-ref refs/worktree/second HEAD &&
+	git -C fer2/second for-each-ref --format="%(refname)" | grep second >actual &&
+	cat >expected <<-\EOF &&
+	refs/bisect/second
+	refs/heads/second
+	refs/rewritten/second
+	refs/worktree/second
+	EOF
+	test_cmp expected actual
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t2023-checkout-m.sh b/t/t2023-checkout-m.sh
index 7e18985..fca3f85 100755
--- a/t/t2023-checkout-m.sh
+++ b/t/t2023-checkout-m.sh
@@ -46,4 +46,28 @@
 	test_cmp both.txt.conflicted.cleaned both.txt.cleaned
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'force checkout a conflict file creates stage zero entry' '
+	git init co-force &&
+	(
+		cd co-force &&
+		echo a >a &&
+		git add a &&
+		git commit -ama &&
+		A_OBJ=$(git rev-parse :a) &&
+		git branch topic &&
+		echo b >a &&
+		git commit -amb &&
+		B_OBJ=$(git rev-parse :a) &&
+		git checkout topic &&
+		echo c >a &&
+		C_OBJ=$(git hash-object a) &&
+		git checkout -m master &&
+		test_cmp_rev :1:a $A_OBJ &&
+		test_cmp_rev :2:a $B_OBJ &&
+		test_cmp_rev :3:a $C_OBJ &&
+		git checkout -f topic &&
+		test_cmp_rev :0:a $A_OBJ
+	)
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t3400-rebase.sh b/t/t3400-rebase.sh
index 460d052..42f1478 100755
--- a/t/t3400-rebase.sh
+++ b/t/t3400-rebase.sh
@@ -319,4 +319,20 @@
 	)
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'rebase -c rebase.useBuiltin=false warning' '
+	expected="rebase.useBuiltin support has been removed" &&
+
+	# Only warn when the legacy rebase is requested...
+	test_must_fail git -c rebase.useBuiltin=false rebase 2>err &&
+	test_i18ngrep "$expected" err &&
+	test_must_fail env GIT_TEST_REBASE_USE_BUILTIN=false git rebase 2>err &&
+	test_i18ngrep "$expected" err &&
+
+	# ...not when we would have used the built-in anyway
+	test_must_fail git -c rebase.useBuiltin=true rebase 2>err &&
+	test_must_be_empty err &&
+	test_must_fail env GIT_TEST_REBASE_USE_BUILTIN=true git rebase 2>err &&
+	test_must_be_empty err
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t3404-rebase-interactive.sh b/t/t3404-rebase-interactive.sh
index b60b11f..1723e1a 100755
--- a/t/t3404-rebase-interactive.sh
+++ b/t/t3404-rebase-interactive.sh
@@ -149,12 +149,10 @@
 
 test_expect_success 'rebase -x with empty command fails' '
 	test_when_finished "git rebase --abort ||:" &&
-	test_must_fail env GIT_TEST_REBASE_USE_BUILTIN=true \
-		git rebase -x "" @ 2>actual &&
+	test_must_fail env git rebase -x "" @ 2>actual &&
 	test_write_lines "error: empty exec command" >expected &&
 	test_i18ncmp expected actual &&
-	test_must_fail env GIT_TEST_REBASE_USE_BUILTIN=true \
-		git rebase -x " " @ 2>actual &&
+	test_must_fail env git rebase -x " " @ 2>actual &&
 	test_i18ncmp expected actual
 '
 
@@ -162,8 +160,7 @@
 '
 test_expect_success 'rebase -x with newline in command fails' '
 	test_when_finished "git rebase --abort ||:" &&
-	test_must_fail env GIT_TEST_REBASE_USE_BUILTIN=true \
-		git rebase -x "a${LF}b" @ 2>actual &&
+	test_must_fail env git rebase -x "a${LF}b" @ 2>actual &&
 	test_write_lines "error: exec commands cannot contain newlines" \
 			 >expected &&
 	test_i18ncmp expected actual
diff --git a/t/t3415-rebase-autosquash.sh b/t/t3415-rebase-autosquash.sh
index 13f5688..22d2186 100755
--- a/t/t3415-rebase-autosquash.sh
+++ b/t/t3415-rebase-autosquash.sh
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@
 	(
 		set_cat_todo_editor &&
 		test_must_fail git -c rebase.instructionFormat= \
-			rebase --autosquash  --force -i HEAD^ >actual &&
+			rebase --autosquash  --force-rebase -i HEAD^ >actual &&
 		git log -1 --format="pick %h %s" >expect &&
 		test_cmp expect actual
 	)
diff --git a/t/t3429-rebase-edit-todo.sh b/t/t3429-rebase-edit-todo.sh
index b9292df..76f6d30 100755
--- a/t/t3429-rebase-edit-todo.sh
+++ b/t/t3429-rebase-edit-todo.sh
@@ -11,4 +11,26 @@
 	test -e F
 '
 
+test_expect_success SHA1 'loose object cache vs re-reading todo list' '
+	GIT_REBASE_TODO=.git/rebase-merge/git-rebase-todo &&
+	export GIT_REBASE_TODO &&
+	write_script append-todo.sh <<-\EOS &&
+	# For values 5 and 6, this yields SHA-1s with the same first two digits
+	echo "pick $(git rev-parse --short \
+		$(printf "%s\\n" \
+			"tree $EMPTY_TREE" \
+			"author A U Thor <author@example.org> $1 +0000" \
+			"committer A U Thor <author@example.org> $1 +0000" \
+			"" \
+			"$1" |
+		  git hash-object -t commit -w --stdin))" >>$GIT_REBASE_TODO
+
+	shift
+	test -z "$*" ||
+	echo "exec $0 $*" >>$GIT_REBASE_TODO
+	EOS
+
+	git rebase HEAD -x "./append-todo.sh 5 6"
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t3430-rebase-merges.sh b/t/t3430-rebase-merges.sh
index 4c69255..42ba5b9 100755
--- a/t/t3430-rebase-merges.sh
+++ b/t/t3430-rebase-merges.sh
@@ -271,7 +271,7 @@
 	EOF
 	test_config sequence.editor \""$PWD"/replace-editor.sh\" &&
 	test_tick &&
-	git rebase -i --force --root -r &&
+	git rebase -i --force-rebase --root -r &&
 	test "Parsnip" = "$(git show -s --format=%an HEAD^)" &&
 	test $(git rev-parse second-root^0) != $(git rev-parse HEAD^) &&
 	test $(git rev-parse second-root:second-root.t) = \
@@ -364,7 +364,7 @@
 	test_cmp_rev HEAD $before &&
 
 	test_tick &&
-	git rebase -i --force -r HEAD^^ &&
+	git rebase -i --force-rebase -r HEAD^^ &&
 	test "Hank" = "$(git show -s --format=%an HEAD)" &&
 	test "$before" != $(git rev-parse HEAD) &&
 	test_cmp_graph HEAD^^.. <<-\EOF
diff --git a/t/t3507-cherry-pick-conflict.sh b/t/t3507-cherry-pick-conflict.sh
index 0db1661..1ef8e9d 100755
--- a/t/t3507-cherry-pick-conflict.sh
+++ b/t/t3507-cherry-pick-conflict.sh
@@ -25,6 +25,11 @@
 	test_commit base foo b &&
 	test_commit picked foo c &&
 	test_commit --signoff picked-signed foo d &&
+	git checkout -b topic initial &&
+	test_commit redundant-pick foo c redundant &&
+	git commit --allow-empty --allow-empty-message &&
+	git tag empty &&
+	git checkout master &&
 	git config advice.detachedhead false
 
 '
@@ -405,4 +410,23 @@
 	test_i18ngrep ! "Changes not staged for commit:" actual
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'cherry-pick --continue remembers --keep-redundant-commits' '
+	test_when_finished "git cherry-pick --abort || :" &&
+	pristine_detach initial &&
+	test_must_fail git cherry-pick --keep-redundant-commits picked redundant &&
+	echo c >foo &&
+	git add foo &&
+	git cherry-pick --continue
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'cherry-pick --continue remembers --allow-empty and --allow-empty-message' '
+	test_when_finished "git cherry-pick --abort || :" &&
+	pristine_detach initial &&
+	test_must_fail git cherry-pick --allow-empty --allow-empty-message \
+				       picked empty &&
+	echo c >foo &&
+	git add foo &&
+	git cherry-pick --continue
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t3600-rm.sh b/t/t3600-rm.sh
index 04e5d42..85ae7dc 100755
--- a/t/t3600-rm.sh
+++ b/t/t3600-rm.sh
@@ -8,91 +8,92 @@
 . ./test-lib.sh
 
 # Setup some files to be removed, some with funny characters
-test_expect_success \
-    'Initialize test directory' \
-    "touch -- foo bar baz 'space embedded' -q &&
-     git add -- foo bar baz 'space embedded' -q &&
-     git commit -m 'add normal files'"
+test_expect_success 'Initialize test directory' '
+	touch -- foo bar baz "space embedded" -q &&
+	git add -- foo bar baz "space embedded" -q &&
+	git commit -m "add normal files"
+'
 
-if test_have_prereq !FUNNYNAMES; then
+if test_have_prereq !FUNNYNAMES
+then
 	say 'Your filesystem does not allow tabs in filenames.'
 fi
 
-test_expect_success FUNNYNAMES 'add files with funny names' "
-     touch -- 'tab	embedded' 'newline
-embedded' &&
-     git add -- 'tab	embedded' 'newline
-embedded' &&
-     git commit -m 'add files with tabs and newlines'
-"
-
-test_expect_success \
-    'Pre-check that foo exists and is in index before git rm foo' \
-    '[ -f foo ] && git ls-files --error-unmatch foo'
-
-test_expect_success \
-    'Test that git rm foo succeeds' \
-    'git rm --cached foo'
-
-test_expect_success \
-    'Test that git rm --cached foo succeeds if the index matches the file' \
-    'echo content >foo &&
-     git add foo &&
-     git rm --cached foo'
-
-test_expect_success \
-    'Test that git rm --cached foo succeeds if the index matches the file' \
-    'echo content >foo &&
-     git add foo &&
-     git commit -m foo &&
-     echo "other content" >foo &&
-     git rm --cached foo'
-
-test_expect_success \
-    'Test that git rm --cached foo fails if the index matches neither the file nor HEAD' '
-     echo content >foo &&
-     git add foo &&
-     git commit -m foo --allow-empty &&
-     echo "other content" >foo &&
-     git add foo &&
-     echo "yet another content" >foo &&
-     test_must_fail git rm --cached foo
+test_expect_success FUNNYNAMES 'add files with funny names' '
+	touch -- "tab	embedded" "newline${LF}embedded" &&
+	git add -- "tab	embedded" "newline${LF}embedded" &&
+	git commit -m "add files with tabs and newlines"
 '
 
-test_expect_success \
-    'Test that git rm --cached -f foo works in case where --cached only did not' \
-    'echo content >foo &&
-     git add foo &&
-     git commit -m foo --allow-empty &&
-     echo "other content" >foo &&
-     git add foo &&
-     echo "yet another content" >foo &&
-     git rm --cached -f foo'
+test_expect_success 'Pre-check that foo exists and is in index before git rm foo' '
+	test_path_is_file foo &&
+	git ls-files --error-unmatch foo
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    'Post-check that foo exists but is not in index after git rm foo' \
-    '[ -f foo ] && test_must_fail git ls-files --error-unmatch foo'
+test_expect_success 'Test that git rm foo succeeds' '
+	git rm --cached foo
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    'Pre-check that bar exists and is in index before "git rm bar"' \
-    '[ -f bar ] && git ls-files --error-unmatch bar'
+test_expect_success 'Test that git rm --cached foo succeeds if the index matches the file' '
+	echo content >foo &&
+	git add foo &&
+	git rm --cached foo
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    'Test that "git rm bar" succeeds' \
-    'git rm bar'
+test_expect_success 'Test that git rm --cached foo succeeds if the index matches the file' '
+	echo content >foo &&
+	git add foo &&
+	git commit -m foo &&
+	echo "other content" >foo &&
+	git rm --cached foo
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    'Post-check that bar does not exist and is not in index after "git rm -f bar"' \
-    '! [ -f bar ] && test_must_fail git ls-files --error-unmatch bar'
+test_expect_success 'Test that git rm --cached foo fails if the index matches neither the file nor HEAD' '
+	echo content >foo &&
+	git add foo &&
+	git commit -m foo --allow-empty &&
+	echo "other content" >foo &&
+	git add foo &&
+	echo "yet another content" >foo &&
+	test_must_fail git rm --cached foo
+'
 
-test_expect_success \
-    'Test that "git rm -- -q" succeeds (remove a file that looks like an option)' \
-    'git rm -- -q'
+test_expect_success 'Test that git rm --cached -f foo works in case where --cached only did not' '
+	echo content >foo &&
+	git add foo &&
+	git commit -m foo --allow-empty &&
+	echo "other content" >foo &&
+	git add foo &&
+	echo "yet another content" >foo &&
+	git rm --cached -f foo
+'
 
-test_expect_success FUNNYNAMES \
-    "Test that \"git rm -f\" succeeds with embedded space, tab, or newline characters." \
-    "git rm -f 'space embedded' 'tab	embedded' 'newline
-embedded'"
+test_expect_success 'Post-check that foo exists but is not in index after git rm foo' '
+	test_path_is_file foo &&
+	test_must_fail git ls-files --error-unmatch foo
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'Pre-check that bar exists and is in index before "git rm bar"' '
+	test_path_is_file bar &&
+	git ls-files --error-unmatch bar
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'Test that "git rm bar" succeeds' '
+	git rm bar
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'Post-check that bar does not exist and is not in index after "git rm -f bar"' '
+	test_path_is_missing bar &&
+	test_must_fail git ls-files --error-unmatch bar
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'Test that "git rm -- -q" succeeds (remove a file that looks like an option)' '
+	git rm -- -q
+'
+
+test_expect_success FUNNYNAMES 'Test that "git rm -f" succeeds with embedded space, tab, or newline characters.' '
+	git rm -f "space embedded" "tab	embedded" "newline${LF}embedded"
+'
 
 test_expect_success SANITY 'Test that "git rm -f" fails if its rm fails' '
 	test_when_finished "chmod 775 ." &&
@@ -100,9 +101,9 @@
 	test_must_fail git rm -f baz
 '
 
-test_expect_success \
-    'When the rm in "git rm -f" fails, it should not remove the file from the index' \
-    'git ls-files --error-unmatch baz'
+test_expect_success 'When the rm in "git rm -f" fails, it should not remove the file from the index' '
+	git ls-files --error-unmatch baz
+'
 
 test_expect_success 'Remove nonexistent file with --ignore-unmatch' '
 	git rm --ignore-unmatch nonexistent
@@ -137,15 +138,15 @@
 test_expect_success 'Modify foo -- rm should refuse' '
 	echo >>foo &&
 	test_must_fail git rm foo baz &&
-	test -f foo &&
-	test -f baz &&
+	test_path_is_file foo &&
+	test_path_is_file baz &&
 	git ls-files --error-unmatch foo baz
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'Modified foo -- rm -f should work' '
 	git rm -f foo baz &&
-	test ! -f foo &&
-	test ! -f baz &&
+	test_path_is_missing foo &&
+	test_path_is_missing baz &&
 	test_must_fail git ls-files --error-unmatch foo &&
 	test_must_fail git ls-files --error-unmatch bar
 '
@@ -159,15 +160,15 @@
 
 test_expect_success 'foo is different in index from HEAD -- rm should refuse' '
 	test_must_fail git rm foo baz &&
-	test -f foo &&
-	test -f baz &&
+	test_path_is_file foo &&
+	test_path_is_file baz &&
 	git ls-files --error-unmatch foo baz
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'but with -f it should work.' '
 	git rm -f foo baz &&
-	test ! -f foo &&
-	test ! -f baz &&
+	test_path_is_missing foo &&
+	test_path_is_missing baz &&
 	test_must_fail git ls-files --error-unmatch foo &&
 	test_must_fail git ls-files --error-unmatch baz
 '
@@ -194,21 +195,21 @@
 
 test_expect_success 'Recursive without -r fails' '
 	test_must_fail git rm frotz &&
-	test -d frotz &&
-	test -f frotz/nitfol
+	test_path_is_dir frotz &&
+	test_path_is_file frotz/nitfol
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'Recursive with -r but dirty' '
 	echo qfwfq >>frotz/nitfol &&
 	test_must_fail git rm -r frotz &&
-	test -d frotz &&
-	test -f frotz/nitfol
+	test_path_is_dir frotz &&
+	test_path_is_file frotz/nitfol
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'Recursive with -r -f' '
 	git rm -f -r frotz &&
-	! test -f frotz/nitfol &&
-	! test -d frotz
+	test_path_is_missing frotz/nitfol &&
+	test_path_is_missing frotz
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'Remove nonexistent file returns nonzero exit status' '
@@ -217,23 +218,25 @@
 
 test_expect_success 'Call "rm" from outside the work tree' '
 	mkdir repo &&
-	(cd repo &&
-	 git init &&
-	 echo something >somefile &&
-	 git add somefile &&
-	 git commit -m "add a file" &&
-	 (cd .. &&
-	  git --git-dir=repo/.git --work-tree=repo rm somefile) &&
-	test_must_fail git ls-files --error-unmatch somefile)
+	(
+		cd repo &&
+		git init &&
+		echo something >somefile &&
+		git add somefile &&
+		git commit -m "add a file" &&
+		(
+			cd .. &&
+			git --git-dir=repo/.git --work-tree=repo rm somefile
+		) &&
+		test_must_fail git ls-files --error-unmatch somefile
+	)
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'refresh index before checking if it is up-to-date' '
-
 	git reset --hard &&
 	test-tool chmtime -86400 frotz/nitfol &&
 	git rm frotz/nitfol &&
-	test ! -f frotz/nitfol
-
+	test_path_is_missing frotz/nitfol
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'choking "git rm" should not let it die with cruft' '
@@ -242,8 +245,8 @@
 	i=0 &&
 	while test $i -lt 12000
 	do
-	    echo "100644 1234567890123456789012345678901234567890 0	some-file-$i"
-	    i=$(( $i + 1 ))
+		echo "100644 1234567890123456789012345678901234567890 0	some-file-$i"
+		i=$(( $i + 1 ))
 	done | git update-index --index-info &&
 	git rm -n "some-file-*" | : &&
 	test_path_is_missing .git/index.lock
@@ -254,7 +257,7 @@
 	echo content >dir/subdir/subsubdir/file &&
 	git add dir/subdir/subsubdir/file &&
 	git rm -f dir/subdir/subsubdir/file &&
-	! test -d dir
+	test_path_is_missing dir
 '
 
 cat >expect <<EOF
@@ -292,7 +295,7 @@
 	git add .gitmodules &&
 	git commit -m "add submodule" &&
 	git rm submod &&
-	test ! -e submod &&
+	test_path_is_missing submod &&
 	git status -s -uno --ignore-submodules=none >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual &&
 	test_must_fail git config -f .gitmodules submodule.sub.url &&
@@ -314,7 +317,7 @@
 	git reset --hard &&
 	git submodule update &&
 	git rm submod &&
-	test ! -d submod &&
+	test_path_is_missing submod &&
 	git status -s -uno --ignore-submodules=none >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual &&
 	test_must_fail git config -f .gitmodules submodule.sub.url &&
@@ -325,7 +328,7 @@
 	git reset --hard &&
 	git submodule update &&
 	git rm submod/ &&
-	test ! -d submod &&
+	test_path_is_missing submod &&
 	git status -s -uno --ignore-submodules=none >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
@@ -343,12 +346,12 @@
 	git submodule update &&
 	git -C submod checkout HEAD^ &&
 	test_must_fail git rm submod &&
-	test -d submod &&
-	test -f submod/.git &&
+	test_path_is_dir submod &&
+	test_path_is_file submod/.git &&
 	git status -s -uno --ignore-submodules=none >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect.modified actual &&
 	git rm -f submod &&
-	test ! -d submod &&
+	test_path_is_missing submod &&
 	git status -s -uno --ignore-submodules=none >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual &&
 	test_must_fail git config -f .gitmodules submodule.sub.url &&
@@ -359,8 +362,8 @@
 	git reset --hard &&
 	git submodule update &&
 	git rm --cached submod &&
-	test -d submod &&
-	test -f submod/.git &&
+	test_path_is_dir submod &&
+	test_path_is_file submod/.git &&
 	git status -s -uno >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect.cached actual &&
 	git config -f .gitmodules submodule.sub.url &&
@@ -371,7 +374,7 @@
 	git reset --hard &&
 	git submodule update &&
 	git rm -n submod &&
-	test -f submod/.git &&
+	test_path_is_file submod/.git &&
 	git diff-index --exit-code HEAD
 '
 
@@ -381,8 +384,8 @@
 	git rm .gitmodules &&
 	git rm submod >actual 2>actual.err &&
 	test_must_be_empty actual.err &&
-	! test -d submod &&
-	! test -f submod/.git &&
+	test_path_is_missing submod &&
+	test_path_is_missing submod/.git &&
 	git status -s -uno >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect.both_deleted actual
 '
@@ -392,15 +395,15 @@
 	git submodule update &&
 	git config -f .gitmodules foo.bar true &&
 	test_must_fail git rm submod >actual 2>actual.err &&
-	test -s actual.err &&
-	test -d submod &&
-	test -f submod/.git &&
+	test_file_not_empty actual.err &&
+	test_path_is_dir submod &&
+	test_path_is_file submod/.git &&
 	git diff-files --quiet -- submod &&
 	git add .gitmodules &&
 	git rm submod >actual 2>actual.err &&
 	test_must_be_empty actual.err &&
-	! test -d submod &&
-	! test -f submod/.git &&
+	test_path_is_missing submod &&
+	test_path_is_missing submod/.git &&
 	git status -s -uno >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
@@ -413,8 +416,8 @@
 	echo "warning: Could not find section in .gitmodules where path=submod" >expect.err &&
 	git rm submod >actual 2>actual.err &&
 	test_i18ncmp expect.err actual.err &&
-	! test -d submod &&
-	! test -f submod/.git &&
+	test_path_is_missing submod &&
+	test_path_is_missing submod/.git &&
 	git status -s -uno >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
@@ -424,12 +427,12 @@
 	git submodule update &&
 	echo X >submod/empty &&
 	test_must_fail git rm submod &&
-	test -d submod &&
-	test -f submod/.git &&
+	test_path_is_dir submod &&
+	test_path_is_file submod/.git &&
 	git status -s -uno --ignore-submodules=none >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect.modified_inside actual &&
 	git rm -f submod &&
-	test ! -d submod &&
+	test_path_is_missing submod &&
 	git status -s -uno --ignore-submodules=none >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
@@ -439,12 +442,12 @@
 	git submodule update &&
 	echo X >submod/untracked &&
 	test_must_fail git rm submod &&
-	test -d submod &&
-	test -f submod/.git &&
+	test_path_is_dir submod &&
+	test_path_is_file submod/.git &&
 	git status -s -uno --ignore-submodules=none >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect.modified_untracked actual &&
 	git rm -f submod &&
-	test ! -d submod &&
+	test_path_is_missing submod &&
 	git status -s -uno --ignore-submodules=none >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
@@ -481,7 +484,7 @@
 	git submodule update &&
 	test_must_fail git merge conflict2 &&
 	git rm submod &&
-	test ! -d submod &&
+	test_path_is_missing submod &&
 	git status -s -uno --ignore-submodules=none >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
@@ -493,12 +496,12 @@
 	git -C submod checkout HEAD^ &&
 	test_must_fail git merge conflict2 &&
 	test_must_fail git rm submod &&
-	test -d submod &&
-	test -f submod/.git &&
+	test_path_is_dir submod &&
+	test_path_is_file submod/.git &&
 	git status -s -uno --ignore-submodules=none >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect.conflict actual &&
 	git rm -f submod &&
-	test ! -d submod &&
+	test_path_is_missing submod &&
 	git status -s -uno --ignore-submodules=none >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual &&
 	test_must_fail git config -f .gitmodules submodule.sub.url &&
@@ -512,12 +515,12 @@
 	echo X >submod/empty &&
 	test_must_fail git merge conflict2 &&
 	test_must_fail git rm submod &&
-	test -d submod &&
-	test -f submod/.git &&
+	test_path_is_dir submod &&
+	test_path_is_file submod/.git &&
 	git status -s -uno --ignore-submodules=none >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect.conflict actual &&
 	git rm -f submod &&
-	test ! -d submod &&
+	test_path_is_missing submod &&
 	git status -s -uno --ignore-submodules=none >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual &&
 	test_must_fail git config -f .gitmodules submodule.sub.url &&
@@ -531,12 +534,12 @@
 	echo X >submod/untracked &&
 	test_must_fail git merge conflict2 &&
 	test_must_fail git rm submod &&
-	test -d submod &&
-	test -f submod/.git &&
+	test_path_is_dir submod &&
+	test_path_is_file submod/.git &&
 	git status -s -uno --ignore-submodules=none >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect.conflict actual &&
 	git rm -f submod &&
-	test ! -d submod &&
+	test_path_is_missing submod &&
 	git status -s -uno --ignore-submodules=none >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
@@ -545,20 +548,21 @@
 	git checkout conflict1 &&
 	git reset --hard &&
 	git submodule update &&
-	(cd submod &&
+	(
+		cd submod &&
 		rm .git &&
 		cp -R ../.git/modules/sub .git &&
 		GIT_WORK_TREE=. git config --unset core.worktree
 	) &&
 	test_must_fail git merge conflict2 &&
 	test_must_fail git rm submod &&
-	test -d submod &&
-	test -d submod/.git &&
+	test_path_is_dir submod &&
+	test_path_is_dir submod/.git &&
 	git status -s -uno --ignore-submodules=none >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect.conflict actual &&
 	test_must_fail git rm -f submod &&
-	test -d submod &&
-	test -d submod/.git &&
+	test_path_is_dir submod &&
+	test_path_is_dir submod/.git &&
 	git status -s -uno --ignore-submodules=none >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect.conflict actual &&
 	git merge --abort &&
@@ -570,7 +574,7 @@
 	git reset --hard &&
 	test_must_fail git merge conflict2 &&
 	git rm submod &&
-	test ! -d submod &&
+	test_path_is_missing submod &&
 	git status -s -uno --ignore-submodules=none >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
@@ -579,17 +583,18 @@
 	git checkout -f master &&
 	git reset --hard &&
 	git submodule update &&
-	(cd submod &&
+	(
+		cd submod &&
 		rm .git &&
 		cp -R ../.git/modules/sub .git &&
 		GIT_WORK_TREE=. git config --unset core.worktree &&
 		rm -r ../.git/modules/sub
 	) &&
 	git rm submod 2>output.err &&
-	! test -d submod &&
-	! test -d submod/.git &&
+	test_path_is_missing submod &&
+	test_path_is_missing submod/.git &&
 	git status -s -uno --ignore-submodules=none >actual &&
-	test -s actual &&
+	test_file_not_empty actual &&
 	test_i18ngrep Migrating output.err
 '
 
@@ -600,7 +605,8 @@
 test_expect_success 'setup subsubmodule' '
 	git reset --hard &&
 	git submodule update &&
-	(cd submod &&
+	(
+		cd submod &&
 		git update-index --add --cacheinfo 160000 $(git rev-parse HEAD) subsubmod &&
 		git config -f .gitmodules submodule.sub.url ../. &&
 		git config -f .gitmodules submodule.sub.path subsubmod &&
@@ -614,7 +620,7 @@
 
 test_expect_success 'rm recursively removes work tree of unmodified submodules' '
 	git rm submod &&
-	test ! -d submod &&
+	test_path_is_missing submod &&
 	git status -s -uno --ignore-submodules=none >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
@@ -624,12 +630,12 @@
 	git submodule update --recursive &&
 	git -C submod/subsubmod checkout HEAD^ &&
 	test_must_fail git rm submod &&
-	test -d submod &&
-	test -f submod/.git &&
+	test_path_is_dir submod &&
+	test_path_is_file submod/.git &&
 	git status -s -uno --ignore-submodules=none >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect.modified_inside actual &&
 	git rm -f submod &&
-	test ! -d submod &&
+	test_path_is_missing submod &&
 	git status -s -uno --ignore-submodules=none >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
@@ -639,12 +645,12 @@
 	git submodule update --recursive &&
 	echo X >submod/subsubmod/empty &&
 	test_must_fail git rm submod &&
-	test -d submod &&
-	test -f submod/.git &&
+	test_path_is_dir submod &&
+	test_path_is_file submod/.git &&
 	git status -s -uno --ignore-submodules=none >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect.modified_inside actual &&
 	git rm -f submod &&
-	test ! -d submod &&
+	test_path_is_missing submod &&
 	git status -s -uno --ignore-submodules=none >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
@@ -654,12 +660,12 @@
 	git submodule update --recursive &&
 	echo X >submod/subsubmod/untracked &&
 	test_must_fail git rm submod &&
-	test -d submod &&
-	test -f submod/.git &&
+	test_path_is_dir submod &&
+	test_path_is_file submod/.git &&
 	git status -s -uno --ignore-submodules=none >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect.modified_untracked actual &&
 	git rm -f submod &&
-	test ! -d submod &&
+	test_path_is_missing submod &&
 	git status -s -uno --ignore-submodules=none >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
@@ -667,16 +673,17 @@
 test_expect_success "rm absorbs submodule's nested .git directory" '
 	git reset --hard &&
 	git submodule update --recursive &&
-	(cd submod/subsubmod &&
+	(
+		cd submod/subsubmod &&
 		rm .git &&
 		mv ../../.git/modules/sub/modules/sub .git &&
 		GIT_WORK_TREE=. git config --unset core.worktree
 	) &&
 	git rm submod 2>output.err &&
-	! test -d submod &&
-	! test -d submod/subsubmod/.git &&
+	test_path_is_missing submod &&
+	test_path_is_missing submod/subsubmod/.git &&
 	git status -s -uno --ignore-submodules=none >actual &&
-	test -s actual &&
+	test_file_not_empty actual &&
 	test_i18ngrep Migrating output.err
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t3903-stash.sh b/t/t3903-stash.sh
index 5f8272b..ea30d5f 100755
--- a/t/t3903-stash.sh
+++ b/t/t3903-stash.sh
@@ -8,22 +8,22 @@
 . ./test-lib.sh
 
 test_expect_success 'stash some dirty working directory' '
-	echo 1 > file &&
+	echo 1 >file &&
 	git add file &&
 	echo unrelated >other-file &&
 	git add other-file &&
 	test_tick &&
 	git commit -m initial &&
-	echo 2 > file &&
+	echo 2 >file &&
 	git add file &&
-	echo 3 > file &&
+	echo 3 >file &&
 	test_tick &&
 	git stash &&
 	git diff-files --quiet &&
 	git diff-index --cached --quiet HEAD
 '
 
-cat > expect << EOF
+cat >expect <<EOF
 diff --git a/file b/file
 index 0cfbf08..00750ed 100644
 --- a/file
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
 
 test_expect_success 'parents of stash' '
 	test $(git rev-parse stash^) = $(git rev-parse HEAD) &&
-	git diff stash^2..stash > output &&
+	git diff stash^2..stash >output &&
 	test_cmp expect output
 '
 
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@
 
 test_expect_success 'apply stashed changes (including index)' '
 	git reset --hard HEAD^ &&
-	echo 6 > other-file &&
+	echo 6 >other-file &&
 	git add other-file &&
 	test_tick &&
 	git commit -m other-file &&
@@ -99,12 +99,12 @@
 
 test_expect_success 'drop top stash' '
 	git reset --hard &&
-	git stash list > stashlist1 &&
-	echo 7 > file &&
+	git stash list >expected &&
+	echo 7 >file &&
 	git stash &&
 	git stash drop &&
-	git stash list > stashlist2 &&
-	test_cmp stashlist1 stashlist2 &&
+	git stash list >actual &&
+	test_cmp expected actual &&
 	git stash apply &&
 	test 3 = $(cat file) &&
 	test 1 = $(git show :file) &&
@@ -113,9 +113,9 @@
 
 test_expect_success 'drop middle stash' '
 	git reset --hard &&
-	echo 8 > file &&
+	echo 8 >file &&
 	git stash &&
-	echo 9 > file &&
+	echo 9 >file &&
 	git stash &&
 	git stash drop stash@{1} &&
 	test 2 = $(git stash list | wc -l) &&
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@
 	test 0 = $(git stash list | wc -l)
 '
 
-cat > expect << EOF
+cat >expect <<EOF
 diff --git a/file2 b/file2
 new file mode 100644
 index 0000000..1fe912c
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@
 +bar2
 EOF
 
-cat > expect1 << EOF
+cat >expect1 <<EOF
 diff --git a/file b/file
 index 257cc56..5716ca5 100644
 --- a/file
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@
 +bar
 EOF
 
-cat > expect2 << EOF
+cat >expect2 <<EOF
 diff --git a/file b/file
 index 7601807..5716ca5 100644
 --- a/file
@@ -198,79 +198,79 @@
 EOF
 
 test_expect_success 'stash branch' '
-	echo foo > file &&
+	echo foo >file &&
 	git commit file -m first &&
-	echo bar > file &&
-	echo bar2 > file2 &&
+	echo bar >file &&
+	echo bar2 >file2 &&
 	git add file2 &&
 	git stash &&
-	echo baz > file &&
+	echo baz >file &&
 	git commit file -m second &&
 	git stash branch stashbranch &&
 	test refs/heads/stashbranch = $(git symbolic-ref HEAD) &&
 	test $(git rev-parse HEAD) = $(git rev-parse master^) &&
-	git diff --cached > output &&
+	git diff --cached >output &&
 	test_cmp expect output &&
-	git diff > output &&
+	git diff >output &&
 	test_cmp expect1 output &&
 	git add file &&
 	git commit -m alternate\ second &&
-	git diff master..stashbranch > output &&
+	git diff master..stashbranch >output &&
 	test_cmp output expect2 &&
 	test 0 = $(git stash list | wc -l)
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'apply -q is quiet' '
-	echo foo > file &&
+	echo foo >file &&
 	git stash &&
-	git stash apply -q > output.out 2>&1 &&
+	git stash apply -q >output.out 2>&1 &&
 	test_must_be_empty output.out
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'save -q is quiet' '
-	git stash save --quiet > output.out 2>&1 &&
+	git stash save --quiet >output.out 2>&1 &&
 	test_must_be_empty output.out
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'pop -q is quiet' '
-	git stash pop -q > output.out 2>&1 &&
+	git stash pop -q >output.out 2>&1 &&
 	test_must_be_empty output.out
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'pop -q --index works and is quiet' '
-	echo foo > file &&
+	echo foo >file &&
 	git add file &&
 	git stash save --quiet &&
-	git stash pop -q --index > output.out 2>&1 &&
+	git stash pop -q --index >output.out 2>&1 &&
 	test foo = "$(git show :file)" &&
 	test_must_be_empty output.out
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'drop -q is quiet' '
 	git stash &&
-	git stash drop -q > output.out 2>&1 &&
+	git stash drop -q >output.out 2>&1 &&
 	test_must_be_empty output.out
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'stash -k' '
-	echo bar3 > file &&
-	echo bar4 > file2 &&
+	echo bar3 >file &&
+	echo bar4 >file2 &&
 	git add file2 &&
 	git stash -k &&
 	test bar,bar4 = $(cat file),$(cat file2)
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'stash --no-keep-index' '
-	echo bar33 > file &&
-	echo bar44 > file2 &&
+	echo bar33 >file &&
+	echo bar44 >file2 &&
 	git add file2 &&
 	git stash --no-keep-index &&
 	test bar,bar2 = $(cat file),$(cat file2)
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'stash --invalid-option' '
-	echo bar5 > file &&
-	echo bar6 > file2 &&
+	echo bar5 >file &&
+	echo bar6 >file2 &&
 	git add file2 &&
 	test_must_fail git stash --invalid-option &&
 	test_must_fail git stash save --invalid-option &&
@@ -287,6 +287,14 @@
 	test new = "$(cat file3)"
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'stash --intent-to-add file' '
+	git reset --hard &&
+	echo new >file4 &&
+	git add --intent-to-add file4 &&
+	test_when_finished "git rm -f file4" &&
+	test_must_fail git stash
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'stash rm then recreate' '
 	git reset --hard &&
 	git rm file &&
@@ -444,6 +452,36 @@
 	test foo = "$(cat file/file)"
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'giving too many ref arguments does not modify files' '
+	git stash clear &&
+	test_when_finished "git reset --hard HEAD" &&
+	echo foo >file2 &&
+	git stash &&
+	echo bar >file2 &&
+	git stash &&
+	test-tool chmtime =123456789 file2 &&
+	for type in apply pop "branch stash-branch"
+	do
+		test_must_fail git stash $type stash@{0} stash@{1} 2>err &&
+		test_i18ngrep "Too many revisions" err &&
+		test 123456789 = $(test-tool chmtime -g file2) || return 1
+	done
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'drop: too many arguments errors out (does nothing)' '
+	git stash list >expect &&
+	test_must_fail git stash drop stash@{0} stash@{1} 2>err &&
+	test_i18ngrep "Too many revisions" err &&
+	git stash list >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'show: too many arguments errors out (does nothing)' '
+	test_must_fail git stash show stash@{0} stash@{1} 2>err 1>out &&
+	test_i18ngrep "Too many revisions" err &&
+	test_must_be_empty out
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'stash create - no changes' '
 	git stash clear &&
 	test_when_finished "git reset --hard HEAD" &&
@@ -456,11 +494,12 @@
 	git stash clear &&
 	test_when_finished "git reset --hard HEAD" &&
 	git reset --hard &&
-	echo foo >> file &&
+	echo foo >>file &&
 	STASH_ID=$(git stash create) &&
 	git reset --hard &&
 	git stash branch stash-branch ${STASH_ID} &&
-	test_when_finished "git reset --hard HEAD && git checkout master && git branch -D stash-branch" &&
+	test_when_finished "git reset --hard HEAD && git checkout master &&
+	git branch -D stash-branch" &&
 	test $(git ls-files --modified | wc -l) -eq 1
 '
 
@@ -468,25 +507,31 @@
 	git stash clear &&
 	test_when_finished "git reset --hard HEAD" &&
 	git reset --hard &&
-	echo foo >> file &&
+	echo foo >>file &&
 	git stash &&
 	test_when_finished "git stash drop" &&
-	echo bar >> file &&
+	echo bar >>file &&
 	STASH_ID=$(git stash create) &&
 	git reset --hard &&
 	git stash branch stash-branch ${STASH_ID} &&
-	test_when_finished "git reset --hard HEAD && git checkout master && git branch -D stash-branch" &&
+	test_when_finished "git reset --hard HEAD && git checkout master &&
+	git branch -D stash-branch" &&
 	test $(git ls-files --modified | wc -l) -eq 1
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'stash branch complains with no arguments' '
+	test_must_fail git stash branch 2>err &&
+	test_i18ngrep "No branch name specified" err
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'stash show format defaults to --stat' '
 	git stash clear &&
 	test_when_finished "git reset --hard HEAD" &&
 	git reset --hard &&
-	echo foo >> file &&
+	echo foo >>file &&
 	git stash &&
 	test_when_finished "git stash drop" &&
-	echo bar >> file &&
+	echo bar >>file &&
 	STASH_ID=$(git stash create) &&
 	git reset --hard &&
 	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
@@ -501,10 +546,10 @@
 	git stash clear &&
 	test_when_finished "git reset --hard HEAD" &&
 	git reset --hard &&
-	echo foo >> file &&
+	echo foo >>file &&
 	git stash &&
 	test_when_finished "git stash drop" &&
-	echo bar >> file &&
+	echo bar >>file &&
 	STASH_ID=$(git stash create) &&
 	git reset --hard &&
 	echo "1	0	file" >expected &&
@@ -516,10 +561,10 @@
 	git stash clear &&
 	test_when_finished "git reset --hard HEAD" &&
 	git reset --hard &&
-	echo foo >> file &&
+	echo foo >>file &&
 	git stash &&
 	test_when_finished "git stash drop" &&
-	echo bar >> file &&
+	echo bar >>file &&
 	STASH_ID=$(git stash create) &&
 	git reset --hard &&
 	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
@@ -539,7 +584,7 @@
 	git stash clear &&
 	test_when_finished "git reset --hard HEAD" &&
 	git reset --hard &&
-	echo foo >> file &&
+	echo foo >>file &&
 	STASH_ID=$(git stash create) &&
 	git reset --hard &&
 	echo "1	0	file" >expected &&
@@ -551,7 +596,7 @@
 	git stash clear &&
 	test_when_finished "git reset --hard HEAD" &&
 	git reset --hard &&
-	echo foo >> file &&
+	echo foo >>file &&
 	STASH_ID=$(git stash create) &&
 	git reset --hard &&
 	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
@@ -567,13 +612,31 @@
 	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'stash drop - fail early if specified stash is not a stash reference' '
+test_expect_success 'stash show --patience shows diff' '
+	git reset --hard &&
+	echo foo >>file &&
+	STASH_ID=$(git stash create) &&
+	git reset --hard &&
+	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
+	diff --git a/file b/file
+	index 7601807..71b52c4 100644
+	--- a/file
+	+++ b/file
+	@@ -1 +1,2 @@
+	 baz
+	+foo
+	EOF
+	git stash show --patience ${STASH_ID} >actual &&
+	test_cmp expected actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'drop: fail early if specified stash is not a stash ref' '
 	git stash clear &&
 	test_when_finished "git reset --hard HEAD && git stash clear" &&
 	git reset --hard &&
-	echo foo > file &&
+	echo foo >file &&
 	git stash &&
-	echo bar > file &&
+	echo bar >file &&
 	git stash &&
 	test_must_fail git stash drop $(git rev-parse stash@{0}) &&
 	git stash pop &&
@@ -581,13 +644,13 @@
 	git reset --hard HEAD
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'stash pop - fail early if specified stash is not a stash reference' '
+test_expect_success 'pop: fail early if specified stash is not a stash ref' '
 	git stash clear &&
 	test_when_finished "git reset --hard HEAD && git stash clear" &&
 	git reset --hard &&
-	echo foo > file &&
+	echo foo >file &&
 	git stash &&
-	echo bar > file &&
+	echo bar >file &&
 	git stash &&
 	test_must_fail git stash pop $(git rev-parse stash@{0}) &&
 	git stash pop &&
@@ -597,8 +660,8 @@
 
 test_expect_success 'ref with non-existent reflog' '
 	git stash clear &&
-	echo bar5 > file &&
-	echo bar6 > file2 &&
+	echo bar5 >file &&
+	echo bar6 >file2 &&
 	git add file2 &&
 	git stash &&
 	test_must_fail git rev-parse --quiet --verify does-not-exist &&
@@ -618,8 +681,8 @@
 test_expect_success 'invalid ref of the form stash@{n}, n >= N' '
 	git stash clear &&
 	test_must_fail git stash drop stash@{0} &&
-	echo bar5 > file &&
-	echo bar6 > file2 &&
+	echo bar5 >file &&
+	echo bar6 >file2 &&
 	git add file2 &&
 	git stash &&
 	test_must_fail git stash drop stash@{1} &&
@@ -645,7 +708,7 @@
 	git stash drop
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'stash branch should not drop the stash if the branch exists' '
+test_expect_success 'branch: do not drop the stash if the branch exists' '
 	git stash clear &&
 	echo foo >file &&
 	git add file &&
@@ -656,7 +719,7 @@
 	git rev-parse stash@{0} --
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'stash branch should not drop the stash if the apply fails' '
+test_expect_success 'branch: should not drop the stash if the apply fails' '
 	git stash clear &&
 	git reset HEAD~1 --hard &&
 	echo foo >file &&
@@ -670,7 +733,7 @@
 	git rev-parse stash@{0} --
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'stash apply shows status same as git status (relative to current directory)' '
+test_expect_success 'apply: show same status as git status (relative to ./)' '
 	git stash clear &&
 	echo 1 >subdir/subfile1 &&
 	echo 2 >subdir/subfile2 &&
@@ -689,7 +752,7 @@
 	test_i18ncmp expect actual
 '
 
-cat > expect << EOF
+cat >expect <<EOF
 diff --git a/HEAD b/HEAD
 new file mode 100644
 index 0000000..fe0cbee
@@ -702,14 +765,14 @@
 test_expect_success 'stash where working directory contains "HEAD" file' '
 	git stash clear &&
 	git reset --hard &&
-	echo file-not-a-ref > HEAD &&
+	echo file-not-a-ref >HEAD &&
 	git add HEAD &&
 	test_tick &&
 	git stash &&
 	git diff-files --quiet &&
 	git diff-index --cached --quiet HEAD &&
 	test "$(git rev-parse stash^)" = "$(git rev-parse HEAD)" &&
-	git diff stash^..stash > output &&
+	git diff stash^..stash >output &&
 	test_cmp expect output
 '
 
@@ -1011,7 +1074,7 @@
 	test_i18ncmp expect actual
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'stash push with pathspec shows no changes when there are none' '
+test_expect_success 'push <pathspec>: show no changes when there are none' '
 	>foo &&
 	git add foo &&
 	git commit -m "tmp" &&
@@ -1021,12 +1084,35 @@
 	test_i18ncmp expect actual
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'stash push with pathspec not in the repository errors out' '
+test_expect_success 'push: <pathspec> not in the repository errors out' '
 	>untracked &&
 	test_must_fail git stash push untracked &&
 	test_path_is_file untracked
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'push: -q is quiet with changes' '
+	>foo &&
+	git add foo &&
+	git stash push -q >output 2>&1 &&
+	test_must_be_empty output
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'push: -q is quiet with no changes' '
+	git stash push -q >output 2>&1 &&
+	test_must_be_empty output
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'push: -q is quiet even if there is no initial commit' '
+	git init foo_dir &&
+	test_when_finished rm -rf foo_dir &&
+	(
+		cd foo_dir &&
+		>bar &&
+		test_must_fail git stash push -q >output 2>&1 &&
+		test_must_be_empty output
+	)
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'untracked files are left in place when -u is not given' '
 	>file &&
 	git add file &&
@@ -1096,6 +1182,12 @@
 	test_path_is_file subdir/untracked
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'stash with user.name and user.email set works' '
+	test_config user.name "A U Thor" &&
+	test_config user.email "a.u@thor" &&
+	git stash
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'stash works when user.name and user.email are not set' '
 	git reset &&
 	>1 &&
diff --git a/t/t3905-stash-include-untracked.sh b/t/t3905-stash-include-untracked.sh
index cc1c8a7..29ca76f 100755
--- a/t/t3905-stash-include-untracked.sh
+++ b/t/t3905-stash-include-untracked.sh
@@ -283,4 +283,10 @@
 	test_i18ncmp expect actual
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'stash -u with globs' '
+	>untracked.txt &&
+	git stash -u -- ":(glob)**/*.txt" &&
+	test_path_is_missing untracked.txt
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t3907-stash-show-config.sh b/t/t3907-stash-show-config.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..10914bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/t3907-stash-show-config.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+test_description='Test git stash show configuration.'
+
+. ./test-lib.sh
+
+test_expect_success 'setup' '
+	test_commit file
+'
+
+# takes three parameters:
+# 1. the stash.showStat value (or "<unset>")
+# 2. the stash.showPatch value (or "<unset>")
+# 3. the diff options of the expected output (or nothing for no output)
+test_stat_and_patch () {
+	if test "<unset>" = "$1"
+	then
+		test_unconfig stash.showStat
+	else
+		test_config stash.showStat "$1"
+	fi &&
+
+	if test "<unset>" = "$2"
+	then
+		test_unconfig stash.showPatch
+	else
+		test_config stash.showPatch "$2"
+	fi &&
+
+	shift 2 &&
+	echo 2 >file.t &&
+	if test $# != 0
+	then
+		git diff "$@" >expect
+	fi &&
+	git stash &&
+	git stash show >actual &&
+
+	if test $# = 0
+	then
+		test_must_be_empty actual
+	else
+		test_cmp expect actual
+	fi
+}
+
+test_expect_success 'showStat unset showPatch unset' '
+	test_stat_and_patch "<unset>" "<unset>" --stat
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'showStat unset showPatch false' '
+	test_stat_and_patch "<unset>" false --stat
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'showStat unset showPatch true' '
+	test_stat_and_patch "<unset>" true --stat -p
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'showStat false showPatch unset' '
+	test_stat_and_patch false "<unset>"
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'showStat false showPatch false' '
+	test_stat_and_patch false false
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'showStat false showPatch true' '
+	test_stat_and_patch false true -p
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'showStat true showPatch unset' '
+	test_stat_and_patch true "<unset>" --stat
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'showStat true showPatch false' '
+	test_stat_and_patch true false --stat
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'showStat true showPatch true' '
+	test_stat_and_patch true true --stat -p
+'
+
+test_done
diff --git a/t/t4014-format-patch.sh b/t/t4014-format-patch.sh
index 909c743..b6e2fdb 100755
--- a/t/t4014-format-patch.sh
+++ b/t/t4014-format-patch.sh
@@ -589,6 +589,12 @@
 	ls patches/0004-This-is-an-excessively-long-subject-line-for-a-messa.patch
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'failure to write cover-letter aborts gracefully' '
+	test_when_finished "rmdir 0000-cover-letter.patch" &&
+	mkdir 0000-cover-letter.patch &&
+	test_must_fail git format-patch --no-renames --cover-letter -1
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'cover-letter inherits diff options' '
 	git mv file foo &&
 	git commit -m foo &&
diff --git a/t/t4038-diff-combined.sh b/t/t4038-diff-combined.sh
index 07b49f6..d4afe12 100755
--- a/t/t4038-diff-combined.sh
+++ b/t/t4038-diff-combined.sh
@@ -480,18 +480,18 @@
 	git branch side1d &&
 	git branch side2d &&
 	git checkout side1d &&
-	test_seq 1 10 >$(printf "file\twith\ttabs") &&
+	test_seq 1 10 >"$(printf "file\twith\ttabs")" &&
 	git add file* &&
 	git commit -m with &&
 	git checkout side2d &&
-	test_seq 1 9 >$(printf "i\tam\ttabbed") &&
-	echo ten >>$(printf "i\tam\ttabbed") &&
+	test_seq 1 9 >"$(printf "i\tam\ttabbed")" &&
+	echo ten >>"$(printf "i\tam\ttabbed")" &&
 	git add *tabbed &&
 	git commit -m iam &&
 	git checkout -b funny-names-mergery side1d &&
 	git merge --no-commit side2d &&
 	git rm *tabs &&
-	echo eleven >>$(printf "i\tam\ttabbed") &&
+	echo eleven >>"$(printf "i\tam\ttabbed")" &&
 	git mv "$(printf "i\tam\ttabbed")" "$(printf "fickle\tnaming")" &&
 	git add fickle* &&
 	git commit
diff --git a/t/t4053-diff-no-index.sh b/t/t4053-diff-no-index.sh
index 4331b31..0168946 100755
--- a/t/t4053-diff-no-index.sh
+++ b/t/t4053-diff-no-index.sh
@@ -50,8 +50,7 @@
 		export GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES &&
 		cd non/git &&
 		test_must_fail git diff --no-index a 2>actual.err &&
-		echo "usage: git diff --no-index <path> <path>" >expect.err &&
-		test_cmp expect.err actual.err
+		test_i18ngrep "usage: git diff --no-index" actual.err
 	)
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t4150-am.sh b/t/t4150-am.sh
index 55b577d..3f7f750 100755
--- a/t/t4150-am.sh
+++ b/t/t4150-am.sh
@@ -77,14 +77,12 @@
 
 	printf "Subject: " >subject-prefix &&
 
-	cat - subject-prefix msg-without-scissors-line >msg-with-scissors-line <<-\EOF &&
+	cat - subject-prefix msg-without-scissors-line >msg-with-scissors-line <<-\EOF
 	This line should not be included in the commit message with --scissors enabled.
 
 	 - - >8 - - remove everything above this line - - >8 - -
 
 	EOF
-
-	signoff="Signed-off-by: $GIT_COMMITTER_NAME <$GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL>"
 '
 
 test_expect_success setup '
diff --git a/t/t4211-line-log.sh b/t/t4211-line-log.sh
index bd5fe4d..1db7bd0 100755
--- a/t/t4211-line-log.sh
+++ b/t/t4211-line-log.sh
@@ -115,4 +115,21 @@
 	git log $(for x in $(test_seq 200); do echo -L $((2*x)),+1:c.c; done)
 '
 
+test_expect_success '-s shows only line-log commits' '
+	git log --format="commit %s" -L1,24:b.c >expect.raw &&
+	grep ^commit expect.raw >expect &&
+	git log --format="commit %s" -L1,24:b.c -s >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success '-p shows the default patch output' '
+	git log -L1,24:b.c >expect &&
+	git log -L1,24:b.c -p >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success '--raw is forbidden' '
+	test_must_fail git log -L1,24:b.c --raw
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t5317-pack-objects-filter-objects.sh b/t/t5317-pack-objects-filter-objects.sh
index 24541ea..4c0201c 100755
--- a/t/t5317-pack-objects-filter-objects.sh
+++ b/t/t5317-pack-objects-filter-objects.sh
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
 	awk -f print_2.awk ls_files_result |
 	sort >expected &&
 
-	git -C r1 pack-objects --rev --stdout >all.pack <<-EOF &&
+	git -C r1 pack-objects --revs --stdout >all.pack <<-EOF &&
 	HEAD
 	EOF
 	git -C r1 index-pack ../all.pack &&
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'verify blob:none packfile has no blobs' '
-	git -C r1 pack-objects --rev --stdout --filter=blob:none >filter.pack <<-EOF &&
+	git -C r1 pack-objects --revs --stdout --filter=blob:none >filter.pack <<-EOF &&
 	HEAD
 	EOF
 	git -C r1 index-pack ../filter.pack &&
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@
 	git -C r5 commit -m "foo" &&
 	del=$(git -C r5 rev-parse HEAD^{tree} | sed "s|..|&/|") &&
 	rm r5/.git/objects/$del &&
-	test_must_fail git -C r5 pack-objects --rev --stdout 2>bad_tree <<-EOF &&
+	test_must_fail git -C r5 pack-objects --revs --stdout 2>bad_tree <<-EOF &&
 	HEAD
 	EOF
 	grep "bad tree object" bad_tree
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'verify tree:0 packfile has no blobs or trees' '
-	git -C r1 pack-objects --rev --stdout --filter=tree:0 >commitsonly.pack <<-EOF &&
+	git -C r1 pack-objects --revs --stdout --filter=tree:0 >commitsonly.pack <<-EOF &&
 	HEAD
 	EOF
 	git -C r1 index-pack ../commitsonly.pack &&
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@
 
 test_expect_success 'grab tree directly when using tree:0' '
 	# We should get the tree specified directly but not its blobs or subtrees.
-	git -C r1 pack-objects --rev --stdout --filter=tree:0 >commitsonly.pack <<-EOF &&
+	git -C r1 pack-objects --revs --stdout --filter=tree:0 >commitsonly.pack <<-EOF &&
 	HEAD:
 	EOF
 	git -C r1 index-pack ../commitsonly.pack &&
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@
 	awk -f print_2.awk ls_files_result |
 	sort >expected &&
 
-	git -C r2 pack-objects --rev --stdout >all.pack <<-EOF &&
+	git -C r2 pack-objects --revs --stdout >all.pack <<-EOF &&
 	HEAD
 	EOF
 	git -C r2 index-pack ../all.pack &&
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'verify blob:limit=500 omits all blobs' '
-	git -C r2 pack-objects --rev --stdout --filter=blob:limit=500 >filter.pack <<-EOF &&
+	git -C r2 pack-objects --revs --stdout --filter=blob:limit=500 >filter.pack <<-EOF &&
 	HEAD
 	EOF
 	git -C r2 index-pack ../filter.pack &&
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'verify blob:limit=1000' '
-	git -C r2 pack-objects --rev --stdout --filter=blob:limit=1000 >filter.pack <<-EOF &&
+	git -C r2 pack-objects --revs --stdout --filter=blob:limit=1000 >filter.pack <<-EOF &&
 	HEAD
 	EOF
 	git -C r2 index-pack ../filter.pack &&
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@
 	awk -f print_2.awk ls_files_result |
 	sort >expected &&
 
-	git -C r2 pack-objects --rev --stdout --filter=blob:limit=1001 >filter.pack <<-EOF &&
+	git -C r2 pack-objects --revs --stdout --filter=blob:limit=1001 >filter.pack <<-EOF &&
 	HEAD
 	EOF
 	git -C r2 index-pack ../filter.pack &&
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@
 	awk -f print_2.awk ls_files_result |
 	sort >expected &&
 
-	git -C r2 pack-objects --rev --stdout --filter=blob:limit=10001 >filter.pack <<-EOF &&
+	git -C r2 pack-objects --revs --stdout --filter=blob:limit=10001 >filter.pack <<-EOF &&
 	HEAD
 	EOF
 	git -C r2 index-pack ../filter.pack &&
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@
 	awk -f print_2.awk ls_files_result |
 	sort >expected &&
 
-	git -C r2 pack-objects --rev --stdout --filter=blob:limit=1k >filter.pack <<-EOF &&
+	git -C r2 pack-objects --revs --stdout --filter=blob:limit=1k >filter.pack <<-EOF &&
 	HEAD
 	EOF
 	git -C r2 index-pack ../filter.pack &&
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@
 	awk -f print_2.awk ls_files_result |
 	sort >expected &&
 
-	git -C r2 pack-objects --rev --stdout --filter=blob:limit=1k >filter.pack <<-EOF &&
+	git -C r2 pack-objects --revs --stdout --filter=blob:limit=1k >filter.pack <<-EOF &&
 	HEAD
 	$(git -C r2 rev-parse HEAD:large.10000)
 	EOF
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@
 	awk -f print_2.awk ls_files_result |
 	sort >expected &&
 
-	git -C r2 pack-objects --rev --stdout --filter=blob:limit=1m >filter.pack <<-EOF &&
+	git -C r2 pack-objects --revs --stdout --filter=blob:limit=1m >filter.pack <<-EOF &&
 	HEAD
 	EOF
 	git -C r2 index-pack ../filter.pack &&
@@ -302,7 +302,7 @@
 	awk -f print_2.awk ls_files_result |
 	sort >expected &&
 
-	git -C r3 pack-objects --rev --stdout >all.pack <<-EOF &&
+	git -C r3 pack-objects --revs --stdout >all.pack <<-EOF &&
 	HEAD
 	EOF
 	git -C r3 index-pack ../all.pack &&
@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@
 	awk -f print_2.awk ls_files_result |
 	sort >expected &&
 
-	git -C r3 pack-objects --rev --stdout --filter=sparse:path=../pattern1 >filter.pack <<-EOF &&
+	git -C r3 pack-objects --revs --stdout --filter=sparse:path=../pattern1 >filter.pack <<-EOF &&
 	HEAD
 	EOF
 	git -C r3 index-pack ../filter.pack &&
@@ -352,7 +352,7 @@
 	awk -f print_2.awk ls_files_result |
 	sort >expected &&
 
-	git -C r3 pack-objects --rev --stdout --filter=sparse:path=../pattern2 >filter.pack <<-EOF &&
+	git -C r3 pack-objects --revs --stdout --filter=sparse:path=../pattern2 >filter.pack <<-EOF &&
 	HEAD
 	EOF
 	git -C r3 index-pack ../filter.pack &&
@@ -404,7 +404,7 @@
 	awk -f print_2.awk ls_files_result |
 	sort >expected &&
 
-	git -C r4 pack-objects --rev --stdout >all.pack <<-EOF &&
+	git -C r4 pack-objects --revs --stdout >all.pack <<-EOF &&
 	HEAD
 	EOF
 	git -C r4 index-pack ../all.pack &&
@@ -423,7 +423,7 @@
 	sort >expected &&
 
 	oid=$(git -C r4 ls-files -s pattern | awk -f print_2.awk) &&
-	git -C r4 pack-objects --rev --stdout --filter=sparse:oid=$oid >filter.pack <<-EOF &&
+	git -C r4 pack-objects --revs --stdout --filter=sparse:oid=$oid >filter.pack <<-EOF &&
 	HEAD
 	EOF
 	git -C r4 index-pack ../filter.pack &&
@@ -441,7 +441,7 @@
 	awk -f print_2.awk ls_files_result |
 	sort >expected &&
 
-	git -C r4 pack-objects --rev --stdout --filter=sparse:oid=master:pattern >filter.pack <<-EOF &&
+	git -C r4 pack-objects --revs --stdout --filter=sparse:oid=master:pattern >filter.pack <<-EOF &&
 	HEAD
 	EOF
 	git -C r4 index-pack ../filter.pack &&
@@ -470,19 +470,19 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'verify pack-objects fails w/ missing objects' '
-	test_must_fail git -C r1 pack-objects --rev --stdout >miss.pack <<-EOF
+	test_must_fail git -C r1 pack-objects --revs --stdout >miss.pack <<-EOF
 	HEAD
 	EOF
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'verify pack-objects fails w/ --missing=error' '
-	test_must_fail git -C r1 pack-objects --rev --stdout --missing=error >miss.pack <<-EOF
+	test_must_fail git -C r1 pack-objects --revs --stdout --missing=error >miss.pack <<-EOF
 	HEAD
 	EOF
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'verify pack-objects w/ --missing=allow-any' '
-	git -C r1 pack-objects --rev --stdout --missing=allow-any >miss.pack <<-EOF
+	git -C r1 pack-objects --revs --stdout --missing=allow-any >miss.pack <<-EOF
 	HEAD
 	EOF
 '
diff --git a/t/t5318-commit-graph.sh b/t/t5318-commit-graph.sh
index 561796f..840ad4d 100755
--- a/t/t5318-commit-graph.sh
+++ b/t/t5318-commit-graph.sh
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@
 
 test_expect_success 'write graph' '
 	cd "$TRASH_DIRECTORY/full" &&
-	graph1=$(git commit-graph write) &&
+	git commit-graph write &&
 	test_path_is_file $objdir/info/commit-graph &&
 	graph_read_expect "3"
 '
@@ -366,6 +366,26 @@
 GRAPH_BYTE_OCTOPUS=$(($GRAPH_OCTOPUS_DATA_OFFSET + 4))
 GRAPH_BYTE_FOOTER=$(($GRAPH_OCTOPUS_DATA_OFFSET + 4 * $NUM_OCTOPUS_EDGES))
 
+corrupt_graph_setup() {
+	cd "$TRASH_DIRECTORY/full" &&
+	test_when_finished mv commit-graph-backup $objdir/info/commit-graph &&
+	cp $objdir/info/commit-graph commit-graph-backup
+}
+
+corrupt_graph_verify() {
+	grepstr=$1
+	test_must_fail git commit-graph verify 2>test_err &&
+	grep -v "^+" test_err >err &&
+	test_i18ngrep "$grepstr" err &&
+	if test "$2" != "no-copy"
+	then
+		cp $objdir/info/commit-graph commit-graph-pre-write-test
+	fi &&
+	git status --short &&
+	GIT_TEST_COMMIT_GRAPH_DIE_ON_LOAD=true git commit-graph write &&
+	git commit-graph verify
+}
+
 # usage: corrupt_graph_and_verify <position> <data> <string> [<zero_pos>]
 # Manipulates the commit-graph file at the position
 # by inserting the data, optionally zeroing the file
@@ -376,19 +396,28 @@
 	pos=$1
 	data="${2:-\0}"
 	grepstr=$3
-	cd "$TRASH_DIRECTORY/full" &&
+	corrupt_graph_setup &&
 	orig_size=$(wc -c < $objdir/info/commit-graph) &&
 	zero_pos=${4:-${orig_size}} &&
-	test_when_finished mv commit-graph-backup $objdir/info/commit-graph &&
-	cp $objdir/info/commit-graph commit-graph-backup &&
 	printf "$data" | dd of="$objdir/info/commit-graph" bs=1 seek="$pos" conv=notrunc &&
 	dd of="$objdir/info/commit-graph" bs=1 seek="$zero_pos" if=/dev/null &&
 	generate_zero_bytes $(($orig_size - $zero_pos)) >>"$objdir/info/commit-graph" &&
-	test_must_fail git commit-graph verify 2>test_err &&
-	grep -v "^+" test_err >err &&
-	test_i18ngrep "$grepstr" err
+	corrupt_graph_verify "$grepstr"
+
 }
 
+test_expect_success POSIXPERM,SANITY 'detect permission problem' '
+	corrupt_graph_setup &&
+	chmod 000 $objdir/info/commit-graph &&
+	corrupt_graph_verify "Could not open" "no-copy"
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'detect too small' '
+	corrupt_graph_setup &&
+	echo "a small graph" >$objdir/info/commit-graph &&
+	corrupt_graph_verify "too small"
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'detect bad signature' '
 	corrupt_graph_and_verify 0 "\0" \
 		"graph signature"
@@ -499,6 +528,7 @@
 	git fsck &&
 	corrupt_graph_and_verify $GRAPH_BYTE_FOOTER "\00" \
 		"incorrect checksum" &&
+	cp commit-graph-pre-write-test $objdir/info/commit-graph &&
 	test_must_fail git fsck
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t5319-multi-pack-index.sh b/t/t5319-multi-pack-index.sh
index 70926b5..1ebf19e 100755
--- a/t/t5319-multi-pack-index.sh
+++ b/t/t5319-multi-pack-index.sh
@@ -86,13 +86,14 @@
 '
 
 midx_git_two_modes () {
+	git -c core.multiPackIndex=false $1 >expect &&
+	git -c core.multiPackIndex=true $1 >actual &&
 	if [ "$2" = "sorted" ]
 	then
-		git -c core.multiPackIndex=false $1 | sort >expect &&
-		git -c core.multiPackIndex=true $1 | sort >actual
-	else
-		git -c core.multiPackIndex=false $1 >expect &&
-		git -c core.multiPackIndex=true $1 >actual
+		sort <expect >expect.sorted &&
+		mv expect.sorted expect &&
+		sort <actual >actual.sorted &&
+		mv actual.sorted actual
 	fi &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 }
@@ -103,8 +104,8 @@
 		midx_git_two_modes "rev-list --objects --all" &&
 		midx_git_two_modes "log --raw" &&
 		midx_git_two_modes "count-objects --verbose" &&
-		midx_git_two_modes "cat-file --batch-all-objects --buffer --batch-check" &&
-		midx_git_two_modes "cat-file --batch-all-objects --buffer --batch-check --unsorted" sorted
+		midx_git_two_modes "cat-file --batch-all-objects --batch-check" &&
+		midx_git_two_modes "cat-file --batch-all-objects --batch-check --unordered" sorted
 	'
 }
 
@@ -116,6 +117,20 @@
 
 compare_results_with_midx "one v2 pack"
 
+test_expect_success 'corrupt idx not opened' '
+	idx=$(test-tool read-midx $objdir | grep "\.idx\$") &&
+	mv $objdir/pack/$idx backup-$idx &&
+	test_when_finished "mv backup-\$idx \$objdir/pack/\$idx" &&
+
+	# This is the minimum size for a sha-1 based .idx; this lets
+	# us pass perfunctory tests, but anything that actually opens and reads
+	# the idx file will complain.
+	test_copy_bytes 1064 <backup-$idx >$objdir/pack/$idx &&
+
+	git -c core.multiPackIndex=true rev-list --objects --all 2>err &&
+	test_must_be_empty err
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'add more objects' '
 	for i in $(test_seq 6 10)
 	do
diff --git a/t/t5400-send-pack.sh b/t/t5400-send-pack.sh
index f1932ea..571d620 100755
--- a/t/t5400-send-pack.sh
+++ b/t/t5400-send-pack.sh
@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@
 	$shared .have
 	EOF
 
-	GIT_TRACE_PACKET=$(pwd)/trace \
+	GIT_TRACE_PACKET=$(pwd)/trace GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION= \
 	    git push \
 		--receive-pack="unset GIT_TRACE_PACKET; git-receive-pack" \
 		fork HEAD:foo &&
diff --git a/t/t5407-post-rewrite-hook.sh b/t/t5407-post-rewrite-hook.sh
index a4a5903..7344253 100755
--- a/t/t5407-post-rewrite-hook.sh
+++ b/t/t5407-post-rewrite-hook.sh
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@
 test_expect_success 'git rebase with implicit use of interactive backend' '
 	git reset --hard D &&
 	clear_hook_input &&
-	test_must_fail git rebase --keep --onto A B &&
+	test_must_fail git rebase --keep-empty --onto A B &&
 	echo C > foo &&
 	git add foo &&
 	git rebase --continue &&
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@
 test_expect_success 'git rebase --skip with implicit use of interactive backend' '
 	git reset --hard D &&
 	clear_hook_input &&
-	test_must_fail git rebase --keep --onto A B &&
+	test_must_fail git rebase --keep-empty --onto A B &&
 	test_must_fail git rebase --skip &&
 	echo D > foo &&
 	git add foo &&
diff --git a/t/t5500-fetch-pack.sh b/t/t5500-fetch-pack.sh
index 49c540b..1c71c0e 100755
--- a/t/t5500-fetch-pack.sh
+++ b/t/t5500-fetch-pack.sh
@@ -636,7 +636,9 @@
 	test_commit -C server 6 &&
 
 	git init client &&
-	test_must_fail git -C client fetch-pack ../server \
+	# Some protocol versions (e.g. 2) support fetching
+	# unadvertised objects, so restrict this test to v0.
+	test_must_fail env GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION= git -C client fetch-pack ../server \
 		$(git -C server rev-parse refs/heads/master^) 2>err &&
 	test_i18ngrep "Server does not allow request for unadvertised object" err
 '
@@ -918,7 +920,4 @@
 	fetch_filter_blob_limit_zero "$HTTPD_DOCUMENT_ROOT_PATH/server" "$HTTPD_URL/smart/server"
 '
 
-stop_httpd
-
-
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t5503-tagfollow.sh b/t/t5503-tagfollow.sh
index 4ca48f0..6041a4d 100755
--- a/t/t5503-tagfollow.sh
+++ b/t/t5503-tagfollow.sh
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@
 	test -s "$1" &&
 	perl -alne '
 		next unless $F[1] eq "upload-pack<";
-		last if $F[2] eq "0000";
+		next unless $F[2] eq "want";
 		print $F[2], " ", $F[3];
 	' "$1"
 }
diff --git a/t/t5510-fetch.sh b/t/t5510-fetch.sh
index 3b7b305..e98d90d 100755
--- a/t/t5510-fetch.sh
+++ b/t/t5510-fetch.sh
@@ -978,6 +978,4 @@
 	check_negotiation_tip
 '
 
-stop_httpd
-
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t5512-ls-remote.sh b/t/t5512-ls-remote.sh
index ced15ae..e3c4a48 100755
--- a/t/t5512-ls-remote.sh
+++ b/t/t5512-ls-remote.sh
@@ -223,7 +223,9 @@
 	$(git rev-parse refs/tags/mark1.10)	refs/tags/mark1.10
 	$(git rev-parse refs/tags/mark1.2)	refs/tags/mark1.2
 	EOF
-	git ls-remote --symref >actual &&
+	# Protocol v2 supports sending symrefs for refs other than HEAD, so use
+	# protocol v0 here.
+	GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION= git ls-remote --symref >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
@@ -232,7 +234,9 @@
 	ref: refs/heads/master	HEAD
 	1bd44cb9d13204b0fe1958db0082f5028a16eb3a	HEAD
 	EOF
-	git ls-remote --symref . HEAD >actual &&
+	# Protocol v2 supports sending symrefs for refs other than HEAD, so use
+	# protocol v0 here.
+	GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION= git ls-remote --symref . HEAD >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
@@ -243,7 +247,9 @@
 	1bd44cb9d13204b0fe1958db0082f5028a16eb3a	refs/heads/foo
 	1bd44cb9d13204b0fe1958db0082f5028a16eb3a	refs/heads/master
 	EOF
-	git ls-remote --symref --heads . >actual &&
+	# Protocol v2 supports sending symrefs for refs other than HEAD, so use
+	# protocol v0 here.
+	GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION= git ls-remote --symref --heads . >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
@@ -252,9 +258,11 @@
 	1bd44cb9d13204b0fe1958db0082f5028a16eb3a	refs/heads/foo
 	1bd44cb9d13204b0fe1958db0082f5028a16eb3a	refs/heads/master
 	EOF
-	git ls-remote --symref --heads . >actual &&
+	# Protocol v2 supports sending symrefs for refs other than HEAD, so use
+	# protocol v0 here.
+	GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION= git ls-remote --symref --heads . >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual &&
-	git ls-remote --symref . "refs/heads/*" >actual &&
+	GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION= git ls-remote --symref . "refs/heads/*" >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t5515-fetch-merge-logic.sh b/t/t5515-fetch-merge-logic.sh
index 36b0dbc..e55d847 100755
--- a/t/t5515-fetch-merge-logic.sh
+++ b/t/t5515-fetch-merge-logic.sh
@@ -6,6 +6,10 @@
 
 test_description='Merge logic in fetch'
 
+# NEEDSWORK: If the overspecification of the expected result is reduced, we
+# might be able to run this test in all protocol versions.
+GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION=
+
 . ./test-lib.sh
 
 LF='
diff --git a/t/t5516-fetch-push.sh b/t/t5516-fetch-push.sh
index 37e8e80..49bf428 100755
--- a/t/t5516-fetch-push.sh
+++ b/t/t5516-fetch-push.sh
@@ -1147,8 +1147,12 @@
 		git prune &&
 		test_must_fail git cat-file -t $the_commit &&
 
+		# Some protocol versions (e.g. 2) support fetching
+		# unadvertised objects, so restrict this test to v0.
+
 		# fetching the hidden object should fail by default
-		test_must_fail git fetch -v ../testrepo $the_commit:refs/heads/copy 2>err &&
+		test_must_fail env GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION= \
+			git fetch -v ../testrepo $the_commit:refs/heads/copy 2>err &&
 		test_i18ngrep "Server does not allow request for unadvertised object" err &&
 		test_must_fail git rev-parse --verify refs/heads/copy &&
 
@@ -1204,7 +1208,10 @@
 		mk_empty shallow &&
 		(
 			cd shallow &&
-			test_must_fail git fetch --depth=1 ../testrepo/.git $SHA1 &&
+			# Some protocol versions (e.g. 2) support fetching
+			# unadvertised objects, so restrict this test to v0.
+			test_must_fail env GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION= \
+				git fetch --depth=1 ../testrepo/.git $SHA1 &&
 			git --git-dir=../testrepo/.git config uploadpack.allowreachablesha1inwant true &&
 			git fetch --depth=1 ../testrepo/.git $SHA1 &&
 			git cat-file commit $SHA1
@@ -1232,15 +1239,20 @@
 		mk_empty shallow &&
 		(
 			cd shallow &&
-			test_must_fail ok=sigpipe git fetch ../testrepo/.git $SHA1_3 &&
-			test_must_fail ok=sigpipe git fetch ../testrepo/.git $SHA1_1 &&
+			# Some protocol versions (e.g. 2) support fetching
+			# unadvertised objects, so restrict this test to v0.
+			test_must_fail ok=sigpipe env GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION= \
+				git fetch ../testrepo/.git $SHA1_3 &&
+			test_must_fail ok=sigpipe env GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION= \
+				git fetch ../testrepo/.git $SHA1_1 &&
 			git --git-dir=../testrepo/.git config uploadpack.allowreachablesha1inwant true &&
 			git fetch ../testrepo/.git $SHA1_1 &&
 			git cat-file commit $SHA1_1 &&
 			test_must_fail git cat-file commit $SHA1_2 &&
 			git fetch ../testrepo/.git $SHA1_2 &&
 			git cat-file commit $SHA1_2 &&
-			test_must_fail ok=sigpipe git fetch ../testrepo/.git $SHA1_3
+			test_must_fail ok=sigpipe env GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION= \
+				git fetch ../testrepo/.git $SHA1_3
 		)
 	'
 done
@@ -1370,7 +1382,7 @@
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'push --follow-tag only pushes relevant tags' '
+test_expect_success 'push --follow-tags only pushes relevant tags' '
 	mk_test testrepo heads/master &&
 	rm -fr src dst &&
 	git init src &&
@@ -1384,7 +1396,7 @@
 		git tag -m "future" future &&
 		git checkout master &&
 		git for-each-ref refs/heads/master refs/tags/tag >../expect &&
-		git push --follow-tag ../dst master
+		git push --follow-tags ../dst master
 	) &&
 	(
 		cd dst &&
diff --git a/t/t5531-deep-submodule-push.sh b/t/t5531-deep-submodule-push.sh
index e2c37fd..4ad059e 100755
--- a/t/t5531-deep-submodule-push.sh
+++ b/t/t5531-deep-submodule-push.sh
@@ -363,7 +363,7 @@
 		) &&
 		git add b &&
 		git commit -m "added submodule" &&
-		git push --recurse-submodule=check origin master
+		git push --recurse-submodules=check origin master
 	)
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t5537-fetch-shallow.sh b/t/t5537-fetch-shallow.sh
index 6caf628..66f0b64 100755
--- a/t/t5537-fetch-shallow.sh
+++ b/t/t5537-fetch-shallow.sh
@@ -255,6 +255,4 @@
 	git -C client fsck
 '
 
-stop_httpd
-
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t5539-fetch-http-shallow.sh b/t/t5539-fetch-http-shallow.sh
index 5fbf67c..b4ad81f 100755
--- a/t/t5539-fetch-http-shallow.sh
+++ b/t/t5539-fetch-http-shallow.sh
@@ -67,7 +67,10 @@
 		cd clone &&
 		git checkout --orphan newnew &&
 		test_commit new-too &&
-		GIT_TRACE_PACKET="$TRASH_DIRECTORY/trace" git fetch --depth=2 &&
+		# NEEDSWORK: If the overspecification of the expected result is reduced, we
+		# might be able to run this test in all protocol versions.
+		GIT_TRACE_PACKET="$TRASH_DIRECTORY/trace" GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION= \
+			git fetch --depth=2 &&
 		grep "fetch-pack< ACK .* ready" ../trace &&
 		! grep "fetch-pack> done" ../trace
 	)
@@ -146,5 +149,4 @@
 	)
 '
 
-stop_httpd
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t5540-http-push-webdav.sh b/t/t5540-http-push-webdav.sh
index 88ff5a4..a094fd5 100755
--- a/t/t5540-http-push-webdav.sh
+++ b/t/t5540-http-push-webdav.sh
@@ -176,6 +176,4 @@
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
-stop_httpd
-
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t5541-http-push-smart.sh b/t/t5541-http-push-smart.sh
index 5475afc..8ef8763 100755
--- a/t/t5541-http-push-smart.sh
+++ b/t/t5541-http-push-smart.sh
@@ -47,7 +47,12 @@
 	cd "$ROOT_PATH" &&
 	git clone $HTTPD_URL/smart/test_repo.git/ test_repo_clone &&
 
-	check_access_log exp
+	# NEEDSWORK: If the overspecification of the expected result is reduced, we
+	# might be able to run this test in all protocol versions.
+	if test -z "$GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION"
+	then
+		check_access_log exp
+	fi
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'clone remote repository' '
@@ -128,7 +133,12 @@
 POST /smart/test_repo.git/git-receive-pack HTTP/1.1 200
 EOF
 test_expect_success 'used receive-pack service' '
-	check_access_log exp
+	# NEEDSWORK: If the overspecification of the expected result is reduced, we
+	# might be able to run this test in all protocol versions.
+	if test -z "$GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION"
+	then
+		check_access_log exp
+	fi
 '
 
 test_http_push_nonff "$HTTPD_DOCUMENT_ROOT_PATH"/test_repo.git \
@@ -373,5 +383,4 @@
 	test_i18ngrep ! "^hint: " decoded
 '
 
-stop_httpd
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t5542-push-http-shallow.sh b/t/t5542-push-http-shallow.sh
index 5165833..ddc1db7 100755
--- a/t/t5542-push-http-shallow.sh
+++ b/t/t5542-push-http-shallow.sh
@@ -90,5 +90,4 @@
 	)
 '
 
-stop_httpd
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t5545-push-options.sh b/t/t5545-push-options.sh
index b47a958..6d1d59c 100755
--- a/t/t5545-push-options.sh
+++ b/t/t5545-push-options.sh
@@ -278,6 +278,4 @@
 	test_cmp expect "$HTTPD_DOCUMENT_ROOT_PATH"/upstream.git/hooks/pre-receive.push_options
 '
 
-stop_httpd
-
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t5550-http-fetch-dumb.sh b/t/t5550-http-fetch-dumb.sh
index 6d7d88c..b811d89 100755
--- a/t/t5550-http-fetch-dumb.sh
+++ b/t/t5550-http-fetch-dumb.sh
@@ -408,5 +408,20 @@
 	test_i18ngrep "unable to access.*/redir-to/502" stderr
 '
 
-stop_httpd
+test_expect_success 'fetching via http alternates works' '
+	parent=$HTTPD_DOCUMENT_ROOT_PATH/alt-parent.git &&
+	git init --bare "$parent" &&
+	git -C "$parent" --work-tree=. commit --allow-empty -m foo &&
+	git -C "$parent" update-server-info &&
+	commit=$(git -C "$parent" rev-parse HEAD) &&
+
+	child=$HTTPD_DOCUMENT_ROOT_PATH/alt-child.git &&
+	git init --bare "$child" &&
+	echo "../../alt-parent.git/objects" >"$child/objects/info/alternates" &&
+	git -C "$child" update-ref HEAD $commit &&
+	git -C "$child" update-server-info &&
+
+	git -c http.followredirects=true clone "$HTTPD_URL/dumb/alt-child.git"
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t5551-http-fetch-smart.sh b/t/t5551-http-fetch-smart.sh
index ba83e56..ac74626 100755
--- a/t/t5551-http-fetch-smart.sh
+++ b/t/t5551-http-fetch-smart.sh
@@ -43,7 +43,8 @@
 	< Cache-Control: no-cache, max-age=0, must-revalidate
 	< Content-Type: application/x-git-upload-pack-result
 	EOF
-	GIT_TRACE_CURL=true git clone --quiet $HTTPD_URL/smart/repo.git clone 2>err &&
+	GIT_TRACE_CURL=true GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION= \
+		git clone --quiet $HTTPD_URL/smart/repo.git clone 2>err &&
 	test_cmp file clone/file &&
 	tr '\''\015'\'' Q <err |
 	sed -e "
@@ -80,12 +81,18 @@
 		/^< Content-Length: /d
 		/^< Transfer-Encoding: /d
 	" >actual &&
-	sed -e "s/^> Accept-Encoding: .*/> Accept-Encoding: ENCODINGS/" \
-			actual >actual.smudged &&
-	test_cmp exp actual.smudged &&
 
-	grep "Accept-Encoding:.*gzip" actual >actual.gzip &&
-	test_line_count = 2 actual.gzip
+	# NEEDSWORK: If the overspecification of the expected result is reduced, we
+	# might be able to run this test in all protocol versions.
+	if test -z "$GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION"
+	then
+		sed -e "s/^> Accept-Encoding: .*/> Accept-Encoding: ENCODINGS/" \
+				actual >actual.smudged &&
+		test_cmp exp actual.smudged &&
+
+		grep "Accept-Encoding:.*gzip" actual >actual.gzip &&
+		test_line_count = 2 actual.gzip
+	fi
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'fetch changes via http' '
@@ -103,7 +110,13 @@
 	GET  /smart/repo.git/info/refs?service=git-upload-pack HTTP/1.1 200
 	POST /smart/repo.git/git-upload-pack HTTP/1.1 200
 	EOF
-	check_access_log exp
+
+	# NEEDSWORK: If the overspecification of the expected result is reduced, we
+	# might be able to run this test in all protocol versions.
+	if test -z "$GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION"
+	then
+		check_access_log exp
+	fi
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'follow redirects (301)' '
@@ -151,7 +164,17 @@
 
 test_expect_success 'no-op half-auth fetch does not require a password' '
 	set_askpass wrong &&
-	git --git-dir=half-auth fetch &&
+
+	# NEEDSWORK: When using HTTP(S), protocol v0 supports a "half-auth"
+	# configuration with authentication required only when downloading
+	# objects and not refs, by having the HTTP server only require
+	# authentication for the "git-upload-pack" path and not "info/refs".
+	# This is not possible with protocol v2, since both objects and refs
+	# are obtained from the "git-upload-pack" path. A solution to this is
+	# to teach the server and client to be able to inline ls-refs requests
+	# as an Extra Parameter (see pack-protocol.txt), so that "info/refs"
+	# can serve refs, just like it does in protocol v0.
+	GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION=0 git --git-dir=half-auth fetch &&
 	expect_askpass none
 '
 
@@ -215,8 +238,14 @@
 	git config http.cookiefile cookies.txt &&
 	git config http.savecookies true &&
 	git ls-remote $HTTPD_URL/smart_cookies/repo.git master &&
-	tail -3 cookies.txt | sort >cookies_tail.txt &&
-	test_cmp expect_cookies.txt cookies_tail.txt
+
+	# NEEDSWORK: If the overspecification of the expected result is reduced, we
+	# might be able to run this test in all protocol versions.
+	if test -z "$GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION"
+	then
+		tail -3 cookies.txt | sort >cookies_tail.txt &&
+		test_cmp expect_cookies.txt cookies_tail.txt
+	fi
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'transfer.hiderefs works over smart-http' '
@@ -306,7 +335,10 @@
 
 	git init --bare test_reachable.git &&
 	git -C test_reachable.git remote add origin "$HTTPD_URL/smart/repo.git" &&
-	test_must_fail git -C test_reachable.git fetch origin "$(git rev-parse HEAD)"
+	# Some protocol versions (e.g. 2) support fetching
+	# unadvertised objects, so restrict this test to v0.
+	test_must_fail env GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION= \
+		git -C test_reachable.git fetch origin "$(git rev-parse HEAD)"
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'test allowanysha1inwant with unreachable' '
@@ -325,7 +357,10 @@
 
 	git init --bare test_reachable.git &&
 	git -C test_reachable.git remote add origin "$HTTPD_URL/smart/repo.git" &&
-	test_must_fail git -C test_reachable.git fetch origin "$(git rev-parse HEAD)" &&
+	# Some protocol versions (e.g. 2) support fetching
+	# unadvertised objects, so restrict this test to v0.
+	test_must_fail env GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION= \
+		git -C test_reachable.git fetch origin "$(git rev-parse HEAD)" &&
 
 	git -C "$server" config uploadpack.allowanysha1inwant 1 &&
 	git -C test_reachable.git fetch origin "$(git rev-parse HEAD)"
@@ -434,5 +469,4 @@
 	grep "server-side error" actual
 '
 
-stop_httpd
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t5552-skipping-fetch-negotiator.sh b/t/t5552-skipping-fetch-negotiator.sh
index 30857b8..8a14be5 100755
--- a/t/t5552-skipping-fetch-negotiator.sh
+++ b/t/t5552-skipping-fetch-negotiator.sh
@@ -127,7 +127,10 @@
 	# not need to send any ancestors of "c3", but we still need to send "c3"
 	# itself.
 	test_config -C client fetch.negotiationalgorithm skipping &&
-	trace_fetch client origin to_fetch &&
+
+	# The ref advertisement itself is filtered when protocol v2 is used, so
+	# use v0.
+	GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION= trace_fetch client origin to_fetch &&
 	have_sent c5 c4^ c2side &&
 	have_not_sent c4 c4^^ c4^^^
 '
diff --git a/t/t5561-http-backend.sh b/t/t5561-http-backend.sh
index 1c49054..6eb0294 100755
--- a/t/t5561-http-backend.sh
+++ b/t/t5561-http-backend.sh
@@ -132,5 +132,4 @@
 	check_access_log exp
 '
 
-stop_httpd
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t5570-git-daemon.sh b/t/t5570-git-daemon.sh
index 58ee787..34487bb 100755
--- a/t/t5570-git-daemon.sh
+++ b/t/t5570-git-daemon.sh
@@ -90,6 +90,7 @@
 test_expect_success 'fetch notices corrupt idx' '
 	cp -R "$GIT_DAEMON_DOCUMENT_ROOT_PATH"/repo_pack.git "$GIT_DAEMON_DOCUMENT_ROOT_PATH"/repo_bad2.git &&
 	(cd "$GIT_DAEMON_DOCUMENT_ROOT_PATH"/repo_bad2.git &&
+	 rm -f objects/pack/multi-pack-index &&
 	 p=$(ls objects/pack/pack-*.idx) &&
 	 chmod u+w $p &&
 	 printf %0256d 0 | dd of=$p bs=256 count=1 seek=1 conv=notrunc
@@ -198,5 +199,4 @@
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
-stop_git_daemon
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t5581-http-curl-verbose.sh b/t/t5581-http-curl-verbose.sh
index cd9283e..5129b07 100755
--- a/t/t5581-http-curl-verbose.sh
+++ b/t/t5581-http-curl-verbose.sh
@@ -23,6 +23,4 @@
 	grep "< HTTP/1.1 500 Intentional Breakage" curl_log
 '
 
-stop_httpd
-
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t5601-clone.sh b/t/t5601-clone.sh
index d6948cb..23854ca 100755
--- a/t/t5601-clone.sh
+++ b/t/t5601-clone.sh
@@ -345,7 +345,7 @@
 }
 
 test_expect_success 'clone myhost:src uses ssh' '
-	git clone myhost:src ssh-clone &&
+	GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION=0 git clone myhost:src ssh-clone &&
 	expect_ssh myhost src
 '
 
@@ -356,12 +356,12 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'bracketed hostnames are still ssh' '
-	git clone "[myhost:123]:src" ssh-bracket-clone &&
+	GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION=0 git clone "[myhost:123]:src" ssh-bracket-clone &&
 	expect_ssh "-p 123" myhost src
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'OpenSSH variant passes -4' '
-	git clone -4 "[myhost:123]:src" ssh-ipv4-clone &&
+	GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION=0 git clone -4 "[myhost:123]:src" ssh-ipv4-clone &&
 	expect_ssh "-4 -p 123" myhost src
 '
 
@@ -405,7 +405,7 @@
 	test_when_finished "rm -f \"\$TRASH_DIRECTORY/uplink\"" &&
 	GIT_SSH="$TRASH_DIRECTORY/uplink" &&
 	test_when_finished "GIT_SSH=\"\$TRASH_DIRECTORY/ssh\$X\"" &&
-	git clone "[myhost:123]:src" ssh-bracket-clone-sshlike-uplink &&
+	GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION=0 git clone "[myhost:123]:src" ssh-bracket-clone-sshlike-uplink &&
 	expect_ssh "-p 123" myhost src
 '
 
@@ -444,14 +444,14 @@
 
 test_expect_success 'GIT_SSH_VARIANT overrides plink detection' '
 	copy_ssh_wrapper_as "$TRASH_DIRECTORY/plink" &&
-	GIT_SSH_VARIANT=ssh \
-	git clone "[myhost:123]:src" ssh-bracket-clone-variant-1 &&
+	GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION=0 GIT_SSH_VARIANT=ssh \
+		git clone "[myhost:123]:src" ssh-bracket-clone-variant-1 &&
 	expect_ssh "-p 123" myhost src
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'ssh.variant overrides plink detection' '
 	copy_ssh_wrapper_as "$TRASH_DIRECTORY/plink" &&
-	git -c ssh.variant=ssh \
+	GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION=0 git -c ssh.variant=ssh \
 		clone "[myhost:123]:src" ssh-bracket-clone-variant-2 &&
 	expect_ssh "-p 123" myhost src
 '
@@ -482,7 +482,7 @@
 # $3 path
 test_clone_url () {
 	counter=$(($counter + 1))
-	test_might_fail git clone "$1" tmp$counter &&
+	test_might_fail env GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION=0 git clone "$1" tmp$counter &&
 	shift &&
 	expect_ssh "$@"
 }
@@ -733,6 +733,4 @@
 	partial_clone "$HTTPD_DOCUMENT_ROOT_PATH/server" "$HTTPD_URL/smart/server"
 '
 
-stop_httpd
-
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t5616-partial-clone.sh b/t/t5616-partial-clone.sh
index 9643acb..9a8f988 100755
--- a/t/t5616-partial-clone.sh
+++ b/t/t5616-partial-clone.sh
@@ -331,6 +331,4 @@
 	! test -e "$HTTPD_ROOT_PATH/one-time-sed"
 '
 
-stop_httpd
-
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t5700-protocol-v1.sh b/t/t5700-protocol-v1.sh
index ba86a44..7c9511c 100755
--- a/t/t5700-protocol-v1.sh
+++ b/t/t5700-protocol-v1.sh
@@ -4,6 +4,9 @@
 
 TEST_NO_CREATE_REPO=1
 
+# This is a protocol-specific test.
+GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION=
+
 . ./test-lib.sh
 
 # Test protocol v1 with 'git://' transport
@@ -289,6 +292,4 @@
 	grep "git< version 1" log
 '
 
-stop_httpd
-
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t5702-protocol-v2.sh b/t/t5702-protocol-v2.sh
index e112b60..a089659 100755
--- a/t/t5702-protocol-v2.sh
+++ b/t/t5702-protocol-v2.sh
@@ -687,6 +687,4 @@
 	test_i18ngrep "expected no other sections to be sent after no .ready." err
 '
 
-stop_httpd
-
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t5703-upload-pack-ref-in-want.sh b/t/t5703-upload-pack-ref-in-want.sh
index f87b2f6..b6a995e 100755
--- a/t/t5703-upload-pack-ref-in-want.sh
+++ b/t/t5703-upload-pack-ref-in-want.sh
@@ -257,8 +257,6 @@
 	test_i18ngrep "fatal: remote error: unknown ref refs/heads/raster" err
 '
 
-stop_httpd
-
 REPO="$(pwd)/repo"
 LOCAL_PRISTINE="$(pwd)/local_pristine"
 
diff --git a/t/t5812-proto-disable-http.sh b/t/t5812-proto-disable-http.sh
index 872788a..af8772f 100755
--- a/t/t5812-proto-disable-http.sh
+++ b/t/t5812-proto-disable-http.sh
@@ -34,5 +34,4 @@
 		clone "$HTTPD_URL/smart-redir-perm/repo.git" redir.git
 '
 
-stop_httpd
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t6500-gc.sh b/t/t6500-gc.sh
index 4684d06..7411bf7 100755
--- a/t/t6500-gc.sh
+++ b/t/t6500-gc.sh
@@ -120,6 +120,25 @@
 	test_must_be_empty stderr
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'gc.reflogExpire{Unreachable,}=never skips "expire" via "gc"' '
+	test_config gc.reflogExpire never &&
+	test_config gc.reflogExpireUnreachable never &&
+
+	GIT_TRACE=$(pwd)/trace.out git gc &&
+
+	# Check that git-pack-refs is run as a sanity check (done via
+	# gc_before_repack()) but that git-expire is not.
+	grep -E "^trace: (built-in|exec|run_command): git pack-refs --" trace.out &&
+	! grep -E "^trace: (built-in|exec|run_command): git reflog expire --" trace.out
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'one of gc.reflogExpire{Unreachable,}=never does not skip "expire" via "gc"' '
+	>trace.out &&
+	test_config gc.reflogExpire never &&
+	GIT_TRACE=$(pwd)/trace.out git gc &&
+	grep -E "^trace: (built-in|exec|run_command): git reflog expire --" trace.out
+'
+
 run_and_wait_for_auto_gc () {
 	# We read stdout from gc for the side effect of waiting until the
 	# background gc process exits, closing its fd 9.  Furthermore, the
diff --git a/t/t7113-post-index-change-hook.sh b/t/t7113-post-index-change-hook.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..f011ad7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/t7113-post-index-change-hook.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+test_description='post index change hook'
+
+. ./test-lib.sh
+
+test_expect_success 'setup' '
+	mkdir -p dir1 &&
+	touch dir1/file1.txt &&
+	echo testing >dir1/file2.txt &&
+	git add . &&
+	git commit -m "initial"
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'test status, add, commit, others trigger hook without flags set' '
+	mkdir -p .git/hooks &&
+	write_script .git/hooks/post-index-change <<-\EOF &&
+		if test "$1" -eq 1; then
+			echo "Invalid combination of flags passed to hook; updated_workdir is set." >testfailure
+			exit 1
+		fi
+		if test "$2" -eq 1; then
+			echo "Invalid combination of flags passed to hook; updated_skipworktree is set." >testfailure
+			exit 1
+		fi
+		if test -f ".git/index.lock"; then
+			echo ".git/index.lock exists" >testfailure
+			exit 3
+		fi
+		if ! test -f ".git/index"; then
+			echo ".git/index does not exist" >testfailure
+			exit 3
+		fi
+		echo "success" >testsuccess
+	EOF
+	mkdir -p dir2 &&
+	touch dir2/file1.txt &&
+	touch dir2/file2.txt &&
+	: force index to be dirty &&
+	test-tool chmtime +60 dir1/file1.txt &&
+	git status &&
+	test_path_is_file testsuccess && rm -f testsuccess &&
+	test_path_is_missing testfailure &&
+	git add . &&
+	test_path_is_file testsuccess && rm -f testsuccess &&
+	test_path_is_missing testfailure &&
+	git commit -m "second" &&
+	test_path_is_file testsuccess && rm -f testsuccess &&
+	test_path_is_missing testfailure &&
+	git checkout -- dir1/file1.txt &&
+	test_path_is_file testsuccess && rm -f testsuccess &&
+	test_path_is_missing testfailure &&
+	git update-index &&
+	test_path_is_missing testsuccess &&
+	test_path_is_missing testfailure &&
+	git reset --soft &&
+	test_path_is_missing testsuccess &&
+	test_path_is_missing testfailure
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'test checkout and reset trigger the hook' '
+	write_script .git/hooks/post-index-change <<-\EOF &&
+		if test "$1" -eq 1 && test "$2" -eq 1; then
+			echo "Invalid combination of flags passed to hook; updated_workdir and updated_skipworktree are both set." >testfailure
+			exit 1
+		fi
+		if test "$1" -eq 0 && test "$2" -eq 0; then
+			echo "Invalid combination of flags passed to hook; neither updated_workdir or updated_skipworktree are set." >testfailure
+			exit 2
+		fi
+		if test "$1" -eq 1; then
+			if test -f ".git/index.lock"; then
+				echo "updated_workdir set but .git/index.lock exists" >testfailure
+				exit 3
+			fi
+			if ! test -f ".git/index"; then
+				echo "updated_workdir set but .git/index does not exist" >testfailure
+				exit 3
+			fi
+		else
+			echo "update_workdir should be set for checkout" >testfailure
+			exit 4
+		fi
+		echo "success" >testsuccess
+	EOF
+	: force index to be dirty &&
+	test-tool chmtime +60 dir1/file1.txt &&
+	git checkout master &&
+	test_path_is_file testsuccess && rm -f testsuccess &&
+	test_path_is_missing testfailure &&
+	test-tool chmtime +60 dir1/file1.txt &&
+	git checkout HEAD &&
+	test_path_is_file testsuccess && rm -f testsuccess &&
+	test_path_is_missing testfailure &&
+	test-tool chmtime +60 dir1/file1.txt &&
+	git reset --hard &&
+	test_path_is_file testsuccess && rm -f testsuccess &&
+	test_path_is_missing testfailure &&
+	git checkout -B test &&
+	test_path_is_file testsuccess && rm -f testsuccess &&
+	test_path_is_missing testfailure
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'test reset --mixed and update-index triggers the hook' '
+	write_script .git/hooks/post-index-change <<-\EOF &&
+		if test "$1" -eq 1 && test "$2" -eq 1; then
+			echo "Invalid combination of flags passed to hook; updated_workdir and updated_skipworktree are both set." >testfailure
+			exit 1
+		fi
+		if test "$1" -eq 0 && test "$2" -eq 0; then
+			echo "Invalid combination of flags passed to hook; neither updated_workdir or updated_skipworktree are set." >testfailure
+			exit 2
+		fi
+		if test "$2" -eq 1; then
+			if test -f ".git/index.lock"; then
+				echo "updated_skipworktree set but .git/index.lock exists" >testfailure
+				exit 3
+			fi
+			if ! test -f ".git/index"; then
+				echo "updated_skipworktree set but .git/index does not exist" >testfailure
+				exit 3
+			fi
+		else
+			echo "updated_skipworktree should be set for reset --mixed and update-index" >testfailure
+			exit 4
+		fi
+		echo "success" >testsuccess
+	EOF
+	: force index to be dirty &&
+	test-tool chmtime +60 dir1/file1.txt &&
+	git reset --mixed --quiet HEAD~1 &&
+	test_path_is_file testsuccess && rm -f testsuccess &&
+	test_path_is_missing testfailure &&
+	git hash-object -w --stdin <dir1/file2.txt >expect &&
+	git update-index --cacheinfo 100644 "$(cat expect)" dir1/file1.txt &&
+	test_path_is_file testsuccess && rm -f testsuccess &&
+	test_path_is_missing testfailure &&
+	git update-index --skip-worktree dir1/file2.txt &&
+	git update-index --remove dir1/file2.txt &&
+	test_path_is_file testsuccess && rm -f testsuccess &&
+	test_path_is_missing testfailure
+'
+
+test_done
diff --git a/t/t7201-co.sh b/t/t7201-co.sh
index 72b9b37..5990299 100755
--- a/t/t7201-co.sh
+++ b/t/t7201-co.sh
@@ -223,13 +223,8 @@
 	test_must_fail git checkout simple 2>errs &&
 	test_i18ngrep overwritten errs &&
 
-	git checkout --merge simple 2>errs &&
-	test_i18ngrep ! overwritten errs &&
-	git ls-files -u &&
-	test_must_fail git cat-file -t :0:two &&
-	test "$(git cat-file -t :1:two)" = blob &&
-	test "$(git cat-file -t :2:two)" = blob &&
-	test_must_fail git cat-file -t :3:two
+	test_must_fail git read-tree --quiet -m -u HEAD simple 2>errs &&
+	test_must_be_empty errs
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'checkout to detach HEAD (with advice declined)' '
diff --git a/t/t7406-submodule-update.sh b/t/t7406-submodule-update.sh
index e87164a..c973278 100755
--- a/t/t7406-submodule-update.sh
+++ b/t/t7406-submodule-update.sh
@@ -943,7 +943,10 @@
 		cd super3 &&
 		sed -e "s#url = ../#url = file://$pwd/#" <.gitmodules >.gitmodules.tmp &&
 		mv -f .gitmodules.tmp .gitmodules &&
-		test_must_fail git submodule update --init --depth=1 2>actual &&
+		# Some protocol versions (e.g. 2) support fetching
+		# unadvertised objects, so restrict this test to v0.
+		test_must_fail env GIT_TEST_PROTOCOL_VERSION= \
+			git submodule update --init --depth=1 2>actual &&
 		test_i18ngrep "Direct fetching of that commit failed." actual &&
 		git -C ../submodule config uploadpack.allowReachableSHA1InWant true &&
 		git submodule update --init --depth=1 >actual &&
diff --git a/t/t7525-status-rename.sh b/t/t7525-status-rename.sh
index ef8b1b3..a62736d 100755
--- a/t/t7525-status-rename.sh
+++ b/t/t7525-status-rename.sh
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@
 	test_i18ngrep "deleted:" actual &&
 	test_i18ngrep "new file:" actual &&
 
-	git status --find-rename=100% >actual &&
+	git status --find-renames=100% >actual &&
 	test_i18ngrep "deleted:" actual &&
 	test_i18ngrep "new file:" actual
 '
@@ -93,11 +93,11 @@
 	git status -M=01% >actual &&
 	test_i18ngrep "renamed:" actual &&
 
-	git status --find-rename=01% >actual &&
+	git status --find-renames=01% >actual &&
 	test_i18ngrep "renamed:" actual
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'copies not overridden by find-rename' '
+test_expect_success 'copies not overridden by find-renames' '
 	cp renamed copy &&
 	git add copy &&
 
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@
 	test_i18ngrep "copied:" actual &&
 	test_i18ngrep "renamed:" actual &&
 
-	git -c status.renames=copies status --find-rename=01% >actual &&
+	git -c status.renames=copies status --find-renames=01% >actual &&
 	test_i18ngrep "copied:" actual &&
 	test_i18ngrep "renamed:" actual
 '
diff --git a/t/t7800-difftool.sh b/t/t7800-difftool.sh
index bb9a7f4..480dd06 100755
--- a/t/t7800-difftool.sh
+++ b/t/t7800-difftool.sh
@@ -705,4 +705,14 @@
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'outside worktree' '
+	echo 1 >1 &&
+	echo 2 >2 &&
+	test_expect_code 1 nongit git \
+		-c diff.tool=echo -c difftool.echo.cmd="echo \$LOCAL \$REMOTE" \
+		difftool --no-prompt --no-index ../1 ../2 >actual &&
+	echo "../1 ../2" >expect &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t7810-grep.sh b/t/t7810-grep.sh
index 43aa416..2e1bb61 100755
--- a/t/t7810-grep.sh
+++ b/t/t7810-grep.sh
@@ -119,33 +119,33 @@
 		test_cmp expected actual
 	'
 
-	test_expect_success "grep -w $L (with --column, --invert)" '
+	test_expect_success "grep -w $L (with --column, --invert-match)" '
 		{
 			echo ${HC}file:1:foo mmap bar
 			echo ${HC}file:1:foo_mmap bar
 			echo ${HC}file:1:foo_mmap bar mmap
 			echo ${HC}file:1:foo mmap bar_mmap
 		} >expected &&
-		git grep --column --invert -w -e baz $H -- file >actual &&
+		git grep --column --invert-match -w -e baz $H -- file >actual &&
 		test_cmp expected actual
 	'
 
-	test_expect_success "grep $L (with --column, --invert, extended OR)" '
+	test_expect_success "grep $L (with --column, --invert-match, extended OR)" '
 		{
 			echo ${HC}hello_world:6:HeLLo_world
 		} >expected &&
-		git grep --column --invert -e ll --or --not -e _ $H -- hello_world \
+		git grep --column --invert-match -e ll --or --not -e _ $H -- hello_world \
 			>actual &&
 		test_cmp expected actual
 	'
 
-	test_expect_success "grep $L (with --column, --invert, extended AND)" '
+	test_expect_success "grep $L (with --column, --invert-match, extended AND)" '
 		{
 			echo ${HC}hello_world:3:Hello world
 			echo ${HC}hello_world:3:Hello_world
 			echo ${HC}hello_world:6:HeLLo_world
 		} >expected &&
-		git grep --column --invert --not -e _ --and --not -e ll $H -- hello_world \
+		git grep --column --invert-match --not -e _ --and --not -e ll $H -- hello_world \
 			>actual &&
 		test_cmp expected actual
 	'
@@ -1010,7 +1010,7 @@
 			echo ".gitignore:.*o*" &&
 			cat ../expect.full
 		} >../expect.with.ignored &&
-		git grep --no-index --no-exclude o >../actual.full &&
+		git grep --no-index --no-exclude-standard o >../actual.full &&
 		test_cmp ../expect.with.ignored ../actual.full
 	)
 '
@@ -1051,7 +1051,7 @@
 			echo ".gitignore:.*o*" &&
 			cat ../expect.full
 		} >../expect.with.ignored &&
-		git -c grep.fallbackToNoIndex grep --no-exclude o >../actual.full &&
+		git -c grep.fallbackToNoIndex grep --no-exclude-standard o >../actual.full &&
 		test_cmp ../expect.with.ignored ../actual.full
 	)
 '
diff --git a/t/t9115-git-svn-dcommit-funky-renames.sh b/t/t9115-git-svn-dcommit-funky-renames.sh
index 64bb495..9b44a44 100755
--- a/t/t9115-git-svn-dcommit-funky-renames.sh
+++ b/t/t9115-git-svn-dcommit-funky-renames.sh
@@ -120,6 +120,4 @@
 	git svn dcommit
 '
 
-stop_httpd
-
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t9118-git-svn-funky-branch-names.sh b/t/t9118-git-svn-funky-branch-names.sh
index 41a0266..a159ff9 100755
--- a/t/t9118-git-svn-funky-branch-names.sh
+++ b/t/t9118-git-svn-funky-branch-names.sh
@@ -87,6 +87,4 @@
 	)
 	'
 
-stop_httpd
-
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t9120-git-svn-clone-with-percent-escapes.sh b/t/t9120-git-svn-clone-with-percent-escapes.sh
index b28a174..40b714d 100755
--- a/t/t9120-git-svn-clone-with-percent-escapes.sh
+++ b/t/t9120-git-svn-clone-with-percent-escapes.sh
@@ -74,6 +74,4 @@
 	)
 '
 
-stop_httpd
-
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t9142-git-svn-shallow-clone.sh b/t/t9142-git-svn-shallow-clone.sh
index 9ee23be..a307305 100755
--- a/t/t9142-git-svn-shallow-clone.sh
+++ b/t/t9142-git-svn-shallow-clone.sh
@@ -26,6 +26,4 @@
 	( cd g && git rev-parse --symbolic --verify HEAD )
 '
 
-stop_httpd
-
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t9800-git-p4-basic.sh b/t/t9800-git-p4-basic.sh
index 729cd25..5856563 100755
--- a/t/t9800-git-p4-basic.sh
+++ b/t/t9800-git-p4-basic.sh
@@ -326,8 +326,4 @@
 	)
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'kill p4d' '
-	kill_p4d
-'
-
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t9801-git-p4-branch.sh b/t/t9801-git-p4-branch.sh
index 6a86d69..38d6b90 100755
--- a/t/t9801-git-p4-branch.sh
+++ b/t/t9801-git-p4-branch.sh
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'restart p4d' '
-	kill_p4d &&
+	stop_and_cleanup_p4d &&
 	start_p4d
 '
 
@@ -505,7 +505,7 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'restart p4d' '
-	kill_p4d &&
+	stop_and_cleanup_p4d &&
 	start_p4d
 '
 
@@ -610,8 +610,4 @@
 	)
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'kill p4d' '
-	kill_p4d
-'
-
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t9802-git-p4-filetype.sh b/t/t9802-git-p4-filetype.sh
index 9978352..94edebe 100755
--- a/t/t9802-git-p4-filetype.sh
+++ b/t/t9802-git-p4-filetype.sh
@@ -333,8 +333,4 @@
 	)
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'kill p4d' '
-	kill_p4d
-'
-
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t9803-git-p4-shell-metachars.sh b/t/t9803-git-p4-shell-metachars.sh
index d5c3675..2913277 100755
--- a/t/t9803-git-p4-shell-metachars.sh
+++ b/t/t9803-git-p4-shell-metachars.sh
@@ -105,8 +105,4 @@
 	)
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'kill p4d' '
-	kill_p4d
-'
-
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t9804-git-p4-label.sh b/t/t9804-git-p4-label.sh
index e30f80e..3236457 100755
--- a/t/t9804-git-p4-label.sh
+++ b/t/t9804-git-p4-label.sh
@@ -108,8 +108,4 @@
 	)
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'kill p4d' '
-	kill_p4d
-'
-
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t9805-git-p4-skip-submit-edit.sh b/t/t9805-git-p4-skip-submit-edit.sh
index 5fbf904..90ef647 100755
--- a/t/t9805-git-p4-skip-submit-edit.sh
+++ b/t/t9805-git-p4-skip-submit-edit.sh
@@ -98,8 +98,4 @@
 	)
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'kill p4d' '
-	kill_p4d
-'
-
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t9806-git-p4-options.sh b/t/t9806-git-p4-options.sh
index 3f5291b..4e794a0 100755
--- a/t/t9806-git-p4-options.sh
+++ b/t/t9806-git-p4-options.sh
@@ -300,9 +300,4 @@
 	test_path_is_file "$git"/cli_file2.t
 '
 
-
-test_expect_success 'kill p4d' '
-	kill_p4d
-'
-
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t9807-git-p4-submit.sh b/t/t9807-git-p4-submit.sh
index 850d979..eaaae41 100755
--- a/t/t9807-git-p4-submit.sh
+++ b/t/t9807-git-p4-submit.sh
@@ -593,8 +593,4 @@
 	)
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'kill p4d' '
-	kill_p4d
-'
-
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t9808-git-p4-chdir.sh b/t/t9808-git-p4-chdir.sh
index 11d2b51..58a9b3b 100755
--- a/t/t9808-git-p4-chdir.sh
+++ b/t/t9808-git-p4-chdir.sh
@@ -83,8 +83,4 @@
 	)
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'kill p4d' '
-	kill_p4d
-'
-
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t9809-git-p4-client-view.sh b/t/t9809-git-p4-client-view.sh
index 897b3c3..3cff1fc 100755
--- a/t/t9809-git-p4-client-view.sh
+++ b/t/t9809-git-p4-client-view.sh
@@ -836,8 +836,4 @@
 	git_verify "cdir 1/file11" "cdir 1/file12"
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'kill p4d' '
-	kill_p4d
-'
-
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t9810-git-p4-rcs.sh b/t/t9810-git-p4-rcs.sh
index cc53deb..57b533d 100755
--- a/t/t9810-git-p4-rcs.sh
+++ b/t/t9810-git-p4-rcs.sh
@@ -360,8 +360,4 @@
 	)
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'kill p4d' '
-	kill_p4d
-'
-
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t9811-git-p4-label-import.sh b/t/t9811-git-p4-label-import.sh
index 602b0a5..c1446f2 100755
--- a/t/t9811-git-p4-label-import.sh
+++ b/t/t9811-git-p4-label-import.sh
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@
 	(
 		cd "$cli" &&
 		p4 sync ... &&
-		!(p4 labels | grep GIT_TAG_ON_A_BRANCH)
+		! p4 labels | grep GIT_TAG_ON_A_BRANCH
 	)
 '
 
@@ -259,9 +259,4 @@
 	)
 '
 
-
-test_expect_success 'kill p4d' '
-	kill_p4d
-'
-
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t9812-git-p4-wildcards.sh b/t/t9812-git-p4-wildcards.sh
index 0206771..254a7c2 100755
--- a/t/t9812-git-p4-wildcards.sh
+++ b/t/t9812-git-p4-wildcards.sh
@@ -211,8 +211,4 @@
 	)
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'kill p4d' '
-	kill_p4d
-'
-
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t9813-git-p4-preserve-users.sh b/t/t9813-git-p4-preserve-users.sh
index 783c6ad..fd018c8 100755
--- a/t/t9813-git-p4-preserve-users.sh
+++ b/t/t9813-git-p4-preserve-users.sh
@@ -138,8 +138,4 @@
 	)
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'kill p4d' '
-	kill_p4d
-'
-
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t9814-git-p4-rename.sh b/t/t9814-git-p4-rename.sh
index 60baa06..468767c 100755
--- a/t/t9814-git-p4-rename.sh
+++ b/t/t9814-git-p4-rename.sh
@@ -242,8 +242,4 @@
 	)
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'kill p4d' '
-	kill_p4d
-'
-
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t9815-git-p4-submit-fail.sh b/t/t9815-git-p4-submit-fail.sh
index eaf03a6..9779dc0 100755
--- a/t/t9815-git-p4-submit-fail.sh
+++ b/t/t9815-git-p4-submit-fail.sh
@@ -422,8 +422,4 @@
 	)
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'kill p4d' '
-	kill_p4d
-'
-
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t9816-git-p4-locked.sh b/t/t9816-git-p4-locked.sh
index d048bd3..9328410 100755
--- a/t/t9816-git-p4-locked.sh
+++ b/t/t9816-git-p4-locked.sh
@@ -138,8 +138,4 @@
 	)
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'kill p4d' '
-	kill_p4d
-'
-
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t9817-git-p4-exclude.sh b/t/t9817-git-p4-exclude.sh
index aac568e..96d25f0 100755
--- a/t/t9817-git-p4-exclude.sh
+++ b/t/t9817-git-p4-exclude.sh
@@ -64,8 +64,4 @@
 	)
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'kill p4d' '
-	kill_p4d
-'
-
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t9818-git-p4-block.sh b/t/t9818-git-p4-block.sh
index ce7cb22..0db7ab9 100755
--- a/t/t9818-git-p4-block.sh
+++ b/t/t9818-git-p4-block.sh
@@ -146,8 +146,4 @@
 	test_line_count \> 10 log
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'kill p4d' '
-	kill_p4d
-'
-
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t9819-git-p4-case-folding.sh b/t/t9819-git-p4-case-folding.sh
index d808c00..600ce1e 100755
--- a/t/t9819-git-p4-case-folding.sh
+++ b/t/t9819-git-p4-case-folding.sh
@@ -53,8 +53,4 @@
 	test_must_fail git p4 clone //depot/uc/...
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'kill p4d' '
-	kill_p4d
-'
-
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t9820-git-p4-editor-handling.sh b/t/t9820-git-p4-editor-handling.sh
index 3c22f74..fa1bba1 100755
--- a/t/t9820-git-p4-editor-handling.sh
+++ b/t/t9820-git-p4-editor-handling.sh
@@ -31,8 +31,4 @@
 	)
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'kill p4d' '
-	kill_p4d
-'
-
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t9821-git-p4-path-variations.sh b/t/t9821-git-p4-path-variations.sh
index 81e46ac..ef80f16 100755
--- a/t/t9821-git-p4-path-variations.sh
+++ b/t/t9821-git-p4-path-variations.sh
@@ -193,8 +193,4 @@
 	)
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'kill p4d' '
-	kill_p4d
-'
-
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t9822-git-p4-path-encoding.sh b/t/t9822-git-p4-path-encoding.sh
index c78477c..1bf7635 100755
--- a/t/t9822-git-p4-path-encoding.sh
+++ b/t/t9822-git-p4-path-encoding.sh
@@ -67,8 +67,4 @@
 	)
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'kill p4d' '
-	kill_p4d
-'
-
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t9823-git-p4-mock-lfs.sh b/t/t9823-git-p4-mock-lfs.sh
index 1f2dc36..88b76dc 100755
--- a/t/t9823-git-p4-mock-lfs.sh
+++ b/t/t9823-git-p4-mock-lfs.sh
@@ -185,8 +185,4 @@
 	)
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'kill p4d' '
-	kill_p4d
-'
-
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t9824-git-p4-git-lfs.sh b/t/t9824-git-p4-git-lfs.sh
index ed80ca8..a28dbbd 100755
--- a/t/t9824-git-p4-git-lfs.sh
+++ b/t/t9824-git-p4-git-lfs.sh
@@ -287,8 +287,4 @@
 	)
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'kill p4d' '
-	kill_p4d
-'
-
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t9825-git-p4-handle-utf16-without-bom.sh b/t/t9825-git-p4-handle-utf16-without-bom.sh
index 1551845..f049ff8 100755
--- a/t/t9825-git-p4-handle-utf16-without-bom.sh
+++ b/t/t9825-git-p4-handle-utf16-without-bom.sh
@@ -43,8 +43,4 @@
 	git p4 clone --dest="$git" //depot
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'kill p4d' '
-	kill_p4d
-'
-
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t9826-git-p4-keep-empty-commits.sh b/t/t9826-git-p4-keep-empty-commits.sh
index fa8b9da..fd64afe 100755
--- a/t/t9826-git-p4-keep-empty-commits.sh
+++ b/t/t9826-git-p4-keep-empty-commits.sh
@@ -127,8 +127,4 @@
 	)
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'kill p4d' '
-	kill_p4d
-'
-
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t9827-git-p4-change-filetype.sh b/t/t9827-git-p4-change-filetype.sh
index 7433998..d3670bd 100755
--- a/t/t9827-git-p4-change-filetype.sh
+++ b/t/t9827-git-p4-change-filetype.sh
@@ -59,8 +59,4 @@
 	)
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'kill p4d' '
-	kill_p4d
-'
-
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t9828-git-p4-map-user.sh b/t/t9828-git-p4-map-user.sh
index e20395c..ca6c294 100755
--- a/t/t9828-git-p4-map-user.sh
+++ b/t/t9828-git-p4-map-user.sh
@@ -54,8 +54,4 @@
 	)
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'kill p4d' '
-	kill_p4d
-'
-
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t9829-git-p4-jobs.sh b/t/t9829-git-p4-jobs.sh
index 971aeee..88cfb1f 100755
--- a/t/t9829-git-p4-jobs.sh
+++ b/t/t9829-git-p4-jobs.sh
@@ -92,8 +92,4 @@
 	)
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'kill p4d' '
-	kill_p4d
-'
-
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t9830-git-p4-symlink-dir.sh b/t/t9830-git-p4-symlink-dir.sh
index 2ad1b08..3fb6960 100755
--- a/t/t9830-git-p4-symlink-dir.sh
+++ b/t/t9830-git-p4-symlink-dir.sh
@@ -36,8 +36,4 @@
 
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'kill p4d' '
-	kill_p4d
-'
-
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t9831-git-p4-triggers.sh b/t/t9831-git-p4-triggers.sh
index be44c97..d743ca3 100755
--- a/t/t9831-git-p4-triggers.sh
+++ b/t/t9831-git-p4-triggers.sh
@@ -96,8 +96,4 @@
 	)
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'kill p4d' '
-	kill_p4d
-'
-
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t9832-unshelve.sh b/t/t9832-unshelve.sh
index 41c09f1..1286a5b 100755
--- a/t/t9832-unshelve.sh
+++ b/t/t9832-unshelve.sh
@@ -174,8 +174,5 @@
 		test_path_is_file file_to_shelve
 	)
 '
-test_expect_success 'kill p4d' '
-	kill_p4d
-'
 
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t9833-errors.sh b/t/t9833-errors.sh
index 47b312e..e22369c 100755
--- a/t/t9833-errors.sh
+++ b/t/t9833-errors.sh
@@ -45,9 +45,4 @@
 	)
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'kill p4d' '
-	kill_p4d
-'
-
-
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t9902-completion.sh b/t/t9902-completion.sh
index f5e21bf..43cf313 100755
--- a/t/t9902-completion.sh
+++ b/t/t9902-completion.sh
@@ -1484,6 +1484,12 @@
 	test_completion "git --help core" "core-tutorial "
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'completion.commands removes multiple commands' '
+	test_config completion.commands "-cherry -mergetool" &&
+	git --list-cmds=list-mainporcelain,list-complete,config >out &&
+	! grep -E "^(cherry|mergetool)$" out
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'setup for integration tests' '
 	echo content >file1 &&
 	echo more >file2 &&
diff --git a/t/test-lib-functions.sh b/t/test-lib-functions.sh
index 80402a4..788ea1f 100644
--- a/t/test-lib-functions.sh
+++ b/t/test-lib-functions.sh
@@ -593,6 +593,15 @@
 	fi
 }
 
+# Check if the file exists and has a size greater than zero
+test_file_not_empty () {
+	if ! test -s "$1"
+	then
+		echo "'$1' is not a non-empty file."
+		false
+	fi
+}
+
 test_path_is_missing () {
 	if test -e "$1"
 	then
@@ -934,6 +943,34 @@
 		} && (exit \"\$eval_ret\"); eval_ret=\$?; $test_cleanup"
 }
 
+# This function can be used to schedule some commands to be run
+# unconditionally at the end of the test script, e.g. to stop a daemon:
+#
+#	test_expect_success 'test git daemon' '
+#		git daemon &
+#		daemon_pid=$! &&
+#		test_atexit 'kill $daemon_pid' &&
+#		hello world
+#	'
+#
+# The commands will be executed before the trash directory is removed,
+# i.e. the atexit commands will still be able to access any pidfiles or
+# socket files.
+#
+# Note that these commands will be run even when a test script run
+# with '--immediate' fails.  Be careful with your atexit commands to
+# minimize any changes to the failed state.
+
+test_atexit () {
+	# We cannot detect when we are in a subshell in general, but by
+	# doing so on Bash is better than nothing (the test will
+	# silently pass on other shells).
+	test "${BASH_SUBSHELL-0}" = 0 ||
+	error "bug in test script: test_atexit does nothing in a subshell"
+	test_atexit_cleanup="{ $*
+		} && (exit \"\$eval_ret\"); eval_ret=\$?; $test_atexit_cleanup"
+}
+
 # Most tests can use the created repository, but some may need to create more.
 # Usage: test_create_repo <directory>
 test_create_repo () {
diff --git a/t/test-lib.sh b/t/test-lib.sh
index 562c57e..38b1570 100644
--- a/t/test-lib.sh
+++ b/t/test-lib.sh
@@ -57,6 +57,13 @@
 . "$GIT_BUILD_DIR"/GIT-BUILD-OPTIONS
 export PERL_PATH SHELL_PATH
 
+# Disallow the use of abbreviated options in the test suite by default
+if test -z "${GIT_TEST_DISALLOW_ABBREVIATED_OPTIONS}"
+then
+	GIT_TEST_DISALLOW_ABBREVIATED_OPTIONS=true
+	export GIT_TEST_DISALLOW_ABBREVIATED_OPTIONS
+fi
+
 ################################################################
 # It appears that people try to run tests without building...
 "${GIT_TEST_INSTALLED:-$GIT_BUILD_DIR}/git$X" >/dev/null
@@ -627,6 +634,10 @@
 
 die () {
 	code=$?
+	# This is responsible for running the atexit commands even when a
+	# test script run with '--immediate' fails, or when the user hits
+	# ctrl-C, i.e. when 'test_done' is not invoked at all.
+	test_atexit_handler || code=$?
 	if test -n "$GIT_EXIT_OK"
 	then
 		exit $code
@@ -638,7 +649,10 @@
 
 GIT_EXIT_OK=
 trap 'die' EXIT
-trap 'exit $?' INT TERM HUP
+# Disable '-x' tracing, because with some shells, notably dash, it
+# prevents running the cleanup commands when a test script run with
+# '--verbose-log -x' is interrupted.
+trap '{ code=$?; set +x; } 2>/dev/null; exit $code' INT TERM HUP
 
 # The user-facing functions are loaded from a separate file so that
 # test_perf subshells can have them too
@@ -1049,9 +1063,28 @@
 	junit_have_testcase=t
 }
 
+test_atexit_cleanup=:
+test_atexit_handler () {
+	# In a succeeding test script 'test_atexit_handler' is invoked
+	# twice: first from 'test_done', then from 'die' in the trap on
+	# EXIT.
+	# This condition and resetting 'test_atexit_cleanup' below makes
+	# sure that the registered cleanup commands are run only once.
+	test : != "$test_atexit_cleanup" || return 0
+
+	setup_malloc_check
+	test_eval_ "$test_atexit_cleanup"
+	test_atexit_cleanup=:
+	teardown_malloc_check
+}
+
 test_done () {
 	GIT_EXIT_OK=t
 
+	# Run the atexit commands _before_ the trash directory is
+	# removed, so the commands can access pidfiles and socket files.
+	test_atexit_handler
+
 	if test -n "$write_junit_xml" && test -n "$junit_xml_path"
 	then
 		test -n "$junit_have_testcase" || {
diff --git a/trace2.c b/trace2.c
index ccccd4e..8bbad56 100644
--- a/trace2.c
+++ b/trace2.c
@@ -548,10 +548,14 @@
 }
 
 void trace2_region_enter_fl(const char *file, int line, const char *category,
-			    const char *label, const struct repository *repo)
+			    const char *label, const struct repository *repo, ...)
 {
+	va_list ap;
+	va_start(ap, repo);
 	trace2_region_enter_printf_va_fl(file, line, category, label, repo,
-					 NULL, NULL);
+					 NULL, ap);
+	va_end(ap);
+
 }
 
 void trace2_region_enter_printf_fl(const char *file, int line,
@@ -621,10 +625,13 @@
 }
 
 void trace2_region_leave_fl(const char *file, int line, const char *category,
-			    const char *label, const struct repository *repo)
+			    const char *label, const struct repository *repo, ...)
 {
+	va_list ap;
+	va_start(ap, repo);
 	trace2_region_leave_printf_va_fl(file, line, category, label, repo,
-					 NULL, NULL);
+					 NULL, ap);
+	va_end(ap);
 }
 
 void trace2_region_leave_printf_fl(const char *file, int line,
diff --git a/trace2.h b/trace2.h
index ae5020d..b330a54 100644
--- a/trace2.h
+++ b/trace2.h
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@
  * on this thread.
  */
 void trace2_region_enter_fl(const char *file, int line, const char *category,
-			    const char *label, const struct repository *repo);
+			    const char *label, const struct repository *repo, ...);
 
 #define trace2_region_enter(category, label, repo) \
 	trace2_region_enter_fl(__FILE__, __LINE__, (category), (label), (repo))
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@
  * in this nesting level.
  */
 void trace2_region_leave_fl(const char *file, int line, const char *category,
-			    const char *label, const struct repository *repo);
+			    const char *label, const struct repository *repo, ...);
 
 #define trace2_region_leave(category, label, repo) \
 	trace2_region_leave_fl(__FILE__, __LINE__, (category), (label), (repo))
diff --git a/trace2/tr2_tgt_event.c b/trace2/tr2_tgt_event.c
index 107cb53..1cf4f62 100644
--- a/trace2/tr2_tgt_event.c
+++ b/trace2/tr2_tgt_event.c
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@
 static void maybe_add_string_va(struct json_writer *jw, const char *field_name,
 				const char *fmt, va_list ap)
 {
-	if (fmt && *fmt && ap) {
+	if (fmt && *fmt) {
 		va_list copy_ap;
 		struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
 
diff --git a/trace2/tr2_tgt_normal.c b/trace2/tr2_tgt_normal.c
index 547183d..1a07d70 100644
--- a/trace2/tr2_tgt_normal.c
+++ b/trace2/tr2_tgt_normal.c
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@
 static void maybe_append_string_va(struct strbuf *buf, const char *fmt,
 				   va_list ap)
 {
-	if (fmt && *fmt && ap) {
+	if (fmt && *fmt) {
 		va_list copy_ap;
 
 		va_copy(copy_ap, ap);
diff --git a/trace2/tr2_tgt_perf.c b/trace2/tr2_tgt_perf.c
index f0746fc..2a866d7 100644
--- a/trace2/tr2_tgt_perf.c
+++ b/trace2/tr2_tgt_perf.c
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@
 static void maybe_append_string_va(struct strbuf *buf, const char *fmt,
 				   va_list ap)
 {
-	if (fmt && *fmt && ap) {
+	if (fmt && *fmt) {
 		va_list copy_ap;
 
 		va_copy(copy_ap, ap);
diff --git a/transport.c b/transport.c
index d0608df..365ea57 100644
--- a/transport.c
+++ b/transport.c
@@ -314,7 +314,6 @@
 	int ret = 0;
 	struct git_transport_data *data = transport->data;
 	struct ref *refs = NULL;
-	char *dest = xstrdup(transport->url);
 	struct fetch_pack_args args;
 	struct ref *refs_tmp = NULL;
 
@@ -356,16 +355,16 @@
 
 	switch (data->version) {
 	case protocol_v2:
-		refs = fetch_pack(&args, data->fd, data->conn,
+		refs = fetch_pack(&args, data->fd,
 				  refs_tmp ? refs_tmp : transport->remote_refs,
-				  dest, to_fetch, nr_heads, &data->shallow,
+				  to_fetch, nr_heads, &data->shallow,
 				  &transport->pack_lockfile, data->version);
 		break;
 	case protocol_v1:
 	case protocol_v0:
-		refs = fetch_pack(&args, data->fd, data->conn,
+		refs = fetch_pack(&args, data->fd,
 				  refs_tmp ? refs_tmp : transport->remote_refs,
-				  dest, to_fetch, nr_heads, &data->shallow,
+				  to_fetch, nr_heads, &data->shallow,
 				  &transport->pack_lockfile, data->version);
 		break;
 	case protocol_unknown_version:
@@ -389,7 +388,6 @@
 
 	free_refs(refs_tmp);
 	free_refs(refs);
-	free(dest);
 	return ret;
 }
 
diff --git a/unicode-width.h b/unicode-width.h
index 7c64376..93a48f3 100644
--- a/unicode-width.h
+++ b/unicode-width.h
@@ -89,8 +89,7 @@
 { 0x0E34, 0x0E3A },
 { 0x0E47, 0x0E4E },
 { 0x0EB1, 0x0EB1 },
-{ 0x0EB4, 0x0EB9 },
-{ 0x0EBB, 0x0EBC },
+{ 0x0EB4, 0x0EBC },
 { 0x0EC8, 0x0ECD },
 { 0x0F18, 0x0F19 },
 { 0x0F35, 0x0F35 },
@@ -191,7 +190,7 @@
 { 0xA980, 0xA982 },
 { 0xA9B3, 0xA9B3 },
 { 0xA9B6, 0xA9B9 },
-{ 0xA9BC, 0xA9BC },
+{ 0xA9BC, 0xA9BD },
 { 0xA9E5, 0xA9E5 },
 { 0xAA29, 0xAA2E },
 { 0xAA31, 0xAA32 },
@@ -274,6 +273,9 @@
 { 0x11727, 0x1172B },
 { 0x1182F, 0x11837 },
 { 0x11839, 0x1183A },
+{ 0x119D4, 0x119D7 },
+{ 0x119DA, 0x119DB },
+{ 0x119E0, 0x119E0 },
 { 0x11A01, 0x11A0A },
 { 0x11A33, 0x11A38 },
 { 0x11A3B, 0x11A3E },
@@ -298,8 +300,10 @@
 { 0x11D95, 0x11D95 },
 { 0x11D97, 0x11D97 },
 { 0x11EF3, 0x11EF4 },
+{ 0x13430, 0x13438 },
 { 0x16AF0, 0x16AF4 },
 { 0x16B30, 0x16B36 },
+{ 0x16F4F, 0x16F4F },
 { 0x16F8F, 0x16F92 },
 { 0x1BC9D, 0x1BC9E },
 { 0x1BCA0, 0x1BCA3 },
@@ -319,6 +323,8 @@
 { 0x1E01B, 0x1E021 },
 { 0x1E023, 0x1E024 },
 { 0x1E026, 0x1E02A },
+{ 0x1E130, 0x1E136 },
+{ 0x1E2EC, 0x1E2EF },
 { 0x1E8D0, 0x1E8D6 },
 { 0x1E944, 0x1E94A },
 { 0xE0001, 0xE0001 },
@@ -387,10 +393,12 @@
 { 0xFE68, 0xFE6B },
 { 0xFF01, 0xFF60 },
 { 0xFFE0, 0xFFE6 },
-{ 0x16FE0, 0x16FE1 },
-{ 0x17000, 0x187F1 },
+{ 0x16FE0, 0x16FE3 },
+{ 0x17000, 0x187F7 },
 { 0x18800, 0x18AF2 },
 { 0x1B000, 0x1B11E },
+{ 0x1B150, 0x1B152 },
+{ 0x1B164, 0x1B167 },
 { 0x1B170, 0x1B2FB },
 { 0x1F004, 0x1F004 },
 { 0x1F0CF, 0x1F0CF },
@@ -422,16 +430,20 @@
 { 0x1F680, 0x1F6C5 },
 { 0x1F6CC, 0x1F6CC },
 { 0x1F6D0, 0x1F6D2 },
+{ 0x1F6D5, 0x1F6D5 },
 { 0x1F6EB, 0x1F6EC },
-{ 0x1F6F4, 0x1F6F9 },
-{ 0x1F910, 0x1F93E },
-{ 0x1F940, 0x1F970 },
+{ 0x1F6F4, 0x1F6FA },
+{ 0x1F7E0, 0x1F7EB },
+{ 0x1F90D, 0x1F971 },
 { 0x1F973, 0x1F976 },
-{ 0x1F97A, 0x1F97A },
-{ 0x1F97C, 0x1F9A2 },
-{ 0x1F9B0, 0x1F9B9 },
-{ 0x1F9C0, 0x1F9C2 },
-{ 0x1F9D0, 0x1F9FF },
+{ 0x1F97A, 0x1F9A2 },
+{ 0x1F9A5, 0x1F9AA },
+{ 0x1F9AE, 0x1F9CA },
+{ 0x1F9CD, 0x1F9FF },
+{ 0x1FA70, 0x1FA73 },
+{ 0x1FA78, 0x1FA7A },
+{ 0x1FA80, 0x1FA82 },
+{ 0x1FA90, 0x1FA95 },
 { 0x20000, 0x2FFFD },
 { 0x30000, 0x3FFFD }
 };
diff --git a/unpack-trees.c b/unpack-trees.c
index 22c41a3..afa4a5c 100644
--- a/unpack-trees.c
+++ b/unpack-trees.c
@@ -219,6 +219,9 @@
 			     enum unpack_trees_error_types e,
 			     const char *path)
 {
+	if (o->quiet)
+		return -1;
+
 	if (!o->show_all_errors)
 		return error(ERRORMSG(o, e), super_prefixed(path));
 
@@ -268,8 +271,7 @@
 		flags |= SUBMODULE_MOVE_HEAD_FORCE;
 
 	if (submodule_move_head(ce->name, old_id, new_id, flags))
-		return o->gently ? -1 :
-				   add_rejected_path(o, ERROR_WOULD_LOSE_SUBMODULE, ce->name);
+		return add_rejected_path(o, ERROR_WOULD_LOSE_SUBMODULE, ce->name);
 	return 0;
 }
 
@@ -707,7 +709,6 @@
  * instead of ODB since we already know what these trees contain.
  */
 static int traverse_by_cache_tree(int pos, int nr_entries, int nr_names,
-				  struct name_entry *names,
 				  struct traverse_info *info)
 {
 	struct cache_entry *src[MAX_UNPACK_TREES + 1] = { NULL, };
@@ -797,7 +798,7 @@
 		 * unprocessed entries before 'pos'.
 		 */
 		bottom = o->cache_bottom;
-		ret = traverse_by_cache_tree(pos, nr_entries, n, names, info);
+		ret = traverse_by_cache_tree(pos, nr_entries, n, info);
 		o->cache_bottom = bottom;
 		return ret;
 	}
@@ -1040,7 +1041,7 @@
 static int unpack_failed(struct unpack_trees_options *o, const char *message)
 {
 	discard_index(&o->result);
-	if (!o->gently && !o->exiting_early) {
+	if (!o->quiet && !o->exiting_early) {
 		if (message)
 			return error("%s", message);
 		return -1;
@@ -1618,6 +1619,8 @@
 						  WRITE_TREE_SILENT |
 						  WRITE_TREE_REPAIR);
 		}
+
+		o->result.updated_workdir = 1;
 		discard_index(o->dst_index);
 		*o->dst_index = o->result;
 	} else {
@@ -1645,8 +1648,7 @@
 static int reject_merge(const struct cache_entry *ce,
 			struct unpack_trees_options *o)
 {
-	return o->gently ? -1 :
-		add_rejected_path(o, ERROR_WOULD_OVERWRITE, ce->name);
+	return add_rejected_path(o, ERROR_WOULD_OVERWRITE, ce->name);
 }
 
 static int same(const struct cache_entry *a, const struct cache_entry *b)
@@ -1693,8 +1695,7 @@
 			int r = check_submodule_move_head(ce,
 				"HEAD", oid_to_hex(&ce->oid), o);
 			if (r)
-				return o->gently ? -1 :
-					add_rejected_path(o, error_type, ce->name);
+				return add_rejected_path(o, error_type, ce->name);
 			return 0;
 		}
 
@@ -1712,8 +1713,7 @@
 	}
 	if (errno == ENOENT)
 		return 0;
-	return o->gently ? -1 :
-		add_rejected_path(o, error_type, ce->name);
+	return add_rejected_path(o, error_type, ce->name);
 }
 
 int verify_uptodate(const struct cache_entry *ce,
@@ -1759,7 +1759,6 @@
  */
 static int verify_clean_submodule(const char *old_sha1,
 				  const struct cache_entry *ce,
-				  enum unpack_trees_error_types error_type,
 				  struct unpack_trees_options *o)
 {
 	if (!submodule_from_ce(ce))
@@ -1770,7 +1769,6 @@
 }
 
 static int verify_clean_subdirectory(const struct cache_entry *ce,
-				     enum unpack_trees_error_types error_type,
 				     struct unpack_trees_options *o)
 {
 	/*
@@ -1793,7 +1791,7 @@
 		if (!sub_head && oideq(&oid, &ce->oid))
 			return 0;
 		return verify_clean_submodule(sub_head ? NULL : oid_to_hex(&oid),
-					      ce, error_type, o);
+					      ce, o);
 	}
 
 	/*
@@ -1835,8 +1833,7 @@
 		d.exclude_per_dir = o->dir->exclude_per_dir;
 	i = read_directory(&d, o->src_index, pathbuf, namelen+1, NULL);
 	if (i)
-		return o->gently ? -1 :
-			add_rejected_path(o, ERROR_NOT_UPTODATE_DIR, ce->name);
+		return add_rejected_path(o, ERROR_NOT_UPTODATE_DIR, ce->name);
 	free(pathbuf);
 	return cnt;
 }
@@ -1889,7 +1886,7 @@
 		 * files that are in "foo/" we would lose
 		 * them.
 		 */
-		if (verify_clean_subdirectory(ce, error_type, o) < 0)
+		if (verify_clean_subdirectory(ce, o) < 0)
 			return -1;
 		return 0;
 	}
@@ -1905,8 +1902,7 @@
 			return 0;
 	}
 
-	return o->gently ? -1 :
-		add_rejected_path(o, error_type, name);
+	return add_rejected_path(o, error_type, name);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -2346,7 +2342,7 @@
 		return error("Cannot do a bind merge of %d trees",
 			     o->merge_size);
 	if (a && old)
-		return o->gently ? -1 :
+		return o->quiet ? -1 :
 			error(ERRORMSG(o, ERROR_BIND_OVERLAP),
 			      super_prefixed(a->name),
 			      super_prefixed(old->name));
@@ -2386,7 +2382,7 @@
 		if (o->update && S_ISGITLINK(old->ce_mode) &&
 		    should_update_submodules() && !verify_uptodate(old, o))
 			update |= CE_UPDATE;
-		add_entry(o, old, update, 0);
+		add_entry(o, old, update, CE_STAGEMASK);
 		return 0;
 	}
 	return merged_entry(a, old, o);
diff --git a/unpack-trees.h b/unpack-trees.h
index 0135080..d344d7d 100644
--- a/unpack-trees.h
+++ b/unpack-trees.h
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@
 		     diff_index_cached,
 		     debug_unpack,
 		     skip_sparse_checkout,
-		     gently,
+		     quiet,
 		     exiting_early,
 		     show_all_errors,
 		     dry_run;