diff --git a/.github/workflows/main.yml b/.github/workflows/main.yml
index eed522f..e67847a 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/main.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/main.yml
@@ -249,6 +249,12 @@
           - jobname: linux-leaks
             cc: gcc
             pool: ubuntu-latest
+          - jobname: linux-asan
+            cc: gcc
+            pool: ubuntu-latest
+          - jobname: linux-ubsan
+            cc: gcc
+            pool: ubuntu-latest
     env:
       CC: ${{matrix.vector.cc}}
       CC_PACKAGE: ${{matrix.vector.cc_package}}
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index b3dcafc..0832f1d 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
-/fuzz-commit-graph
 /fuzz_corpora
-/fuzz-pack-headers
-/fuzz-pack-idx
+/GIT-BUILD-DIR
 /GIT-BUILD-OPTIONS
 /GIT-CFLAGS
 /GIT-LDFLAGS
@@ -10,6 +8,7 @@
 /GIT-PERL-HEADER
 /GIT-PYTHON-VARS
 /GIT-SCRIPT-DEFINES
+/GIT-SPATCH-DEFINES
 /GIT-USER-AGENT
 /GIT-VERSION-FILE
 /bin-wrappers/
diff --git a/.mailmap b/.mailmap
index 07db36a..95aaa1c 100644
--- a/.mailmap
+++ b/.mailmap
@@ -165,6 +165,7 @@
 Martin Langhoff <martin@laptop.org> <martin@catalyst.net.nz>
 Martin von Zweigbergk <martinvonz@gmail.com> <martin.von.zweigbergk@gmail.com>
 Masaya Suzuki <masayasuzuki@google.com> <draftcode@gmail.com>
+Matheus Tavares <matheus.tavb@gmail.com> <matheus.bernardino@usp.br>
 Matt Draisey <matt@draisey.ca> <mattdraisey@sympatico.ca>
 Matt Kraai <kraai@ftbfs.org> <matt.kraai@amo.abbott.com>
 Matt McCutchen <matt@mattmccutchen.net> <hashproduct@gmail.com>
diff --git a/Documentation/CodingGuidelines b/Documentation/CodingGuidelines
index 1d95a14..9d5c278 100644
--- a/Documentation/CodingGuidelines
+++ b/Documentation/CodingGuidelines
@@ -162,8 +162,6 @@
 
    - We do not use \{m,n\};
 
-   - We do not use -E;
-
    - We do not use ? or + (which are \{0,1\} and \{1,\}
      respectively in BRE) but that goes without saying as these
      are ERE elements not BRE (note that \? and \+ are not even part
@@ -665,8 +663,8 @@
    (One or more of <file>.)
 
  Optional parts are enclosed in square brackets:
-   [<extra>]
-   (Zero or one <extra>.)
+   [<file>...]
+   (Zero or more of <file>.)
 
    --exec-path[=<path>]
    (Option with an optional argument.  Note that the "=" is inside the
@@ -680,6 +678,16 @@
    [-q | --quiet]
    [--utf8 | --no-utf8]
 
+ Use spacing around "|" token(s), but not immediately after opening or
+ before closing a [] or () pair:
+   Do: [-q | --quiet]
+   Don't: [-q|--quiet]
+
+ Don't use spacing around "|" tokens when they're used to seperate the
+ alternate arguments of an option:
+    Do: --track[=(direct|inherit)]
+    Don't: --track[=(direct | inherit)]
+
  Parentheses are used for grouping:
    [(<rev> | <range>)...]
    (Any number of either <rev> or <range>.  Parens are needed to make
diff --git a/Documentation/Makefile b/Documentation/Makefile
index d47acb2..9c67c3a 100644
--- a/Documentation/Makefile
+++ b/Documentation/Makefile
@@ -351,8 +351,16 @@
 manpage-base-url.xsl: manpage-base-url.xsl.in
 	$(QUIET_GEN)sed "s|@@MAN_BASE_URL@@|$(MAN_BASE_URL)|" $< > $@
 
-%.1 %.5 %.7 : %.xml manpage-base-url.xsl $(wildcard manpage*.xsl)
-	$(QUIET_XMLTO)$(XMLTO) -m $(MANPAGE_XSL) $(XMLTO_EXTRA) man $<
+
+manpage-prereqs := manpage-base-url.xsl $(wildcard manpage*.xsl)
+manpage-cmd = $(QUIET_XMLTO)$(XMLTO) -m $(MANPAGE_XSL) $(XMLTO_EXTRA) man $<
+
+%.1 : %.xml $(manpage-prereqs)
+	$(manpage-cmd)
+%.5 : %.xml $(manpage-prereqs)
+	$(manpage-cmd)
+%.7 : %.xml $(manpage-prereqs)
+	$(manpage-cmd)
 
 %.xml : %.txt $(ASCIIDOC_DEPS)
 	$(QUIET_ASCIIDOC)$(TXT_TO_XML) -d manpage -o $@ $<
@@ -476,8 +484,19 @@
 .PHONY: lint-docs-man-section-order
 lint-docs-man-section-order: $(LINT_DOCS_MAN_SECTION_ORDER)
 
+.PHONY: lint-docs-fsck-msgids
+LINT_DOCS_FSCK_MSGIDS = .build/lint-docs/fsck-msgids.ok
+$(LINT_DOCS_FSCK_MSGIDS): lint-fsck-msgids.perl
+$(LINT_DOCS_FSCK_MSGIDS): ../fsck.h fsck-msgids.txt
+	$(call mkdir_p_parent_template)
+	$(QUIET_GEN)$(PERL_PATH) lint-fsck-msgids.perl \
+		../fsck.h fsck-msgids.txt $@
+
+lint-docs-fsck-msgids: $(LINT_DOCS_FSCK_MSGIDS)
+
 ## Lint: list of targets above
 .PHONY: lint-docs
+lint-docs: lint-docs-fsck-msgids
 lint-docs: lint-docs-gitlink
 lint-docs: lint-docs-man-end-blurb
 lint-docs: lint-docs-man-section-order
diff --git a/Documentation/MyFirstContribution.txt b/Documentation/MyFirstContribution.txt
index 1a4be8e..ccfd0cb 100644
--- a/Documentation/MyFirstContribution.txt
+++ b/Documentation/MyFirstContribution.txt
@@ -736,7 +736,7 @@
 2022-02-21  1:43     ` John Cai
 2022-02-21  1:50       ` Taylor Blau
 2022-02-23 19:50         ` John Cai
-2022-02-18 20:00   ` // other replies ellided
+2022-02-18 20:00   ` // other replies elided
 2022-02-18 18:40 ` [PATCH 2/3] reflog: call reflog_delete from reflog.c John Cai via GitGitGadget
 2022-02-18 19:15   ` Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason
 2022-02-18 20:26     ` Junio C Hamano
diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.39.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.39.0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9bf00ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.39.0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,346 @@
+Git v2.39 Release Notes
+=======================
+
+UI, Workflows & Features
+------------------------
+
+ * "git grep" learned to expand the sparse-index more lazily and on
+   demand in a sparse checkout.
+
+ * By default, use of fsmonitor on a repository on networked
+   filesystem is disabled. Add knobs to make it workable on macOS.
+
+ * After checking out a "branch" that is a symbolic-ref that points at
+   another branch, "git symbolic-ref HEAD" reports the underlying
+   branch, not the symbolic-ref the user gave checkout as argument.
+   The command learned the "--no-recurse" option to stop after
+   dereferencing a symbolic-ref only once.
+
+ * "git branch --edit-description @{-1}" is now a way to edit branch
+   description of the branch you were on before switching to the
+   current branch.
+
+ * "git merge-tree --stdin" is a new way to request a series of merges
+   and report the merge results.
+
+ * "git shortlog" learned to group by the "format" string.
+
+ * A new "--include-whitespace" option is added to "git patch-id", and
+   existing bugs in the internal patch-id logic that did not match
+   what "git patch-id" produces have been corrected.
+
+ * Enable gc.cruftpacks by default for those who opt into
+   feature.experimental setting.
+
+ * "git repack" learns to send cruft objects out of the way into
+   packfiles outside the repository.
+
+ * 'scalar reconfigure -a' is taught to automatically remove
+   scalar.repo entires which no longer exist.
+
+ * Redact headers from cURL's h2h3 module in GIT_CURL_VERBOSE and
+   others.
+
+ * 'git maintenance register' is taught to write configuration to an
+   arbitrary path, and 'git for-each-repo' is taught to expand tilde
+   characters in paths.
+
+ * When creating new notes, the template used to get a stray empty
+   newline, which has been removed.
+
+ * "git receive-pack" used to use all the local refs as the boundary for
+   checking connectivity of the data "git push" sent, but now it uses
+   only the refs that it advertised to the pusher. In a repository with
+   the .hideRefs configuration, this reduces the resources needed to
+   perform the check.
+
+ * With '--recurse-submodules=on-demand', all submodules are
+   recursively pushed.
+
+
+Performance, Internal Implementation, Development Support etc.
+--------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ * With a bit of header twiddling, use the native regexp library on
+   macOS instead of the compat/ one.
+
+ * Prepare for GNU [ef]grep that throw warning of their uses.
+
+ * Sources related to fuzz testing have been moved down to their own
+   directory.
+
+ * Most credential helpers ignored unknown entries in a credential
+   description, but a few died upon seeing them.  The latter were
+   taught to ignore them, too
+
+ * "scalar unregister" in a repository that is already been
+   unregistered reported an error.
+
+ * Remove error detection from a function that fetches from promisor
+   remotes, and make it die when such a fetch fails to bring all the
+   requested objects, to give an early failure to various operations.
+
+ * Update CodingGuidelines to clarify what features to use and avoid
+   in C99.
+
+ * Avoid false-positive from LSan whose assumption may be broken with
+   higher optimization levels.
+
+ * Enable address and undefined sanitizer tasks at GitHub Actions CI.
+
+ * More UNUSED annotation to help using -Wunused option with the
+   compiler.
+   (merge 4b992f0a24 jk/unused-anno-more later to maint).
+
+ * Rewrite a deep recursion in the skipping negotiator to use a loop
+   with on-heap prio queue to avoid stack wastage.
+
+ * Add documentation for message IDs in fsck error messages.
+
+ * Define the logical elements of a "bundle list", data structure to
+   store them in-core, format to transfer them, and code to parse
+   them.
+
+ * The role the security mailing list plays in an embargoed release
+   has been documented.
+
+ * Two new facilities, "timer" and "counter", are introduced to the
+   trace2 API.
+
+ * Code simplification by using strvec_pushf() instead of building an
+   argument in a separate strbuf.
+
+ * Make sure generated dependency file is stably sorted to help
+   developers debugging their build issues.
+
+ * The glossary entries for "commit-graph file" and "reachability
+   bitmap" have been added.
+
+ * Various tests exercising the transfer.credentialsInUrl
+   configuration are taught to avoid making requests which require
+   resolving localhost to reduce CI-flakiness.
+
+ * A redundant diagnostic message is dropped from test_path_is_missing().
+
+ * Simplify the run-command API.
+
+ * Update the actions/github-script dependency in CI to avoid a
+   deprecation warning.
+
+ * Progress on being able to initialize a rev_info struct with a
+   macro.
+
+ * Add trace2 counters to the region to clear skip worktree bits in a
+   sparse checkout.
+
+ * Modernize test script to avoid "test -f" and friends.
+
+ * Avoid calling 'cache_tree_update()' when doing so would be
+   redundant.
+
+ * Update the credential-cache documentation to provide a more
+   realistic example.
+
+ * Makefile comments updates and reordering to clarify knobs used to
+   choose SHA implementations.
+
+ * A design document for sparse-checkout's future directions has been
+   added.
+
+ * Teach chainlint.pl to annotate the original test definition instead
+   of the token stream.
+
+ * "make coccicheck" is time consuming. It has been made to run more
+   incrementally.
+
+ * `parse_object()` has been hardened to check for the existence of a
+   suspected blob object.
+
+ * The build procedure has been adjusted to GNUmake version 4.4, which
+   made some changes to how pattern rule with multiple targets are
+   handled.
+
+
+Fixes since v2.38
+-----------------
+
+ * The codepath that reads from the index v4 had unaligned memory
+   accesses, which has been corrected.
+
+ * Fix messages incorrectly marked for translation.
+
+ * "git fsck" failed to release contents of tree objects already used
+   from the memory, which has been fixed.
+
+ * "git clone" did not like to see the "--bare" and the "--origin"
+   options used together without a good reason.
+
+ * "git remote rename" failed to rename a remote without fetch
+   refspec, which has been corrected.
+
+ * Documentation on various Boolean GIT_* environment variables have
+   been clarified.
+
+ * "git rebase -i" can mistakenly attempt to apply a fixup to a commit
+   itself, which has been corrected.
+
+ * "git multi-pack-index repack/expire" used to repack unreachable
+   cruft into a new pack, which have been corrected.
+
+ * In read-only repositories, "git merge-tree" tried to come up with a
+   merge result tree object, which it failed (which is not wrong) and
+   led to a segfault (which is bad), which has been corrected.
+
+ * Force C locale while running tests around httpd to make sure we can
+   find expected error messages in the log.
+
+ * Fix a logic in "mailinfo -b" that miscomputed the length of a
+   substring, which lead to an out-of-bounds access.
+
+ * The codepath to sign learned to report errors when it fails to read
+   from "ssh-keygen".
+
+ * Code clean-up that results in plugging a leak.
+
+ * "GIT_EDITOR=: git branch --edit-description" resulted in failure,
+   which has been corrected.
+
+ * The code to clean temporary object directories (used for
+   quarantine) tried to remove them inside its signal handler, which
+   was a no-no.
+
+ * Update comment in the Makefile about the RUNTIME_PREFIX config knob.
+
+ * Clarify that "the sentence after <area>: prefix does not begin with
+   a capital letter" rule applies only to the commit title.
+
+ * "git branch --edit-description" on an unborn branch misleadingly
+   said that no such branch exists, which has been corrected.
+
+ * Work around older clang that warns against C99 zero initialization
+   syntax for struct.
+
+ * Giving "--invert-grep" and "--all-match" without "--grep" to the
+   "git log" command resulted in an attempt to access grep pattern
+   expression structure that has not been allocated, which has been
+   corrected.
+   (merge db84376f98 ab/grep-simplify-extended-expression later to maint).
+
+ * "git diff rev^!" did not show combined diff to go to the rev from
+   its parents.
+   (merge a79c6b6081 rs/diff-caret-bang-with-parents later to maint).
+
+ * Allow configuration files in "protected" scopes to include other
+   configuration files.
+   (merge ecec57b3c9 gc/bare-repo-discovery later to maint).
+
+ * Give a bit more diversity to macOS CI by using sha1dc in one of the
+   jobs (the other one tests Apple Common Crypto).
+   (merge 1ad5c3df35 jc/ci-osx-with-sha1dc later to maint).
+
+ * A bugfix with tracing support in midx codepath
+   (merge e9c3839944 tb/midx-bitmap-selection-fix later to maint).
+
+ * When geometric repacking feature is in use together with the
+   --pack-kept-objects option, we lost packs marked with .keep files.
+   (merge 197443e80a tb/save-keep-pack-during-geometric-repack later to maint).
+
+ * Move a global variable added as a hack during regression fixes to
+   its proper place in the API.
+   (merge 0b0ab95f17 ab/run-hook-api-cleanup later to maint).
+
+ * Update to build procedure with VS using CMake/CTest.
+   (merge c858750b41 js/cmake-updates later to maint).
+
+ * The short-help text shown by "git cmd -h" and the synopsis text
+   shown at the beginning of "git help cmd" have been made more
+   consistent.
+
+ * When creating a multi-pack bitmap, remove per-pack bitmap files
+   unconditionally as they will never be consulted.
+   (merge 55d902cd61 tb/remove-unused-pack-bitmap later to maint).
+
+ * Fix a longstanding syntax error in Git.pm error codepath.
+
+ * "git diff --stat" etc. were invented back when everything was ASCII
+   and strlen() was a way to measure the display width of a string;
+   adjust them to compute the display width assuming UTF-8 pathnames.
+   (merge ce8529b2bb tb/diffstat-with-utf8-strwidth later to maint).
+
+ * "git branch --edit-description" can exit with status -1 which is
+   not a good practice; it learned to use 1 as everybody else instead.
+
+ * "git apply" limits its input to a bit less than 1 GiB.
+
+ * Merging a branch with directory renames into a branch that changes
+   the directory to a symlink was mishandled by the ort merge
+   strategy, which has been corrected.
+
+ * A bugfix to "git subtree" in its split and merge features.
+
+ * Fix some bugs in the reflog messages when rebasing and changes the
+   reflog messages of "rebase --apply" to match "rebase --merge" with
+   the aim of making the reflog easier to parse.
+
+ * "git rebase --keep-base" used to discard the commits that are
+   already cherry-picked to the upstream, even when "keep-base" meant
+   that the base, on top of which the history is being rebuilt, does
+   not yet include these cherry-picked commits.  The --keep-base
+   option now implies --reapply-cherry-picks and --no-fork-point
+   options.
+
+ * The way "git repack" created temporary files when it received a
+   signal was prone to deadlocking, which has been corrected.
+
+ * Various tests exercising the transfer.credentialsInUrl
+   configuration are taught to avoid making requests which require
+   resolving localhost to reduce CI-flakiness.
+
+ * The adjust_shared_perm() helper function learned to refrain from
+   setting the "g+s" bit on directories when it is not necessary.
+
+ * "git archive" mistakenly complained twice about a missing
+   executable, which has been corrected.
+
+ * Fix a bug where `git branch -d` did not work on an orphaned HEAD.
+
+ * `git rebase --update-refs` would delete references when all
+   `update-ref` commands in the sequencer were removed, which has been
+   corrected.
+
+ * Fix a regression in the bisect-helper which mistakenly treats
+   arguments to the command given to 'git bisect run' as arguments to
+   the helper.
+
+ * Correct an error where `git rebase` would mistakenly use a branch or
+   tag named "refs/rewritten/xyz" when missing a rebase label.
+
+ * Assorted fixes of parsing end-user input as integers.
+   (merge 14770cf0de pw/config-int-parse-fixes later to maint).
+
+ * "git prune" may try to iterate over .git/objects/pack for trash
+   files to remove in it, and loudly fail when the directory is
+   missing, which is not necessary.  The command has been taught to
+   ignore such a failure.
+   (merge 6974765352 ew/prune-with-missing-objects-pack later to maint).
+
+ * Add one more candidate directory that may house httpd modules while
+   running tests.
+   (merge 1c7dc23d41 es/locate-httpd-module-location-in-test later to maint).
+
+ * A handful of leaks in the line-log machinery have been plugged.
+
+ * The format of a line in /proc/cpuinfo that describes a CPU on s390x
+   looked different from everybody else, and the code in chainlint.pl
+   failed to parse it.
+   (merge 1f51b77f4f ah/chainlint-cpuinfo-parse-fix later to maint).
+
+ * Adjust the GitHub CI to newer ubuntu release.
+   (merge 0d3507f3e7 jx/ci-ubuntu-fix later to maint).
+
+ * Other code cleanup, docfix, build fix, etc.
+   (merge 413bc6d20a ds/cmd-main-reorder later to maint).
+   (merge 8d2863e4ed nw/t1002-cleanup later to maint).
+   (merge 7c2dc122f9 rs/list-objects-filter-leakfix later to maint).
+   (merge 288fcb1c94 zk/push-use-bitmaps later to maint).
+   (merge 42db324c0f km/merge-recursive-typofix later to maint).
diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.39.1.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.39.1.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..60c86f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.39.1.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Git v2.39.1 Release Notes
+=========================
+
+This release merges the security fix that appears in v2.30.7; see
+the release notes for that version for details.
diff --git a/Documentation/build-docdep.perl b/Documentation/build-docdep.perl
index ba4205e..1b3ac8f 100755
--- a/Documentation/build-docdep.perl
+++ b/Documentation/build-docdep.perl
@@ -38,9 +38,10 @@
     }
 }
 
-while (my ($text, $included) = each %include) {
+foreach my $text (sort keys %include) {
+    my $included = $include{$text};
     if (! exists $included{$text} &&
 	(my $base = $text) =~ s/\.txt$//) {
-	print "$base.html $base.xml : ", join(" ", keys %$included), "\n";
+	print "$base.html $base.xml : ", join(" ", sort keys %$included), "\n";
     }
 }
diff --git a/Documentation/config.txt b/Documentation/config.txt
index 5b5b976..0e93aef 100644
--- a/Documentation/config.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config.txt
@@ -387,6 +387,8 @@
 
 include::config/browser.txt[]
 
+include::config/bundle.txt[]
+
 include::config/checkout.txt[]
 
 include::config/clean.txt[]
@@ -423,6 +425,8 @@
 
 include::config/fsck.txt[]
 
+include::config/fsmonitor--daemon.txt[]
+
 include::config/gc.txt[]
 
 include::config/gitcvs.txt[]
diff --git a/Documentation/config/bundle.txt b/Documentation/config/bundle.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..daa21eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/config/bundle.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+bundle.*::
+	The `bundle.*` keys may appear in a bundle list file found via the
+	`git clone --bundle-uri` option. These keys currently have no effect
+	if placed in a repository config file, though this will change in the
+	future. See link:technical/bundle-uri.html[the bundle URI design
+	document] for more details.
+
+bundle.version::
+	This integer value advertises the version of the bundle list format
+	used by the bundle list. Currently, the only accepted value is `1`.
+
+bundle.mode::
+	This string value should be either `all` or `any`. This value describes
+	whether all of the advertised bundles are required to unbundle a
+	complete understanding of the bundled information (`all`) or if any one
+	of the listed bundle URIs is sufficient (`any`).
+
+bundle.<id>.*::
+	The `bundle.<id>.*` keys are used to describe a single item in the
+	bundle list, grouped under `<id>` for identification purposes.
+
+bundle.<id>.uri::
+	This string value defines the URI by which Git can reach the contents
+	of this `<id>`. This URI may be a bundle file or another bundle list.
diff --git a/Documentation/config/core.txt b/Documentation/config/core.txt
index 37afbaf..dfbdaf0 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/core.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/core.txt
@@ -618,7 +618,7 @@
 * `loose-object` hardens objects added to the repo in loose-object form.
 * `pack` hardens objects added to the repo in packfile form.
 * `pack-metadata` hardens packfile bitmaps and indexes.
-* `commit-graph` hardens the commit graph file.
+* `commit-graph` hardens the commit-graph file.
 * `index` hardens the index when it is modified.
 * `objects` is an aggregate option that is equivalent to
   `loose-object,pack`.
diff --git a/Documentation/config/feature.txt b/Documentation/config/feature.txt
index cdecd04..95975e5 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/feature.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/feature.txt
@@ -14,6 +14,9 @@
 +
 * `fetch.negotiationAlgorithm=skipping` may improve fetch negotiation times by
 skipping more commits at a time, reducing the number of round trips.
++
+* `gc.cruftPacks=true` reduces disk space used by unreachable objects during
+garbage collection, preventing loose object explosions.
 
 feature.manyFiles::
 	Enable config options that optimize for repos with many files in the
diff --git a/Documentation/config/fsck.txt b/Documentation/config/fsck.txt
index 450e8c3..a3c865d 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/fsck.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/fsck.txt
@@ -35,6 +35,10 @@
 Setting an unknown `fsck.<msg-id>` value will cause fsck to die, but
 doing the same for `receive.fsck.<msg-id>` and `fetch.fsck.<msg-id>`
 will only cause git to warn.
++
+See `Fsck Messages` section of linkgit:git-fsck[1] for supported
+values of `<msg-id>`.
+
 
 fsck.skipList::
 	The path to a list of object names (i.e. one unabbreviated SHA-1 per
diff --git a/Documentation/config/fsmonitor--daemon.txt b/Documentation/config/fsmonitor--daemon.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c225c6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/config/fsmonitor--daemon.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+fsmonitor.allowRemote::
+    By default, the fsmonitor daemon refuses to work against network-mounted
+    repositories. Setting `fsmonitor.allowRemote` to `true` overrides this
+    behavior.  Only respected when `core.fsmonitor` is set to `true`.
+
+fsmonitor.socketDir::
+    This Mac OS-specific option, if set, specifies the directory in
+    which to create the Unix domain socket used for communication
+    between the fsmonitor daemon and various Git commands. The directory must
+    reside on a native Mac OS filesystem.  Only respected when `core.fsmonitor`
+    is set to `true`.
diff --git a/Documentation/config/push.txt b/Documentation/config/push.txt
index 7386fea..43338b6 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/push.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/push.txt
@@ -110,18 +110,8 @@
 ----
 
 push.recurseSubmodules::
-	Make sure all submodule commits used by the revisions to be pushed
-	are available on a remote-tracking branch. If the value is 'check'
-	then Git will verify that all submodule commits that changed in the
-	revisions to be pushed are available on at least one remote of the
-	submodule. If any commits are missing, the push will be aborted and
-	exit with non-zero status. If the value is 'on-demand' then all
-	submodules that changed in the revisions to be pushed will be
-	pushed. If on-demand was not able to push all necessary revisions
-	it will also be aborted and exit with non-zero status. If the value
-	is 'no' then default behavior of ignoring submodules when pushing
-	is retained. You may override this configuration at time of push by
-	specifying '--recurse-submodules=check|on-demand|no'.
+	May be "check", "on-demand", "only", or "no", with the same behavior
+	as that of "push --recurse-submodules".
 	If not set, 'no' is used by default, unless 'submodule.recurse' is
 	set (in which case a 'true' value means 'on-demand').
 
diff --git a/Documentation/fsck-msgids.txt b/Documentation/fsck-msgids.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..12eae8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/fsck-msgids.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+`badDate`::
+	(ERROR) Invalid date format in an author/committer line.
+
+`badDateOverflow`::
+	(ERROR) Invalid date value in an author/committer line.
+
+`badEmail`::
+	(ERROR) Invalid email format in an author/committer line.
+
+`badFilemode`::
+	(INFO) A tree contains a bad filemode entry.
+
+`badName`::
+	(ERROR) An author/committer name is empty.
+
+`badObjectSha1`::
+	(ERROR) An object has a bad sha1.
+
+`badParentSha1`::
+	(ERROR) A commit object has a bad parent sha1.
+
+`badTagName`::
+	(INFO) A tag has an invalid format.
+
+`badTimezone`::
+	(ERROR) Found an invalid time zone in an author/committer line.
+
+`badTree`::
+	(ERROR) A tree cannot be parsed.
+
+`badTreeSha1`::
+	(ERROR) A tree has an invalid format.
+
+`badType`::
+	(ERROR) Found an invalid object type.
+
+`duplicateEntries`::
+	(ERROR) A tree contains duplicate file entries.
+
+`emptyName`::
+	(WARN) A path contains an empty name.
+
+`extraHeaderEntry`::
+	(IGNORE) Extra headers found after `tagger`.
+
+`fullPathname`::
+	(WARN) A path contains the full path starting with "/".
+
+`gitattributesBlob`::
+	(ERROR) A non-blob found at `.gitattributes`.
+
+`gitattributesLarge`::
+	(ERROR) The `.gitattributes` blob is too large.
+
+`gitattributesLineLength`::
+	(ERROR) The `.gitattributes` blob contains too long lines.
+
+`gitattributesMissing`::
+	(ERROR) Unable to read `.gitattributes` blob.
+
+`gitattributesSymlink`::
+	(INFO) `.gitattributes` is a symlink.
+
+`gitignoreSymlink`::
+	(INFO) `.gitignore` is a symlink.
+
+`gitmodulesBlob`::
+	(ERROR) A non-blob found at `.gitmodules`.
+
+`gitmodulesLarge`::
+	(ERROR) The `.gitmodules` file is too large to parse.
+
+`gitmodulesMissing`::
+	(ERROR) Unable to read `.gitmodules` blob.
+
+`gitmodulesName`::
+	(ERROR) A submodule name is invalid.
+
+`gitmodulesParse`::
+	(INFO) Could not parse `.gitmodules` blob.
+
+`gitmodulesLarge`;
+	(ERROR) `.gitmodules` blob is too large to parse.
+
+`gitmodulesPath`::
+	(ERROR) `.gitmodules` path is invalid.
+
+`gitmodulesSymlink`::
+	(ERROR) `.gitmodules` is a symlink.
+
+`gitmodulesUpdate`::
+	(ERROR) Found an invalid submodule update setting.
+
+`gitmodulesUrl`::
+	(ERROR) Found an invalid submodule url.
+
+`hasDot`::
+	(WARN) A tree contains an entry named `.`.
+
+`hasDotdot`::
+	(WARN) A tree contains an entry named `..`.
+
+`hasDotgit`::
+	(WARN) A tree contains an entry named `.git`.
+
+`mailmapSymlink`::
+	(INFO) `.mailmap` is a symlink.
+
+`missingAuthor`::
+	(ERROR) Author is missing.
+
+`missingCommitter`::
+	(ERROR) Committer is missing.
+
+`missingEmail`::
+	(ERROR) Email is missing in an author/committer line.
+
+`missingNameBeforeEmail`::
+	(ERROR) Missing name before an email in an author/committer line.
+
+`missingObject`::
+	(ERROR) Missing `object` line in tag object.
+
+`missingSpaceBeforeDate`::
+	(ERROR) Missing space before date in an author/committer line.
+
+`missingSpaceBeforeEmail`::
+	(ERROR) Missing space before the email in author/committer line.
+
+`missingTag`::
+	(ERROR) Unexpected end after `type` line in a tag object.
+
+`missingTagEntry`::
+	(ERROR) Missing `tag` line in a tag object.
+
+`missingTaggerEntry`::
+	(INFO) Missing `tagger` line in a tag object.
+
+`missingTree`::
+	(ERROR) Missing `tree` line in a commit object.
+
+`missingType`::
+	(ERROR) Invalid type value on the `type` line in a tag object.
+
+`missingTypeEntry`::
+	(ERROR) Missing `type` line in a tag object.
+
+`multipleAuthors`::
+	(ERROR) Multiple author lines found in a commit.
+
+`nulInCommit`::
+	(WARN) Found a NUL byte in the commit object body.
+
+`nulInHeader`::
+	(FATAL) NUL byte exists in the object header.
+
+`nullSha1`::
+	(WARN) Tree contains entries pointing to a null sha1.
+
+`treeNotSorted`::
+	(ERROR) A tree is not properly sorted.
+
+`unknownType`::
+	(ERROR) Found an unknown object type.
+
+`unterminatedHeader`::
+	(FATAL) Missing end-of-line in the object header.
+
+`zeroPaddedDate`::
+	(ERROR) Found a zero padded date in an author/commiter line.
+
+`zeroPaddedFilemode`::
+	(WARN) Found a zero padded filemode in a tree.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-annotate.txt b/Documentation/git-annotate.txt
index e44a831..5ae8aab 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-annotate.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-annotate.txt
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
-'git annotate' [<options>] <file> [<revision>]
+'git annotate' [<options>] [<rev-opts>] [<rev>] [--] <file>
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
diff --git a/Documentation/git-clean.txt b/Documentation/git-clean.txt
index 9174263..160d08b 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-clean.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-clean.txt
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
-'git clean' [-d] [-f] [-i] [-n] [-q] [-e <pattern>] [-x | -X] [--] <path>...
+'git clean' [-d] [-f] [-i] [-n] [-q] [-e <pattern>] [-x | -X] [--] [<pathspec>...]
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
@@ -20,16 +20,16 @@
 option is specified, ignored files are also removed. This can, for
 example, be useful to remove all build products.
 
-If any optional `<path>...` arguments are given, only those paths
-are affected.
+If any optional `<pathspec>...` arguments are given, only those paths
+that match the pathspec are affected.
 
 OPTIONS
 -------
 -d::
-	Normally, when no <path> is specified, git clean will not
+	Normally, when no <pathspec> is specified, git clean will not
 	recurse into untracked directories to avoid removing too much.
 	Specify -d to have it recurse into such directories as well.
-	If any paths are specified, -d is irrelevant; all untracked
+	If a <pathspec> is specified, -d is irrelevant; all untracked
 	files matching the specified paths (with exceptions for nested
 	git directories mentioned under `--force`) will be removed.
 
diff --git a/Documentation/git-commit-graph.txt b/Documentation/git-commit-graph.txt
index 36fe56c..c8dbceb 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-commit-graph.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-commit-graph.txt
@@ -10,7 +10,10 @@
 --------
 [verse]
 'git commit-graph verify' [--object-dir <dir>] [--shallow] [--[no-]progress]
-'git commit-graph write' <options> [--object-dir <dir>] [--[no-]progress]
+'git commit-graph write' [--object-dir <dir>] [--append]
+			[--split[=<strategy>]] [--reachable | --stdin-packs | --stdin-commits]
+			[--changed-paths] [--[no-]max-new-filters <n>] [--[no-]progress]
+			<split options>
 
 
 DESCRIPTION
diff --git a/Documentation/git-credential-cache--daemon.txt b/Documentation/git-credential-cache--daemon.txt
index 01e1c21..650a15a 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-credential-cache--daemon.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-credential-cache--daemon.txt
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
-'git credential-cache{litdd}daemon' [--debug] <socket>
+'git credential-cache{litdd}daemon' [--debug] <socket-path>
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 NOTE: You probably don't want to invoke this command yourself; it is
 started automatically when you use linkgit:git-credential-cache[1].
 
-This command listens on the Unix domain socket specified by `<socket>`
+This command listens on the Unix domain socket specified by `<socket-path>`
 for `git-credential-cache` clients. Clients may store and retrieve
 credentials. Each credential is held for a timeout specified by the
 client; once no credentials are held, the daemon exits.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-credential-cache.txt b/Documentation/git-credential-cache.txt
index 0216c18..432e159 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-credential-cache.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-credential-cache.txt
@@ -69,10 +69,10 @@
 ------------------------------------
 
 You can provide options via the credential.helper configuration
-variable (this example drops the cache time to 5 minutes):
+variable (this example increases the cache time to 1 hour):
 
 -------------------------------------------------------
-$ git config credential.helper 'cache --timeout=300'
+$ git config credential.helper 'cache --timeout=3600'
 -------------------------------------------------------
 
 GIT
diff --git a/Documentation/git-credential.txt b/Documentation/git-credential.txt
index f186730..ac2818b 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-credential.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-credential.txt
@@ -160,6 +160,8 @@
 Components which are missing from the URL (e.g., there is no
 username in the example above) will be left unset.
 
+Unrecognised attributes are silently discarded.
+
 GIT
 ---
 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite
diff --git a/Documentation/git-diff-files.txt b/Documentation/git-diff-files.txt
index bf1febb..591e380 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-diff-files.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-diff-files.txt
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
-'git diff-files' [-q] [-0|-1|-2|-3|-c|--cc] [<common-diff-options>] [<path>...]
+'git diff-files' [-q] [-0 | -1 | -2 | -3 | -c | --cc] [<common-diff-options>] [<path>...]
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
diff --git a/Documentation/git-diff.txt b/Documentation/git-diff.txt
index 85ae6d6..52b6792 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-diff.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-diff.txt
@@ -79,10 +79,10 @@
 
 	This form is to view the results of a merge commit.  The first
 	listed <commit> must be the merge itself; the remaining two or
-	more commits should be its parents.  A convenient way to produce
-	the desired set of revisions is to use the `^@` suffix.
-	For instance, if `master` names a merge commit, `git diff master
-	master^@` gives the same combined diff as `git show master`.
+	more commits should be its parents.  Convenient ways to produce
+	the desired set of revisions are to use the suffixes `^@` and
+	`^!`.  If A is a merge commit, then `git diff A A^@`,
+	`git diff A^!` and `git show A` all give the same combined diff.
 
 'git diff' [<options>] <commit>..<commit> [--] [<path>...]::
 
diff --git a/Documentation/git-fast-export.txt b/Documentation/git-fast-export.txt
index 1978dbd..4643ddb 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-fast-export.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-fast-export.txt
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
-'git fast-export [<options>]' | 'git fast-import'
+'git fast-export' [<options>] | 'git fast-import'
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
diff --git a/Documentation/git-fsck.txt b/Documentation/git-fsck.txt
index 29318ea..b6a0f8a 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-fsck.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-fsck.txt
@@ -152,6 +152,18 @@
 	object database value.
 	This indicates a serious data integrity problem.
 
+
+FSCK MESSAGES
+-------------
+
+The following lists the types of errors `git fsck` detects and what
+each error means, with their default severity.  The severity of the
+error, other than those that are marked as "(FATAL)", can be tweaked
+by setting the corresponding `fsck.<msg-id>` configuration variable.
+
+include::fsck-msgids.txt[]
+
+
 Environment Variables
 ---------------------
 
diff --git a/Documentation/git-fsmonitor--daemon.txt b/Documentation/git-fsmonitor--daemon.txt
index cc142fb..8238ead 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-fsmonitor--daemon.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-fsmonitor--daemon.txt
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
 NAME
 ----
-git-fsmonitor--daemon - A Built-in File System Monitor
+git-fsmonitor--daemon - A Built-in Filesystem Monitor
 
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 -----------
 
 A daemon to watch the working directory for file and directory
-changes using platform-specific file system notification facilities.
+changes using platform-specific filesystem notification facilities.
 
 This daemon communicates directly with commands like `git status`
 using the link:technical/api-simple-ipc.html[simple IPC] interface
@@ -63,13 +63,44 @@
 -------
 
 The fsmonitor daemon does not currently know about submodules and does
-not know to filter out file system events that happen within a
+not know to filter out filesystem events that happen within a
 submodule.  If fsmonitor daemon is watching a super repo and a file is
 modified within the working directory of a submodule, it will report
 the change (as happening against the super repo).  However, the client
 will properly ignore these extra events, so performance may be affected
 but it will not cause an incorrect result.
 
+By default, the fsmonitor daemon refuses to work against network-mounted
+repositories; this may be overridden by setting `fsmonitor.allowRemote` to
+`true`. Note, however, that the fsmonitor daemon is not guaranteed to work
+correctly with all network-mounted repositories and such use is considered
+experimental.
+
+On Mac OS, the inter-process communication (IPC) between various Git
+commands and the fsmonitor daemon is done via a Unix domain socket (UDS) -- a
+special type of file -- which is supported by native Mac OS filesystems,
+but not on network-mounted filesystems, NTFS, or FAT32.  Other filesystems
+may or may not have the needed support; the fsmonitor daemon is not guaranteed
+to work with these filesystems and such use is considered experimental.
+
+By default, the socket is created in the `.git` directory, however, if the
+`.git` directory is on a network-mounted filesystem, it will be instead be
+created at `$HOME/.git-fsmonitor-*` unless `$HOME` itself is on a
+network-mounted filesystem in which case you must set the configuration
+variable `fsmonitor.socketDir` to the path of a directory on a Mac OS native
+filesystem in which to create the socket file.
+
+If none of the above directories (`.git`, `$HOME`, or `fsmonitor.socketDir`)
+is on a native Mac OS file filesystem the fsmonitor daemon will report an
+error that will cause the daemon and the currently running command to exit.
+
+CONFIGURATION
+-------------
+
+include::includes/cmd-config-section-all.txt[]
+
+include::config/fsmonitor--daemon.txt[]
+
 GIT
 ---
 Part of the linkgit:git[1] suite
diff --git a/Documentation/git-hash-object.txt b/Documentation/git-hash-object.txt
index df9e2c5..472b5bb 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-hash-object.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-hash-object.txt
@@ -9,7 +9,8 @@
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
-'git hash-object' [-t <type>] [-w] [--path=<file>|--no-filters] [--stdin [--literally]] [--] <file>...
+'git hash-object' [-t <type>] [-w] [--path=<file> | --no-filters]
+		[--stdin [--literally]] [--] <file>...
 'git hash-object' [-t <type>] [-w] --stdin-paths [--no-filters]
 
 DESCRIPTION
diff --git a/Documentation/git-interpret-trailers.txt b/Documentation/git-interpret-trailers.txt
index 6d6197c..22ff3a6 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-interpret-trailers.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-interpret-trailers.txt
@@ -8,8 +8,9 @@
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
-'git interpret-trailers' [<options>] [(--trailer <token>[(=|:)<value>])...] [<file>...]
-'git interpret-trailers' [<options>] [--parse] [<file>...]
+'git interpret-trailers' [--in-place] [--trim-empty]
+			[(--trailer <token>[(=|:)<value>])...]
+			[--parse] [<file>...]
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
diff --git a/Documentation/git-ls-files.txt b/Documentation/git-ls-files.txt
index d798641..440043c 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-ls-files.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-ls-files.txt
@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@
 --------
 [verse]
 'git ls-files' [-z] [-t] [-v] [-f]
-		[-c|--cached] [-d|--deleted] [-o|--others] [-i|--|ignored]
-		[-s|--stage] [-u|--unmerged] [-k|--|killed] [-m|--modified]
+		[-c|--cached] [-d|--deleted] [-o|--others] [-i|--ignored]
+		[-s|--stage] [-u|--unmerged] [-k|--killed] [-m|--modified]
 		[--directory [--no-empty-directory]] [--eol]
 		[--deduplicate]
 		[-x <pattern>|--exclude=<pattern>]
diff --git a/Documentation/git-maintenance.txt b/Documentation/git-maintenance.txt
index 9c630ef..805e5a2 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-maintenance.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-maintenance.txt
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 [verse]
 'git maintenance' run [<options>]
 'git maintenance' start [--scheduler=<scheduler>]
-'git maintenance' (stop|register|unregister)
+'git maintenance' (stop|register|unregister) [<options>]
 
 
 DESCRIPTION
@@ -50,13 +50,13 @@
 	the background maintenance is restarted later.
 
 register::
-	Initialize Git config values so any scheduled maintenance will
-	start running on this repository. This adds the repository to the
-	`maintenance.repo` config variable in the current user's global
-	config and enables some recommended configuration values for
-	`maintenance.<task>.schedule`. The tasks that are enabled are safe
-	for running in the background without disrupting foreground
-	processes.
+	Initialize Git config values so any scheduled maintenance will start
+	running on this repository. This adds the repository to the
+	`maintenance.repo` config variable in the current user's global config,
+	or the config specified by --config-file option, and enables some
+	recommended configuration values for `maintenance.<task>.schedule`. The
+	tasks that are enabled are safe for running in the background without
+	disrupting foreground processes.
 +
 The `register` subcommand will also set the `maintenance.strategy` config
 value to `incremental`, if this value is not previously set. The
@@ -79,6 +79,10 @@
 	Remove the current repository from background maintenance. This
 	only removes the repository from the configured list. It does not
 	stop the background maintenance processes from running.
++
+The `unregister` subcommand will report an error if the current repository
+is not already registered. Use the `--force` option to return success even
+when the current repository is not registered.
 
 TASKS
 -----
diff --git a/Documentation/git-merge-base.txt b/Documentation/git-merge-base.txt
index 2d944e0..b01ba3d 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-merge-base.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-merge-base.txt
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
-'git merge-base' [-a|--all] <commit> <commit>...
-'git merge-base' [-a|--all] --octopus <commit>...
+'git merge-base' [-a | --all] <commit> <commit>...
+'git merge-base' [-a | --all] --octopus <commit>...
 'git merge-base' --is-ancestor <commit> <commit>
 'git merge-base' --independent <commit>...
 'git merge-base' --fork-point <ref> [<commit>]
diff --git a/Documentation/git-merge-tree.txt b/Documentation/git-merge-tree.txt
index d6c3567..04bcc41 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-merge-tree.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-merge-tree.txt
@@ -81,6 +81,31 @@
 
 These are discussed individually below.
 
+However, there is an exception.  If `--stdin` is passed, then there is
+an extra section at the beginning, a NUL character at the end, and then
+all the sections repeat for each line of input.  Thus, if the first merge
+is conflicted and the second is clean, the output would be of the form:
+
+	<Merge status>
+	<OID of toplevel tree>
+	<Conflicted file info>
+	<Informational messages>
+	NUL
+	<Merge status>
+	<OID of toplevel tree>
+	NUL
+
+[[MS]]
+Merge status
+~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This is an integer status followed by a NUL character.  The integer status is:
+
+     0: merge had conflicts
+     1: merge was clean
+     &lt;0: something prevented the merge from running (e.g. access to repository
+	 objects denied by filesystem)
+
 [[OIDTLT]]
 OID of toplevel tree
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
@@ -108,18 +133,50 @@
 Informational messages
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
-This always starts with a blank line (or NUL if `-z` is passed) to
-separate it from the previous sections, and then has free-form
-messages about the merge, such as:
+This section provides informational messages, typically about
+conflicts.  The format of the section varies significantly depending
+on whether `-z` is passed.
+
+If `-z` is passed:
+
+The output format is zero or more conflict informational records, each
+of the form:
+
+	<list-of-paths><conflict-type>NUL<conflict-message>NUL
+
+where <list-of-paths> is of the form
+
+	<number-of-paths>NUL<path1>NUL<path2>NUL...<pathN>NUL
+
+and includes paths (or branch names) affected by the conflict or
+informational message in <conflict-message>.  Also, <conflict-type> is a
+stable string explaining the type of conflict, such as
+
+  * "Auto-merging"
+  * "CONFLICT (rename/delete)"
+  * "CONFLICT (submodule lacks merge base)"
+  * "CONFLICT (binary)"
+
+and <conflict-message> is a more detailed message about the conflict which often
+(but not always) embeds the <stable-short-type-description> within it.  These
+strings may change in future Git versions.  Some examples:
 
   * "Auto-merging <file>"
   * "CONFLICT (rename/delete): <oldfile> renamed...but deleted in..."
-  * "Failed to merge submodule <submodule> (<reason>)"
+  * "Failed to merge submodule <submodule> (no merge base)"
   * "Warning: cannot merge binary files: <filename>"
 
-Note that these free-form messages will never have a NUL character
-in or between them, even if -z is passed.  It is simply a large block
-of text taking up the remainder of the output.
+If `-z` is NOT passed:
+
+This section starts with a blank line to separate it from the previous
+sections, and then only contains the <conflict-message> information
+from the previous section (separated by newlines).  These are
+non-stable strings that should not be parsed by scripts, and are just
+meant for human consumption.  Also, note that while <conflict-message>
+strings usually do not contain embedded newlines, they sometimes do.
+(However, the free-form messages will never have an embedded NUL
+character).  So, the entire block of information is meant for human
+readers as an agglomeration of all conflict messages.
 
 EXIT STATUS
 -----------
@@ -127,7 +184,10 @@
 For a successful, non-conflicted merge, the exit status is 0.  When the
 merge has conflicts, the exit status is 1.  If the merge is not able to
 complete (or start) due to some kind of error, the exit status is
-something other than 0 or 1 (and the output is unspecified).
+something other than 0 or 1 (and the output is unspecified).  When
+--stdin is passed, the return status is 0 for both successful and
+conflicted merges, and something other than 0 or 1 if it cannot complete
+all the requested merges.
 
 USAGE NOTES
 -----------
diff --git a/Documentation/git-mv.txt b/Documentation/git-mv.txt
index 79449bf..fb0220f 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-mv.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-mv.txt
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
-'git mv' <options>... <args>...
+'git mv' [<options>] <source>... <destination>
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
 -------
 -f::
 --force::
-	Force renaming or moving of a file even if the target exists
+	Force renaming or moving of a file even if the <destination> exists.
 -k::
 	Skip move or rename actions which would lead to an error
 	condition. An error happens when a source is neither existing nor
diff --git a/Documentation/git-pack-redundant.txt b/Documentation/git-pack-redundant.txt
index ee7034b..99ef138 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-pack-redundant.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-pack-redundant.txt
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
-'git pack-redundant' [ --verbose ] [ --alt-odb ] ( --all | <pack-filename>... )
+'git pack-redundant' [--verbose] [--alt-odb] (--all | <pack-filename>...)
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
 
 --alt-odb::
 	Don't require objects present in packs from alternate object
-	directories to be present in local packs.
+	database (odb) directories to be present in local packs.
 
 --verbose::
 	Outputs some statistics to stderr. Has a small performance penalty.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-patch-id.txt b/Documentation/git-patch-id.txt
index 442caff..1d15fa4 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-patch-id.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-patch-id.txt
@@ -8,18 +8,18 @@
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
-'git patch-id' [--stable | --unstable]
+'git patch-id' [--stable | --unstable | --verbatim]
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
 Read a patch from the standard input and compute the patch ID for it.
 
 A "patch ID" is nothing but a sum of SHA-1 of the file diffs associated with a
-patch, with whitespace and line numbers ignored.  As such, it's "reasonably
-stable", but at the same time also reasonably unique, i.e., two patches that
-have the same "patch ID" are almost guaranteed to be the same thing.
+patch, with line numbers ignored.  As such, it's "reasonably stable", but at
+the same time also reasonably unique, i.e., two patches that have the same
+"patch ID" are almost guaranteed to be the same thing.
 
-IOW, you can use this thing to look for likely duplicate commits.
+The main usecase for this command is to look for likely duplicate commits.
 
 When dealing with 'git diff-tree' output, it takes advantage of
 the fact that the patch is prefixed with the object name of the
@@ -30,6 +30,12 @@
 OPTIONS
 -------
 
+--verbatim::
+	Calculate the patch-id of the input as it is given, do not strip
+	any whitespace.
+
+	This is the default if patchid.verbatim is true.
+
 --stable::
 	Use a "stable" sum of hashes as the patch ID. With this option:
 	 - Reordering file diffs that make up a patch does not affect the ID.
@@ -45,14 +51,16 @@
 	   of "-O<orderfile>", thereby making existing databases storing such
 	   "unstable" or historical patch-ids unusable.
 
+	 - All whitespace within the patch is ignored and does not affect the id.
+
 	This is the default if patchid.stable is set to true.
 
 --unstable::
 	Use an "unstable" hash as the patch ID. With this option,
 	the result produced is compatible with the patch-id value produced
-	by git 1.9 and older.  Users with pre-existing databases storing
-	patch-ids produced by git 1.9 and older (who do not deal with reordered
-	patches) may want to use this option.
+	by git 1.9 and older and whitespace is ignored.  Users with pre-existing
+	databases storing patch-ids produced by git 1.9 and older (who do not deal
+	with reordered patches) may want to use this option.
 
 	This is the default.
 
diff --git a/Documentation/git-prune-packed.txt b/Documentation/git-prune-packed.txt
index 9fed59a..844d6f8 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-prune-packed.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-prune-packed.txt
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
-'git prune-packed' [-n|--dry-run] [-q|--quiet]
+'git prune-packed' [-n | --dry-run] [-q | --quiet]
 
 
 DESCRIPTION
diff --git a/Documentation/git-push.txt b/Documentation/git-push.txt
index def7657..5bb1d5a 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-push.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-push.txt
@@ -409,10 +409,14 @@
 	all submodules that changed in the revisions to be pushed will be
 	pushed. If on-demand was not able to push all necessary revisions it will
 	also be aborted and exit with non-zero status. If 'only' is used all
-	submodules will be recursively pushed while the superproject is left
+	submodules will be pushed while the superproject is left
 	unpushed. A value of 'no' or using `--no-recurse-submodules` can be used
 	to override the push.recurseSubmodules configuration variable when no
 	submodule recursion is required.
++
+When using 'on-demand' or 'only', if a submodule has a
+"push.recurseSubmodules={on-demand,only}" or "submodule.recurse" configuration,
+further recursion will occur. In this case, "only" is treated as "on-demand".
 
 --[no-]verify::
 	Toggle the pre-push hook (see linkgit:githooks[5]).  The
diff --git a/Documentation/git-read-tree.txt b/Documentation/git-read-tree.txt
index b9bfdc0..7567955 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-read-tree.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-read-tree.txt
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
-'git read-tree' [[-m [--trivial] [--aggressive] | --reset | --prefix=<prefix>]
+'git read-tree' [(-m [--trivial] [--aggressive] | --reset | --prefix=<prefix>)
 		[-u | -i]] [--index-output=<file>] [--no-sparse-checkout]
 		(--empty | <tree-ish1> [<tree-ish2> [<tree-ish3>]])
 
diff --git a/Documentation/git-rebase.txt b/Documentation/git-rebase.txt
index 9cb8931..f9675bd 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-rebase.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-rebase.txt
@@ -218,12 +218,14 @@
 	merge base of `<upstream>` and `<branch>`. Running
 	`git rebase --keep-base <upstream> <branch>` is equivalent to
 	running
-	`git rebase --onto <upstream>...<branch> <upstream> <branch>`.
+	`git rebase --reapply-cherry-picks --no-fork-point --onto <upstream>...<branch> <upstream> <branch>`.
 +
 This option is useful in the case where one is developing a feature on
 top of an upstream branch. While the feature is being worked on, the
 upstream branch may advance and it may not be the best idea to keep
-rebasing on top of the upstream but to keep the base commit as-is.
+rebasing on top of the upstream but to keep the base commit as-is. As
+the base commit is unchanged this option implies `--reapply-cherry-picks`
+to avoid losing commits.
 +
 Although both this option and `--fork-point` find the merge base between
 `<upstream>` and `<branch>`, this option uses the merge base as the _starting
@@ -278,7 +280,8 @@
 Note that commits which start empty are kept (unless `--no-keep-empty`
 is specified), and commits which are clean cherry-picks (as determined
 by `git log --cherry-mark ...`) are detected and dropped as a
-preliminary step (unless `--reapply-cherry-picks` is passed).
+preliminary step (unless `--reapply-cherry-picks` or `--keep-base` is
+passed).
 +
 See also INCOMPATIBLE OPTIONS below.
 
@@ -311,13 +314,16 @@
 	upstream changes, the behavior towards them is controlled by
 	the `--empty` flag.)
 +
-By default (or if `--no-reapply-cherry-picks` is given), these commits
-will be automatically dropped.  Because this necessitates reading all
-upstream commits, this can be expensive in repos with a large number
-of upstream commits that need to be read.  When using the 'merge'
-backend, warnings will be issued for each dropped commit (unless
-`--quiet` is given). Advice will also be issued unless
-`advice.skippedCherryPicks` is set to false (see linkgit:git-config[1]).
+
+In the absence of `--keep-base` (or if `--no-reapply-cherry-picks` is
+given), these commits will be automatically dropped.  Because this
+necessitates reading all upstream commits, this can be expensive in
+repositories with a large number of upstream commits that need to be
+read. When using the 'merge' backend, warnings will be issued for each
+dropped commit (unless `--quiet` is given). Advice will also be issued
+unless `advice.skippedCherryPicks` is set to false (see
+linkgit:git-config[1]).
+
 +
 `--reapply-cherry-picks` allows rebase to forgo reading all upstream
 commits, potentially improving performance.
@@ -443,9 +449,9 @@
 <branch>` command (see linkgit:git-merge-base[1]).  If 'fork_point'
 ends up being empty, the `<upstream>` will be used as a fallback.
 +
-If `<upstream>` is given on the command line, then the default is
-`--no-fork-point`, otherwise the default is `--fork-point`. See also
-`rebase.forkpoint` in linkgit:git-config[1].
+If `<upstream>` or `--keep-base` is given on the command line, then
+the default is `--no-fork-point`, otherwise the default is
+`--fork-point`. See also `rebase.forkpoint` in linkgit:git-config[1].
 +
 If your branch was based on `<upstream>` but `<upstream>` was rewound and
 your branch contains commits which were dropped, this option can be used
diff --git a/Documentation/git-receive-pack.txt b/Documentation/git-receive-pack.txt
index 014a784..65ff518 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-receive-pack.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-receive-pack.txt
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
-'git-receive-pack' <directory>
+'git receive-pack' <git-dir>
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@
 
 OPTIONS
 -------
-<directory>::
+<git-dir>::
 	The repository to sync into.
 
 --http-backend-info-refs::
diff --git a/Documentation/git-reflog.txt b/Documentation/git-reflog.txt
index db9d46e..ec64cbf 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-reflog.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-reflog.txt
@@ -9,15 +9,7 @@
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
-'git reflog' <subcommand> <options>
-
-DESCRIPTION
------------
-The command takes various subcommands, and different options
-depending on the subcommand:
-
-[verse]
-'git reflog' ['show'] [<log-options>] [<ref>]
+'git reflog' [show] [<log-options>] [<ref>]
 'git reflog expire' [--expire=<time>] [--expire-unreachable=<time>]
 	[--rewrite] [--updateref] [--stale-fix]
 	[--dry-run | -n] [--verbose] [--all [--single-worktree] | <refs>...]
@@ -25,6 +17,10 @@
 	[--dry-run | -n] [--verbose] <ref>@{<specifier>}...
 'git reflog exists' <ref>
 
+DESCRIPTION
+-----------
+This command manages the information recorded in the reflogs.
+
 Reference logs, or "reflogs", record when the tips of branches and
 other references were updated in the local repository. Reflogs are
 useful in various Git commands, to specify the old value of a
@@ -33,7 +29,8 @@
 to one week ago in this local repository", and so on. See
 linkgit:gitrevisions[7] for more details.
 
-This command manages the information recorded in the reflogs.
+The command takes various subcommands, and different options
+depending on the subcommand:
 
 The "show" subcommand (which is also the default, in the absence of
 any subcommands) shows the log of the reference provided in the
diff --git a/Documentation/git-repack.txt b/Documentation/git-repack.txt
index 0bf1389..4017157 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-repack.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-repack.txt
@@ -74,6 +74,12 @@
 	immediately instead of waiting for the next `git gc` invocation.
 	Only useful with `--cruft -d`.
 
+--expire-to=<dir>::
+	Write a cruft pack containing pruned objects (if any) to the
+	directory `<dir>`. This option is useful for keeping a copy of
+	any pruned objects in a separate directory as a backup. Only
+	useful with `--cruft -d`.
+
 -l::
 	Pass the `--local` option to 'git pack-objects'. See
 	linkgit:git-pack-objects[1].
diff --git a/Documentation/git-rerere.txt b/Documentation/git-rerere.txt
index 4cfc883..992b469 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-rerere.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-rerere.txt
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
-'git rerere' ['clear'|'forget' <pathspec>|'diff'|'remaining'|'status'|'gc']
+'git rerere' [clear | forget <pathspec>... | diff | status | remaining | gc]
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
diff --git a/Documentation/git-rev-list.txt b/Documentation/git-rev-list.txt
index 20bb8e8..51029a2 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-rev-list.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-rev-list.txt
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
-'git rev-list' [<options>] <commit>... [[--] <path>...]
+'git rev-list' [<options>] <commit>... [--] [<path>...]
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
diff --git a/Documentation/git-rev-parse.txt b/Documentation/git-rev-parse.txt
index 6b8ca08..bcd8069 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-rev-parse.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-rev-parse.txt
@@ -197,6 +197,13 @@
 or `--all`. If a trailing '/{asterisk}' is intended, it must be given
 explicitly.
 
+--exclude-hidden=[receive|uploadpack]::
+	Do not include refs that would be hidden by `git-receive-pack` or
+	`git-upload-pack` by consulting the appropriate `receive.hideRefs` or
+	`uploadpack.hideRefs` configuration along with `transfer.hideRefs` (see
+	linkgit:git-config[1]). This option affects the next pseudo-ref option
+	`--all` or `--glob` and is cleared after processing them.
+
 --disambiguate=<prefix>::
 	Show every object whose name begins with the given prefix.
 	The <prefix> must be at least 4 hexadecimal digits long to
diff --git a/Documentation/git-revert.txt b/Documentation/git-revert.txt
index 5016755..d2e10d3 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-revert.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-revert.txt
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
-'git revert' [--[no-]edit] [-n] [-m parent-number] [-s] [-S[<keyid>]] <commit>...
+'git revert' [--[no-]edit] [-n] [-m <parent-number>] [-s] [-S[<keyid>]] <commit>...
 'git revert' (--continue | --skip | --abort | --quit)
 
 DESCRIPTION
diff --git a/Documentation/git-send-email.txt b/Documentation/git-send-email.txt
index 3290043..765b2df 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-send-email.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-send-email.txt
@@ -178,9 +178,18 @@
 	for `sendmail` in `/usr/sbin`, `/usr/lib` and $PATH.
 
 --smtp-encryption=<encryption>::
-	Specify the encryption to use, either 'ssl' or 'tls'.  Any other
-	value reverts to plain SMTP.  Default is the value of
-	`sendemail.smtpEncryption`.
+	Specify in what way encrypting begins for the SMTP connection.
+	Valid values are 'ssl' and 'tls'. Any other value reverts to plain
+	(unencrypted) SMTP, which defaults to port 25.
+	Despite the names, both values will use the same newer version of TLS,
+	but for historic reasons have these names. 'ssl' refers to "implicit"
+	encryption (sometimes called SMTPS), that uses port 465 by default.
+	'tls' refers to "explicit" encryption (often known as STARTTLS),
+	that uses port 25 by default. Other ports might be used by the SMTP
+	server, which are not the default. Commonly found alternative port for
+	'tls' and unencrypted is 587. You need to check your provider's
+	documentation or your server configuration to make sure
+	for your own case. Default is the value of `sendemail.smtpEncryption`.
 
 --smtp-domain=<FQDN>::
 	Specifies the Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) used in the
diff --git a/Documentation/git-send-pack.txt b/Documentation/git-send-pack.txt
index be41f11..595b002 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-send-pack.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-send-pack.txt
@@ -9,9 +9,10 @@
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
-'git send-pack' [--dry-run] [--force] [--receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>]
+'git send-pack' [--mirror] [--dry-run] [--force]
+		[--receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>]
 		[--verbose] [--thin] [--atomic]
-		[--[no-]signed|--signed=(true|false|if-asked)]
+		[--[no-]signed | --signed=(true|false|if-asked)]
 		[<host>:]<directory> (--all | <ref>...)
 
 DESCRIPTION
diff --git a/Documentation/git-shortlog.txt b/Documentation/git-shortlog.txt
index f64e770..7d0277d 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-shortlog.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-shortlog.txt
@@ -47,6 +47,11 @@
 
 	Each pretty-printed commit will be rewrapped before it is shown.
 
+--date=<format>::
+	Show dates formatted according to the given date string. (See
+	the `--date` option in the "Commit Formatting" section of
+	linkgit:git-log[1]). Useful with `--group=format:<format>`.
+
 --group=<type>::
 	Group commits based on `<type>`. If no `--group` option is
 	specified, the default is `author`. `<type>` is one of:
@@ -59,6 +64,9 @@
    example, if your project uses `Reviewed-by` trailers, you might want
    to see who has been reviewing with
    `git shortlog -ns --group=trailer:reviewed-by`.
+ - `format:<format>`, any string accepted by the `--format` option of
+   'git log'. (See the "PRETTY FORMATS" section of
+   linkgit:git-log[1].)
 +
 Note that commits that do not include the trailer will not be counted.
 Likewise, commits with multiple trailers (e.g., multiple signoffs) may
diff --git a/Documentation/git-show-branch.txt b/Documentation/git-show-branch.txt
index e5ec6b4..71f608b 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-show-branch.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-show-branch.txt
@@ -8,12 +8,12 @@
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
-'git show-branch' [-a|--all] [-r|--remotes] [--topo-order | --date-order]
+'git show-branch' [-a | --all] [-r | --remotes] [--topo-order | --date-order]
 		[--current] [--color[=<when>] | --no-color] [--sparse]
 		[--more=<n> | --list | --independent | --merge-base]
 		[--no-name | --sha1-name] [--topics]
 		[(<rev> | <glob>)...]
-'git show-branch' (-g|--reflog)[=<n>[,<base>]] [--list] [<ref>]
+'git show-branch' (-g | --reflog)[=<n>[,<base>]] [--list] [<ref>]
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
diff --git a/Documentation/git-show-ref.txt b/Documentation/git-show-ref.txt
index ab4d271..d1d56f6 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-show-ref.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-show-ref.txt
@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
-'git show-ref' [-q|--quiet] [--verify] [--head] [-d|--dereference]
-	     [-s|--hash[=<n>]] [--abbrev[=<n>]] [--tags]
+'git show-ref' [-q | --quiet] [--verify] [--head] [-d | --dereference]
+	     [-s | --hash[=<n>]] [--abbrev[=<n>]] [--tags]
 	     [--heads] [--] [<pattern>...]
 'git show-ref' --exclude-existing[=<pattern>]
 
diff --git a/Documentation/git-sparse-checkout.txt b/Documentation/git-sparse-checkout.txt
index 3776705..68392d2 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-sparse-checkout.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-sparse-checkout.txt
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
-'git sparse-checkout <subcommand> [<options>]'
+'git sparse-checkout' (init | list | set | add | reapply | disable) [<options>]
 
 
 DESCRIPTION
diff --git a/Documentation/git-stash.txt b/Documentation/git-stash.txt
index c5d7091..f4bb611 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-stash.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-stash.txt
@@ -9,17 +9,20 @@
 --------
 [verse]
 'git stash' list [<log-options>]
-'git stash' show [-u|--include-untracked|--only-untracked] [<diff-options>] [<stash>]
-'git stash' drop [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]
-'git stash' ( pop | apply ) [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]
+'git stash' show [-u | --include-untracked | --only-untracked] [<diff-options>] [<stash>]
+'git stash' drop [-q | --quiet] [<stash>]
+'git stash' pop [--index] [-q | --quiet] [<stash>]
+'git stash' apply [--index] [-q | --quiet] [<stash>]
 'git stash' branch <branchname> [<stash>]
-'git stash' [push [-p|--patch] [-S|--staged] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet]
-	     [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-m|--message <message>]
+'git stash' [push [-p | --patch] [-S | --staged] [-k | --[no-]keep-index] [-q | --quiet]
+	     [-u | --include-untracked] [-a | --all] [(-m | --message) <message>]
 	     [--pathspec-from-file=<file> [--pathspec-file-nul]]
 	     [--] [<pathspec>...]]
+'git stash' save [-p | --patch] [-S | --staged] [-k | --[no-]keep-index] [-q | --quiet]
+	     [-u | --include-untracked] [-a | --all] [<message>]
 'git stash' clear
 'git stash' create [<message>]
-'git stash' store [-m|--message <message>] [-q|--quiet] <commit>
+'git stash' store [(-m | --message) <message>] [-q | --quiet] <commit>
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
@@ -47,7 +50,7 @@
 COMMANDS
 --------
 
-push [-p|--patch] [-S|--staged] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-q|--quiet] [-m|--message <message>] [--pathspec-from-file=<file> [--pathspec-file-nul]] [--] [<pathspec>...]::
+push [-p|--patch] [-S|--staged] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-q|--quiet] [(-m|--message) <message>] [--pathspec-from-file=<file> [--pathspec-file-nul]] [--] [<pathspec>...]::
 
 	Save your local modifications to a new 'stash entry' and roll them
 	back to HEAD (in the working tree and in the index).
diff --git a/Documentation/git-status.txt b/Documentation/git-status.txt
index 54a4b29..5e438a7 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-status.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-status.txt
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
-'git status' [<options>...] [--] [<pathspec>...]
+'git status' [<options>] [--] [<pathspec>...]
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
diff --git a/Documentation/git-symbolic-ref.txt b/Documentation/git-symbolic-ref.txt
index ef68ad2..102c83e 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-symbolic-ref.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-symbolic-ref.txt
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 --------
 [verse]
 'git symbolic-ref' [-m <reason>] <name> <ref>
-'git symbolic-ref' [-q] [--short] <name>
+'git symbolic-ref' [-q] [--short] [--no-recurse] <name>
 'git symbolic-ref' --delete [-q] <name>
 
 DESCRIPTION
@@ -46,6 +46,15 @@
 	When showing the value of <name> as a symbolic ref, try to shorten the
 	value, e.g. from `refs/heads/master` to `master`.
 
+--recurse::
+--no-recurse::
+	When showing the value of <name> as a symbolic ref, if
+	<name> refers to another symbolic ref, follow such a chain
+	of symbolic refs until the result no longer points at a
+	symbolic ref (`--recurse`, which is the default).
+	`--no-recurse` stops after dereferencing only a single level
+	of symbolic ref.
+
 -m::
 	Update the reflog for <name> with <reason>.  This is valid only
 	when creating or updating a symbolic ref.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-tag.txt b/Documentation/git-tag.txt
index 31a97a1..fdc72b5 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-tag.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-tag.txt
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
-'git tag' [-a | -s | -u <keyid>] [-f] [-m <msg> | -F <file>] [-e]
+'git tag' [-a | -s | -u <key-id>] [-f] [-m <msg> | -F <file>] [-e]
 	<tagname> [<commit> | <object>]
 'git tag' -d <tagname>...
 'git tag' [-n[<num>]] -l [--contains <commit>] [--no-contains <commit>]
@@ -26,19 +26,19 @@
 
 Unless `-f` is given, the named tag must not yet exist.
 
-If one of `-a`, `-s`, or `-u <keyid>` is passed, the command
+If one of `-a`, `-s`, or `-u <key-id>` is passed, the command
 creates a 'tag' object, and requires a tag message.  Unless
 `-m <msg>` or `-F <file>` is given, an editor is started for the user to type
 in the tag message.
 
-If `-m <msg>` or `-F <file>` is given and `-a`, `-s`, and `-u <keyid>`
+If `-m <msg>` or `-F <file>` is given and `-a`, `-s`, and `-u <key-id>`
 are absent, `-a` is implied.
 
 Otherwise, a tag reference that points directly at the given object
 (i.e., a lightweight tag) is created.
 
 A GnuPG signed tag object will be created when `-s` or `-u
-<keyid>` is used.  When `-u <keyid>` is not used, the
+<key-id>` is used.  When `-u <key-id>` is not used, the
 committer identity for the current user is used to find the
 GnuPG key for signing. 	The configuration variable `gpg.program`
 is used to specify custom GnuPG binary.
@@ -72,8 +72,8 @@
 	Override `tag.gpgSign` configuration variable that is
 	set to force each and every tag to be signed.
 
--u <keyid>::
---local-user=<keyid>::
+-u <key-id>::
+--local-user=<key-id>::
 	Make a GPG-signed tag, using the given key.
 
 -f::
@@ -164,14 +164,14 @@
 	Use the given tag message (instead of prompting).
 	If multiple `-m` options are given, their values are
 	concatenated as separate paragraphs.
-	Implies `-a` if none of `-a`, `-s`, or `-u <keyid>`
+	Implies `-a` if none of `-a`, `-s`, or `-u <key-id>`
 	is given.
 
 -F <file>::
 --file=<file>::
 	Take the tag message from the given file.  Use '-' to
 	read the message from the standard input.
-	Implies `-a` if none of `-a`, `-s`, or `-u <keyid>`
+	Implies `-a` if none of `-a`, `-s`, or `-u <key-id>`
 	is given.
 
 -e::
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@
 
 -------------------------------------
 [user]
-    signingKey = <gpg-keyid>
+    signingKey = <gpg-key_id>
 -------------------------------------
 
 `pager.tag` is only respected when listing tags, i.e., when `-l` is
diff --git a/Documentation/git-update-server-info.txt b/Documentation/git-update-server-info.txt
index 969bb2e..17e429d 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-update-server-info.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-update-server-info.txt
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
-'git update-server-info'
+'git update-server-info' [-f | --force]
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
@@ -19,6 +19,12 @@
 what references and packs the server has.  This command
 generates such auxiliary files.
 
+OPTIONS
+-------
+-f::
+--force::
+	update the info files from scratch.
+
 OUTPUT
 ------
 
diff --git a/Documentation/git-upload-archive.txt b/Documentation/git-upload-archive.txt
index fba0f1c..e8eb10b 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-upload-archive.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-upload-archive.txt
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
-'git upload-archive' <directory>
+'git upload-archive' <repository>
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@
 
 OPTIONS
 -------
-<directory>::
+<repository>::
 	The repository to get a tar archive from.
 
 GIT
diff --git a/Documentation/git-var.txt b/Documentation/git-var.txt
index 387cc1b..6aa521f 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-var.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-var.txt
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
-'git var' ( -l | <variable> )
+'git var' (-l | <variable>)
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
diff --git a/Documentation/git-verify-commit.txt b/Documentation/git-verify-commit.txt
index 92097f6..aee4c40 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-verify-commit.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-verify-commit.txt
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
-'git verify-commit' <commit>...
+'git verify-commit' [-v | --verbose] [--raw] <commit>...
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
diff --git a/Documentation/git-verify-pack.txt b/Documentation/git-verify-pack.txt
index 61ca6d0..b8720dc 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-verify-pack.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-verify-pack.txt
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
-'git verify-pack' [-v|--verbose] [-s|--stat-only] [--] <pack>.idx ...
+'git verify-pack' [-v | --verbose] [-s | --stat-only] [--] <pack>.idx...
 
 
 DESCRIPTION
diff --git a/Documentation/git-verify-tag.txt b/Documentation/git-verify-tag.txt
index 0b8075d..81d50ec 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-verify-tag.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-verify-tag.txt
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
-'git verify-tag' [--format=<format>] <tag>...
+'git verify-tag' [-v | --verbose] [--format=<format>] [--raw] <tag>...
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
diff --git a/Documentation/git-worktree.txt b/Documentation/git-worktree.txt
index ada30c8..063d6ee 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-worktree.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-worktree.txt
@@ -9,7 +9,8 @@
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 [verse]
-'git worktree add' [-f] [--detach] [--checkout] [--lock [--reason <string>]] [-b <new-branch>] <path> [<commit-ish>]
+'git worktree add' [-f] [--detach] [--checkout] [--lock [--reason <string>]]
+		   [-b <new-branch>] <path> [<commit-ish>]
 'git worktree list' [-v | --porcelain [-z]]
 'git worktree lock' [--reason <string>] <worktree>
 'git worktree move' <worktree> <new-path>
diff --git a/Documentation/gitcredentials.txt b/Documentation/gitcredentials.txt
index 80517b4..4522471 100644
--- a/Documentation/gitcredentials.txt
+++ b/Documentation/gitcredentials.txt
@@ -17,9 +17,10 @@
 
 Git will sometimes need credentials from the user in order to perform
 operations; for example, it may need to ask for a username and password
-in order to access a remote repository over HTTP. This manual describes
-the mechanisms Git uses to request these credentials, as well as some
-features to avoid inputting these credentials repeatedly.
+in order to access a remote repository over HTTP. Some remotes accept
+a personal access token or OAuth access token as a password. This
+manual describes the mechanisms Git uses to request these credentials,
+as well as some features to avoid inputting these credentials repeatedly.
 
 REQUESTING CREDENTIALS
 ----------------------
@@ -61,7 +62,9 @@
 
 Credential helpers, on the other hand, are external programs from which Git can
 request both usernames and passwords; they typically interface with secure
-storage provided by the OS or other programs.
+storage provided by the OS or other programs. Alternatively, a
+credential-generating helper might generate credentials for certain servers via
+some API.
 
 To use a helper, you must first select one to use. Git currently
 includes the following helpers:
@@ -269,6 +272,7 @@
 attributes). A helper is free to produce a subset, or even no values at
 all if it has nothing useful to provide. Any provided attributes will
 overwrite those already known about by Git's credential subsystem.
+Unrecognised attributes are silently discarded.
 
 While it is possible to override all attributes, well behaving helpers
 should refrain from doing so for any attribute other than username and
@@ -286,8 +290,8 @@
 If a helper fails to perform the requested operation or needs to notify
 the user of a potential issue, it may write to stderr.
 
-If it does not support the requested operation (e.g., a read-only store),
-it should silently ignore the request.
+If it does not support the requested operation (e.g., a read-only store
+or generator), it should silently ignore the request.
 
 If a helper receives any other operation, it should silently ignore the
 request. This leaves room for future operations to be added (older
diff --git a/Documentation/gitformat-commit-graph.txt b/Documentation/gitformat-commit-graph.txt
index 7324665..31cad58 100644
--- a/Documentation/gitformat-commit-graph.txt
+++ b/Documentation/gitformat-commit-graph.txt
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
 NAME
 ----
-gitformat-commit-graph - Git commit graph format
+gitformat-commit-graph - Git commit-graph format
 
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
 
-The Git commit graph stores a list of commit OIDs and some associated
+The Git commit-graph stores a list of commit OIDs and some associated
 metadata, including:
 
 - The generation number of the commit.
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
 to some special constants we use to track parents, we can store at most
 (1 << 30) + (1 << 29) + (1 << 28) - 1 (around 1.8 billion) commits.
 
-== Commit graph files have the following format:
+== Commit-graph files have the following format:
 
 In order to allow extensions that add extra data to the graph, we organize
 the body into "chunks" and provide a binary lookup table at the beginning
diff --git a/Documentation/glossary-content.txt b/Documentation/glossary-content.txt
index aa2f41f..5a53726 100644
--- a/Documentation/glossary-content.txt
+++ b/Documentation/glossary-content.txt
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 [[def_branch]]branch::
 	A "branch" is a line of development.  The most recent
 	<<def_commit,commit>> on a branch is referred to as the tip of
-	that branch.  The tip of the branch is referenced by a branch
+	that branch.  The tip of the branch is <<def_ref,referenced>> by a branch
 	<<def_head,head>>, which moves forward as additional development
 	is done on the branch.  A single Git
 	<<def_repository,repository>> can track an arbitrary number of
@@ -75,6 +75,21 @@
 state of the <<def_index,index>> and advancing <<def_HEAD,HEAD>>
 to point at the new commit.
 
+[[def_commit_graph_general]]commit graph concept, representations and usage::
+	A synonym for the <<def_DAG,DAG>> structure formed by the commits
+	in the object database, <<def_ref,referenced>> by branch tips,
+	using their <<def_chain,chain>> of linked commits.
+	This structure is the definitive commit graph. The
+	graph can be represented in other ways, e.g. the
+	<<def_commit_graph_file,"commit-graph" file>>.
+
+[[def_commit_graph_file]]commit-graph file::
+	The "commit-graph" (normally hyphenated) file is a supplemental
+	representation of the <<def_commit_graph_general,commit graph>>
+	which accelerates commit graph walks. The "commit-graph" file is
+	stored either in the .git/objects/info directory or in the info
+	directory of an alternate object database.
+
 [[def_commit_object]]commit object::
 	An <<def_object,object>> which contains the information about a
 	particular <<def_revision,revision>>, such as <<def_parent,parents>>, committer,
@@ -262,7 +277,7 @@
 	identified by its <<def_object_name,object name>>. The objects usually
 	live in `$GIT_DIR/objects/`.
 
-[[def_object_identifier]]object identifier::
+[[def_object_identifier]]object identifier (oid)::
 	Synonym for <<def_object_name,object name>>.
 
 [[def_object_name]]object name::
@@ -493,6 +508,14 @@
 	<<def_tree_object,trees>> to the trees or <<def_blob_object,blobs>>
 	that they contain.
 
+[[def_reachability_bitmap]]reachability bitmaps::
+	Reachability bitmaps store information about the
+	<<def_reachable,reachability>> of a selected set of commits in
+	a packfile, or a multi-pack index (MIDX), to speed up object search.
+	The bitmaps are stored in a ".bitmap" file. A repository may have at
+	most one bitmap file in use. The bitmap file may belong to either one
+	pack, or the repository's multi-pack index (if it exists).
+
 [[def_rebase]]rebase::
 	To reapply a series of changes from a <<def_branch,branch>> to a
 	different base, and reset the <<def_head,head>> of that branch
diff --git a/Documentation/howto/coordinate-embargoed-releases.txt b/Documentation/howto/coordinate-embargoed-releases.txt
index 601aae8..e653775 100644
--- a/Documentation/howto/coordinate-embargoed-releases.txt
+++ b/Documentation/howto/coordinate-embargoed-releases.txt
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 Content-type: text/asciidoc
-Abstract: When a critical vulnerability is discovered and fixed, we follow this
- script to coordinate a public release.
+Abstract: When a vulnerability is reported, we follow these guidelines to
+ assess the vulnerability, create and review a fix, and coordinate embargoed
+ security releases.
 
 How we coordinate embargoed releases
-====================================
+------------------------------------
 
 To protect Git users from critical vulnerabilities, we do not just release
 fixed versions like regular maintenance releases. Instead, we coordinate
@@ -11,33 +12,147 @@
 date. That way, users will have a chance to upgrade on that date, no matter
 what Operating System or distribution they run.
 
-Open a Security Advisory draft
-------------------------------
+The `git-security` mailing list
+-------------------------------
 
-The first step is to https://github.com/git/git/security/advisories/new[open an
-advisory]. Technically, it is not necessary, but it is convenient and saves a
-bit of hassle. This advisory can also be used to obtain the CVE number and it
-will give us a private fork associated with it that can be used to collaborate
-on a fix.
+Responsible disclosures of vulnerabilities, analysis, proposed fixes as
+well as the orchestration of coordinated embargoed releases all happen on the
+`git-security` mailing list at <git-security@googlegroups.com>.
 
-Release date of the embargoed version
--------------------------------------
+In this context, the term "embargo" refers to the time period that information
+about a vulnerability is kept under wraps and only shared on a need-to-know
+basis. This is necessary to protect Git's users from bad actors who would
+otherwise be made aware of attack vectors that could be exploited. "Lifting the
+embargo" refers to publishing the version that fixes the vulnerabilities.
 
-If the vulnerability affects Windows users, we want to have our friends over at
-Visual Studio on board. This means we need to target a "Patch Tuesday" (i.e. a
-second Tuesday of the month), at the minimum three weeks from heads-up to
-coordinated release.
+Audience of the `git-security` mailing list
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
-If the vulnerability affects the server side, or can benefit from scans on the
-server side (i.e. if `git fsck` can detect an attack), it is important to give
-all involved Git repository hosting sites enough time to scan all of those
-repositories.
+Anybody may contact the `git-security` mailing list by sending an email
+to <git-security@googlegroups.com>, though the archive is closed to the
+public and only accessible to subscribed members.
+
+There are a few dozen subscribed members: core Git developers who are trusted
+with addressing vulnerabilities, and stakeholders (i.e. owners of products
+affected by security vulnerabilities in Git).
+
+Most of the discussions revolve around assessing the severity of the reported
+issue (including the decision whether the report is security-relevant or can be
+redirected to the public mailing list), how to remediate the issue, determining
+the timeline of the disclosure as well as aligning priorities and
+requirements.
+
+Communications
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+If you are a stakeholder, it is a good idea to pay close attention to the
+discussions, as pertinent information may be buried in the middle of a lively
+conversation that might not look relevant to your interests. For example, the
+tentative timeline might be agreed upon in the middle of discussing code
+comment formatting in one of the patches and whether or not to combine fixes
+for multiple, separate vulnerabilities into the same embargoed release. Most
+mail threads are not usually structured specifically to communicate
+agreements, assessments or timelines.
+
+Typical timeline
+----------------
+
+- A potential vulnerability is reported to the `git-security` mailing list.
+
+- The members of the git-security list start a discussion to give an initial
+  assessment of the severity of the reported potential vulnerability.
+  We aspire to do so within a few days.
+
+- After discussion, if consensus is reached that it is not critical enough
+  to warrant any embargo, the reporter is redirected to the public Git mailing
+  list. This ends the reporter's interaction with the `git-security` list.
+
+- If it is deemed critical enough for an embargo, ideas are presented on how to
+  address the vulnerability.
+
+- Usually around that time, the Git maintainer or their delegate(s) open a draft
+  security advisory in the `git/git` repository on GitHub (see below for more
+  details).
+
+- Code review can take place in a variety of different locations,
+  depending on context. These are: patches sent inline on the git-security list,
+  a private fork on GitHub associated with the draft security advisory, or the
+  git/cabal repository.
+
+- Contributors working on a fix should consider beginning by sending
+  patches to the git-security list (inline with the original thread), since they
+  are accessible to all subscribers, along with the original reporter.
+
+- Once the review has settled and everyone involved in the review agrees that
+  the patches are nearing the finish line, the Git maintainer, and others
+  determine a release date as well as the release trains that are serviced. The
+  decision regarding which versions need a backported fix is based on input from
+  the reporter, the contributor who worked on the patches, and from
+  stakeholders. Operators of hosting sites who may want to analyze whether the
+  given issue is exploited via any of the repositories they host, and binary
+  packagers who want to make sure their product gets patched adequately against
+  the vulnerability, for example, may want to give their input at this stage.
+
+- While the Git community does its best to accommodate the specific timeline
+  requests of the various binary packagers, the nature of the issue may preclude
+  a prolonged release schedule. For fixes deemed urgent, it may be in the best
+  interest of the Git users community to shorten the disclosure and release
+  timeline, and packagers may need to adapt accordingly.
+
+- Subsequently, branches with the fixes are pushed to the git/cabal repository.
+
+- The tags are created by the Git maintainer and pushed to the same repository.
+
+- The Git for Windows, Git for macOS, BSD, Debian, etc. maintainers prepare the
+  corresponding release artifacts, based on the tags created that have been
+  prepared by the Git maintainer.
+
+- The release artifacts prepared by various binary packagers can be
+  made available to stakeholders under embargo via a mail to the
+  `git-security` list.
+
+- Less than a week before the release, a mail with the relevant information is
+  sent to <distros@vs.openwall.org> (see below), a list used to pre-announce
+  embargoed releases of open source projects to the stakeholders of all major
+  distributions of Linux as well as other OSes.
+
+- Public communication is then prepared in advance of the release date. This
+  includes blog posts and mails to the Git and Git for Windows mailing lists.
+
+- On the day of the release, at around 10am Pacific Time, the Git maintainer
+  pushes the tag and the `master` branch to the public repository, then sends
+  out an announcement mail.
+
+- Once the tag is pushed, the Git for Windows maintainer publishes the
+  corresponding tag and creates a GitHub Release with the associated release
+  artifacts (Git for Windows installer, Portable Git, MinGit, etc).
+
+- Git for Windows release is then announced via a mail to the public Git and
+  Git for Windows mailing lists as well as via a tweet.
+
+- Ditto for distribution packagers for Linux and other platforms:
+  their releases are announced via their preferred channels.
+
+- A mail to <oss-security@lists.openwall.org> (see below for details) is sent
+  as a follow-up to the <distros@vs.openwall.org> one, describing the
+  vulnerability in detail, often including a proof of concept of an exploit.
+
+Note: The Git project makes no guarantees about timelines, but aims to keep
+embargoes reasonably short in the interest of keeping Git's users safe.
+
+Opening a Security Advisory draft
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The first step is to https://github.com/git/git/security/advisories/new[open
+an advisory]. Technically, this is not necessary. However, it is the most
+convenient way to obtain the CVE number and it give us a private repository
+associated with it that can be used to collaborate on a fix.
 
 Notifying the Linux distributions
----------------------------------
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
 At most two weeks before release date, we need to send a notification to
-distros@vs.openwall.org, preferably less than 7 days before the release date.
+<distros@vs.openwall.org>, preferably less than 7 days before the release date.
 This will reach most (all?) Linux distributions. See an example below, and the
 guidelines for this mailing list at
 https://oss-security.openwall.org/wiki/mailing-lists/distros#how-to-use-the-lists[here].
@@ -65,7 +180,7 @@
 	tar cJvf cve-xxx.bundle.tar.xz cve-xxx.bundle
 
 Example mail to distros@vs.openwall.org
----------------------------------------
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
 ....
 To: distros@vs.openwall.org
@@ -101,7 +216,7 @@
 ....
 
 Example mail to oss-security@lists.openwall.com
------------------------------------------------
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
 ....
 To: oss-security@lists.openwall.com
@@ -128,4 +243,4 @@
 
 Thanks,
 <name>
-....
+....
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Documentation/howto/maintain-git.txt b/Documentation/howto/maintain-git.txt
index a67130d..d07c6d4 100644
--- a/Documentation/howto/maintain-git.txt
+++ b/Documentation/howto/maintain-git.txt
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@
  - Prepare 'jch' branch, which is used to represent somewhere
    between 'master' and 'seen' and often is slightly ahead of 'next'.
 
-     $ Meta/Reintegrate master..seen >Meta/redo-jch.sh
+     $ Meta/Reintegrate master..jch >Meta/redo-jch.sh
 
    The result is a script that lists topics to be merged in order to
    rebuild 'seen' as the input to Meta/Reintegrate script.  Remove
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@
    merged to 'next', add it at the end of the list.  Then:
 
      $ git checkout -B jch master
-     $ Meta/redo-jch.sh -c1
+     $ sh Meta/redo-jch.sh -c1
 
    to rebuild the 'jch' branch from scratch.  "-c1" tells the script
    to stop merging at the first line that begins with '###'
@@ -283,6 +283,11 @@
 
      $ git diff jch next
 
+   Then build the rest of 'jch':
+
+     $ git checkout jch
+     $ sh Meta/redo-jch.sh
+
    When all is well, clean up the redo-jch.sh script with
 
      $ sh Meta/redo-jch.sh -u
@@ -293,7 +298,7 @@
 
  - Rebuild 'seen'.
 
-     $ Meta/Reintegrate master..seen >Meta/redo-seen.sh
+     $ Meta/Reintegrate jch..seen >Meta/redo-seen.sh
 
    Edit the result by adding new topics that are not still in 'seen'
    in the script.  Then
diff --git a/Documentation/lint-fsck-msgids.perl b/Documentation/lint-fsck-msgids.perl
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..1233ffe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/lint-fsck-msgids.perl
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+#!/usr/bin/perl
+
+my ($fsck_h, $fsck_msgids_txt, $okfile) = @ARGV;
+
+my (%in_fsck_h, $fh, $bad);
+
+open($fh, "<", "$fsck_h") or die;
+while (<$fh>) {
+	if (/^\s+FUNC\(([0-9A-Z_]+), ([A-Z]+)\)/) {
+		my ($name, $severity) = ($1, $2);
+		my ($first) = 1;
+		$name = join('',
+			     map {
+				     y/A-Z/a-z/;
+				     if (!$first) {
+					     s/^(.)/uc($1)/e;
+				     } else {
+					     $first = 0;
+				     }
+				     $_;
+			     }
+			     split(/_/, $name));
+		$in_fsck_h{$name} = $severity;
+	}
+}
+close($fh);
+
+open($fh, "<", "$fsck_msgids_txt") or die;
+my ($previous, $current);
+while (<$fh>) {
+	if (!defined $current) {
+		if (/^\`([a-zA-Z0-9]*)\`::/) {
+			$current = $1;
+			if ((defined $previous) &&
+			    ($current le $previous)) {
+				print STDERR "$previous >= $current in doc\n";
+				$bad = 1;
+			}
+		}
+	} elsif (/^\s+\(([A-Z]+)\) /) {
+		my ($level) = $1;
+		if (!exists $in_fsck_h{$current}) {
+			print STDERR "$current does not exist in fsck.h\n";
+			$bad = 1;
+		} elsif ($in_fsck_h{$current} eq "") {
+			print STDERR "$current defined twice\n";
+			$bad = 1;
+		} elsif ($in_fsck_h{$current} ne $level) {
+			print STDERR "$current severity $level != $in_fsck_h{$current}\n";
+			$bad = 1;
+		}
+		$previous = $current;
+		$in_fsck_h{$current} = ""; # mark as seen.
+		undef $current;
+	}
+}
+close($fh);
+
+for my $key (keys %in_fsck_h) {
+	if ($in_fsck_h{$key} ne "") {
+		print STDERR "$key not explained in doc.\n";
+		$bad = 1;
+	}
+}
+
+die if ($bad);
+
+open($fh, ">", "$okfile");
+print $fh "good\n";
+close($fh);
diff --git a/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt b/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt
index 1837509..ff68e48 100644
--- a/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt
+++ b/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt
@@ -195,6 +195,13 @@
 or `--all`. If a trailing '/{asterisk}' is intended, it must be given
 explicitly.
 
+--exclude-hidden=[receive|uploadpack]::
+	Do not include refs that would be hidden by `git-receive-pack` or
+	`git-upload-pack` by consulting the appropriate `receive.hideRefs` or
+	`uploadpack.hideRefs` configuration along with `transfer.hideRefs` (see
+	linkgit:git-config[1]). This option affects the next pseudo-ref option
+	`--all` or `--glob` and is cleared after processing them.
+
 --reflog::
 	Pretend as if all objects mentioned by reflogs are listed on the
 	command line as `<commit>`.
diff --git a/Documentation/revisions.txt b/Documentation/revisions.txt
index e3e3501..0d2e55d 100644
--- a/Documentation/revisions.txt
+++ b/Documentation/revisions.txt
@@ -363,7 +363,7 @@
 
 '<rev>{caret}!', e.g. 'HEAD{caret}!'::
   A suffix '{caret}' followed by an exclamation mark is the same
-  as giving commit '<rev>' and then all its parents prefixed with
+  as giving commit '<rev>' and all its parents prefixed with
   '{caret}' to exclude them (and their ancestors).
 
 '<rev>{caret}-<n>', e.g. 'HEAD{caret}-, HEAD{caret}-2'::
diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-trace2.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-trace2.txt
index 2afa28b..de5fc25 100644
--- a/Documentation/technical/api-trace2.txt
+++ b/Documentation/technical/api-trace2.txt
@@ -148,20 +148,18 @@
 
 == Trace2 API
 
-All public Trace2 functions and macros are defined in `trace2.h` and
-`trace2.c`.  All public symbols are prefixed with `trace2_`.
+The Trace2 public API is defined and documented in `trace2.h`; refer to it for
+more information.  All public functions and macros are prefixed
+with `trace2_` and are implemented in `trace2.c`.
 
 There are no public Trace2 data structures.
 
 The Trace2 code also defines a set of private functions and data types
 in the `trace2/` directory.  These symbols are prefixed with `tr2_`
-and should only be used by functions in `trace2.c`.
+and should only be used by functions in `trace2.c` (or other private
+source files in `trace2/`).
 
-== Conventions for Public Functions and Macros
-
-The functions defined by the Trace2 API are declared and documented
-in `trace2.h`.  It defines the API functions and wrapper macros for
-Trace2.
+=== Conventions for Public Functions and Macros
 
 Some functions have a `_fl()` suffix to indicate that they take `file`
 and `line-number` arguments.
@@ -172,52 +170,7 @@
 Some functions have a `_printf_fl()` suffix to indicate that they also
 take a `printf()` style format with a variable number of arguments.
 
-There are CPP wrapper macros and `#ifdef`s to hide most of these details.
-See `trace2.h` for more details.  The following discussion will only
-describe the simplified forms.
-
-== Public API
-
-All Trace2 API functions send a message to all of the active
-Trace2 Targets.  This section describes the set of available
-messages.
-
-It helps to divide these functions into groups for discussion
-purposes.
-
-=== Basic Command Messages
-
-These are concerned with the lifetime of the overall git process.
-e.g: `void trace2_initialize_clock()`, `void trace2_initialize()`,
-`int trace2_is_enabled()`, `void trace2_cmd_start(int argc, const char **argv)`.
-
-=== Command Detail Messages
-
-These are concerned with describing the specific Git command
-after the command line, config, and environment are inspected.
-e.g: `void trace2_cmd_name(const char *name)`,
-`void trace2_cmd_mode(const char *mode)`.
-
-=== Child Process Messages
-
-These are concerned with the various spawned child processes,
-including shell scripts, git commands, editors, pagers, and hooks.
-
-e.g: `void trace2_child_start(struct child_process *cmd)`.
-
-=== Git Thread Messages
-
-These messages are concerned with Git thread usage.
-
-e.g: `void trace2_thread_start(const char *thread_name)`.
-
-=== Region and Data Messages
-
-These are concerned with recording performance data
-over regions or spans of code. e.g:
-`void trace2_region_enter(const char *category, const char *label, const struct repository *repo)`.
-
-Refer to trace2.h for details about all trace2 functions.
+CPP wrapper macros are defined to hide most of these details.
 
 == Trace2 Target Formats
 
@@ -685,8 +638,8 @@
 
 `"thread_start"`::
 	This event is generated when a thread is started.  It is
-	generated from *within* the new thread's thread-proc (for TLS
-	reasons).
+	generated from *within* the new thread's thread-proc (because
+	it needs to access data in the thread's thread-local storage).
 +
 ------------
 {
@@ -698,7 +651,7 @@
 
 `"thread_exit"`::
 	This event is generated when a thread exits.  It is generated
-	from *within* the thread's thread-proc (for TLS reasons).
+	from *within* the thread's thread-proc.
 +
 ------------
 {
@@ -816,6 +769,73 @@
 }
 ------------
 
+`"th_timer"`::
+	This event logs the amount of time that a stopwatch timer was
+	running in the thread.  This event is generated when a thread
+	exits for timers that requested per-thread events.
++
+------------
+{
+	"event":"th_timer",
+	...
+	"category":"my_category",
+	"name":"my_timer",
+	"intervals":5,         # number of time it was started/stopped
+	"t_total":0.052741,    # total time in seconds it was running
+	"t_min":0.010061,      # shortest interval
+	"t_max":0.011648       # longest interval
+}
+------------
+
+`"timer"`::
+	This event logs the amount of time that a stopwatch timer was
+	running aggregated across all threads.  This event is generated
+	when the process exits.
++
+------------
+{
+	"event":"timer",
+	...
+	"category":"my_category",
+	"name":"my_timer",
+	"intervals":5,         # number of time it was started/stopped
+	"t_total":0.052741,    # total time in seconds it was running
+	"t_min":0.010061,      # shortest interval
+	"t_max":0.011648       # longest interval
+}
+------------
+
+`"th_counter"`::
+	This event logs the value of a counter variable in a thread.
+	This event is generated when a thread exits for counters that
+	requested per-thread events.
++
+------------
+{
+	"event":"th_counter",
+	...
+	"category":"my_category",
+	"name":"my_counter",
+	"count":23
+}
+------------
+
+`"counter"`::
+	This event logs the value of a counter variable across all threads.
+	This event is generated when the process exits.  The total value
+	reported here is the sum across all threads.
++
+------------
+{
+	"event":"counter",
+	...
+	"category":"my_category",
+	"name":"my_counter",
+	"count":23
+}
+------------
+
+
 == Example Trace2 API Usage
 
 Here is a hypothetical usage of the Trace2 API showing the intended
@@ -1206,7 +1226,7 @@
 at offset 508.
 +
 This example also shows that thread names are assigned in a racy manner
-as each thread starts and allocates TLS storage.
+as each thread starts.
 
 Config (def param) Events::
 
@@ -1247,6 +1267,60 @@
 d0 | main                     | exit         |     |  0.000470 |           |              | code:0
 d0 | main                     | atexit       |     |  0.000477 |           |              | code:0
 ----------------
+
+Stopwatch Timer Events::
+
+	Measure the time spent in a function call or span of code
+	that might be called from many places within the code
+	throughout the life of the process.
++
+----------------
+static void expensive_function(void)
+{
+	trace2_timer_start(TRACE2_TIMER_ID_TEST1);
+	...
+	sleep_millisec(1000); // Do something expensive
+	...
+	trace2_timer_stop(TRACE2_TIMER_ID_TEST1);
+}
+
+static int ut_100timer(int argc, const char **argv)
+{
+	...
+
+	expensive_function();
+
+	// Do something else 1...
+
+	expensive_function();
+
+	// Do something else 2...
+
+	expensive_function();
+
+	return 0;
+}
+----------------
++
+In this example, we measure the total time spent in
+`expensive_function()` regardless of when it is called
+in the overall flow of the program.
++
+----------------
+$ export GIT_TRACE2_PERF_BRIEF=1
+$ export GIT_TRACE2_PERF=~/log.perf
+$ t/helper/test-tool trace2 100timer 3 1000
+...
+$ cat ~/log.perf
+d0 | main                     | version      |     |           |           |              | ...
+d0 | main                     | start        |     |  0.001453 |           |              | t/helper/test-tool trace2 100timer 3 1000
+d0 | main                     | cmd_name     |     |           |           |              | trace2 (trace2)
+d0 | main                     | exit         |     |  3.003667 |           |              | code:0
+d0 | main                     | timer        |     |           |           | test         | name:test1 intervals:3 total:3.001686 min:1.000254 max:1.000929
+d0 | main                     | atexit       |     |  3.003796 |           |              | code:0
+----------------
+
+
 == Future Work
 
 === Relationship to the Existing Trace Api (api-trace.txt)
diff --git a/Documentation/technical/commit-graph.txt b/Documentation/technical/commit-graph.txt
index 90c9760..86fed0d 100644
--- a/Documentation/technical/commit-graph.txt
+++ b/Documentation/technical/commit-graph.txt
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-Git Commit Graph Design Notes
+Git Commit-Graph Design Notes
 =============================
 
 Git walks the commit graph for many reasons, including:
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 
 The commit-graph file is a supplemental data structure that accelerates
 commit graph walks. If a user downgrades or disables the 'core.commitGraph'
-config setting, then the existing ODB is sufficient. The file is stored
+config setting, then the existing object database is sufficient. The file is stored
 as "commit-graph" either in the .git/objects/info directory or in the info
 directory of an alternate.
 
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@
 required (such as merge base calculations, "git log --graph").
 
 In practice, we expect some commits to be created recently and not stored
-in the commit graph. We can treat these commits as having "infinite"
+in the commit-graph. We can treat these commits as having "infinite"
 generation number and walk until reaching commits with known generation
 number.
 
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@
   helpful for these clones, anyway. The commit-graph will not be read or
   written when shallow commits are present.
 
-Commit Graphs Chains
+Commit-Graphs Chains
 --------------------
 
 Typically, repos grow with near-constant velocity (commits per day). Over time,
diff --git a/Documentation/technical/parallel-checkout.txt b/Documentation/technical/parallel-checkout.txt
index e790258..47c9b61 100644
--- a/Documentation/technical/parallel-checkout.txt
+++ b/Documentation/technical/parallel-checkout.txt
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@
 
 The most "straightforward" implementation would be to spread the set of
 to-be-updated cache entries across multiple threads. But due to the
-thread-unsafe functions in the ODB code, we would have to use locks to
+thread-unsafe functions in the object database code, we would have to use locks to
 coordinate the parallel operation. An early prototype of this solution
 showed that the multi-threaded checkout would bring performance
 improvements over the sequential code, but there was still too much lock
diff --git a/Documentation/technical/repository-version.txt b/Documentation/technical/repository-version.txt
index 7844ef3..8ef664b 100644
--- a/Documentation/technical/repository-version.txt
+++ b/Documentation/technical/repository-version.txt
@@ -82,9 +82,9 @@
 objects in the repository MUST NOT be deleted (e.g., by `git-prune` or
 `git repack -d`).
 
-==== `partialclone`
+==== `partialClone`
 
-When the config key `extensions.partialclone` is set, it indicates
+When the config key `extensions.partialClone` is set, it indicates
 that the repo was created with a partial clone (or later performed
 a partial fetch) and that the remote may have omitted sending
 certain unwanted objects.  Such a remote is called a "promisor remote"
diff --git a/Documentation/technical/sparse-checkout.txt b/Documentation/technical/sparse-checkout.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fa0d01c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/technical/sparse-checkout.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1103 @@
+Table of contents:
+
+  * Terminology
+  * Purpose of sparse-checkouts
+  * Usecases of primary concern
+  * Oversimplified mental models ("Cliff Notes" for this document!)
+  * Desired behavior
+  * Behavior classes
+  * Subcommand-dependent defaults
+  * Sparse specification vs. sparsity patterns
+  * Implementation Questions
+  * Implementation Goals/Plans
+  * Known bugs
+  * Reference Emails
+
+
+=== Terminology ===
+
+cone mode: one of two modes for specifying the desired subset of files
+	in a sparse-checkout.  In cone-mode, the user specifies
+	directories (getting both everything under that directory as
+	well as everything in leading directories), while in non-cone
+	mode, the user specifies gitignore-style patterns.  Controlled
+	by the --[no-]cone option to sparse-checkout init|set.
+
+SKIP_WORKTREE: When tracked files do not match the sparse specification and
+	are removed from the working tree, the file in the index is marked
+	with a SKIP_WORKTREE bit.  Note that if a tracked file has the
+	SKIP_WORKTREE bit set but the file is later written by the user to
+	the working tree anyway, the SKIP_WORKTREE bit will be cleared at
+	the beginning of any subsequent Git operation.
+
+	Most sparse checkout users are unaware of this implementation
+	detail, and the term should generally be avoided in user-facing
+	descriptions and command flags.  Unfortunately, prior to the
+	`sparse-checkout` subcommand this low-level detail was exposed,
+	and as of time of writing, is still exposed in various places.
+
+sparse-checkout: a subcommand in git used to reduce the files present in
+	the working tree to a subset of all tracked files.  Also, the
+	name of the file in the $GIT_DIR/info directory used to track
+	the sparsity patterns corresponding to the user's desired
+	subset.
+
+sparse cone: see cone mode
+
+sparse directory: An entry in the index corresponding to a directory, which
+	appears in the index instead of all the files under that directory
+	that would normally appear.  See also sparse-index.  Something that
+	can cause confusion is that the "sparse directory" does NOT match
+	the sparse specification, i.e. the directory is NOT present in the
+	working tree.  May be renamed in the future (e.g. to "skipped
+	directory").
+
+sparse index: A special mode for sparse-checkout that also makes the
+	index sparse by recording a directory entry in lieu of all the
+	files underneath that directory (thus making that a "skipped
+	directory" which unfortunately has also been called a "sparse
+	directory"), and does this for potentially multiple
+	directories.  Controlled by the --[no-]sparse-index option to
+	init|set|reapply.
+
+sparsity patterns: patterns from $GIT_DIR/info/sparse-checkout used to
+	define the set of files of interest.  A warning: It is easy to
+	over-use this term (or the shortened "patterns" term), for two
+	reasons: (1) users in cone mode specify directories rather than
+	patterns (their directories are transformed into patterns, but
+	users may think you are talking about non-cone mode if you use the
+	word "patterns"), and (b) the sparse specification might
+	transiently differ in the working tree or index from the sparsity
+	patterns (see "Sparse specification vs. sparsity patterns").
+
+sparse specification: The set of paths in the user's area of focus.  This
+	is typically just the tracked files that match the sparsity
+	patterns, but the sparse specification can temporarily differ and
+	include additional files.  (See also "Sparse specification
+	vs. sparsity patterns")
+
+	* When working with history, the sparse specification is exactly
+	  the set of files matching the sparsity patterns.
+	* When interacting with the working tree, the sparse specification
+	  is the set of tracked files with a clear SKIP_WORKTREE bit or
+	  tracked files present in the working copy.
+	* When modifying or showing results from the index, the sparse
+	  specification is the set of files with a clear SKIP_WORKTREE bit
+	  or that differ in the index from HEAD.
+	* If working with the index and the working copy, the sparse
+	  specification is the union of the paths from above.
+
+vivifying: When a command restores a tracked file to the working tree (and
+	hopefully also clears the SKIP_WORKTREE bit in the index for that
+	file), this is referred to as "vivifying" the file.
+
+
+=== Purpose of sparse-checkouts ===
+
+sparse-checkouts exist to allow users to work with a subset of their
+files.
+
+You can think of sparse-checkouts as subdividing "tracked" files into two
+categories -- a sparse subset, and all the rest.  Implementationally, we
+mark "all the rest" in the index with a SKIP_WORKTREE bit and leave them
+out of the working tree.  The SKIP_WORKTREE files are still tracked, just
+not present in the working tree.
+
+In the past, sparse-checkouts were defined by "SKIP_WORKTREE means the file
+is missing from the working tree but pretend the file contents match HEAD".
+That was not only bogus (it actually meant the file missing from the
+working tree matched the index rather than HEAD), but it was also a
+low-level detail which only provided decent behavior for a few commands.
+There were a surprising number of ways in which that guiding principle gave
+command results that violated user expectations, and as such was a bad
+mental model.  However, it persisted for many years and may still be found
+in some corners of the code base.
+
+Anyway, the idea of "working with a subset of files" is simple enough, but
+there are multiple different high-level usecases which affect how some Git
+subcommands should behave.  Further, even if we only considered one of
+those usecases, sparse-checkouts can modify different subcommands in over a
+half dozen different ways.  Let's start by considering the high level
+usecases:
+
+  A) Users are _only_ interested in the sparse portion of the repo
+
+  A*) Users are _only_ interested in the sparse portion of the repo
+      that they have downloaded so far
+
+  B) Users want a sparse working tree, but are working in a larger whole
+
+  C) sparse-checkout is a behind-the-scenes implementation detail allowing
+     Git to work with a specially crafted in-house virtual file system;
+     users are actually working with a "full" working tree that is
+     lazily populated, and sparse-checkout helps with the lazy population
+     piece.
+
+It may be worth explaining each of these in a bit more detail:
+
+
+  (Behavior A) Users are _only_ interested in the sparse portion of the repo
+
+These folks might know there are other things in the repository, but
+don't care.  They are uninterested in other parts of the repository, and
+only want to know about changes within their area of interest.  Showing
+them other files from history (e.g. from diff/log/grep/etc.)  is a
+usability annoyance, potentially a huge one since other changes in
+history may dwarf the changes they are interested in.
+
+Some of these users also arrive at this usecase from wanting to use partial
+clones together with sparse checkouts (in a way where they have downloaded
+blobs within the sparse specification) and do disconnected development.
+Not only do these users generally not care about other parts of the
+repository, but consider it a blocker for Git commands to try to operate on
+those.  If commands attempt to access paths in history outside the sparsity
+specification, then the partial clone will attempt to download additional
+blobs on demand, fail, and then fail the user's command.  (This may be
+unavoidable in some cases, e.g. when `git merge` has non-trivial changes to
+reconcile outside the sparse specification, but we should limit how often
+users are forced to connect to the network.)
+
+Also, even for users using partial clones that do not mind being
+always connected to the network, the need to download blobs as
+side-effects of various other commands (such as the printed diffstat
+after a merge or pull) can lead to worries about local repository size
+growing unnecessarily[10].
+
+  (Behavior A*) Users are _only_ interested in the sparse portion of the repo
+      that they have downloaded so far (a variant on the first usecase)
+
+This variant is driven by folks who using partial clones together with
+sparse checkouts and do disconnected development (so far sounding like a
+subset of behavior A users) and doing so on very large repositories.  The
+reason for yet another variant is that downloading even just the blobs
+through history within their sparse specification may be too much, so they
+only download some.  They would still like operations to succeed without
+network connectivity, though, so things like `git log -S${SEARCH_TERM} -p`
+or `git grep ${SEARCH_TERM} OLDREV ` would need to be prepared to provide
+partial results that depend on what happens to have been downloaded.
+
+This variant could be viewed as Behavior A with the sparse specification
+for history querying operations modified from "sparsity patterns" to
+"sparsity patterns limited to the blobs we have already downloaded".
+
+  (Behavior B) Users want a sparse working tree, but are working in a
+      larger whole
+
+Stolee described this usecase this way[11]:
+
+"I'm also focused on users that know that they are a part of a larger
+whole. They know they are operating on a large repository but focus on
+what they need to contribute their part. I expect multiple "roles" to
+use very different, almost disjoint parts of the codebase. Some other
+"architect" users operate across the entire tree or hop between different
+sections of the codebase as necessary. In this situation, I'm wary of
+scoping too many features to the sparse-checkout definition, especially
+"git log," as it can be too confusing to have their view of the codebase
+depend on your "point of view."
+
+People might also end up wanting behavior B due to complex inter-project
+dependencies.  The initial attempts to use sparse-checkouts usually involve
+the directories you are directly interested in plus what those directories
+depend upon within your repository.  But there's a monkey wrench here: if
+you have integration tests, they invert the hierarchy: to run integration
+tests, you need not only what you are interested in and its in-tree
+dependencies, you also need everything that depends upon what you are
+interested in or that depends upon one of your dependencies...AND you need
+all the in-tree dependencies of that expanded group.  That can easily
+change your sparse-checkout into a nearly dense one.
+
+Naturally, that tends to kill the benefits of sparse-checkouts.  There are
+a couple solutions to this conundrum: either avoid grabbing in-repo
+dependencies (maybe have built versions of your in-repo dependencies pulled
+from a CI cache somewhere), or say that users shouldn't run integration
+tests directly and instead do it on the CI server when they submit a code
+review.  Or do both.  Regardless of whether you stub out your in-repo
+dependencies or stub out the things that depend upon you, there is
+certainly a reason to want to query and be aware of those other stubbed-out
+parts of the repository, particularly when the dependencies are complex or
+change relatively frequently.  Thus, for such uses, sparse-checkouts can be
+used to limit what you directly build and modify, but these users do not
+necessarily want their sparse checkout paths to limit their queries of
+versions in history.
+
+Some people may also be interested in behavior B over behavior A simply as
+a performance workaround: if they are using non-cone mode, then they have
+to deal with its inherent quadratic performance problems.  In that mode,
+every operation that checks whether paths match the sparsity specification
+can be expensive.  As such, these users may only be willing to pay for
+those expensive checks when interacting with the working copy, and may
+prefer getting "unrelated" results from their history queries over having
+slow commands.
+
+  (Behavior C) sparse-checkout is an implementational detail supporting a
+	       special VFS.
+
+This usecase goes slightly against the traditional definition of
+sparse-checkout in that it actually tries to present a full or dense
+checkout to the user.  However, this usecase utilizes the same underlying
+technical underpinnings in a new way which does provide some performance
+advantages to users.  The basic idea is that a company can have an in-house
+Git-aware Virtual File System which pretends all files are present in the
+working tree, by intercepting all file system accesses and using those to
+fetch and write accessed files on demand via partial clones.  The VFS uses
+sparse-checkout to prevent Git from writing or paying attention to many
+files, and manually updates the sparse checkout patterns itself based on
+user access and modification of files in the working tree.  See commit
+ecc7c8841d ("repo_read_index: add config to expect files outside sparse
+patterns", 2022-02-25) and the link at [17] for a more detailed description
+of such a VFS.
+
+The biggest difference here is that users are completely unaware that the
+sparse-checkout machinery is even in use.  The sparse patterns are not
+specified by the user but rather are under the complete control of the VFS
+(and the patterns are updated frequently and dynamically by it).  The user
+will perceive the checkout as dense, and commands should thus behave as if
+all files are present.
+
+
+=== Usecases of primary concern ===
+
+Most of the rest of this document will focus on Behavior A and Behavior
+B.  Some notes about the other two cases and why we are not focusing on
+them:
+
+  (Behavior A*)
+
+Supporting this usecase is estimated to be difficult and a lot of work.
+There are no plans to implement it currently, but it may be a potential
+future alternative.  Knowing about the existence of additional alternatives
+may affect our choice of command line flags (e.g. if we need tri-state or
+quad-state flags rather than just binary flags), so it was still important
+to at least note.
+
+Further, I believe the descriptions below for Behavior A are probably still
+valid for this usecase, with the only exception being that it redefines the
+sparse specification to restrict it to already-downloaded blobs.  The hard
+part is in making commands capable of respecting that modified definition.
+
+  (Behavior C)
+
+This usecase violates some of the early sparse-checkout documented
+assumptions (since files marked as SKIP_WORKTREE will be displayed to users
+as present in the working tree).  That violation may mean various
+sparse-checkout related behaviors are not well suited to this usecase and
+we may need tweaks -- to both documentation and code -- to handle it.
+However, this usecase is also perhaps the simplest model to support in that
+everything behaves like a dense checkout with a few exceptions (e.g. branch
+checkouts and switches write fewer things, knowing the VFS will lazily
+write the rest on an as-needed basis).
+
+Since there is no publically available VFS-related code for folks to try,
+the number of folks who can test such a usecase is limited.
+
+The primary reason to note the Behavior C usecase is that as we fix things
+to better support Behaviors A and B, there may be additional places where
+we need to make tweaks allowing folks in this usecase to get the original
+non-sparse treatment.  For an example, see ecc7c8841d ("repo_read_index:
+add config to expect files outside sparse patterns", 2022-02-25).  The
+secondary reason to note Behavior C, is so that folks taking advantage of
+Behavior C do not assume they are part of the Behavior B camp and propose
+patches that break things for the real Behavior B folks.
+
+
+=== Oversimplified mental models ===
+
+An oversimplification of the differences in the above behaviors is:
+
+  Behavior A: Restrict worktree and history operations to sparse specification
+  Behavior B: Restrict worktree operations to sparse specification; have any
+	      history operations work across all files
+  Behavior C: Do not restrict either worktree or history operations to the
+	      sparse specification...with the exception of branch checkouts or
+	      switches which avoid writing files that will match the index so
+	      they can later lazily be populated instead.
+
+
+=== Desired behavior ===
+
+As noted previously, despite the simple idea of just working with a subset
+of files, there are a range of different behavioral changes that need to be
+made to different subcommands to work well with such a feature.  See
+[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10] for various examples.  In particular, at [2], we saw
+that mere composition of other commands that individually worked correctly
+in a sparse-checkout context did not imply that the higher level command
+would work correctly; it sometimes requires further tweaks.  So,
+understanding these differences can be beneficial.
+
+* Commands behaving the same regardless of high-level use-case
+
+  * commands that only look at files within the sparsity specification
+
+      * diff (without --cached or REVISION arguments)
+      * grep (without --cached or REVISION arguments)
+      * diff-files
+
+  * commands that restore files to the working tree that match sparsity
+    patterns, and remove unmodified files that don't match those
+    patterns:
+
+      * switch
+      * checkout (the switch-like half)
+      * read-tree
+      * reset --hard
+
+  * commands that write conflicted files to the working tree, but otherwise
+    will omit writing files to the working tree that do not match the
+    sparsity patterns:
+
+      * merge
+      * rebase
+      * cherry-pick
+      * revert
+
+      * `am` and `apply --cached` should probably be in this section but
+	are buggy (see the "Known bugs" section below)
+
+    The behavior for these commands somewhat depends upon the merge
+    strategy being used:
+      * `ort` behaves as described above
+      * `recursive` tries to not vivify files unnecessarily, but does sometimes
+	vivify files without conflicts.
+      * `octopus` and `resolve` will always vivify any file changed in the merge
+	relative to the first parent, which is rather suboptimal.
+
+    It is also important to note that these commands WILL update the index
+    outside the sparse specification relative to when the operation began,
+    BUT these commands often make a commit just before or after such that
+    by the end of the operation there is no change to the index outside the
+    sparse specification.  Of course, if the operation hits conflicts or
+    does not make a commit, then these operations clearly can modify the
+    index outside the sparse specification.
+
+    Finally, it is important to note that at least the first four of these
+    commands also try to remove differences between the sparse
+    specification and the sparsity patterns (much like the commands in the
+    previous section).
+
+  * commands that always ignore sparsity since commits must be full-tree
+
+      * archive
+      * bundle
+      * commit
+      * format-patch
+      * fast-export
+      * fast-import
+      * commit-tree
+
+  * commands that write any modified file to the working tree (conflicted
+    or not, and whether those paths match sparsity patterns or not):
+
+      * stash
+      * apply (without `--index` or `--cached`)
+
+* Commands that may slightly differ for behavior A vs. behavior B:
+
+  Commands in this category behave mostly the same between the two
+  behaviors, but may differ in verbosity and types of warning and error
+  messages.
+
+  * commands that make modifications to which files are tracked:
+      * add
+      * rm
+      * mv
+      * update-index
+
+    The fact that files can move between the 'tracked' and 'untracked'
+    categories means some commands will have to treat untracked files
+    differently.  But if we have to treat untracked files differently,
+    then additional commands may also need changes:
+
+      * status
+      * clean
+
+    In particular, `status` may need to report any untracked files outside
+    the sparsity specification as an erroneous condition (especially to
+    avoid the user trying to `git add` them, forcing `git add` to display
+    an error).
+
+    It's not clear to me exactly how (or even if) `clean` would change,
+    but it's the other command that also affects untracked files.
+
+    `update-index` may be slightly special.  Its --[no-]skip-worktree flag
+    may need to ignore the sparse specification by its nature.  Also, its
+    current --[no-]ignore-skip-worktree-entries default is totally bogus.
+
+  * commands for manually tweaking paths in both the index and the working tree
+      * `restore`
+      * the restore-like half of `checkout`
+
+    These commands should be similar to add/rm/mv in that they should
+    only operate on the sparse specification by default, and require a
+    special flag to operate on all files.
+
+    Also, note that these commands currently have a number of issues (see
+    the "Known bugs" section below)
+
+* Commands that significantly differ for behavior A vs. behavior B:
+
+  * commands that query history
+      * diff (with --cached or REVISION arguments)
+      * grep (with --cached or REVISION arguments)
+      * show (when given commit arguments)
+      * blame (only matters when one or more -C flags are passed)
+	* and annotate
+      * log
+      * whatchanged
+      * ls-files
+      * diff-index
+      * diff-tree
+      * ls-tree
+
+    Note: for log and whatchanged, revision walking logic is unaffected
+    but displaying of patches is affected by scoping the command to the
+    sparse-checkout.  (The fact that revision walking is unaffected is
+    why rev-list, shortlog, show-branch, and bisect are not in this
+    list.)
+
+    ls-files may be slightly special in that e.g. `git ls-files -t` is
+    often used to see what is sparse and what is not.  Perhaps -t should
+    always work on the full tree?
+
+* Commands I don't know how to classify
+
+  * range-diff
+
+    Is this like `log` or `format-patch`?
+
+  * cherry
+
+    See range-diff
+
+* Commands unaffected by sparse-checkouts
+
+  * shortlog
+  * show-branch
+  * rev-list
+  * bisect
+
+  * branch
+  * describe
+  * fetch
+  * gc
+  * init
+  * maintenance
+  * notes
+  * pull (merge & rebase have the necessary changes)
+  * push
+  * submodule
+  * tag
+
+  * config
+  * filter-branch (works in separate checkout without sparse-checkout setup)
+  * pack-refs
+  * prune
+  * remote
+  * repack
+  * replace
+
+  * bugreport
+  * count-objects
+  * fsck
+  * gitweb
+  * help
+  * instaweb
+  * merge-tree (doesn't touch worktree or index, and merges always compute full-tree)
+  * rerere
+  * verify-commit
+  * verify-tag
+
+  * commit-graph
+  * hash-object
+  * index-pack
+  * mktag
+  * mktree
+  * multi-pack-index
+  * pack-objects
+  * prune-packed
+  * symbolic-ref
+  * unpack-objects
+  * update-ref
+  * write-tree (operates on index, possibly optimized to use sparse dir entries)
+
+  * for-each-ref
+  * get-tar-commit-id
+  * ls-remote
+  * merge-base (merges are computed full tree, so merge base should be too)
+  * name-rev
+  * pack-redundant
+  * rev-parse
+  * show-index
+  * show-ref
+  * unpack-file
+  * var
+  * verify-pack
+
+  * <Everything under 'Interacting with Others' in 'git help --all'>
+  * <Everything under 'Low-level...Syncing' in 'git help --all'>
+  * <Everything under 'Low-level...Internal Helpers' in 'git help --all'>
+  * <Everything under 'External commands' in 'git help --all'>
+
+* Commands that might be affected, but who cares?
+
+  * merge-file
+  * merge-index
+  * gitk?
+
+
+=== Behavior classes ===
+
+From the above there are a few classes of behavior:
+
+  * "restrict"
+
+    Commands in this class only read or write files in the working tree
+    within the sparse specification.
+
+    When moving to a new commit (e.g. switch, reset --hard), these commands
+    may update index files outside the sparse specification as of the start
+    of the operation, but by the end of the operation those index files
+    will match HEAD again and thus those files will again be outside the
+    sparse specification.
+
+    When paths are explicitly specified, these paths are intersected with
+    the sparse specification and will only operate on such paths.
+    (e.g. `git restore [--staged] -- '*.png'`, `git reset -p -- '*.md'`)
+
+    Some of these commands may also attempt, at the end of their operation,
+    to cull transient differences between the sparse specification and the
+    sparsity patterns (see "Sparse specification vs. sparsity patterns" for
+    details, but this basically means either removing unmodified files not
+    matching the sparsity patterns and marking those files as
+    SKIP_WORKTREE, or vivifying files that match the sparsity patterns and
+    marking those files as !SKIP_WORKTREE).
+
+  * "restrict modulo conflicts"
+
+    Commands in this class generally behave like the "restrict" class,
+    except that:
+      (1) they will ignore the sparse specification and write files with
+	  conflicts to the working tree (thus temporarily expanding the
+	  sparse specification to include such files.)
+      (2) they are grouped with commands which move to a new commit, since
+	  they often create a commit and then move to it, even though we
+	  know there are many exceptions to moving to the new commit.  (For
+	  example, the user may rebase a commit that becomes empty, or have
+	  a cherry-pick which conflicts, or a user could run `merge
+	  --no-commit`, and we also view `apply --index` kind of like `am
+	  --no-commit`.)  As such, these commands can make changes to index
+	  files outside the sparse specification, though they'll mark such
+	  files with SKIP_WORKTREE.
+
+  * "restrict also specially applied to untracked files"
+
+    Commands in this class generally behave like the "restrict" class,
+    except that they have to handle untracked files differently too, often
+    because these commands are dealing with files changing state between
+    'tracked' and 'untracked'.  Often, this may mean printing an error
+    message if the command had nothing to do, but the arguments may have
+    referred to files whose tracked-ness state could have changed were it
+    not for the sparsity patterns excluding them.
+
+  * "no restrict"
+
+    Commands in this class ignore the sparse specification entirely.
+
+  * "restrict or no restrict dependent upon behavior A vs. behavior B"
+
+    Commands in this class behave like "no restrict" for folks in the
+    behavior B camp, and like "restrict" for folks in the behavior A camp.
+    However, when behaving like "restrict" a warning of some sort might be
+    provided that history queries have been limited by the sparse-checkout
+    specification.
+
+
+=== Subcommand-dependent defaults ===
+
+Note that we have different defaults depending on the command for the
+desired behavior :
+
+  * Commands defaulting to "restrict":
+    * diff-files
+    * diff (without --cached or REVISION arguments)
+    * grep (without --cached or REVISION arguments)
+    * switch
+    * checkout (the switch-like half)
+    * reset (<commit>)
+
+    * restore
+    * checkout (the restore-like half)
+    * checkout-index
+    * reset (with pathspec)
+
+    This behavior makes sense; these interact with the working tree.
+
+  * Commands defaulting to "restrict modulo conflicts":
+    * merge
+    * rebase
+    * cherry-pick
+    * revert
+
+    * am
+    * apply --index (which is kind of like an `am --no-commit`)
+
+    * read-tree (especially with -m or -u; is kind of like a --no-commit merge)
+    * reset (<tree-ish>, due to similarity to read-tree)
+
+    These also interact with the working tree, but require slightly
+    different behavior either so that (a) conflicts can be resolved or (b)
+    because they are kind of like a merge-without-commit operation.
+
+    (See also the "Known bugs" section below regarding `am` and `apply`)
+
+  * Commands defaulting to "no restrict":
+    * archive
+    * bundle
+    * commit
+    * format-patch
+    * fast-export
+    * fast-import
+    * commit-tree
+
+    * stash
+    * apply (without `--index`)
+
+    These have completely different defaults and perhaps deserve the most
+    detailed explanation:
+
+    In the case of commands in the first group (format-patch,
+    fast-export, bundle, archive, etc.), these are commands for
+    communicating history, which will be broken if they restrict to a
+    subset of the repository.  As such, they operate on full paths and
+    have no `--restrict` option for overriding.  Some of these commands may
+    take paths for manually restricting what is exported, but it needs to
+    be very explicit.
+
+    In the case of stash, it needs to vivify files to avoid losing the
+    user's changes.
+
+    In the case of apply without `--index`, that command needs to update
+    the working tree without the index (or the index without the working
+    tree if `--cached` is passed), and if we restrict those updates to the
+    sparse specification then we'll lose changes from the user.
+
+  * Commands defaulting to "restrict also specially applied to untracked files":
+    * add
+    * rm
+    * mv
+    * update-index
+    * status
+    * clean (?)
+
+    Our original implementation for the first three of these commands was
+    "no restrict", but it had some severe usability issues:
+      * `git add <somefile>` if honored and outside the sparse
+	specification, can result in the file randomly disappearing later
+	when some subsequent command is run (since various commands
+	automatically clean up unmodified files outside the sparse
+	specification).
+      * `git rm '*.jpg'` could very negatively surprise users if it deletes
+	files outside the range of the user's interest.
+      * `git mv` has similar surprises when moving into or out of the cone,
+	so best to restrict by default
+
+    So, we switched `add` and `rm` to default to "restrict", which made
+    usability problems much less severe and less frequent, but we still got
+    complaints because commands like:
+	git add <file-outside-sparse-specification>
+	git rm <file-outside-sparse-specification>
+    would silently do nothing.  We should instead print an error in those
+    cases to get usability right.
+
+    update-index needs to be updated to match, and status and maybe clean
+    also need to be updated to specially handle untracked paths.
+
+    There may be a difference in here between behavior A and behavior B in
+    terms of verboseness of errors or additional warnings.
+
+  * Commands falling under "restrict or no restrict dependent upon behavior
+    A vs. behavior B"
+
+    * diff (with --cached or REVISION arguments)
+    * grep (with --cached or REVISION arguments)
+    * show (when given commit arguments)
+    * blame (only matters when one or more -C flags passed)
+      * and annotate
+    * log
+      * and variants: shortlog, gitk, show-branch, whatchanged, rev-list
+    * ls-files
+    * diff-index
+    * diff-tree
+    * ls-tree
+
+    For now, we default to behavior B for these, which want a default of
+    "no restrict".
+
+    Note that two of these commands -- diff and grep -- also appeared in a
+    different list with a default of "restrict", but only when limited to
+    searching the working tree.  The working tree vs. history distinction
+    is fundamental in how behavior B operates, so this is expected.  Note,
+    though, that for diff and grep with --cached, when doing "restrict"
+    behavior, the difference between sparse specification and sparsity
+    patterns is important to handle.
+
+    "restrict" may make more sense as the long term default for these[12].
+    Also, supporting "restrict" for these commands might be a fair amount
+    of work to implement, meaning it might be implemented over multiple
+    releases.  If that behavior were the default in the commands that
+    supported it, that would force behavior B users to need to learn to
+    slowly add additional flags to their commands, depending on git
+    version, to get the behavior they want.  That gradual switchover would
+    be painful, so we should avoid it at least until it's fully
+    implemented.
+
+
+=== Sparse specification vs. sparsity patterns ===
+
+In a well-behaved situation, the sparse specification is given directly
+by the $GIT_DIR/info/sparse-checkout file.  However, it can transiently
+diverge for a few reasons:
+
+    * needing to resolve conflicts (merging will vivify conflicted files)
+    * running Git commands that implicitly vivify files (e.g. "git stash apply")
+    * running Git commands that explicitly vivify files (e.g. "git checkout
+      --ignore-skip-worktree-bits FILENAME")
+    * other commands that write to these files (perhaps a user copies it
+      from elsewhere)
+
+For the last item, note that we do automatically clear the SKIP_WORKTREE
+bit for files that are present in the working tree.  This has been true
+since 82386b4496 ("Merge branch 'en/present-despite-skipped'",
+2022-03-09)
+
+However, such a situation is transient because:
+
+   * Such transient differences can and will be automatically removed as
+     a side-effect of commands which call unpack_trees() (checkout,
+     merge, reset, etc.).
+   * Users can also request such transient differences be corrected via
+     running `git sparse-checkout reapply`.  Various places recommend
+     running that command.
+   * Additional commands are also welcome to implicitly fix these
+     differences; we may add more in the future.
+
+While we avoid dropping unstaged changes or files which have conflicts,
+we otherwise aggressively try to fix these transient differences.  If
+users want these differences to persist, they should run the `set` or
+`add` subcommands of `git sparse-checkout` to reflect their intended
+sparse specification.
+
+However, when we need to do a query on history restricted to the
+"relevant subset of files" such a transiently expanded sparse
+specification is ignored.  There are a couple reasons for this:
+
+   * The behavior wanted when doing something like
+	 git grep expression REVISION
+     is roughly what the users would expect from
+	 git checkout REVISION && git grep expression
+     (modulo a "REVISION:" prefix), which has a couple ramifications:
+
+   * REVISION may have paths not in the current index, so there is no
+     path we can consult for a SKIP_WORKTREE setting for those paths.
+
+   * Since `checkout` is one of those commands that tries to remove
+     transient differences in the sparse specification, it makes sense
+     to use the corrected sparse specification
+     (i.e. $GIT_DIR/info/sparse-checkout) rather than attempting to
+     consult SKIP_WORKTREE anyway.
+
+So, a transiently expanded (or restricted) sparse specification applies to
+the working tree, but not to history queries where we always use the
+sparsity patterns.  (See [16] for an early discussion of this.)
+
+Similar to a transiently expanded sparse specification of the working tree
+based on additional files being present in the working tree, we also need
+to consider additional files being modified in the index.  In particular,
+if the user has staged changes to files (relative to HEAD) that do not
+match the sparsity patterns, and the file is not present in the working
+tree, we still want to consider the file part of the sparse specification
+if we are specifically performing a query related to the index (e.g. git
+diff --cached [REVISION], git diff-index [REVISION], git restore --staged
+--source=REVISION -- PATHS, etc.)  Note that a transiently expanded sparse
+specification for the index usually only matters under behavior A, since
+under behavior B index operations are lumped with history and tend to
+operate full-tree.
+
+
+=== Implementation Questions ===
+
+  * Do the options --scope={sparse,all} sound good to others?  Are there better
+    options?
+    * Names in use, or appearing in patches, or previously suggested:
+      * --sparse/--dense
+      * --ignore-skip-worktree-bits
+      * --ignore-skip-worktree-entries
+      * --ignore-sparsity
+      * --[no-]restrict-to-sparse-paths
+      * --full-tree/--sparse-tree
+      * --[no-]restrict
+      * --scope={sparse,all}
+      * --focus/--unfocus
+      * --limit/--unlimited
+    * Rationale making me lean slightly towards --scope={sparse,all}:
+      * We want a name that works for many commands, so we need a name that
+	does not conflict
+      * We know that we have more than two possible usecases, so it is best
+	to avoid a flag that appears to be binary.
+      * --scope={sparse,all} isn't overly long and seems relatively
+	explanatory
+      * `--sparse`, as used in add/rm/mv, is totally backwards for
+	grep/log/etc.  Changing the meaning of `--sparse` for these
+	commands would fix the backwardness, but possibly break existing
+	scripts.  Using a new name pairing would allow us to treat
+	`--sparse` in these commands as a deprecated alias.
+      * There is a different `--sparse`/`--dense` pair for commands using
+	revision machinery, so using that naming might cause confusion
+      * There is also a `--sparse` in both pack-objects and show-branch, which
+	don't conflict but do suggest that `--sparse` is overloaded
+      * The name --ignore-skip-worktree-bits is a double negative, is
+	quite a mouthful, refers to an implementation detail that many
+	users may not be familiar with, and we'd need a negation for it
+	which would probably be even more ridiculously long.  (But we
+	can make --ignore-skip-worktree-bits a deprecated alias for
+	--no-restrict.)
+
+  * If a config option is added (sparse.scope?) what should the values and
+    description be?  "sparse" (behavior A), "worktree-sparse-history-dense"
+    (behavior B), "dense" (behavior C)?  There's a risk of confusion,
+    because even for Behaviors A and B we want some commands to be
+    full-tree and others to operate sparsely, so the wording may need to be
+    more tied to the usecases and somehow explain that.  Also, right now,
+    the primary difference we are focusing is just the history-querying
+    commands (log/diff/grep).  Previous config suggestion here: [13]
+
+  * Is `--no-expand` a good alias for ls-files's `--sparse` option?
+    (`--sparse` does not map to either `--scope=sparse` or `--scope=all`,
+    because in non-cone mode it does nothing and in cone-mode it shows the
+    sparse directory entries which are technically outside the sparse
+    specification)
+
+  * Under Behavior A:
+    * Does ls-files' `--no-expand` override the default `--scope=all`, or
+      does it need an extra flag?
+    * Does ls-files' `-t` option imply `--scope=all`?
+    * Does update-index's `--[no-]skip-worktree` option imply `--scope=all`?
+
+  * sparse-checkout: once behavior A is fully implemented, should we take
+    an interim measure to ease people into switching the default?  Namely,
+    if folks are not already in a sparse checkout, then require
+    `sparse-checkout init/set` to take a
+    `--set-scope=(sparse|worktree-sparse-history-dense|dense)` flag (which
+    would set sparse.scope according to the setting given), and throw an
+    error if the flag is not provided?  That error would be a great place
+    to warn folks that the default may change in the future, and get them
+    used to specifying what they want so that the eventual default switch
+    is seamless for them.
+
+
+=== Implementation Goals/Plans ===
+
+ * Get buy-in on this document in general.
+
+ * Figure out answers to the 'Implementation Questions' sections (above)
+
+ * Fix bugs in the 'Known bugs' section (below)
+
+ * Provide some kind of method for backfilling the blobs within the sparse
+   specification in a partial clone
+
+ [Below here is kind of spitballing since the first two haven't been resolved]
+
+ * update-index: flip the default to --no-ignore-skip-worktree-entries,
+   nuke this stupid "Oh, there's a bug?  Let me add a flag to let users
+   request that they not trigger this bug." flag
+
+ * Flags & Config
+   * Make `--sparse` in add/rm/mv a deprecated alias for `--scope=all`
+   * Make `--ignore-skip-worktree-bits` in checkout-index/checkout/restore
+     a deprecated aliases for `--scope=all`
+   * Create config option (sparse.scope?), tie it to the "Cliff notes"
+     overview
+
+   * Add --scope=sparse (and --scope=all) flag to each of the history querying
+     commands.  IMPORTANT: make sure diff machinery changes don't mess with
+     format-patch, fast-export, etc.
+
+=== Known bugs ===
+
+This list used to be a lot longer (see e.g. [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]), but we've
+been working on it.
+
+0. Behavior A is not well supported in Git.  (Behavior B didn't used to
+   be either, but was the easier of the two to implement.)
+
+1. am and apply:
+
+   apply, without `--index` or `--cached`, relies on files being present
+   in the working copy, and also writes to them unconditionally.  As
+   such, it should first check for the files' presence, and if found to
+   be SKIP_WORKTREE, then clear the bit and vivify the paths, then do
+   its work.  Currently, it just throws an error.
+
+   apply, with either `--cached` or `--index`, will not preserve the
+   SKIP_WORKTREE bit.  This is fine if the file has conflicts, but
+   otherwise SKIP_WORKTREE bits should be preserved for --cached and
+   probably also for --index.
+
+   am, if there are no conflicts, will vivify files and fail to preserve
+   the SKIP_WORKTREE bit.  If there are conflicts and `-3` is not
+   specified, it will vivify files and then complain the patch doesn't
+   apply.  If there are conflicts and `-3` is specified, it will vivify
+   files and then complain that those vivified files would be
+   overwritten by merge.
+
+2. reset --hard:
+
+   reset --hard provides confusing error message (works correctly, but
+   misleads the user into believing it didn't):
+
+    $ touch addme
+    $ git add addme
+    $ git ls-files -t
+    H addme
+    H tracked
+    S tracked-but-maybe-skipped
+    $ git reset --hard                           # usually works great
+    error: Path 'addme' not uptodate; will not remove from working tree.
+    HEAD is now at bdbbb6f third
+    $ git ls-files -t
+    H tracked
+    S tracked-but-maybe-skipped
+    $ ls -1
+    tracked
+
+    `git reset --hard` DID remove addme from the index and the working tree, contrary
+    to the error message, but in line with how reset --hard should behave.
+
+3. read-tree
+
+   `read-tree` doesn't apply the 'SKIP_WORKTREE' bit to *any* of the
+   entries it reads into the index, resulting in all your files suddenly
+   appearing to be "deleted".
+
+4. Checkout, restore:
+
+   These command do not handle path & revision arguments appropriately:
+
+    $ ls
+    tracked
+    $ git ls-files -t
+    H tracked
+    S tracked-but-maybe-skipped
+    $ git status --porcelain
+    $ git checkout -- '*skipped'
+    error: pathspec '*skipped' did not match any file(s) known to git
+    $ git ls-files -- '*skipped'
+    tracked-but-maybe-skipped
+    $ git checkout HEAD -- '*skipped'
+    error: pathspec '*skipped' did not match any file(s) known to git
+    $ git ls-tree HEAD | grep skipped
+    100644 blob 276f5a64354b791b13840f02047738c77ad0584f	tracked-but-maybe-skipped
+    $ git status --porcelain
+    $ git checkout HEAD~1 -- '*skipped'
+    $ git ls-files -t
+    H tracked
+    H tracked-but-maybe-skipped
+    $ git status --porcelain
+    M  tracked-but-maybe-skipped
+    $ git checkout HEAD -- '*skipped'
+    $ git status --porcelain
+    $
+
+    Note that checkout without a revision (or restore --staged) fails to
+    find a file to restore from the index, even though ls-files shows
+    such a file certainly exists.
+
+    Similar issues occur with HEAD (--source=HEAD in restore's case),
+    but suddenly works when HEAD~1 is specified.  And then after that it
+    will work with HEAD specified, even though it didn't before.
+
+    Directories are also an issue:
+
+    $ git sparse-checkout set nomatches
+    $ git status
+    On branch main
+    You are in a sparse checkout with 0% of tracked files present.
+
+    nothing to commit, working tree clean
+    $ git checkout .
+    error: pathspec '.' did not match any file(s) known to git
+    $ git checkout HEAD~1 .
+    Updated 1 path from 58916d9
+    $ git ls-files -t
+    S tracked
+    H tracked-but-maybe-skipped
+
+5. checkout and restore --staged, continued:
+
+   These commands do not correctly scope operations to the sparse
+   specification, and make it worse by not setting important SKIP_WORKTREE
+   bits:
+
+   $ git restore --source OLDREV --staged outside-sparse-cone/
+   $ git status --porcelain
+   MD outside-sparse-cone/file1
+   MD outside-sparse-cone/file2
+   MD outside-sparse-cone/file3
+
+   We can add a --scope=all mode to `git restore` to let it operate outside
+   the sparse specification, but then it will be important to set the
+   SKIP_WORKTREE bits appropriately.
+
+6. Performance issues; see:
+    https://lore.kernel.org/git/CABPp-BEkJQoKZsQGCYioyga_uoDQ6iBeW+FKr8JhyuuTMK1RDw@mail.gmail.com/
+
+
+=== Reference Emails ===
+
+Emails that detail various bugs we've had in sparse-checkout:
+
+[1] (Original descriptions of behavior A & behavior B)
+    https://lore.kernel.org/git/CABPp-BGJ_Nvi5TmgriD9Bh6eNXE2EDq2f8e8QKXAeYG3BxZafA@mail.gmail.com/
+[2] (Fix stash applications in sparse checkouts; bugs from behavioral differences)
+    https://lore.kernel.org/git/ccfedc7140dbf63ba26a15f93bd3885180b26517.1606861519.git.gitgitgadget@gmail.com/
+[3] (Present-despite-skipped entries)
+    https://lore.kernel.org/git/11d46a399d26c913787b704d2b7169cafc28d639.1642175983.git.gitgitgadget@gmail.com/
+[4] (Clone --no-checkout interaction)
+    https://lore.kernel.org/git/pull.801.v2.git.git.1591324899170.gitgitgadget@gmail.com/ (clone --no-checkout)
+[5] (The need for update_sparsity() and avoiding `read-tree -mu HEAD`)
+    https://lore.kernel.org/git/3a1f084641eb47515b5a41ed4409a36128913309.1585270142.git.gitgitgadget@gmail.com/
+[6] (SKIP_WORKTREE is advisory, not mandatory)
+    https://lore.kernel.org/git/844306c3e86ef67591cc086decb2b760e7d710a3.1585270142.git.gitgitgadget@gmail.com/
+[7] (`worktree add` should copy sparsity settings from current worktree)
+    https://lore.kernel.org/git/c51cb3714e7b1d2f8c9370fe87eca9984ff4859f.1644269584.git.gitgitgadget@gmail.com/
+[8] (Avoid negative surprises in add, rm, and mv)
+    https://lore.kernel.org/git/cover.1617914011.git.matheus.bernardino@usp.br/
+    https://lore.kernel.org/git/pull.1018.v4.git.1632497954.gitgitgadget@gmail.com/
+[9] (Move from out-of-cone to in-cone)
+    https://lore.kernel.org/git/20220630023737.473690-6-shaoxuan.yuan02@gmail.com/
+    https://lore.kernel.org/git/20220630023737.473690-4-shaoxuan.yuan02@gmail.com/
+[10] (Unnecessarily downloading objects outside sparse specification)
+     https://lore.kernel.org/git/CAOLTT8QfwOi9yx_qZZgyGa8iL8kHWutEED7ok_jxwTcYT_hf9Q@mail.gmail.com/
+
+[11] (Stolee's comments on high-level usecases)
+     https://lore.kernel.org/git/1a1e33f6-3514-9afc-0a28-5a6b85bd8014@gmail.com/
+
+[12] Others commenting on eventually switching default to behavior A:
+  * https://lore.kernel.org/git/xmqqh719pcoo.fsf@gitster.g/
+  * https://lore.kernel.org/git/xmqqzgeqw0sy.fsf@gitster.g/
+  * https://lore.kernel.org/git/a86af661-cf58-a4e5-0214-a67d3a794d7e@github.com/
+
+[13] Previous config name suggestion and description
+  * https://lore.kernel.org/git/CABPp-BE6zW0nJSStcVU=_DoDBnPgLqOR8pkTXK3dW11=T01OhA@mail.gmail.com/
+
+[14] Tangential issue: switch to cone mode as default sparse specification mechanism:
+  https://lore.kernel.org/git/a1b68fd6126eb341ef3637bb93fedad4309b36d0.1650594746.git.gitgitgadget@gmail.com/
+
+[15] Lengthy email on grep behavior, covering what should be searched:
+  * https://lore.kernel.org/git/CABPp-BGVO3QdbfE84uF_3QDF0-y2iHHh6G5FAFzNRfeRitkuHw@mail.gmail.com/
+
+[16] Email explaining sparsity patterns vs. SKIP_WORKTREE and history operations,
+     search for the parenthetical comment starting "We do not check".
+    https://lore.kernel.org/git/CABPp-BFsCPPNOZ92JQRJeGyNd0e-TCW-LcLyr0i_+VSQJP+GCg@mail.gmail.com/
+
+[17] https://lore.kernel.org/git/20220207190320.2960362-1-jonathantanmy@google.com/
diff --git a/GIT-VERSION-GEN b/GIT-VERSION-GEN
index b7ec05b..1937bc6 100755
--- a/GIT-VERSION-GEN
+++ b/GIT-VERSION-GEN
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #!/bin/sh
 
 GVF=GIT-VERSION-FILE
-DEF_VER=v2.38.3
+DEF_VER=v2.39.1
 
 LF='
 '
diff --git a/INSTALL b/INSTALL
index 89b15d7..3344788 100644
--- a/INSTALL
+++ b/INSTALL
@@ -133,10 +133,6 @@
 	  you are using libcurl older than 7.34.0.  Otherwise you can use
 	  NO_OPENSSL without losing git-imap-send.
 
-	  By default, git uses OpenSSL for SHA1 but it will use its own
-	  library (inspired by Mozilla's) with either NO_OPENSSL or
-	  BLK_SHA1.
-
 	- "libcurl" library is used for fetching and pushing
 	  repositories over http:// or https://, as well as by
 	  git-imap-send if the curl version is >= 7.34.0. If you do
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index 865b2c7..b258fdb 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -4,8 +4,20 @@
 # Import tree-wide shared Makefile behavior and libraries
 include shared.mak
 
+# == Makefile defines ==
+#
+# These defines change the behavior of the Makefile itself, but have
+# no impact on what it builds:
+#
 # Define V=1 to have a more verbose compile.
 #
+# == Portability and optional library defines ==
+#
+# These defines indicate what Git can expect from the OS, what
+# libraries are available etc. Much of this is auto-detected in
+# config.mak.uname, or in configure.ac when using the optional "make
+# configure && ./configure" (see INSTALL).
+#
 # Define SHELL_PATH to a POSIX shell if your /bin/sh is broken.
 #
 # Define SANE_TOOL_PATH to a colon-separated list of paths to prepend
@@ -30,68 +42,8 @@
 #
 # Define NO_OPENSSL environment variable if you do not have OpenSSL.
 #
-# Define USE_LIBPCRE if you have and want to use libpcre. Various
-# commands such as log and grep offer runtime options to use
-# Perl-compatible regular expressions instead of standard or extended
-# POSIX regular expressions.
-#
-# Only libpcre version 2 is supported. USE_LIBPCRE2 is a synonym for
-# USE_LIBPCRE, support for the old USE_LIBPCRE1 has been removed.
-#
-# Define LIBPCREDIR=/foo/bar if your PCRE header and library files are
-# in /foo/bar/include and /foo/bar/lib directories.
-#
 # Define HAVE_ALLOCA_H if you have working alloca(3) defined in that header.
 #
-# Define NO_CURL if you do not have libcurl installed.  git-http-fetch and
-# git-http-push are not built, and you cannot use http:// and https://
-# transports (neither smart nor dumb).
-#
-# Define CURLDIR=/foo/bar if your curl header and library files are in
-# /foo/bar/include and /foo/bar/lib directories.
-#
-# Define CURL_CONFIG to curl's configuration program that prints information
-# about the library (e.g., its version number).  The default is 'curl-config'.
-#
-# Define CURL_LDFLAGS to specify flags that you need to link when using libcurl,
-# if you do not want to rely on the libraries provided by CURL_CONFIG.  The
-# default value is a result of `curl-config --libs`.  An example value for
-# CURL_LDFLAGS is as follows:
-#
-#     CURL_LDFLAGS=-lcurl
-#
-# Define NO_EXPAT if you do not have expat installed.  git-http-push is
-# not built, and you cannot push using http:// and https:// transports (dumb).
-#
-# Define EXPATDIR=/foo/bar if your expat header and library files are in
-# /foo/bar/include and /foo/bar/lib directories.
-#
-# Define EXPAT_NEEDS_XMLPARSE_H if you have an old version of expat (e.g.,
-# 1.1 or 1.2) that provides xmlparse.h instead of expat.h.
-#
-# Define NO_GETTEXT if you don't want Git output to be translated.
-# A translated Git requires GNU libintl or another gettext implementation,
-# plus libintl-perl at runtime.
-#
-# Define USE_GETTEXT_SCHEME and set it to 'fallthrough', if you don't trust
-# the installed gettext translation of the shell scripts output.
-#
-# Define HAVE_LIBCHARSET_H if you haven't set NO_GETTEXT and you can't
-# trust the langinfo.h's nl_langinfo(CODESET) function to return the
-# current character set. GNU and Solaris have a nl_langinfo(CODESET),
-# FreeBSD can use either, but MinGW and some others need to use
-# libcharset.h's locale_charset() instead.
-#
-# Define CHARSET_LIB to the library you need to link with in order to
-# use locale_charset() function.  On some platforms this needs to set to
-# -lcharset, on others to -liconv .
-#
-# Define LIBC_CONTAINS_LIBINTL if your gettext implementation doesn't
-# need -lintl when linking.
-#
-# Define NO_MSGFMT_EXTENDED_OPTIONS if your implementation of msgfmt
-# doesn't support GNU extensions like --check and --statistics
-#
 # Define HAVE_PATHS_H if you have paths.h and want to use the default PATH
 # it specifies.
 #
@@ -152,39 +104,6 @@
 # and do not want to use Apple's CommonCrypto library.  This allows you
 # to provide your own OpenSSL library, for example from MacPorts.
 #
-# Define BLK_SHA1 environment variable to make use of the bundled
-# optimized C SHA1 routine.
-#
-# Define DC_SHA1 to unconditionally enable the collision-detecting sha1
-# algorithm. This is slower, but may detect attempted collision attacks.
-# Takes priority over other *_SHA1 knobs.
-#
-# Define DC_SHA1_EXTERNAL in addition to DC_SHA1 if you want to build / link
-# git with the external SHA1 collision-detect library.
-# Without this option, i.e. the default behavior is to build git with its
-# own built-in code (or submodule).
-#
-# Define DC_SHA1_SUBMODULE in addition to DC_SHA1 to use the
-# sha1collisiondetection shipped as a submodule instead of the
-# non-submodule copy in sha1dc/. This is an experimental option used
-# by the git project to migrate to using sha1collisiondetection as a
-# submodule.
-#
-# Define OPENSSL_SHA1 environment variable when running make to link
-# with the SHA1 routine from openssl library.
-#
-# Define SHA1_MAX_BLOCK_SIZE to limit the amount of data that will be hashed
-# in one call to the platform's SHA1_Update(). e.g. APPLE_COMMON_CRYPTO
-# wants 'SHA1_MAX_BLOCK_SIZE=1024L*1024L*1024L' defined.
-#
-# Define BLK_SHA256 to use the built-in SHA-256 routines.
-#
-# Define NETTLE_SHA256 to use the SHA-256 routines in libnettle.
-#
-# Define GCRYPT_SHA256 to use the SHA-256 routines in libgcrypt.
-#
-# Define OPENSSL_SHA256 to use the SHA-256 routines in OpenSSL.
-#
 # Define NEEDS_CRYPTO_WITH_SSL if you need -lcrypto when using -lssl (Darwin).
 #
 # Define NEEDS_SSL_WITH_CRYPTO if you need -lssl when using -lcrypto (Darwin).
@@ -490,6 +409,151 @@
 # to the "<name>" of the corresponding `compat/fsmonitor/fsm-settings-<name>.c`
 # that implements the `fsm_os_settings__*()` routines.
 #
+# === Optional library: libintl ===
+#
+# Define NO_GETTEXT if you don't want Git output to be translated.
+# A translated Git requires GNU libintl or another gettext implementation,
+# plus libintl-perl at runtime.
+#
+# Define USE_GETTEXT_SCHEME and set it to 'fallthrough', if you don't trust
+# the installed gettext translation of the shell scripts output.
+#
+# Define HAVE_LIBCHARSET_H if you haven't set NO_GETTEXT and you can't
+# trust the langinfo.h's nl_langinfo(CODESET) function to return the
+# current character set. GNU and Solaris have a nl_langinfo(CODESET),
+# FreeBSD can use either, but MinGW and some others need to use
+# libcharset.h's locale_charset() instead.
+#
+# Define CHARSET_LIB to the library you need to link with in order to
+# use locale_charset() function.  On some platforms this needs to set to
+# -lcharset, on others to -liconv .
+#
+# Define LIBC_CONTAINS_LIBINTL if your gettext implementation doesn't
+# need -lintl when linking.
+#
+# Define NO_MSGFMT_EXTENDED_OPTIONS if your implementation of msgfmt
+# doesn't support GNU extensions like --check and --statistics
+#
+# === Optional library: libexpat ===
+#
+# Define NO_EXPAT if you do not have expat installed.  git-http-push is
+# not built, and you cannot push using http:// and https:// transports (dumb).
+#
+# Define EXPATDIR=/foo/bar if your expat header and library files are in
+# /foo/bar/include and /foo/bar/lib directories.
+#
+# Define EXPAT_NEEDS_XMLPARSE_H if you have an old version of expat (e.g.,
+# 1.1 or 1.2) that provides xmlparse.h instead of expat.h.
+
+# === Optional library: libcurl ===
+#
+# Define NO_CURL if you do not have libcurl installed.  git-http-fetch and
+# git-http-push are not built, and you cannot use http:// and https://
+# transports (neither smart nor dumb).
+#
+# Define CURLDIR=/foo/bar if your curl header and library files are in
+# /foo/bar/include and /foo/bar/lib directories.
+#
+# Define CURL_CONFIG to curl's configuration program that prints information
+# about the library (e.g., its version number).  The default is 'curl-config'.
+#
+# Define CURL_LDFLAGS to specify flags that you need to link when using libcurl,
+# if you do not want to rely on the libraries provided by CURL_CONFIG.  The
+# default value is a result of `curl-config --libs`.  An example value for
+# CURL_LDFLAGS is as follows:
+#
+#     CURL_LDFLAGS=-lcurl
+#
+# === Optional library: libpcre2 ===
+#
+# Define USE_LIBPCRE if you have and want to use libpcre. Various
+# commands such as log and grep offer runtime options to use
+# Perl-compatible regular expressions instead of standard or extended
+# POSIX regular expressions.
+#
+# Only libpcre version 2 is supported. USE_LIBPCRE2 is a synonym for
+# USE_LIBPCRE, support for the old USE_LIBPCRE1 has been removed.
+#
+# Define LIBPCREDIR=/foo/bar if your PCRE header and library files are
+# in /foo/bar/include and /foo/bar/lib directories.
+#
+# == SHA-1 and SHA-256 defines ==
+#
+# === SHA-1 backend ===
+#
+# ==== Security ====
+#
+# Due to the SHAttered (https://shattered.io) attack vector on SHA-1
+# it's strongly recommended to use the sha1collisiondetection
+# counter-cryptanalysis library for SHA-1 hashing.
+#
+# If you know that you can trust the repository contents, or where
+# potential SHA-1 attacks are otherwise mitigated the other backends
+# listed in "SHA-1 implementations" are faster than
+# sha1collisiondetection.
+#
+# ==== Default SHA-1 backend ====
+#
+# If no *_SHA1 backend is picked, the first supported one listed in
+# "SHA-1 implementations" will be picked.
+#
+# ==== Options common to all SHA-1 implementations ====
+#
+# Define SHA1_MAX_BLOCK_SIZE to limit the amount of data that will be hashed
+# in one call to the platform's SHA1_Update(). e.g. APPLE_COMMON_CRYPTO
+# wants 'SHA1_MAX_BLOCK_SIZE=1024L*1024L*1024L' defined.
+#
+# ==== SHA-1 implementations ====
+#
+# Define OPENSSL_SHA1 to link to the SHA-1 routines from the OpenSSL
+# library.
+#
+# Define BLK_SHA1 to make use of optimized C SHA-1 routines bundled
+# with git (in the block-sha1/ directory).
+#
+# Define NO_APPLE_COMMON_CRYPTO on OSX to opt-out of using the
+# "APPLE_COMMON_CRYPTO" backend for SHA-1, which is currently the
+# default on that OS. On macOS 01.4 (Tiger) or older,
+# NO_APPLE_COMMON_CRYPTO is defined by default.
+#
+# If don't enable any of the *_SHA1 settings in this section, Git will
+# default to its built-in sha1collisiondetection library, which is a
+# collision-detecting sha1 This is slower, but may detect attempted
+# collision attacks.
+#
+# ==== Options for the sha1collisiondetection library ====
+#
+# Define DC_SHA1_EXTERNAL if you want to build / link
+# git with the external SHA1 collision-detect library.
+# Without this option, i.e. the default behavior is to build git with its
+# own built-in code (or submodule).
+#
+# Define DC_SHA1_SUBMODULE to use the
+# sha1collisiondetection shipped as a submodule instead of the
+# non-submodule copy in sha1dc/. This is an experimental option used
+# by the git project to migrate to using sha1collisiondetection as a
+# submodule.
+#
+# === SHA-256 backend ===
+#
+# ==== Security ====
+#
+# Unlike SHA-1 the SHA-256 algorithm does not suffer from any known
+# vulnerabilities, so any implementation will do.
+#
+# ==== SHA-256 implementations ====
+#
+# Define OPENSSL_SHA256 to use the SHA-256 routines in OpenSSL.
+#
+# Define NETTLE_SHA256 to use the SHA-256 routines in libnettle.
+#
+# Define GCRYPT_SHA256 to use the SHA-256 routines in libgcrypt.
+#
+# If don't enable any of the *_SHA256 settings in this section, Git
+# will default to its built-in sha256 implementation.
+#
+# == DEVELOPER defines ==
+#
 # Define DEVELOPER to enable more compiler warnings. Compiler version
 # and family are auto detected, but could be overridden by defining
 # COMPILER_FEATURES (see config.mak.dev). You can still set
@@ -689,9 +753,9 @@
 
 ETAGS_TARGET = TAGS
 
-FUZZ_OBJS += fuzz-commit-graph.o
-FUZZ_OBJS += fuzz-pack-headers.o
-FUZZ_OBJS += fuzz-pack-idx.o
+FUZZ_OBJS += oss-fuzz/fuzz-commit-graph.o
+FUZZ_OBJS += oss-fuzz/fuzz-pack-headers.o
+FUZZ_OBJS += oss-fuzz/fuzz-pack-idx.o
 .PHONY: fuzz-objs
 fuzz-objs: $(FUZZ_OBJS)
 
@@ -722,6 +786,8 @@
 TEST_BUILTINS_OBJS += test-advise.o
 TEST_BUILTINS_OBJS += test-bitmap.o
 TEST_BUILTINS_OBJS += test-bloom.o
+TEST_BUILTINS_OBJS += test-bundle-uri.o
+TEST_BUILTINS_OBJS += test-cache-tree.o
 TEST_BUILTINS_OBJS += test-chmtime.o
 TEST_BUILTINS_OBJS += test-config.o
 TEST_BUILTINS_OBJS += test-crontab.o
@@ -1095,6 +1161,7 @@
 LIB_OBJS += trace2.o
 LIB_OBJS += trace2/tr2_cfg.o
 LIB_OBJS += trace2/tr2_cmd_name.o
+LIB_OBJS += trace2/tr2_ctr.o
 LIB_OBJS += trace2/tr2_dst.o
 LIB_OBJS += trace2/tr2_sid.o
 LIB_OBJS += trace2/tr2_sysenv.o
@@ -1103,6 +1170,7 @@
 LIB_OBJS += trace2/tr2_tgt_normal.o
 LIB_OBJS += trace2/tr2_tgt_perf.o
 LIB_OBJS += trace2/tr2_tls.o
+LIB_OBJS += trace2/tr2_tmr.o
 LIB_OBJS += trailer.o
 LIB_OBJS += transport-helper.o
 LIB_OBJS += transport.o
@@ -1299,11 +1367,53 @@
 SANITIZE_LEAK =
 SANITIZE_ADDRESS =
 
-# For the 'coccicheck' target; setting SPATCH_BATCH_SIZE higher will
-# usually result in less CPU usage at the cost of higher peak memory.
-# Setting it to 0 will feed all files in a single spatch invocation.
-SPATCH_FLAGS = --all-includes
-SPATCH_BATCH_SIZE = 1
+# For the 'coccicheck' target
+SPATCH_INCLUDE_FLAGS = --all-includes
+SPATCH_FLAGS =
+SPATCH_TEST_FLAGS =
+
+# If *.o files are present, have "coccicheck" depend on them, with
+# COMPUTE_HEADER_DEPENDENCIES this will speed up the common-case of
+# only needing to re-generate coccicheck results for the users of a
+# given API if it's changed, and not all files in the project. If
+# COMPUTE_HEADER_DEPENDENCIES=no this will be unset too.
+SPATCH_USE_O_DEPENDENCIES = YesPlease
+
+# Set SPATCH_CONCAT_COCCI to concatenate the contrib/cocci/*.cocci
+# files into a single contrib/cocci/ALL.cocci before running
+# "coccicheck".
+#
+# Pros:
+#
+# - Speeds up a one-shot run of "make coccicheck", as we won't have to
+#   parse *.[ch] files N times for the N *.cocci rules
+#
+# Cons:
+#
+# - Will make incremental development of *.cocci slower, as
+#   e.g. changing strbuf.cocci will re-run all *.cocci.
+#
+# - Makes error and performance analysis harder, as rules will be
+#   applied from a monolithic ALL.cocci, rather than
+#   e.g. strbuf.cocci. To work around this either undefine this, or
+#   generate a specific patch, e.g. this will always use strbuf.cocci,
+#   not ALL.cocci:
+#
+#	make contrib/coccinelle/strbuf.cocci.patch
+SPATCH_CONCAT_COCCI = YesPlease
+
+# Rebuild 'coccicheck' if $(SPATCH), its flags etc. change
+TRACK_SPATCH_DEFINES =
+TRACK_SPATCH_DEFINES += $(SPATCH)
+TRACK_SPATCH_DEFINES += $(SPATCH_INCLUDE_FLAGS)
+TRACK_SPATCH_DEFINES += $(SPATCH_FLAGS)
+TRACK_SPATCH_DEFINES += $(SPATCH_TEST_FLAGS)
+GIT-SPATCH-DEFINES: FORCE
+	@FLAGS='$(TRACK_SPATCH_DEFINES)'; \
+	    if test x"$$FLAGS" != x"`cat GIT-SPATCH-DEFINES 2>/dev/null`" ; then \
+		echo >&2 "    * new spatch flags"; \
+		echo "$$FLAGS" >GIT-SPATCH-DEFINES; \
+            fi
 
 include config.mak.uname
 -include config.mak.autogen
@@ -1444,7 +1554,6 @@
 		APPLE_COMMON_CRYPTO = YesPlease
 		COMPAT_CFLAGS += -DAPPLE_COMMON_CRYPTO
 	endif
-	NO_REGEX = YesPlease
 	PTHREAD_LIBS =
 endif
 
@@ -1824,7 +1933,6 @@
 	COMPAT_CFLAGS += -DCOMMON_DIGEST_FOR_OPENSSL
 	BASIC_CFLAGS += -DSHA1_APPLE
 else
-	DC_SHA1 := YesPlease
 	BASIC_CFLAGS += -DSHA1_DC
 	LIB_OBJS += sha1dc_git.o
 ifdef DC_SHA1_EXTERNAL
@@ -2041,11 +2149,13 @@
 	COMPAT_CFLAGS += -DHAVE_FSMONITOR_DAEMON_BACKEND
 	COMPAT_OBJS += compat/fsmonitor/fsm-listen-$(FSMONITOR_DAEMON_BACKEND).o
 	COMPAT_OBJS += compat/fsmonitor/fsm-health-$(FSMONITOR_DAEMON_BACKEND).o
+	COMPAT_OBJS += compat/fsmonitor/fsm-ipc-$(FSMONITOR_DAEMON_BACKEND).o
 endif
 
 ifdef FSMONITOR_OS_SETTINGS
 	COMPAT_CFLAGS += -DHAVE_FSMONITOR_OS_SETTINGS
 	COMPAT_OBJS += compat/fsmonitor/fsm-settings-$(FSMONITOR_OS_SETTINGS).o
+	COMPAT_OBJS += compat/fsmonitor/fsm-path-utils-$(FSMONITOR_OS_SETTINGS).o
 endif
 
 ifeq ($(TCLTK_PATH),)
@@ -2982,9 +3092,9 @@
 	@echo NO_PERL=\''$(subst ','\'',$(subst ','\'',$(NO_PERL)))'\' >>$@+
 	@echo NO_PTHREADS=\''$(subst ','\'',$(subst ','\'',$(NO_PTHREADS)))'\' >>$@+
 	@echo NO_PYTHON=\''$(subst ','\'',$(subst ','\'',$(NO_PYTHON)))'\' >>$@+
+	@echo NO_REGEX=\''$(subst ','\'',$(subst ','\'',$(NO_REGEX)))'\' >>$@+
 	@echo NO_UNIX_SOCKETS=\''$(subst ','\'',$(subst ','\'',$(NO_UNIX_SOCKETS)))'\' >>$@+
 	@echo PAGER_ENV=\''$(subst ','\'',$(subst ','\'',$(PAGER_ENV)))'\' >>$@+
-	@echo DC_SHA1=\''$(subst ','\'',$(subst ','\'',$(DC_SHA1)))'\' >>$@+
 	@echo SANITIZE_LEAK=\''$(subst ','\'',$(subst ','\'',$(SANITIZE_LEAK)))'\' >>$@+
 	@echo SANITIZE_ADDRESS=\''$(subst ','\'',$(subst ','\'',$(SANITIZE_ADDRESS)))'\' >>$@+
 	@echo X=\'$(X)\' >>$@+
@@ -3040,6 +3150,7 @@
 	@echo RUNTIME_PREFIX=\'false\' >>$@+
 endif
 	@if cmp $@+ $@ >/dev/null 2>&1; then $(RM) $@+; else mv $@+ $@; fi
+	@if test -f GIT-BUILD-DIR; then rm GIT-BUILD-DIR; fi
 
 ### Detect Python interpreter path changes
 ifndef NO_PYTHON
@@ -3138,35 +3249,113 @@
 		exit 1; \
 	fi
 
+COCCI_GEN_ALL = .build/contrib/coccinelle/ALL.cocci
+COCCI_GLOB = $(wildcard contrib/coccinelle/*.cocci)
+COCCI_RULES_TRACKED = $(COCCI_GLOB:%=.build/%)
+COCCI_RULES_TRACKED_NO_PENDING = $(filter-out %.pending.cocci,$(COCCI_RULES_TRACKED))
+COCCI_RULES =
+COCCI_RULES += $(COCCI_GEN_ALL)
+COCCI_RULES += $(COCCI_RULES_TRACKED)
+COCCI_NAMES =
+COCCI_NAMES += $(COCCI_RULES:.build/contrib/coccinelle/%.cocci=%)
+
+COCCICHECK_PENDING = $(filter %.pending.cocci,$(COCCI_RULES))
+COCCICHECK = $(filter-out $(COCCICHECK_PENDING),$(COCCI_RULES))
+
+COCCICHECK_PATCHES = $(COCCICHECK:%=%.patch)
+COCCICHECK_PATCHES_PENDING = $(COCCICHECK_PENDING:%=%.patch)
+
+COCCICHECK_PATCHES_INTREE = $(COCCICHECK_PATCHES:.build/%=%)
+COCCICHECK_PATCHES_PENDING_INTREE = $(COCCICHECK_PATCHES_PENDING:.build/%=%)
+
+# It's expensive to compute the many=many rules below, only eval them
+# on $(MAKECMDGOALS) that match these $(COCCI_RULES)
+COCCI_RULES_GLOB =
+COCCI_RULES_GLOB += cocci%
+COCCI_RULES_GLOB += .build/contrib/coccinelle/%
+COCCI_RULES_GLOB += $(COCCICHECK_PATCHES)
+COCCI_RULES_GLOB += $(COCCICHEC_PATCHES_PENDING)
+COCCI_RULES_GLOB += $(COCCICHECK_PATCHES_INTREE)
+COCCI_RULES_GLOB += $(COCCICHECK_PATCHES_PENDING_INTREE)
+COCCI_GOALS = $(filter $(COCCI_RULES_GLOB),$(MAKECMDGOALS))
+
 COCCI_TEST_RES = $(wildcard contrib/coccinelle/tests/*.res)
 
-%.cocci.patch: %.cocci $(COCCI_SOURCES)
-	$(QUIET_SPATCH) \
-	if test $(SPATCH_BATCH_SIZE) = 0; then \
-		limit=; \
-	else \
-		limit='-n $(SPATCH_BATCH_SIZE)'; \
-	fi; \
-	if ! echo $(COCCI_SOURCES) | xargs $$limit \
-		$(SPATCH) $(SPATCH_FLAGS) \
-		--sp-file $< --patch . \
-		>$@+ 2>$@.log; \
+$(COCCI_RULES_TRACKED): .build/% : %
+	$(call mkdir_p_parent_template)
+	$(QUIET_CP)cp $< $@
+
+.build/contrib/coccinelle/FOUND_H_SOURCES: $(FOUND_H_SOURCES)
+	$(call mkdir_p_parent_template)
+	$(QUIET_GEN) >$@
+
+$(COCCI_GEN_ALL): $(COCCI_RULES_TRACKED_NO_PENDING)
+	$(call mkdir_p_parent_template)
+	$(QUIET_SPATCH_CAT)cat $^ >$@
+
+ifeq ($(COMPUTE_HEADER_DEPENDENCIES),no)
+SPATCH_USE_O_DEPENDENCIES =
+endif
+define cocci-rule
+
+## Rule for .build/$(1).patch/$(2); Params:
+# $(1) = e.g. ".build/contrib/coccinelle/free.cocci"
+# $(2) = e.g. "grep.c"
+# $(3) = e.g. "grep.o"
+COCCI_$(1:.build/contrib/coccinelle/%.cocci=%) += $(1).d/$(2).patch
+$(1).d/$(2).patch: GIT-SPATCH-DEFINES
+$(1).d/$(2).patch: $(if $(and $(SPATCH_USE_O_DEPENDENCIES),$(wildcard $(3))),$(3),.build/contrib/coccinelle/FOUND_H_SOURCES)
+$(1).d/$(2).patch: $(1)
+$(1).d/$(2).patch: $(1).d/%.patch : %
+	$$(call mkdir_p_parent_template)
+	$$(QUIET_SPATCH)if ! $$(SPATCH) $$(SPATCH_FLAGS) \
+		$$(SPATCH_INCLUDE_FLAGS) \
+		--sp-file $(1) --patch . $$< \
+		>$$@ 2>$$@.log; \
 	then \
-		cat $@.log; \
+		echo "ERROR when applying '$(1)' to '$$<'; '$$@.log' follows:"; \
+		cat $$@.log; \
 		exit 1; \
-	fi; \
-	mv $@+ $@; \
-	if test -s $@; \
-	then \
-		echo '    ' SPATCH result: $@; \
 	fi
+endef
+
+define cocci-matrix
+
+$(foreach s,$(COCCI_SOURCES),$(call cocci-rule,$(c),$(s),$(s:%.c=%.o)))
+endef
+
+ifdef COCCI_GOALS
+$(eval $(foreach c,$(COCCI_RULES),$(call cocci-matrix,$(c))))
+endif
+
+define spatch-rule
+
+.build/contrib/coccinelle/$(1).cocci.patch: $$(COCCI_$(1))
+	$$(QUIET_SPATCH_CAT)cat $$^ >$$@ && \
+	if test -s $$@; \
+	then \
+		echo '    ' SPATCH result: $$@; \
+	fi
+contrib/coccinelle/$(1).cocci.patch: .build/contrib/coccinelle/$(1).cocci.patch
+	$$(QUIET_CP)cp $$< $$@
+
+endef
+
+ifdef COCCI_GOALS
+$(eval $(foreach n,$(COCCI_NAMES),$(call spatch-rule,$(n))))
+endif
 
 COCCI_TEST_RES_GEN = $(addprefix .build/,$(COCCI_TEST_RES))
+$(COCCI_TEST_RES_GEN): GIT-SPATCH-DEFINES
 $(COCCI_TEST_RES_GEN): .build/%.res : %.c
 $(COCCI_TEST_RES_GEN): .build/%.res : %.res
+ifdef SPATCH_CONCAT_COCCI
+$(COCCI_TEST_RES_GEN): .build/contrib/coccinelle/tests/%.res : $(COCCI_GEN_ALL)
+else
 $(COCCI_TEST_RES_GEN): .build/contrib/coccinelle/tests/%.res : contrib/coccinelle/%.cocci
+endif
 	$(call mkdir_p_parent_template)
-	$(QUIET_SPATCH_T)$(SPATCH) $(SPATCH_FLAGS) \
+	$(QUIET_SPATCH_TEST)$(SPATCH) $(SPATCH_TEST_FLAGS) \
 		--very-quiet --no-show-diff \
 		--sp-file $< -o $@ \
 		$(@:.build/%.res=%.c) && \
@@ -3177,11 +3366,15 @@
 coccicheck-test: $(COCCI_TEST_RES_GEN)
 
 coccicheck: coccicheck-test
-coccicheck: $(addsuffix .patch,$(filter-out %.pending.cocci,$(wildcard contrib/coccinelle/*.cocci)))
+ifdef SPATCH_CONCAT_COCCI
+coccicheck: contrib/coccinelle/ALL.cocci.patch
+else
+coccicheck: $(COCCICHECK_PATCHES_INTREE)
+endif
 
 # See contrib/coccinelle/README
 coccicheck-pending: coccicheck-test
-coccicheck-pending: $(addsuffix .patch,$(wildcard contrib/coccinelle/*.pending.cocci))
+coccicheck-pending: $(COCCICHECK_PATCHES_PENDING_INTREE)
 
 .PHONY: coccicheck coccicheck-pending
 
@@ -3448,8 +3641,9 @@
 	$(RM) $(addsuffix *.gcno,$(addprefix $(PROFILE_DIR)/, $(object_dirs)))
 
 cocciclean:
+	$(RM) GIT-SPATCH-DEFINES
 	$(RM) -r .build/contrib/coccinelle
-	$(RM) contrib/coccinelle/*.cocci.patch*
+	$(RM) contrib/coccinelle/*.cocci.patch
 
 clean: profile-clean coverage-clean cocciclean
 	$(RM) -r .build
diff --git a/RelNotes b/RelNotes
index 3bac477..61b8226 120000
--- a/RelNotes
+++ b/RelNotes
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Documentation/RelNotes/2.38.3.txt
\ No newline at end of file
+Documentation/RelNotes/2.39.1.txt
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/add-interactive.c b/add-interactive.c
index f071b2a..ae1839c 100644
--- a/add-interactive.c
+++ b/add-interactive.c
@@ -530,8 +530,8 @@ static int get_modified_files(struct repository *r,
 	struct collection_status s = { 0 };
 	int i;
 
-	if (discard_index(r->index) < 0 ||
-	    repo_read_index_preload(r, ps, 0) < 0)
+	discard_index(r->index);
+	if (repo_read_index_preload(r, ps, 0) < 0)
 		return error(_("could not read index"));
 
 	prefix_item_list_clear(files);
@@ -997,18 +997,17 @@ static int run_diff(struct add_i_state *s, const struct pathspec *ps,
 	count = list_and_choose(s, files, opts);
 	opts->flags = 0;
 	if (count > 0) {
-		struct strvec args = STRVEC_INIT;
+		struct child_process cmd = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
 
-		strvec_pushl(&args, "git", "diff", "-p", "--cached",
+		strvec_pushl(&cmd.args, "git", "diff", "-p", "--cached",
 			     oid_to_hex(!is_initial ? &oid :
 					s->r->hash_algo->empty_tree),
 			     "--", NULL);
 		for (i = 0; i < files->items.nr; i++)
 			if (files->selected[i])
-				strvec_push(&args,
+				strvec_push(&cmd.args,
 					    files->items.items[i].string);
-		res = run_command_v_opt(args.v, 0);
-		strvec_clear(&args);
+		res = run_command(&cmd);
 	}
 
 	putchar('\n');
@@ -1157,8 +1156,8 @@ int run_add_i(struct repository *r, const struct pathspec *ps)
 		    _("staged"), _("unstaged"), _("path"));
 	opts.list_opts.header = header.buf;
 
-	if (discard_index(r->index) < 0 ||
-	    repo_read_index(r) < 0 ||
+	discard_index(r->index);
+	if (repo_read_index(r) < 0 ||
 	    repo_refresh_and_write_index(r, REFRESH_QUIET, 0, 1,
 					 NULL, NULL, NULL) < 0)
 		warning(_("could not refresh index"));
diff --git a/add-patch.c b/add-patch.c
index 33ecd83..a86a92e 100644
--- a/add-patch.c
+++ b/add-patch.c
@@ -1750,7 +1750,8 @@ int run_add_p(struct repository *r, enum add_p_mode mode,
 		s.mode = &patch_mode_add;
 	s.revision = revision;
 
-	if (discard_index(r->index) < 0 || repo_read_index(r) < 0 ||
+	discard_index(r->index);
+	if (repo_read_index(r) < 0 ||
 	    (!s.mode->index_only &&
 	     repo_refresh_and_write_index(r, REFRESH_QUIET, 0, 1,
 					  NULL, NULL, NULL) < 0) ||
diff --git a/apply.c b/apply.c
index 2b7cd93..bc33814 100644
--- a/apply.c
+++ b/apply.c
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ void clear_apply_state(struct apply_state *state)
 	/* &state->fn_table is cleared at the end of apply_patch() */
 }
 
-static void mute_routine(const char *msg, va_list params)
+static void mute_routine(const char *msg UNUSED, va_list params UNUSED)
 {
 	/* do nothing */
 }
@@ -386,9 +386,19 @@ static void say_patch_name(FILE *output, const char *fmt, struct patch *patch)
 
 #define SLOP (16)
 
+/*
+ * apply.c isn't equipped to handle arbitrarily large patches, because
+ * it intermingles `unsigned long` with `int` for the type used to store
+ * buffer lengths.
+ *
+ * Only process patches that are just shy of 1 GiB large in order to
+ * avoid any truncation or overflow issues.
+ */
+#define MAX_APPLY_SIZE (1024UL * 1024 * 1023)
+
 static int read_patch_file(struct strbuf *sb, int fd)
 {
-	if (strbuf_read(sb, fd, 0) < 0)
+	if (strbuf_read(sb, fd, 0) < 0 || sb->len >= MAX_APPLY_SIZE)
 		return error_errno("git apply: failed to read");
 
 	/*
@@ -892,9 +902,9 @@ static int parse_traditional_patch(struct apply_state *state,
 	return 0;
 }
 
-static int gitdiff_hdrend(struct gitdiff_data *state,
-			  const char *line,
-			  struct patch *patch)
+static int gitdiff_hdrend(struct gitdiff_data *state UNUSED,
+			  const char *line UNUSED,
+			  struct patch *patch UNUSED)
 {
 	return 1;
 }
@@ -1044,7 +1054,7 @@ static int gitdiff_renamedst(struct gitdiff_data *state,
 	return 0;
 }
 
-static int gitdiff_similarity(struct gitdiff_data *state,
+static int gitdiff_similarity(struct gitdiff_data *state UNUSED,
 			      const char *line,
 			      struct patch *patch)
 {
@@ -1054,7 +1064,7 @@ static int gitdiff_similarity(struct gitdiff_data *state,
 	return 0;
 }
 
-static int gitdiff_dissimilarity(struct gitdiff_data *state,
+static int gitdiff_dissimilarity(struct gitdiff_data *state UNUSED,
 				 const char *line,
 				 struct patch *patch)
 {
@@ -1104,9 +1114,9 @@ static int gitdiff_index(struct gitdiff_data *state,
  * This is normal for a diff that doesn't change anything: we'll fall through
  * into the next diff. Tell the parser to break out.
  */
-static int gitdiff_unrecognized(struct gitdiff_data *state,
-				const char *line,
-				struct patch *patch)
+static int gitdiff_unrecognized(struct gitdiff_data *state UNUSED,
+				const char *line UNUSED,
+				struct patch *patch UNUSED)
 {
 	return 1;
 }
diff --git a/archive-tar.c b/archive-tar.c
index 3e4822b..f8fad294 100644
--- a/archive-tar.c
+++ b/archive-tar.c
@@ -498,6 +498,7 @@ static int write_tar_filter_archive(const struct archiver *ar,
 	strvec_push(&filter.args, cmd.buf);
 	filter.use_shell = 1;
 	filter.in = -1;
+	filter.silent_exec_failure = 1;
 
 	if (start_command(&filter) < 0)
 		die_errno(_("unable to start '%s' filter"), cmd.buf);
diff --git a/archive.c b/archive.c
index cc10872..941495f 100644
--- a/archive.c
+++ b/archive.c
@@ -498,7 +498,7 @@ static void parse_treeish_arg(const char **argv,
 	ar_args->time = archive_time;
 }
 
-static void extra_file_info_clear(void *util, const char *str)
+static void extra_file_info_clear(void *util, const char *str UNUSED)
 {
 	struct extra_file_info *info = util;
 	free(info->base);
diff --git a/bisect.c b/bisect.c
index fd581b8..ec7487e 100644
--- a/bisect.c
+++ b/bisect.c
@@ -22,8 +22,6 @@ static struct oid_array skipped_revs;
 
 static struct object_id *current_bad_oid;
 
-static const char *argv_checkout[] = {"checkout", "-q", NULL, "--", NULL};
-
 static const char *term_bad;
 static const char *term_good;
 
@@ -729,20 +727,22 @@ static int is_expected_rev(const struct object_id *oid)
 enum bisect_error bisect_checkout(const struct object_id *bisect_rev,
 				  int no_checkout)
 {
-	char bisect_rev_hex[GIT_MAX_HEXSZ + 1];
 	struct commit *commit;
 	struct pretty_print_context pp = {0};
 	struct strbuf commit_msg = STRBUF_INIT;
 
-	oid_to_hex_r(bisect_rev_hex, bisect_rev);
 	update_ref(NULL, "BISECT_EXPECTED_REV", bisect_rev, NULL, 0, UPDATE_REFS_DIE_ON_ERR);
 
-	argv_checkout[2] = bisect_rev_hex;
 	if (no_checkout) {
 		update_ref(NULL, "BISECT_HEAD", bisect_rev, NULL, 0,
 			   UPDATE_REFS_DIE_ON_ERR);
 	} else {
-		if (run_command_v_opt(argv_checkout, RUN_GIT_CMD))
+		struct child_process cmd = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
+
+		cmd.git_cmd = 1;
+		strvec_pushl(&cmd.args, "checkout", "-q",
+			     oid_to_hex(bisect_rev), "--", NULL);
+		if (run_command(&cmd))
 			/*
 			 * Errors in `run_command()` itself, signaled by res < 0,
 			 * and errors in the child process, signaled by res > 0
diff --git a/builtin/add.c b/builtin/add.c
index f843729..76277df 100644
--- a/builtin/add.c
+++ b/builtin/add.c
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
  *
  * Copyright (C) 2006 Linus Torvalds
  */
-#define USE_THE_INDEX_COMPATIBILITY_MACROS
+#define USE_THE_INDEX_VARIABLE
 #include "cache.h"
 #include "config.h"
 #include "builtin.h"
@@ -42,8 +42,8 @@ static int chmod_pathspec(struct pathspec *pathspec, char flip, int show_only)
 {
 	int i, ret = 0;
 
-	for (i = 0; i < active_nr; i++) {
-		struct cache_entry *ce = active_cache[i];
+	for (i = 0; i < the_index.cache_nr; i++) {
+		struct cache_entry *ce = the_index.cache[i];
 		int err;
 
 		if (!include_sparse &&
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ static int chmod_pathspec(struct pathspec *pathspec, char flip, int show_only)
 			continue;
 
 		if (!show_only)
-			err = chmod_cache_entry(ce, flip);
+			err = chmod_index_entry(&the_index, ce, flip);
 		else
 			err = S_ISREG(ce->ce_mode) ? 0 : -1;
 
@@ -159,8 +159,8 @@ static int renormalize_tracked_files(const struct pathspec *pathspec, int flags)
 {
 	int i, retval = 0;
 
-	for (i = 0; i < active_nr; i++) {
-		struct cache_entry *ce = active_cache[i];
+	for (i = 0; i < the_index.cache_nr; i++) {
+		struct cache_entry *ce = the_index.cache[i];
 
 		if (!include_sparse &&
 		    (ce_skip_worktree(ce) ||
@@ -172,7 +172,8 @@ static int renormalize_tracked_files(const struct pathspec *pathspec, int flags)
 			continue; /* do not touch non blobs */
 		if (pathspec && !ce_path_match(&the_index, ce, pathspec, NULL))
 			continue;
-		retval |= add_file_to_cache(ce->name, flags | ADD_CACHE_RENORMALIZE);
+		retval |= add_file_to_index(&the_index, ce->name,
+					    flags | ADD_CACHE_RENORMALIZE);
 	}
 
 	return retval;
@@ -240,8 +241,8 @@ static int refresh(int verbose, const struct pathspec *pathspec)
 int run_add_interactive(const char *revision, const char *patch_mode,
 			const struct pathspec *pathspec)
 {
-	int status, i;
-	struct strvec argv = STRVEC_INIT;
+	int i;
+	struct child_process cmd = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
 	int use_builtin_add_i =
 		git_env_bool("GIT_TEST_ADD_I_USE_BUILTIN", -1);
 
@@ -272,19 +273,18 @@ int run_add_interactive(const char *revision, const char *patch_mode,
 		return !!run_add_p(the_repository, mode, revision, pathspec);
 	}
 
-	strvec_push(&argv, "add--interactive");
+	strvec_push(&cmd.args, "add--interactive");
 	if (patch_mode)
-		strvec_push(&argv, patch_mode);
+		strvec_push(&cmd.args, patch_mode);
 	if (revision)
-		strvec_push(&argv, revision);
-	strvec_push(&argv, "--");
+		strvec_push(&cmd.args, revision);
+	strvec_push(&cmd.args, "--");
 	for (i = 0; i < pathspec->nr; i++)
 		/* pass original pathspec, to be re-parsed */
-		strvec_push(&argv, pathspec->items[i].original);
+		strvec_push(&cmd.args, pathspec->items[i].original);
 
-	status = run_command_v_opt(argv.v, RUN_GIT_CMD);
-	strvec_clear(&argv);
-	return status;
+	cmd.git_cmd = 1;
+	return run_command(&cmd);
 }
 
 int interactive_add(const char **argv, const char *prefix, int patch)
@@ -312,7 +312,7 @@ static int edit_patch(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 
 	git_config(git_diff_basic_config, NULL); /* no "diff" UI options */
 
-	if (read_cache() < 0)
+	if (repo_read_index(the_repository) < 0)
 		die(_("Could not read the index"));
 
 	repo_init_revisions(the_repository, &rev, prefix);
@@ -544,7 +544,7 @@ int cmd_add(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	prepare_repo_settings(the_repository);
 	the_repository->settings.command_requires_full_index = 0;
 
-	hold_locked_index(&lock_file, LOCK_DIE_ON_ERROR);
+	repo_hold_locked_index(the_repository, &lock_file, LOCK_DIE_ON_ERROR);
 
 	/*
 	 * Check the "pathspec '%s' did not match any files" block
@@ -587,7 +587,7 @@ int cmd_add(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		 (!(addremove || take_worktree_changes)
 		  ? ADD_CACHE_IGNORE_REMOVAL : 0));
 
-	if (read_cache_preload(&pathspec) < 0)
+	if (repo_read_index_preload(the_repository, &pathspec, 0) < 0)
 		die(_("index file corrupt"));
 
 	die_in_unpopulated_submodule(&the_index, prefix);
diff --git a/builtin/am.c b/builtin/am.c
index 39fea24..30c9b3a 100644
--- a/builtin/am.c
+++ b/builtin/am.c
@@ -1519,8 +1519,8 @@ static int run_apply(const struct am_state *state, const char *index_file)
 
 	if (index_file) {
 		/* Reload index as apply_all_patches() will have modified it. */
-		discard_cache();
-		read_cache_from(index_file);
+		discard_index(&the_index);
+		read_index_from(&the_index, index_file, get_git_dir());
 	}
 
 	return 0;
@@ -1562,8 +1562,8 @@ static int fall_back_threeway(const struct am_state *state, const char *index_pa
 	if (build_fake_ancestor(state, index_path))
 		return error("could not build fake ancestor");
 
-	discard_cache();
-	read_cache_from(index_path);
+	discard_index(&the_index);
+	read_index_from(&the_index, index_path, get_git_dir());
 
 	if (write_index_as_tree(&orig_tree, &the_index, index_path, 0, NULL))
 		return error(_("Repository lacks necessary blobs to fall back on 3-way merge."));
@@ -1596,8 +1596,8 @@ static int fall_back_threeway(const struct am_state *state, const char *index_pa
 
 	say(state, stdout, _("Falling back to patching base and 3-way merge..."));
 
-	discard_cache();
-	read_cache();
+	discard_index(&the_index);
+	repo_read_index(the_repository);
 
 	/*
 	 * This is not so wrong. Depending on which base we picked, orig_tree
@@ -1781,7 +1781,8 @@ static void am_run(struct am_state *state, int resume)
 
 	unlink(am_path(state, "dirtyindex"));
 
-	if (refresh_and_write_cache(REFRESH_QUIET, 0, 0) < 0)
+	if (repo_refresh_and_write_index(the_repository, REFRESH_QUIET, 0, 0,
+					 NULL, NULL, NULL) < 0)
 		die(_("unable to write index file"));
 
 	if (repo_index_has_changes(the_repository, NULL, &sb)) {
@@ -1930,7 +1931,7 @@ static void am_resolve(struct am_state *state, int allow_empty)
 		}
 	}
 
-	if (unmerged_cache()) {
+	if (unmerged_index(&the_index)) {
 		printf_ln(_("You still have unmerged paths in your index.\n"
 			"You should 'git add' each file with resolved conflicts to mark them as such.\n"
 			"You might run `git rm` on a file to accept \"deleted by them\" for it."));
@@ -1967,9 +1968,9 @@ static int fast_forward_to(struct tree *head, struct tree *remote, int reset)
 	if (parse_tree(head) || parse_tree(remote))
 		return -1;
 
-	hold_locked_index(&lock_file, LOCK_DIE_ON_ERROR);
+	repo_hold_locked_index(the_repository, &lock_file, LOCK_DIE_ON_ERROR);
 
-	refresh_cache(REFRESH_QUIET);
+	refresh_index(&the_index, REFRESH_QUIET, NULL, NULL, NULL);
 
 	memset(&opts, 0, sizeof(opts));
 	opts.head_idx = 1;
@@ -2007,7 +2008,7 @@ static int merge_tree(struct tree *tree)
 	if (parse_tree(tree))
 		return -1;
 
-	hold_locked_index(&lock_file, LOCK_DIE_ON_ERROR);
+	repo_hold_locked_index(the_repository, &lock_file, LOCK_DIE_ON_ERROR);
 
 	memset(&opts, 0, sizeof(opts));
 	opts.head_idx = 1;
@@ -2045,7 +2046,7 @@ static int clean_index(const struct object_id *head, const struct object_id *rem
 	if (!remote_tree)
 		return error(_("Could not parse object '%s'."), oid_to_hex(remote));
 
-	read_cache_unmerged();
+	repo_read_index_unmerged(the_repository);
 
 	if (fast_forward_to(head_tree, head_tree, 1))
 		return -1;
@@ -2187,14 +2188,12 @@ static int show_patch(struct am_state *state, enum show_patch_type sub_mode)
 	int len;
 
 	if (!is_null_oid(&state->orig_commit)) {
-		const char *av[4] = { "show", NULL, "--", NULL };
-		char *new_oid_str;
-		int ret;
+		struct child_process cmd = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
 
-		av[1] = new_oid_str = xstrdup(oid_to_hex(&state->orig_commit));
-		ret = run_command_v_opt(av, RUN_GIT_CMD);
-		free(new_oid_str);
-		return ret;
+		strvec_pushl(&cmd.args, "show", oid_to_hex(&state->orig_commit),
+			     "--", NULL);
+		cmd.git_cmd = 1;
+		return run_command(&cmd);
 	}
 
 	switch (sub_mode) {
diff --git a/builtin/bisect--helper.c b/builtin/bisect--helper.c
index 28ef7ec..6e41cbd 100644
--- a/builtin/bisect--helper.c
+++ b/builtin/bisect--helper.c
@@ -220,18 +220,17 @@ static int bisect_reset(const char *commit)
 	}
 
 	if (!ref_exists("BISECT_HEAD")) {
-		struct strvec argv = STRVEC_INIT;
+		struct child_process cmd = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
 
-		strvec_pushl(&argv, "checkout", branch.buf, "--", NULL);
-		if (run_command_v_opt(argv.v, RUN_GIT_CMD)) {
+		cmd.git_cmd = 1;
+		strvec_pushl(&cmd.args, "checkout", branch.buf, "--", NULL);
+		if (run_command(&cmd)) {
 			error(_("could not check out original"
 				" HEAD '%s'. Try 'git bisect"
 				" reset <commit>'."), branch.buf);
 			strbuf_release(&branch);
-			strvec_clear(&argv);
 			return -1;
 		}
-		strvec_clear(&argv);
 	}
 
 	strbuf_release(&branch);
@@ -765,10 +764,12 @@ static enum bisect_error bisect_start(struct bisect_terms *terms, const char **a
 		strbuf_read_file(&start_head, git_path_bisect_start(), 0);
 		strbuf_trim(&start_head);
 		if (!no_checkout) {
-			const char *argv[] = { "checkout", start_head.buf,
-					       "--", NULL };
+			struct child_process cmd = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
 
-			if (run_command_v_opt(argv, RUN_GIT_CMD)) {
+			cmd.git_cmd = 1;
+			strvec_pushl(&cmd.args, "checkout", start_head.buf,
+				     "--", NULL);
+			if (run_command(&cmd)) {
 				res = error(_("checking out '%s' failed."
 						 " Try 'git bisect start "
 						 "<valid-branch>'."),
@@ -1098,40 +1099,38 @@ static enum bisect_error bisect_skip(struct bisect_terms *terms, const char **ar
 
 static int bisect_visualize(struct bisect_terms *terms, const char **argv, int argc)
 {
-	struct strvec args = STRVEC_INIT;
-	int flags = RUN_COMMAND_NO_STDIN, res = 0;
+	struct child_process cmd = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
 	struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;
 
 	if (bisect_next_check(terms, NULL) != 0)
 		return BISECT_FAILED;
 
+	cmd.no_stdin = 1;
 	if (!argc) {
 		if ((getenv("DISPLAY") || getenv("SESSIONNAME") || getenv("MSYSTEM") ||
 		     getenv("SECURITYSESSIONID")) && exists_in_PATH("gitk")) {
-			strvec_push(&args, "gitk");
+			strvec_push(&cmd.args, "gitk");
 		} else {
-			strvec_push(&args, "log");
-			flags |= RUN_GIT_CMD;
+			strvec_push(&cmd.args, "log");
+			cmd.git_cmd = 1;
 		}
 	} else {
 		if (argv[0][0] == '-') {
-			strvec_push(&args, "log");
-			flags |= RUN_GIT_CMD;
+			strvec_push(&cmd.args, "log");
+			cmd.git_cmd = 1;
 		} else if (strcmp(argv[0], "tig") && !starts_with(argv[0], "git"))
-			flags |= RUN_GIT_CMD;
+			cmd.git_cmd = 1;
 
-		strvec_pushv(&args, argv);
+		strvec_pushv(&cmd.args, argv);
 	}
 
-	strvec_pushl(&args, "--bisect", "--", NULL);
+	strvec_pushl(&cmd.args, "--bisect", "--", NULL);
 
 	strbuf_read_file(&sb, git_path_bisect_names(), 0);
-	sq_dequote_to_strvec(sb.buf, &args);
+	sq_dequote_to_strvec(sb.buf, &cmd.args);
 	strbuf_release(&sb);
 
-	res = run_command_v_opt(args.v, flags);
-	strvec_clear(&args);
-	return res;
+	return run_command(&cmd);
 }
 
 static int get_first_good(const char *refname UNUSED,
@@ -1142,8 +1141,17 @@ static int get_first_good(const char *refname UNUSED,
 	return 1;
 }
 
-static int verify_good(const struct bisect_terms *terms,
-		       const char **quoted_argv)
+static int do_bisect_run(const char *command)
+{
+	struct child_process cmd = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
+
+	printf(_("running %s\n"), command);
+	cmd.use_shell = 1;
+	strvec_push(&cmd.args, command);
+	return run_command(&cmd);
+}
+
+static int verify_good(const struct bisect_terms *terms, const char *command)
 {
 	int rc;
 	enum bisect_error res;
@@ -1163,8 +1171,7 @@ static int verify_good(const struct bisect_terms *terms,
 	if (res != BISECT_OK)
 		return -1;
 
-	printf(_("running %s\n"), quoted_argv[0]);
-	rc = run_command_v_opt(quoted_argv, RUN_USING_SHELL);
+	rc = do_bisect_run(command);
 
 	res = bisect_checkout(&current_rev, no_checkout);
 	if (res != BISECT_OK)
@@ -1177,7 +1184,6 @@ static int bisect_run(struct bisect_terms *terms, const char **argv, int argc)
 {
 	int res = BISECT_OK;
 	struct strbuf command = STRBUF_INIT;
-	struct strvec run_args = STRVEC_INIT;
 	const char *new_state;
 	int temporary_stdout_fd, saved_stdout;
 	int is_first_run = 1;
@@ -1192,11 +1198,8 @@ static int bisect_run(struct bisect_terms *terms, const char **argv, int argc)
 		return BISECT_FAILED;
 	}
 
-	strvec_push(&run_args, command.buf);
-
 	while (1) {
-		printf(_("running %s\n"), command.buf);
-		res = run_command_v_opt(run_args.v, RUN_USING_SHELL);
+		res = do_bisect_run(command.buf);
 
 		/*
 		 * Exit code 126 and 127 can either come from the shell
@@ -1206,7 +1209,7 @@ static int bisect_run(struct bisect_terms *terms, const char **argv, int argc)
 		 * missing or non-executable script.
 		 */
 		if (is_first_run && (res == 126 || res == 127)) {
-			int rc = verify_good(terms, run_args.v);
+			int rc = verify_good(terms, command.buf);
 			is_first_run = 0;
 			if (rc < 0) {
 				error(_("unable to verify '%s' on good"
@@ -1273,119 +1276,147 @@ static int bisect_run(struct bisect_terms *terms, const char **argv, int argc)
 	}
 
 	strbuf_release(&command);
-	strvec_clear(&run_args);
+	return res;
+}
+
+static int cmd_bisect__reset(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix UNUSED)
+{
+	if (argc > 1)
+		return error(_("--bisect-reset requires either no argument or a commit"));
+	return bisect_reset(argc ? argv[0] : NULL);
+}
+
+static int cmd_bisect__terms(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix UNUSED)
+{
+	int res;
+	struct bisect_terms terms = { 0 };
+
+	if (argc > 1)
+		return error(_("--bisect-terms requires 0 or 1 argument"));
+	res = bisect_terms(&terms, argc == 1 ? argv[0] : NULL);
+	free_terms(&terms);
+	return res;
+}
+
+static int cmd_bisect__start(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix UNUSED)
+{
+	int res;
+	struct bisect_terms terms = { 0 };
+
+	set_terms(&terms, "bad", "good");
+	res = bisect_start(&terms, argv, argc);
+	free_terms(&terms);
+	return res;
+}
+
+static int cmd_bisect__next(int argc, const char **argv UNUSED, const char *prefix)
+{
+	int res;
+	struct bisect_terms terms = { 0 };
+
+	if (argc)
+		return error(_("--bisect-next requires 0 arguments"));
+	get_terms(&terms);
+	res = bisect_next(&terms, prefix);
+	free_terms(&terms);
+	return res;
+}
+
+static int cmd_bisect__state(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix UNUSED)
+{
+	int res;
+	struct bisect_terms terms = { 0 };
+
+	set_terms(&terms, "bad", "good");
+	get_terms(&terms);
+	res = bisect_state(&terms, argv, argc);
+	free_terms(&terms);
+	return res;
+}
+
+static int cmd_bisect__log(int argc, const char **argv UNUSED, const char *prefix UNUSED)
+{
+	if (argc)
+		return error(_("--bisect-log requires 0 arguments"));
+	return bisect_log();
+}
+
+static int cmd_bisect__replay(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix UNUSED)
+{
+	int res;
+	struct bisect_terms terms = { 0 };
+
+	if (argc != 1)
+		return error(_("no logfile given"));
+	set_terms(&terms, "bad", "good");
+	res = bisect_replay(&terms, argv[0]);
+	free_terms(&terms);
+	return res;
+}
+
+static int cmd_bisect__skip(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix UNUSED)
+{
+	int res;
+	struct bisect_terms terms = { 0 };
+
+	set_terms(&terms, "bad", "good");
+	get_terms(&terms);
+	res = bisect_skip(&terms, argv, argc);
+	free_terms(&terms);
+	return res;
+}
+
+static int cmd_bisect__visualize(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix UNUSED)
+{
+	int res;
+	struct bisect_terms terms = { 0 };
+
+	get_terms(&terms);
+	res = bisect_visualize(&terms, argv, argc);
+	free_terms(&terms);
+	return res;
+}
+
+static int cmd_bisect__run(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix UNUSED)
+{
+	int res;
+	struct bisect_terms terms = { 0 };
+
+	if (!argc)
+		return error(_("bisect run failed: no command provided."));
+	get_terms(&terms);
+	res = bisect_run(&terms, argv, argc);
+	free_terms(&terms);
 	return res;
 }
 
 int cmd_bisect__helper(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 {
-	enum {
-		BISECT_RESET = 1,
-		BISECT_NEXT_CHECK,
-		BISECT_TERMS,
-		BISECT_START,
-		BISECT_AUTOSTART,
-		BISECT_NEXT,
-		BISECT_STATE,
-		BISECT_LOG,
-		BISECT_REPLAY,
-		BISECT_SKIP,
-		BISECT_VISUALIZE,
-		BISECT_RUN,
-	} cmdmode = 0;
-	int res = 0, nolog = 0;
+	int res = 0;
+	parse_opt_subcommand_fn *fn = NULL;
 	struct option options[] = {
-		OPT_CMDMODE(0, "bisect-reset", &cmdmode,
-			 N_("reset the bisection state"), BISECT_RESET),
-		OPT_CMDMODE(0, "bisect-next-check", &cmdmode,
-			 N_("check whether bad or good terms exist"), BISECT_NEXT_CHECK),
-		OPT_CMDMODE(0, "bisect-terms", &cmdmode,
-			 N_("print out the bisect terms"), BISECT_TERMS),
-		OPT_CMDMODE(0, "bisect-start", &cmdmode,
-			 N_("start the bisect session"), BISECT_START),
-		OPT_CMDMODE(0, "bisect-next", &cmdmode,
-			 N_("find the next bisection commit"), BISECT_NEXT),
-		OPT_CMDMODE(0, "bisect-state", &cmdmode,
-			 N_("mark the state of ref (or refs)"), BISECT_STATE),
-		OPT_CMDMODE(0, "bisect-log", &cmdmode,
-			 N_("list the bisection steps so far"), BISECT_LOG),
-		OPT_CMDMODE(0, "bisect-replay", &cmdmode,
-			 N_("replay the bisection process from the given file"), BISECT_REPLAY),
-		OPT_CMDMODE(0, "bisect-skip", &cmdmode,
-			 N_("skip some commits for checkout"), BISECT_SKIP),
-		OPT_CMDMODE(0, "bisect-visualize", &cmdmode,
-			 N_("visualize the bisection"), BISECT_VISUALIZE),
-		OPT_CMDMODE(0, "bisect-run", &cmdmode,
-			 N_("use <cmd>... to automatically bisect"), BISECT_RUN),
-		OPT_BOOL(0, "no-log", &nolog,
-			 N_("no log for BISECT_WRITE")),
+		OPT_SUBCOMMAND("reset", &fn, cmd_bisect__reset),
+		OPT_SUBCOMMAND("terms", &fn, cmd_bisect__terms),
+		OPT_SUBCOMMAND("start", &fn, cmd_bisect__start),
+		OPT_SUBCOMMAND("next", &fn, cmd_bisect__next),
+		OPT_SUBCOMMAND("state", &fn, cmd_bisect__state),
+		OPT_SUBCOMMAND("log", &fn, cmd_bisect__log),
+		OPT_SUBCOMMAND("replay", &fn, cmd_bisect__replay),
+		OPT_SUBCOMMAND("skip", &fn, cmd_bisect__skip),
+		OPT_SUBCOMMAND("visualize", &fn, cmd_bisect__visualize),
+		OPT_SUBCOMMAND("view", &fn, cmd_bisect__visualize),
+		OPT_SUBCOMMAND("run", &fn, cmd_bisect__run),
 		OPT_END()
 	};
-	struct bisect_terms terms = { .term_good = NULL, .term_bad = NULL };
-
 	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, options,
-			     git_bisect_helper_usage,
-			     PARSE_OPT_KEEP_DASHDASH | PARSE_OPT_KEEP_UNKNOWN_OPT);
+			     git_bisect_helper_usage, 0);
 
-	if (!cmdmode)
+	if (!fn)
 		usage_with_options(git_bisect_helper_usage, options);
+	argc--;
+	argv++;
 
-	switch (cmdmode) {
-	case BISECT_RESET:
-		if (argc > 1)
-			return error(_("--bisect-reset requires either no argument or a commit"));
-		res = bisect_reset(argc ? argv[0] : NULL);
-		break;
-	case BISECT_TERMS:
-		if (argc > 1)
-			return error(_("--bisect-terms requires 0 or 1 argument"));
-		res = bisect_terms(&terms, argc == 1 ? argv[0] : NULL);
-		break;
-	case BISECT_START:
-		set_terms(&terms, "bad", "good");
-		res = bisect_start(&terms, argv, argc);
-		break;
-	case BISECT_NEXT:
-		if (argc)
-			return error(_("--bisect-next requires 0 arguments"));
-		get_terms(&terms);
-		res = bisect_next(&terms, prefix);
-		break;
-	case BISECT_STATE:
-		set_terms(&terms, "bad", "good");
-		get_terms(&terms);
-		res = bisect_state(&terms, argv, argc);
-		break;
-	case BISECT_LOG:
-		if (argc)
-			return error(_("--bisect-log requires 0 arguments"));
-		res = bisect_log();
-		break;
-	case BISECT_REPLAY:
-		if (argc != 1)
-			return error(_("no logfile given"));
-		set_terms(&terms, "bad", "good");
-		res = bisect_replay(&terms, argv[0]);
-		break;
-	case BISECT_SKIP:
-		set_terms(&terms, "bad", "good");
-		get_terms(&terms);
-		res = bisect_skip(&terms, argv, argc);
-		break;
-	case BISECT_VISUALIZE:
-		get_terms(&terms);
-		res = bisect_visualize(&terms, argv, argc);
-		break;
-	case BISECT_RUN:
-		if (!argc)
-			return error(_("bisect run failed: no command provided."));
-		get_terms(&terms);
-		res = bisect_run(&terms, argv, argc);
-		break;
-	default:
-		BUG("unknown subcommand %d", cmdmode);
-	}
-	free_terms(&terms);
+	res = fn(argc, argv, prefix);
 
 	/*
 	 * Handle early success
diff --git a/builtin/blame.c b/builtin/blame.c
index a9fe8cf..71f925e 100644
--- a/builtin/blame.c
+++ b/builtin/blame.c
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@
 #include "tag.h"
 
 static char blame_usage[] = N_("git blame [<options>] [<rev-opts>] [<rev>] [--] <file>");
+static char annotate_usage[] = N_("git annotate [<options>] [<rev-opts>] [<rev>] [--] <file>");
 
 static const char *blame_opt_usage[] = {
 	blame_usage,
@@ -38,6 +39,13 @@ static const char *blame_opt_usage[] = {
 	NULL
 };
 
+static const char *annotate_opt_usage[] = {
+	annotate_usage,
+	"",
+	N_("<rev-opts> are documented in git-rev-list(1)"),
+	NULL
+};
+
 static int longest_file;
 static int longest_author;
 static int max_orig_digits;
@@ -899,6 +907,8 @@ int cmd_blame(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	long anchor;
 	const int hexsz = the_hash_algo->hexsz;
 	long num_lines = 0;
+	const char *str_usage = cmd_is_annotate ? annotate_usage : blame_usage;
+	const char **opt_usage = cmd_is_annotate ? annotate_opt_usage : blame_opt_usage;
 
 	setup_default_color_by_age();
 	git_config(git_blame_config, &output_option);
@@ -914,7 +924,7 @@ int cmd_blame(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	parse_options_start(&ctx, argc, argv, prefix, options,
 			    PARSE_OPT_KEEP_DASHDASH | PARSE_OPT_KEEP_ARGV0);
 	for (;;) {
-		switch (parse_options_step(&ctx, options, blame_opt_usage)) {
+		switch (parse_options_step(&ctx, options, opt_usage)) {
 		case PARSE_OPT_NON_OPTION:
 		case PARSE_OPT_UNKNOWN:
 			break;
@@ -934,7 +944,7 @@ int cmd_blame(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 			ctx.argv[0] = "--children";
 			reverse = 1;
 		}
-		parse_revision_opt(&revs, &ctx, options, blame_opt_usage);
+		parse_revision_opt(&revs, &ctx, options, opt_usage);
 	}
 parse_done:
 	revision_opts_finish(&revs);
@@ -1040,7 +1050,7 @@ int cmd_blame(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		switch (argc - dashdash_pos - 1) {
 		case 2: /* (1b) */
 			if (argc != 4)
-				usage_with_options(blame_opt_usage, options);
+				usage_with_options(opt_usage, options);
 			/* reorder for the new way: <rev> -- <path> */
 			argv[1] = argv[3];
 			argv[3] = argv[2];
@@ -1051,11 +1061,11 @@ int cmd_blame(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 			argv[argc] = NULL;
 			break;
 		default:
-			usage_with_options(blame_opt_usage, options);
+			usage_with_options(opt_usage, options);
 		}
 	} else {
 		if (argc < 2)
-			usage_with_options(blame_opt_usage, options);
+			usage_with_options(opt_usage, options);
 		if (argc == 3 && is_a_rev(argv[argc - 1])) { /* (2b) */
 			path = add_prefix(prefix, argv[1]);
 			argv[1] = argv[2];
@@ -1113,7 +1123,7 @@ int cmd_blame(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 				    nth_line_cb, &sb, lno, anchor,
 				    &bottom, &top, sb.path,
 				    the_repository->index))
-			usage(blame_usage);
+			usage(str_usage);
 		if ((!lno && (top || bottom)) || lno < bottom)
 			die(Q_("file %s has only %lu line",
 			       "file %s has only %lu lines",
diff --git a/builtin/branch.c b/builtin/branch.c
index e0e0af4..9470c98 100644
--- a/builtin/branch.c
+++ b/builtin/branch.c
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ static int branch_merged(int kind, const char *name,
 	if (!reference_rev)
 		reference_rev = head_rev;
 
-	merged = in_merge_bases(rev, reference_rev);
+	merged = reference_rev ? in_merge_bases(rev, reference_rev) : 0;
 
 	/*
 	 * After the safety valve is fully redefined to "check with
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ static int branch_merged(int kind, const char *name,
 	 * a gentle reminder is in order.
 	 */
 	if ((head_rev != reference_rev) &&
-	    in_merge_bases(rev, head_rev) != merged) {
+	    (head_rev ? in_merge_bases(rev, head_rev) : 0) != merged) {
 		if (merged)
 			warning(_("deleting branch '%s' that has been merged to\n"
 				"         '%s', but not yet merged to HEAD."),
@@ -235,11 +235,8 @@ static int delete_branches(int argc, const char **argv, int force, int kinds,
 	}
 	branch_name_pos = strcspn(fmt, "%");
 
-	if (!force) {
+	if (!force)
 		head_rev = lookup_commit_reference(the_repository, &head_oid);
-		if (!head_rev)
-			die(_("Couldn't look up commit object for HEAD"));
-	}
 
 	for (i = 0; i < argc; i++, strbuf_reset(&bname)) {
 		char *target = NULL;
@@ -520,13 +517,6 @@ static void copy_or_rename_branch(const char *oldname, const char *newname, int
 	const char *interpreted_newname = NULL;
 	int recovery = 0;
 
-	if (!oldname) {
-		if (copy)
-			die(_("cannot copy the current branch while not on any."));
-		else
-			die(_("cannot rename the current branch while not on any."));
-	}
-
 	if (strbuf_check_branch_ref(&oldref, oldname)) {
 		/*
 		 * Bad name --- this could be an attempt to rename a
@@ -800,53 +790,56 @@ int cmd_branch(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	} else if (edit_description) {
 		const char *branch_name;
 		struct strbuf branch_ref = STRBUF_INIT;
+		struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
+		int ret = 1; /* assume failure */
 
 		if (!argc) {
 			if (filter.detached)
 				die(_("Cannot give description to detached HEAD"));
 			branch_name = head;
-		} else if (argc == 1)
-			branch_name = argv[0];
-		else
+		} else if (argc == 1) {
+			strbuf_branchname(&buf, argv[0], INTERPRET_BRANCH_LOCAL);
+			branch_name = buf.buf;
+		} else {
 			die(_("cannot edit description of more than one branch"));
+		}
 
 		strbuf_addf(&branch_ref, "refs/heads/%s", branch_name);
-		if (!ref_exists(branch_ref.buf)) {
-			strbuf_release(&branch_ref);
+		if (!ref_exists(branch_ref.buf))
+			error((!argc || !strcmp(head, branch_name))
+			      ? _("No commit on branch '%s' yet.")
+			      : _("No branch named '%s'."),
+			      branch_name);
+		else if (!edit_branch_description(branch_name))
+			ret = 0; /* happy */
 
-			if (!argc || !strcmp(head, branch_name))
-				return error(_("No commit on branch '%s' yet."),
-					     branch_name);
-			else
-				return error(_("No branch named '%s'."),
-					     branch_name);
-		}
 		strbuf_release(&branch_ref);
+		strbuf_release(&buf);
 
-		if (edit_branch_description(branch_name))
-			return 1;
-	} else if (copy) {
+		return ret;
+	} else if (copy || rename) {
 		if (!argc)
 			die(_("branch name required"));
+		else if ((argc == 1) && filter.detached)
+			die(copy? _("cannot copy the current branch while not on any.")
+				: _("cannot rename the current branch while not on any."));
 		else if (argc == 1)
-			copy_or_rename_branch(head, argv[0], 1, copy > 1);
+			copy_or_rename_branch(head, argv[0], copy, copy + rename > 1);
 		else if (argc == 2)
-			copy_or_rename_branch(argv[0], argv[1], 1, copy > 1);
+			copy_or_rename_branch(argv[0], argv[1], copy, copy + rename > 1);
 		else
-			die(_("too many branches for a copy operation"));
-	} else if (rename) {
-		if (!argc)
-			die(_("branch name required"));
-		else if (argc == 1)
-			copy_or_rename_branch(head, argv[0], 0, rename > 1);
-		else if (argc == 2)
-			copy_or_rename_branch(argv[0], argv[1], 0, rename > 1);
-		else
-			die(_("too many arguments for a rename operation"));
+			die(copy? _("too many branches for a copy operation")
+				: _("too many arguments for a rename operation"));
 	} else if (new_upstream) {
-		struct branch *branch = branch_get(argv[0]);
+		struct branch *branch;
+		struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
 
-		if (argc > 1)
+		if (!argc)
+			branch = branch_get(NULL);
+		else if (argc == 1) {
+			strbuf_branchname(&buf, argv[0], INTERPRET_BRANCH_LOCAL);
+			branch = branch_get(buf.buf);
+		} else
 			die(_("too many arguments to set new upstream"));
 
 		if (!branch) {
@@ -866,11 +859,17 @@ int cmd_branch(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		dwim_and_setup_tracking(the_repository, branch->name,
 					new_upstream, BRANCH_TRACK_OVERRIDE,
 					quiet);
+		strbuf_release(&buf);
 	} else if (unset_upstream) {
-		struct branch *branch = branch_get(argv[0]);
+		struct branch *branch;
 		struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
 
-		if (argc > 1)
+		if (!argc)
+			branch = branch_get(NULL);
+		else if (argc == 1) {
+			strbuf_branchname(&buf, argv[0], INTERPRET_BRANCH_LOCAL);
+			branch = branch_get(buf.buf);
+		} else
 			die(_("too many arguments to unset upstream"));
 
 		if (!branch) {
@@ -883,6 +882,7 @@ int cmd_branch(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		if (!branch_has_merge_config(branch))
 			die(_("Branch '%s' has no upstream information"), branch->name);
 
+		strbuf_reset(&buf);
 		strbuf_addf(&buf, "branch.%s.remote", branch->name);
 		git_config_set_multivar(buf.buf, NULL, NULL, CONFIG_FLAGS_MULTI_REPLACE);
 		strbuf_reset(&buf);
diff --git a/builtin/bugreport.c b/builtin/bugreport.c
index 530895b..9605254 100644
--- a/builtin/bugreport.c
+++ b/builtin/bugreport.c
@@ -60,7 +60,8 @@ static void get_populated_hooks(struct strbuf *hook_info, int nongit)
 }
 
 static const char * const bugreport_usage[] = {
-	N_("git bugreport [-o|--output-directory <file>] [-s|--suffix <format>] [--diagnose[=<mode>]"),
+	N_("git bugreport [(-o | --output-directory) <path>] [(-s | --suffix) <format>]\n"
+	   "              [--diagnose[=<mode>]]"),
 	NULL
 };
 
diff --git a/builtin/bundle.c b/builtin/bundle.c
index e80efce..c12c09f 100644
--- a/builtin/bundle.c
+++ b/builtin/bundle.c
@@ -11,32 +11,42 @@
  * bundle supporting "fetch", "pull", and "ls-remote".
  */
 
-static const char * const builtin_bundle_usage[] = {
-  N_("git bundle create [<options>] <file> <git-rev-list args>"),
-  N_("git bundle verify [<options>] <file>"),
-  N_("git bundle list-heads <file> [<refname>...]"),
-  N_("git bundle unbundle <file> [<refname>...]"),
-  NULL
+#define BUILTIN_BUNDLE_CREATE_USAGE \
+	N_("git bundle create [-q | --quiet | --progress | --all-progress] [--all-progress-implied]\n" \
+	   "                  [--version=<version>] <file> <git-rev-list-args>")
+#define BUILTIN_BUNDLE_VERIFY_USAGE \
+	N_("git bundle verify [-q | --quiet] <file>")
+#define BUILTIN_BUNDLE_LIST_HEADS_USAGE \
+	N_("git bundle list-heads <file> [<refname>...]")
+#define BUILTIN_BUNDLE_UNBUNDLE_USAGE \
+	N_("git bundle unbundle [--progress] <file> [<refname>...]")
+
+static char const * const builtin_bundle_usage[] = {
+	BUILTIN_BUNDLE_CREATE_USAGE,
+	BUILTIN_BUNDLE_VERIFY_USAGE,
+	BUILTIN_BUNDLE_LIST_HEADS_USAGE,
+	BUILTIN_BUNDLE_UNBUNDLE_USAGE,
+	NULL,
 };
 
 static const char * const builtin_bundle_create_usage[] = {
-  N_("git bundle create [<options>] <file> <git-rev-list args>"),
-  NULL
+	BUILTIN_BUNDLE_CREATE_USAGE,
+	NULL
 };
 
 static const char * const builtin_bundle_verify_usage[] = {
-  N_("git bundle verify [<options>] <file>"),
-  NULL
+	BUILTIN_BUNDLE_VERIFY_USAGE,
+	NULL
 };
 
 static const char * const builtin_bundle_list_heads_usage[] = {
-  N_("git bundle list-heads <file> [<refname>...]"),
-  NULL
+	BUILTIN_BUNDLE_LIST_HEADS_USAGE,
+	NULL
 };
 
 static const char * const builtin_bundle_unbundle_usage[] = {
-  N_("git bundle unbundle <file> [<refname>...]"),
-  NULL
+	BUILTIN_BUNDLE_UNBUNDLE_USAGE,
+	NULL
 };
 
 static int parse_options_cmd_bundle(int argc,
@@ -119,7 +129,8 @@ static int cmd_bundle_verify(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix) {
 		goto cleanup;
 	}
 	close(bundle_fd);
-	if (verify_bundle(the_repository, &header, !quiet)) {
+	if (verify_bundle(the_repository, &header,
+			  quiet ? VERIFY_BUNDLE_QUIET : VERIFY_BUNDLE_VERBOSE)) {
 		ret = 1;
 		goto cleanup;
 	}
@@ -185,7 +196,7 @@ static int cmd_bundle_unbundle(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		strvec_pushl(&extra_index_pack_args, "-v", "--progress-title",
 			     _("Unbundling objects"), NULL);
 	ret = !!unbundle(the_repository, &header, bundle_fd,
-			 &extra_index_pack_args) ||
+			 &extra_index_pack_args, 0) ||
 		list_bundle_refs(&header, argc, argv);
 	bundle_header_release(&header);
 cleanup:
diff --git a/builtin/cat-file.c b/builtin/cat-file.c
index 989eee0..b3be58b 100644
--- a/builtin/cat-file.c
+++ b/builtin/cat-file.c
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
  *
  * Copyright (C) Linus Torvalds, 2005
  */
-#define USE_THE_INDEX_COMPATIBILITY_MACROS
+#define USE_THE_INDEX_VARIABLE
 #include "cache.h"
 #include "config.h"
 #include "builtin.h"
@@ -893,7 +893,7 @@ int cmd_cat_file(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		N_("git cat-file (-t | -s) [--allow-unknown-type] <object>"),
 		N_("git cat-file (--batch | --batch-check | --batch-command) [--batch-all-objects]\n"
 		   "             [--buffer] [--follow-symlinks] [--unordered]\n"
-		   "             [--textconv | --filters]"),
+		   "             [--textconv | --filters] [-z]"),
 		N_("git cat-file (--textconv | --filters)\n"
 		   "             [<rev>:<path|tree-ish> | --path=<path|tree-ish> <rev>]"),
 		NULL
diff --git a/builtin/check-attr.c b/builtin/check-attr.c
index dd83397..0fef10e 100644
--- a/builtin/check-attr.c
+++ b/builtin/check-attr.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#define USE_THE_INDEX_COMPATIBILITY_MACROS
+#define USE_THE_INDEX_VARIABLE
 #include "builtin.h"
 #include "cache.h"
 #include "config.h"
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ int cmd_check_attr(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, check_attr_options,
 			     check_attr_usage, PARSE_OPT_KEEP_DASHDASH);
 
-	if (read_cache() < 0) {
+	if (repo_read_index(the_repository) < 0) {
 		die("invalid cache");
 	}
 
diff --git a/builtin/check-ignore.c b/builtin/check-ignore.c
index 2191256..ab77606 100644
--- a/builtin/check-ignore.c
+++ b/builtin/check-ignore.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#define USE_THE_INDEX_COMPATIBILITY_MACROS
+#define USE_THE_INDEX_VARIABLE
 #include "builtin.h"
 #include "cache.h"
 #include "config.h"
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ int cmd_check_ignore(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		die(_("--non-matching is only valid with --verbose"));
 
 	/* read_cache() is only necessary so we can watch out for submodules. */
-	if (!no_index && read_cache() < 0)
+	if (!no_index && repo_read_index(the_repository) < 0)
 		die(_("index file corrupt"));
 
 	setup_standard_excludes(&dir);
diff --git a/builtin/checkout-index.c b/builtin/checkout-index.c
index 97e06e8..cf6fba9 100644
--- a/builtin/checkout-index.c
+++ b/builtin/checkout-index.c
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
  * Copyright (C) 2005 Linus Torvalds
  *
  */
-#define USE_THE_INDEX_COMPATIBILITY_MACROS
+#define USE_THE_INDEX_VARIABLE
 #include "builtin.h"
 #include "config.h"
 #include "dir.h"
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ static void write_tempfile_record(const char *name, const char *prefix)
 static int checkout_file(const char *name, const char *prefix)
 {
 	int namelen = strlen(name);
-	int pos = cache_name_pos(name, namelen);
+	int pos = index_name_pos(&the_index, name, namelen);
 	int has_same_name = 0;
 	int is_file = 0;
 	int is_skipped = 1;
@@ -75,8 +75,8 @@ static int checkout_file(const char *name, const char *prefix)
 	if (pos < 0)
 		pos = -pos - 1;
 
-	while (pos < active_nr) {
-		struct cache_entry *ce = active_cache[pos];
+	while (pos < the_index.cache_nr) {
+		struct cache_entry *ce = the_index.cache[pos];
 		if (ce_namelen(ce) != namelen ||
 		    memcmp(ce->name, name, namelen))
 			break;
@@ -136,8 +136,8 @@ static int checkout_all(const char *prefix, int prefix_length)
 	int i, errs = 0;
 	struct cache_entry *last_ce = NULL;
 
-	for (i = 0; i < active_nr ; i++) {
-		struct cache_entry *ce = active_cache[i];
+	for (i = 0; i < the_index.cache_nr ; i++) {
+		struct cache_entry *ce = the_index.cache[i];
 
 		if (S_ISSPARSEDIR(ce->ce_mode)) {
 			if (!ce_skip_worktree(ce))
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ static int checkout_all(const char *prefix, int prefix_length)
 			 */
 			if (ignore_skip_worktree) {
 				ensure_full_index(&the_index);
-				ce = active_cache[i];
+				ce = the_index.cache[i];
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ int cmd_checkout_index(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	prepare_repo_settings(the_repository);
 	the_repository->settings.command_requires_full_index = 0;
 
-	if (read_cache() < 0) {
+	if (repo_read_index(the_repository) < 0) {
 		die("invalid cache");
 	}
 
@@ -270,7 +270,8 @@ int cmd_checkout_index(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	if (index_opt && !state.base_dir_len && !to_tempfile) {
 		state.refresh_cache = 1;
 		state.istate = &the_index;
-		hold_locked_index(&lock_file, LOCK_DIE_ON_ERROR);
+		repo_hold_locked_index(the_repository, &lock_file,
+				       LOCK_DIE_ON_ERROR);
 	}
 
 	get_parallel_checkout_configs(&pc_workers, &pc_threshold);
diff --git a/builtin/checkout.c b/builtin/checkout.c
index 2a13239..3fa29a0 100644
--- a/builtin/checkout.c
+++ b/builtin/checkout.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#define USE_THE_INDEX_COMPATIBILITY_MACROS
+#define USE_THE_INDEX_VARIABLE
 #include "builtin.h"
 #include "advice.h"
 #include "blob.h"
@@ -148,9 +148,9 @@ static int update_some(const struct object_id *oid, struct strbuf *base,
 	 * entry in place. Whether it is UPTODATE or not, checkout_entry will
 	 * do the right thing.
 	 */
-	pos = cache_name_pos(ce->name, ce->ce_namelen);
+	pos = index_name_pos(&the_index, ce->name, ce->ce_namelen);
 	if (pos >= 0) {
-		struct cache_entry *old = active_cache[pos];
+		struct cache_entry *old = the_index.cache[pos];
 		if (ce->ce_mode == old->ce_mode &&
 		    !ce_intent_to_add(old) &&
 		    oideq(&ce->oid, &old->oid)) {
@@ -160,7 +160,8 @@ static int update_some(const struct object_id *oid, struct strbuf *base,
 		}
 	}
 
-	add_cache_entry(ce, ADD_CACHE_OK_TO_ADD | ADD_CACHE_OK_TO_REPLACE);
+	add_index_entry(&the_index, ce,
+			ADD_CACHE_OK_TO_ADD | ADD_CACHE_OK_TO_REPLACE);
 	return 0;
 }
 
@@ -178,8 +179,8 @@ static int read_tree_some(struct tree *tree, const struct pathspec *pathspec)
 
 static int skip_same_name(const struct cache_entry *ce, int pos)
 {
-	while (++pos < active_nr &&
-	       !strcmp(active_cache[pos]->name, ce->name))
+	while (++pos < the_index.cache_nr &&
+	       !strcmp(the_index.cache[pos]->name, ce->name))
 		; /* skip */
 	return pos;
 }
@@ -187,9 +188,9 @@ static int skip_same_name(const struct cache_entry *ce, int pos)
 static int check_stage(int stage, const struct cache_entry *ce, int pos,
 		       int overlay_mode)
 {
-	while (pos < active_nr &&
-	       !strcmp(active_cache[pos]->name, ce->name)) {
-		if (ce_stage(active_cache[pos]) == stage)
+	while (pos < the_index.cache_nr &&
+	       !strcmp(the_index.cache[pos]->name, ce->name)) {
+		if (ce_stage(the_index.cache[pos]) == stage)
 			return 0;
 		pos++;
 	}
@@ -206,8 +207,8 @@ static int check_stages(unsigned stages, const struct cache_entry *ce, int pos)
 	unsigned seen = 0;
 	const char *name = ce->name;
 
-	while (pos < active_nr) {
-		ce = active_cache[pos];
+	while (pos < the_index.cache_nr) {
+		ce = the_index.cache[pos];
 		if (strcmp(name, ce->name))
 			break;
 		seen |= (1 << ce_stage(ce));
@@ -223,10 +224,10 @@ static int checkout_stage(int stage, const struct cache_entry *ce, int pos,
 			  const struct checkout *state, int *nr_checkouts,
 			  int overlay_mode)
 {
-	while (pos < active_nr &&
-	       !strcmp(active_cache[pos]->name, ce->name)) {
-		if (ce_stage(active_cache[pos]) == stage)
-			return checkout_entry(active_cache[pos], state,
+	while (pos < the_index.cache_nr &&
+	       !strcmp(the_index.cache[pos]->name, ce->name)) {
+		if (ce_stage(the_index.cache[pos]) == stage)
+			return checkout_entry(the_index.cache[pos], state,
 					      NULL, nr_checkouts);
 		pos++;
 	}
@@ -243,7 +244,7 @@ static int checkout_stage(int stage, const struct cache_entry *ce, int pos,
 static int checkout_merged(int pos, const struct checkout *state,
 			   int *nr_checkouts, struct mem_pool *ce_mem_pool)
 {
-	struct cache_entry *ce = active_cache[pos];
+	struct cache_entry *ce = the_index.cache[pos];
 	const char *path = ce->name;
 	mmfile_t ancestor, ours, theirs;
 	enum ll_merge_result merge_status;
@@ -256,7 +257,7 @@ static int checkout_merged(int pos, const struct checkout *state,
 	int renormalize = 0;
 
 	memset(threeway, 0, sizeof(threeway));
-	while (pos < active_nr) {
+	while (pos < the_index.cache_nr) {
 		int stage;
 		stage = ce_stage(ce);
 		if (!stage || strcmp(path, ce->name))
@@ -265,7 +266,7 @@ static int checkout_merged(int pos, const struct checkout *state,
 		if (stage == 2)
 			mode = create_ce_mode(ce->ce_mode);
 		pos++;
-		ce = active_cache[pos];
+		ce = the_index.cache[pos];
 	}
 	if (is_null_oid(&threeway[1]) || is_null_oid(&threeway[2]))
 		return error(_("path '%s' does not have necessary versions"), path);
@@ -391,8 +392,8 @@ static int checkout_worktree(const struct checkout_opts *opts,
 	if (pc_workers > 1)
 		init_parallel_checkout();
 
-	for (pos = 0; pos < active_nr; pos++) {
-		struct cache_entry *ce = active_cache[pos];
+	for (pos = 0; pos < the_index.cache_nr; pos++) {
+		struct cache_entry *ce = the_index.cache[pos];
 		if (ce->ce_flags & CE_MATCHED) {
 			if (!ce_stage(ce)) {
 				errs |= checkout_entry(ce, &state,
@@ -528,7 +529,7 @@ static int checkout_paths(const struct checkout_opts *opts,
 	}
 
 	repo_hold_locked_index(the_repository, &lock_file, LOCK_DIE_ON_ERROR);
-	if (read_cache_preload(&opts->pathspec) < 0)
+	if (repo_read_index_preload(the_repository, &opts->pathspec, 0) < 0)
 		return error(_("index file corrupt"));
 
 	if (opts->source_tree)
@@ -540,13 +541,13 @@ static int checkout_paths(const struct checkout_opts *opts,
 	 * Make sure all pathspecs participated in locating the paths
 	 * to be checked out.
 	 */
-	for (pos = 0; pos < active_nr; pos++)
+	for (pos = 0; pos < the_index.cache_nr; pos++)
 		if (opts->overlay_mode)
-			mark_ce_for_checkout_overlay(active_cache[pos],
+			mark_ce_for_checkout_overlay(the_index.cache[pos],
 						     ps_matched,
 						     opts);
 		else
-			mark_ce_for_checkout_no_overlay(active_cache[pos],
+			mark_ce_for_checkout_no_overlay(the_index.cache[pos],
 							ps_matched,
 							opts);
 
@@ -561,8 +562,8 @@ static int checkout_paths(const struct checkout_opts *opts,
 		unmerge_marked_index(&the_index);
 
 	/* Any unmerged paths? */
-	for (pos = 0; pos < active_nr; pos++) {
-		const struct cache_entry *ce = active_cache[pos];
+	for (pos = 0; pos < the_index.cache_nr; pos++) {
+		const struct cache_entry *ce = the_index.cache[pos];
 		if (ce->ce_flags & CE_MATCHED) {
 			if (!ce_stage(ce))
 				continue;
@@ -722,7 +723,7 @@ static void init_topts(struct unpack_trees_options *topts, int merge,
 
 	setup_unpack_trees_porcelain(topts, "checkout");
 
-	topts->initial_checkout = is_cache_unborn();
+	topts->initial_checkout = is_index_unborn(&the_index);
 	topts->update = 1;
 	topts->merge = 1;
 	topts->quiet = merge && old_commit;
@@ -740,11 +741,11 @@ static int merge_working_tree(const struct checkout_opts *opts,
 	struct lock_file lock_file = LOCK_INIT;
 	struct tree *new_tree;
 
-	hold_locked_index(&lock_file, LOCK_DIE_ON_ERROR);
-	if (read_cache_preload(NULL) < 0)
+	repo_hold_locked_index(the_repository, &lock_file, LOCK_DIE_ON_ERROR);
+	if (repo_read_index_preload(the_repository, NULL, 0) < 0)
 		return error(_("index file corrupt"));
 
-	resolve_undo_clear();
+	resolve_undo_clear_index(&the_index);
 	if (opts->new_orphan_branch && opts->orphan_from_empty_tree) {
 		if (new_branch_info->commit)
 			BUG("'switch --orphan' should never accept a commit as starting point");
@@ -761,9 +762,9 @@ static int merge_working_tree(const struct checkout_opts *opts,
 		struct unpack_trees_options topts;
 		const struct object_id *old_commit_oid;
 
-		refresh_cache(REFRESH_QUIET);
+		refresh_index(&the_index, REFRESH_QUIET, NULL, NULL, NULL);
 
-		if (unmerged_cache()) {
+		if (unmerged_index(&the_index)) {
 			error(_("you need to resolve your current index first"));
 			return 1;
 		}
@@ -867,7 +868,7 @@ static int merge_working_tree(const struct checkout_opts *opts,
 		}
 	}
 
-	if (!cache_tree_fully_valid(active_cache_tree))
+	if (!cache_tree_fully_valid(the_index.cache_tree))
 		cache_tree_update(&the_index, WRITE_TREE_SILENT | WRITE_TREE_REPAIR);
 
 	if (write_locked_index(&the_index, &lock_file, COMMIT_LOCK))
diff --git a/builtin/clean.c b/builtin/clean.c
index 5466636..b2701a2 100644
--- a/builtin/clean.c
+++ b/builtin/clean.c
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
  * Based on git-clean.sh by Pavel Roskin
  */
 
-#define USE_THE_INDEX_COMPATIBILITY_MACROS
+#define USE_THE_INDEX_VARIABLE
 #include "builtin.h"
 #include "cache.h"
 #include "config.h"
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ static struct string_list del_list = STRING_LIST_INIT_DUP;
 static unsigned int colopts;
 
 static const char *const builtin_clean_usage[] = {
-	N_("git clean [-d] [-f] [-i] [-n] [-q] [-e <pattern>] [-x | -X] [--] <paths>..."),
+	N_("git clean [-d] [-f] [-i] [-n] [-q] [-e <pattern>] [-x | -X] [--] [<pathspec>...]"),
 	NULL
 };
 
@@ -1012,7 +1012,7 @@ int cmd_clean(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	prepare_repo_settings(the_repository);
 	the_repository->settings.command_requires_full_index = 0;
 
-	if (read_cache() < 0)
+	if (repo_read_index(the_repository) < 0)
 		die(_("index file corrupt"));
 
 	pl = add_pattern_list(&dir, EXC_CMDL, "--exclude option");
@@ -1031,7 +1031,7 @@ int cmd_clean(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		struct stat st;
 		const char *rel;
 
-		if (!cache_name_is_other(ent->name, ent->len))
+		if (!index_name_is_other(&the_index, ent->name, ent->len))
 			continue;
 
 		if (lstat(ent->name, &st))
diff --git a/builtin/clone.c b/builtin/clone.c
index 547d646..f518bb2 100644
--- a/builtin/clone.c
+++ b/builtin/clone.c
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
  * Clone a repository into a different directory that does not yet exist.
  */
 
-#define USE_THE_INDEX_COMPATIBILITY_MACROS
+#define USE_THE_INDEX_VARIABLE
 #include "builtin.h"
 #include "config.h"
 #include "lockfile.h"
@@ -653,9 +653,9 @@ static void update_head(const struct ref *our, const struct ref *remote,
 
 static int git_sparse_checkout_init(const char *repo)
 {
-	struct strvec argv = STRVEC_INIT;
+	struct child_process cmd = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
 	int result = 0;
-	strvec_pushl(&argv, "-C", repo, "sparse-checkout", "set", NULL);
+	strvec_pushl(&cmd.args, "-C", repo, "sparse-checkout", "set", NULL);
 
 	/*
 	 * We must apply the setting in the current process
@@ -663,12 +663,12 @@ static int git_sparse_checkout_init(const char *repo)
 	 */
 	core_apply_sparse_checkout = 1;
 
-	if (run_command_v_opt(argv.v, RUN_GIT_CMD)) {
+	cmd.git_cmd = 1;
+	if (run_command(&cmd)) {
 		error(_("failed to initialize sparse-checkout"));
 		result = 1;
 	}
 
-	strvec_clear(&argv);
 	return result;
 }
 
@@ -703,7 +703,7 @@ static int checkout(int submodule_progress, int filter_submodules)
 	/* We need to be in the new work tree for the checkout */
 	setup_work_tree();
 
-	hold_locked_index(&lock_file, LOCK_DIE_ON_ERROR);
+	repo_hold_locked_index(the_repository, &lock_file, LOCK_DIE_ON_ERROR);
 
 	memset(&opts, 0, sizeof opts);
 	opts.update = 1;
@@ -733,37 +733,38 @@ static int checkout(int submodule_progress, int filter_submodules)
 			   oid_to_hex(&oid), "1", NULL);
 
 	if (!err && (option_recurse_submodules.nr > 0)) {
-		struct strvec args = STRVEC_INIT;
-		strvec_pushl(&args, "submodule", "update", "--require-init", "--recursive", NULL);
+		struct child_process cmd = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
+		strvec_pushl(&cmd.args, "submodule", "update", "--require-init",
+			     "--recursive", NULL);
 
 		if (option_shallow_submodules == 1)
-			strvec_push(&args, "--depth=1");
+			strvec_push(&cmd.args, "--depth=1");
 
 		if (max_jobs != -1)
-			strvec_pushf(&args, "--jobs=%d", max_jobs);
+			strvec_pushf(&cmd.args, "--jobs=%d", max_jobs);
 
 		if (submodule_progress)
-			strvec_push(&args, "--progress");
+			strvec_push(&cmd.args, "--progress");
 
 		if (option_verbosity < 0)
-			strvec_push(&args, "--quiet");
+			strvec_push(&cmd.args, "--quiet");
 
 		if (option_remote_submodules) {
-			strvec_push(&args, "--remote");
-			strvec_push(&args, "--no-fetch");
+			strvec_push(&cmd.args, "--remote");
+			strvec_push(&cmd.args, "--no-fetch");
 		}
 
 		if (filter_submodules && filter_options.choice)
-			strvec_pushf(&args, "--filter=%s",
+			strvec_pushf(&cmd.args, "--filter=%s",
 				     expand_list_objects_filter_spec(&filter_options));
 
 		if (option_single_branch >= 0)
-			strvec_push(&args, option_single_branch ?
+			strvec_push(&cmd.args, option_single_branch ?
 					       "--single-branch" :
 					       "--no-single-branch");
 
-		err = run_command_v_opt(args.v, RUN_GIT_CMD);
-		strvec_clear(&args);
+		cmd.git_cmd = 1;
+		err = run_command(&cmd);
 	}
 
 	return err;
@@ -864,11 +865,15 @@ static void write_refspec_config(const char *src_ref_prefix,
 
 static void dissociate_from_references(void)
 {
-	static const char* argv[] = { "repack", "-a", "-d", NULL };
 	char *alternates = git_pathdup("objects/info/alternates");
 
 	if (!access(alternates, F_OK)) {
-		if (run_command_v_opt(argv, RUN_GIT_CMD|RUN_COMMAND_NO_STDIN))
+		struct child_process cmd = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
+
+		cmd.git_cmd = 1;
+		cmd.no_stdin = 1;
+		strvec_pushl(&cmd.args, "repack", "-a", "-d", NULL);
+		if (run_command(&cmd))
 			die(_("cannot repack to clean up"));
 		if (unlink(alternates) && errno != ENOENT)
 			die_errno(_("cannot unlink temporary alternates file"));
diff --git a/builtin/commit-graph.c b/builtin/commit-graph.c
index 51557fe..e8f77f5 100644
--- a/builtin/commit-graph.c
+++ b/builtin/commit-graph.c
@@ -10,13 +10,13 @@
 #include "tag.h"
 
 #define BUILTIN_COMMIT_GRAPH_VERIFY_USAGE \
-	N_("git commit-graph verify [--object-dir <objdir>] [--shallow] [--[no-]progress]")
+	N_("git commit-graph verify [--object-dir <dir>] [--shallow] [--[no-]progress]")
 
 #define BUILTIN_COMMIT_GRAPH_WRITE_USAGE \
-	N_("git commit-graph write [--object-dir <objdir>] [--append] " \
-	   "[--split[=<strategy>]] [--reachable|--stdin-packs|--stdin-commits] " \
-	   "[--changed-paths] [--[no-]max-new-filters <n>] [--[no-]progress] " \
-	   "<split options>")
+	N_("git commit-graph write [--object-dir <dir>] [--append]\n" \
+	   "                       [--split[=<strategy>]] [--reachable | --stdin-packs | --stdin-commits]\n" \
+	   "                       [--changed-paths] [--[no-]max-new-filters <n>] [--[no-]progress]\n" \
+	   "                       <split options>")
 
 static const char * builtin_commit_graph_verify_usage[] = {
 	BUILTIN_COMMIT_GRAPH_VERIFY_USAGE,
diff --git a/builtin/commit-tree.c b/builtin/commit-tree.c
index 63ea322..cc8d584 100644
--- a/builtin/commit-tree.c
+++ b/builtin/commit-tree.c
@@ -15,8 +15,9 @@
 #include "parse-options.h"
 
 static const char * const commit_tree_usage[] = {
-	N_("git commit-tree [(-p <parent>)...] [-S[<keyid>]] [(-m <message>)...] "
-		"[(-F <file>)...] <tree>"),
+	N_("git commit-tree <tree> [(-p <parent>)...]"),
+	N_("git commit-tree [(-p <parent>)...] [-S[<keyid>]] [(-m <message>)...]\n"
+	   "                [(-F <file>)...] <tree>"),
 	NULL
 };
 
diff --git a/builtin/commit.c b/builtin/commit.c
index d9de4ef..06b1330 100644
--- a/builtin/commit.c
+++ b/builtin/commit.c
@@ -40,12 +40,19 @@
 #include "pretty.h"
 
 static const char * const builtin_commit_usage[] = {
-	N_("git commit [<options>] [--] <pathspec>..."),
+	N_("git commit [-a | --interactive | --patch] [-s] [-v] [-u<mode>] [--amend]\n"
+	   "           [--dry-run] [(-c | -C | --squash) <commit> | --fixup [(amend|reword):]<commit>)]\n"
+	   "           [-F <file> | -m <msg>] [--reset-author] [--allow-empty]\n"
+	   "           [--allow-empty-message] [--no-verify] [-e] [--author=<author>]\n"
+	   "           [--date=<date>] [--cleanup=<mode>] [--[no-]status]\n"
+	   "           [-i | -o] [--pathspec-from-file=<file> [--pathspec-file-nul]]\n"
+	   "           [(--trailer <token>[(=|:)<value>])...] [-S[<keyid>]]\n"
+	   "           [--] [<pathspec>...]"),
 	NULL
 };
 
 static const char * const builtin_status_usage[] = {
-	N_("git status [<options>] [--] <pathspec>..."),
+	N_("git status [<options>] [--] [<pathspec>...]"),
 	NULL
 };
 
@@ -265,8 +272,8 @@ static int list_paths(struct string_list *list, const char *with_tree,
 
 	/* TODO: audit for interaction with sparse-index. */
 	ensure_full_index(&the_index);
-	for (i = 0; i < active_nr; i++) {
-		const struct cache_entry *ce = active_cache[i];
+	for (i = 0; i < the_index.cache_nr; i++) {
+		const struct cache_entry *ce = the_index.cache[i];
 		struct string_list_item *item;
 
 		if (ce->ce_flags & CE_UPDATE)
@@ -295,10 +302,10 @@ static void add_remove_files(struct string_list *list)
 			continue;
 
 		if (!lstat(p->string, &st)) {
-			if (add_to_cache(p->string, &st, 0))
+			if (add_to_index(&the_index, p->string, &st, 0))
 				die(_("updating files failed"));
 		} else
-			remove_file_from_cache(p->string);
+			remove_file_from_index(&the_index, p->string);
 	}
 }
 
@@ -309,7 +316,7 @@ static void create_base_index(const struct commit *current_head)
 	struct tree_desc t;
 
 	if (!current_head) {
-		discard_cache();
+		discard_index(&the_index);
 		return;
 	}
 
@@ -336,7 +343,7 @@ static void refresh_cache_or_die(int refresh_flags)
 	 * refresh_flags contains REFRESH_QUIET, so the only errors
 	 * are for unmerged entries.
 	 */
-	if (refresh_cache(refresh_flags | REFRESH_IN_PORCELAIN))
+	if (refresh_index(&the_index, refresh_flags | REFRESH_IN_PORCELAIN, NULL, NULL, NULL))
 		die_resolve_conflict("commit");
 }
 
@@ -375,12 +382,13 @@ static const char *prepare_index(const char **argv, const char *prefix,
 	    (!amend || (fixup_message && strcmp(fixup_prefix, "amend"))))))
 		die(_("No paths with --include/--only does not make sense."));
 
-	if (read_cache_preload(&pathspec) < 0)
+	if (repo_read_index_preload(the_repository, &pathspec, 0) < 0)
 		die(_("index file corrupt"));
 
 	if (interactive) {
 		char *old_index_env = NULL, *old_repo_index_file;
-		hold_locked_index(&index_lock, LOCK_DIE_ON_ERROR);
+		repo_hold_locked_index(the_repository, &index_lock,
+				       LOCK_DIE_ON_ERROR);
 
 		refresh_cache_or_die(refresh_flags);
 
@@ -403,8 +411,9 @@ static const char *prepare_index(const char **argv, const char *prefix,
 			unsetenv(INDEX_ENVIRONMENT);
 		FREE_AND_NULL(old_index_env);
 
-		discard_cache();
-		read_cache_from(get_lock_file_path(&index_lock));
+		discard_index(&the_index);
+		read_index_from(&the_index, get_lock_file_path(&index_lock),
+				get_git_dir());
 		if (update_main_cache_tree(WRITE_TREE_SILENT) == 0) {
 			if (reopen_lock_file(&index_lock) < 0)
 				die(_("unable to write index file"));
@@ -431,7 +440,8 @@ static const char *prepare_index(const char **argv, const char *prefix,
 	 * (B) on failure, rollback the real index.
 	 */
 	if (all || (also && pathspec.nr)) {
-		hold_locked_index(&index_lock, LOCK_DIE_ON_ERROR);
+		repo_hold_locked_index(the_repository, &index_lock,
+				       LOCK_DIE_ON_ERROR);
 		add_files_to_cache(also ? prefix : NULL, &pathspec, 0);
 		refresh_cache_or_die(refresh_flags);
 		update_main_cache_tree(WRITE_TREE_SILENT);
@@ -452,10 +462,11 @@ static const char *prepare_index(const char **argv, const char *prefix,
 	 * We still need to refresh the index here.
 	 */
 	if (!only && !pathspec.nr) {
-		hold_locked_index(&index_lock, LOCK_DIE_ON_ERROR);
+		repo_hold_locked_index(the_repository, &index_lock,
+				       LOCK_DIE_ON_ERROR);
 		refresh_cache_or_die(refresh_flags);
-		if (active_cache_changed
-		    || !cache_tree_fully_valid(active_cache_tree))
+		if (the_index.cache_changed
+		    || !cache_tree_fully_valid(the_index.cache_tree))
 			update_main_cache_tree(WRITE_TREE_SILENT);
 		if (write_locked_index(&the_index, &index_lock,
 				       COMMIT_LOCK | SKIP_IF_UNCHANGED))
@@ -498,13 +509,13 @@ static const char *prepare_index(const char **argv, const char *prefix,
 	if (list_paths(&partial, !current_head ? NULL : "HEAD", &pathspec))
 		exit(1);
 
-	discard_cache();
-	if (read_cache() < 0)
+	discard_index(&the_index);
+	if (repo_read_index(the_repository) < 0)
 		die(_("cannot read the index"));
 
-	hold_locked_index(&index_lock, LOCK_DIE_ON_ERROR);
+	repo_hold_locked_index(the_repository, &index_lock, LOCK_DIE_ON_ERROR);
 	add_remove_files(&partial);
-	refresh_cache(REFRESH_QUIET);
+	refresh_index(&the_index, REFRESH_QUIET, NULL, NULL, NULL);
 	update_main_cache_tree(WRITE_TREE_SILENT);
 	if (write_locked_index(&the_index, &index_lock, 0))
 		die(_("unable to write new_index file"));
@@ -516,14 +527,14 @@ static const char *prepare_index(const char **argv, const char *prefix,
 
 	create_base_index(current_head);
 	add_remove_files(&partial);
-	refresh_cache(REFRESH_QUIET);
+	refresh_index(&the_index, REFRESH_QUIET, NULL, NULL, NULL);
 
 	if (write_locked_index(&the_index, &false_lock, 0))
 		die(_("unable to write temporary index file"));
 
-	discard_cache();
+	discard_index(&the_index);
 	ret = get_lock_file_path(&false_lock);
-	read_cache_from(ret);
+	read_index_from(&the_index, ret, get_git_dir());
 out:
 	string_list_clear(&partial, 0);
 	clear_pathspec(&pathspec);
@@ -991,10 +1002,10 @@ static int prepare_to_commit(const char *index_file, const char *prefix,
 
 			/* TODO: audit for interaction with sparse-index. */
 			ensure_full_index(&the_index);
-			for (i = 0; i < active_nr; i++)
-				if (ce_intent_to_add(active_cache[i]))
+			for (i = 0; i < the_index.cache_nr; i++)
+				if (ce_intent_to_add(the_index.cache[i]))
 					ita_nr++;
-			committable = active_nr - ita_nr > 0;
+			committable = the_index.cache_nr - ita_nr > 0;
 		} else {
 			/*
 			 * Unless the user did explicitly request a submodule
@@ -1061,9 +1072,9 @@ static int prepare_to_commit(const char *index_file, const char *prefix,
 		 * and could have updated it. We must do this before we invoke
 		 * the editor and after we invoke run_status above.
 		 */
-		discard_cache();
+		discard_index(&the_index);
 	}
-	read_cache_from(index_file);
+	read_index_from(&the_index, index_file, get_git_dir());
 
 	if (update_main_cache_tree(0)) {
 		error(_("Error building trees"));
@@ -1549,7 +1560,7 @@ int cmd_status(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		      &s.pathspec, NULL, NULL);
 
 	if (use_optional_locks())
-		fd = hold_locked_index(&index_lock, 0);
+		fd = repo_hold_locked_index(the_repository, &index_lock, 0);
 	else
 		fd = -1;
 
@@ -1816,7 +1827,7 @@ int cmd_commit(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		append_merge_tag_headers(parents, &tail);
 	}
 
-	if (commit_tree_extended(sb.buf, sb.len, &active_cache_tree->oid,
+	if (commit_tree_extended(sb.buf, sb.len, &the_index.cache_tree->oid,
 				 parents, &oid, author_ident.buf, NULL,
 				 sign_commit, extra)) {
 		rollback_index_files();
diff --git a/builtin/credential-cache--daemon.c b/builtin/credential-cache--daemon.c
index 4c6c89a..f3c8983 100644
--- a/builtin/credential-cache--daemon.c
+++ b/builtin/credential-cache--daemon.c
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ int cmd_credential_cache_daemon(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	const char *socket_path;
 	int ignore_sighup = 0;
 	static const char *usage[] = {
-		"git-credential-cache--daemon [opts] <socket_path>",
+		"git credential-cache--daemon [--debug] <socket-path>",
 		NULL
 	};
 	int debug = 0;
@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ int cmd_credential_cache_daemon(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 int cmd_credential_cache_daemon(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 {
 	const char * const usage[] = {
-		"git credential-cache--daemon [options] <action>",
+		"git credential-cache--daemon [--debug] <socket-path>",
 		"",
 		"credential-cache--daemon is disabled in this build of Git",
 		NULL
diff --git a/builtin/describe.c b/builtin/describe.c
index e17c4b4..eea1e33 100644
--- a/builtin/describe.c
+++ b/builtin/describe.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#define USE_THE_INDEX_COMPATIBILITY_MACROS
+#define USE_THE_INDEX_VARIABLE
 #include "cache.h"
 #include "config.h"
 #include "lockfile.h"
@@ -23,8 +23,9 @@
 define_commit_slab(commit_names, struct commit_name *);
 
 static const char * const describe_usage[] = {
-	N_("git describe [<options>] [<commit-ish>...]"),
-	N_("git describe [<options>] --dirty"),
+	N_("git describe [--all] [--tags] [--contains] [--abbrev=<n>] [<commit-ish>...]"),
+	N_("git describe [--all] [--tags] [--contains] [--abbrev=<n>] --dirty[=<mark>]"),
+	N_("git describe <blob>"),
 	NULL
 };
 
@@ -652,10 +653,11 @@ int cmd_describe(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 			int fd, result;
 
 			setup_work_tree();
-			read_cache();
+			repo_read_index(the_repository);
 			refresh_index(&the_index, REFRESH_QUIET|REFRESH_UNMERGED,
 				      NULL, NULL, NULL);
-			fd = hold_locked_index(&index_lock, 0);
+			fd = repo_hold_locked_index(the_repository,
+						    &index_lock, 0);
 			if (0 <= fd)
 				repo_update_index_if_able(the_repository, &index_lock);
 
diff --git a/builtin/diagnose.c b/builtin/diagnose.c
index 576e0e8..d52015c 100644
--- a/builtin/diagnose.c
+++ b/builtin/diagnose.c
@@ -3,7 +3,8 @@
 #include "diagnose.h"
 
 static const char * const diagnose_usage[] = {
-	N_("git diagnose [-o|--output-directory <path>] [-s|--suffix <format>] [--mode=<mode>]"),
+	N_("git diagnose [(-o | --output-directory) <path>] [(-s | --suffix) <format>]\n"
+	   "             [--mode=<mode>]"),
 	NULL
 };
 
diff --git a/builtin/diff-files.c b/builtin/diff-files.c
index 92cf6e1..dc991f7 100644
--- a/builtin/diff-files.c
+++ b/builtin/diff-files.c
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
  *
  * Copyright (C) Linus Torvalds, 2005
  */
-#define USE_THE_INDEX_COMPATIBILITY_MACROS
 #include "cache.h"
 #include "config.h"
 #include "diff.h"
@@ -15,6 +14,7 @@
 
 static const char diff_files_usage[] =
 "git diff-files [-q] [-0 | -1 | -2 | -3 | -c | --cc] [<common-diff-options>] [<path>...]"
+"\n"
 COMMON_DIFF_OPTIONS_HELP;
 
 int cmd_diff_files(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
@@ -75,8 +75,8 @@ int cmd_diff_files(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	    (rev.diffopt.output_format & DIFF_FORMAT_PATCH))
 		diff_merges_set_dense_combined_if_unset(&rev);
 
-	if (read_cache_preload(&rev.diffopt.pathspec) < 0) {
-		perror("read_cache_preload");
+	if (repo_read_index_preload(the_repository, &rev.diffopt.pathspec, 0) < 0) {
+		perror("repo_read_index_preload");
 		result = -1;
 		goto cleanup;
 	}
diff --git a/builtin/diff-index.c b/builtin/diff-index.c
index 7d158af..35dc9b2 100644
--- a/builtin/diff-index.c
+++ b/builtin/diff-index.c
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-#define USE_THE_INDEX_COMPATIBILITY_MACROS
 #include "cache.h"
 #include "config.h"
 #include "diff.h"
@@ -9,8 +8,9 @@
 #include "submodule.h"
 
 static const char diff_cache_usage[] =
-"git diff-index [-m] [--cached] "
+"git diff-index [-m] [--cached] [--merge-base] "
 "[<common-diff-options>] <tree-ish> [<path>...]"
+"\n"
 COMMON_DIFF_OPTIONS_HELP;
 
 int cmd_diff_index(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
@@ -61,12 +61,12 @@ int cmd_diff_index(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		usage(diff_cache_usage);
 	if (!(option & DIFF_INDEX_CACHED)) {
 		setup_work_tree();
-		if (read_cache_preload(&rev.diffopt.pathspec) < 0) {
-			perror("read_cache_preload");
+		if (repo_read_index_preload(the_repository, &rev.diffopt.pathspec, 0) < 0) {
+			perror("repo_read_index_preload");
 			return -1;
 		}
-	} else if (read_cache() < 0) {
-		perror("read_cache");
+	} else if (repo_read_index(the_repository) < 0) {
+		perror("repo_read_index");
 		return -1;
 	}
 	result = run_diff_index(&rev, option);
diff --git a/builtin/diff-tree.c b/builtin/diff-tree.c
index 116097a..25b853b 100644
--- a/builtin/diff-tree.c
+++ b/builtin/diff-tree.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#define USE_THE_INDEX_COMPATIBILITY_MACROS
+#define USE_THE_INDEX_VARIABLE
 #include "cache.h"
 #include "config.h"
 #include "diff.h"
@@ -83,8 +83,10 @@ static int diff_tree_stdin(char *line)
 }
 
 static const char diff_tree_usage[] =
-"git diff-tree [--stdin] [-m] [-c | --cc] [-s] [-v] [--pretty] [-t] [-r] [--root] "
-"[<common-diff-options>] <tree-ish> [<tree-ish>] [<path>...]\n"
+"git diff-tree [--stdin] [-m] [-s] [-v] [--no-commit-id] [--pretty]\n"
+"              [-t] [-r] [-c | --cc] [--combined-all-paths] [--root] [--merge-base]\n"
+"              [<common-diff-options>] <tree-ish> [<tree-ish>] [<path>...]\n"
+"\n"
 "  -r            diff recursively\n"
 "  -c            show combined diff for merge commits\n"
 "  --cc          show combined diff for merge commits removing uninteresting hunks\n"
@@ -118,7 +120,7 @@ int cmd_diff_tree(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 
 	git_config(git_diff_basic_config, NULL); /* no "diff" UI options */
 	repo_init_revisions(the_repository, opt, prefix);
-	if (read_cache() < 0)
+	if (repo_read_index(the_repository) < 0)
 		die(_("index file corrupt"));
 	opt->abbrev = 0;
 	opt->diff = 1;
diff --git a/builtin/diff.c b/builtin/diff.c
index 54bb3de..163f2c6 100644
--- a/builtin/diff.c
+++ b/builtin/diff.c
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
  *
  * Copyright (c) 2006 Junio C Hamano
  */
-#define USE_THE_INDEX_COMPATIBILITY_MACROS
+#define USE_THE_INDEX_VARIABLE
 #include "cache.h"
 #include "config.h"
 #include "ewah/ewok.h"
@@ -30,7 +30,8 @@ static const char builtin_diff_usage[] =
 "   or: git diff [<options>] [--merge-base] <commit> [<commit>...] <commit> [--] [<path>...]\n"
 "   or: git diff [<options>] <commit>...<commit> [--] [<path>...]\n"
 "   or: git diff [<options>] <blob> <blob>\n"
-"   or: git diff [<options>] --no-index [--] <path> <path>\n"
+"   or: git diff [<options>] --no-index [--] <path> <path>"
+"\n"
 COMMON_DIFF_OPTIONS_HELP;
 
 static const char *blob_path(struct object_array_entry *entry)
@@ -156,12 +157,13 @@ static int builtin_diff_index(struct rev_info *revs,
 		usage(builtin_diff_usage);
 	if (!(option & DIFF_INDEX_CACHED)) {
 		setup_work_tree();
-		if (read_cache_preload(&revs->diffopt.pathspec) < 0) {
-			perror("read_cache_preload");
+		if (repo_read_index_preload(the_repository,
+					    &revs->diffopt.pathspec, 0) < 0) {
+			perror("repo_read_index_preload");
 			return -1;
 		}
-	} else if (read_cache() < 0) {
-		perror("read_cache");
+	} else if (repo_read_index(the_repository) < 0) {
+		perror("repo_read_cache");
 		return -1;
 	}
 	return run_diff_index(revs, option);
@@ -209,7 +211,7 @@ static int builtin_diff_tree(struct rev_info *revs,
 static int builtin_diff_combined(struct rev_info *revs,
 				 int argc, const char **argv,
 				 struct object_array_entry *ent,
-				 int ents)
+				 int ents, int first_non_parent)
 {
 	struct oid_array parents = OID_ARRAY_INIT;
 	int i;
@@ -217,11 +219,18 @@ static int builtin_diff_combined(struct rev_info *revs,
 	if (argc > 1)
 		usage(builtin_diff_usage);
 
+	if (first_non_parent < 0)
+		die(_("no merge given, only parents."));
+	if (first_non_parent >= ents)
+		BUG("first_non_parent out of range: %d", first_non_parent);
+
 	diff_merges_set_dense_combined_if_unset(revs);
 
-	for (i = 1; i < ents; i++)
-		oid_array_append(&parents, &ent[i].item->oid);
-	diff_tree_combined(&ent[0].item->oid, &parents, revs);
+	for (i = 0; i < ents; i++) {
+		if (i != first_non_parent)
+			oid_array_append(&parents, &ent[i].item->oid);
+	}
+	diff_tree_combined(&ent[first_non_parent].item->oid, &parents, revs);
 	oid_array_clear(&parents);
 	return 0;
 }
@@ -231,12 +240,13 @@ static void refresh_index_quietly(void)
 	struct lock_file lock_file = LOCK_INIT;
 	int fd;
 
-	fd = hold_locked_index(&lock_file, 0);
+	fd = repo_hold_locked_index(the_repository, &lock_file, 0);
 	if (fd < 0)
 		return;
-	discard_cache();
-	read_cache();
-	refresh_cache(REFRESH_QUIET|REFRESH_UNMERGED);
+	discard_index(&the_index);
+	repo_read_index(the_repository);
+	refresh_index(&the_index, REFRESH_QUIET|REFRESH_UNMERGED, NULL, NULL,
+		      NULL);
 	repo_update_index_if_able(the_repository, &lock_file);
 }
 
@@ -271,8 +281,9 @@ static int builtin_diff_files(struct rev_info *revs, int argc, const char **argv
 		diff_merges_set_dense_combined_if_unset(revs);
 
 	setup_work_tree();
-	if (read_cache_preload(&revs->diffopt.pathspec) < 0) {
-		perror("read_cache_preload");
+	if (repo_read_index_preload(the_repository, &revs->diffopt.pathspec,
+				    0) < 0) {
+		perror("repo_read_index_preload");
 		return -1;
 	}
 	return run_diff_files(revs, options);
@@ -385,6 +396,7 @@ int cmd_diff(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	int i;
 	struct rev_info rev;
 	struct object_array ent = OBJECT_ARRAY_INIT;
+	int first_non_parent = -1;
 	int blobs = 0, paths = 0;
 	struct object_array_entry *blob[2];
 	int nongit = 0, no_index = 0;
@@ -543,6 +555,10 @@ int cmd_diff(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 				continue;
 			obj->flags |= flags;
 			add_object_array(obj, name, &ent);
+			if (first_non_parent < 0 &&
+			    (i >= rev.cmdline.nr || /* HEAD by hand. */
+			     rev.cmdline.rev[i].whence != REV_CMD_PARENTS_ONLY))
+				first_non_parent = ent.nr - 1;
 		} else if (obj->type == OBJ_BLOB) {
 			if (2 <= blobs)
 				die(_("more than two blobs given: '%s'"), name);
@@ -590,7 +606,8 @@ int cmd_diff(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 					   &ent.objects[0], &ent.objects[1]);
 	} else
 		result = builtin_diff_combined(&rev, argc, argv,
-					       ent.objects, ent.nr);
+					       ent.objects, ent.nr,
+					       first_non_parent);
 	result = diff_result_code(&rev.diffopt, result);
 	if (1 < rev.diffopt.skip_stat_unmatch)
 		refresh_index_quietly();
diff --git a/builtin/difftool.c b/builtin/difftool.c
index 4b10ad1..d9b7622 100644
--- a/builtin/difftool.c
+++ b/builtin/difftool.c
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
  *
  * Copyright (C) 2016 Johannes Schindelin
  */
-#define USE_THE_INDEX_COMPATIBILITY_MACROS
+#define USE_THE_INDEX_VARIABLE
 #include "cache.h"
 #include "config.h"
 #include "builtin.h"
@@ -44,8 +44,11 @@ static int difftool_config(const char *var, const char *value, void *cb)
 
 static int print_tool_help(void)
 {
-	const char *argv[] = { "mergetool", "--tool-help=diff", NULL };
-	return run_command_v_opt(argv, RUN_GIT_CMD);
+	struct child_process cmd = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
+
+	cmd.git_cmd = 1;
+	strvec_pushl(&cmd.args, "mergetool", "--tool-help=diff", NULL);
+	return run_command(&cmd);
 }
 
 static int parse_index_info(char *p, int *mode1, int *mode2,
@@ -360,8 +363,8 @@ static int run_dir_diff(const char *extcmd, int symlinks, const char *prefix,
 	struct pair_entry *entry;
 	struct index_state wtindex;
 	struct checkout lstate, rstate;
-	int flags = RUN_GIT_CMD, err = 0;
-	const char *helper_argv[] = { "difftool--helper", NULL, NULL, NULL };
+	int err = 0;
+	struct child_process cmd = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
 	struct hashmap wt_modified, tmp_modified;
 	int indices_loaded = 0;
 
@@ -563,16 +566,17 @@ static int run_dir_diff(const char *extcmd, int symlinks, const char *prefix,
 	}
 
 	strbuf_setlen(&ldir, ldir_len);
-	helper_argv[1] = ldir.buf;
 	strbuf_setlen(&rdir, rdir_len);
-	helper_argv[2] = rdir.buf;
 
 	if (extcmd) {
-		helper_argv[0] = extcmd;
-		flags = 0;
-	} else
+		strvec_push(&cmd.args, extcmd);
+	} else {
+		strvec_push(&cmd.args, "difftool--helper");
+		cmd.git_cmd = 1;
 		setenv("GIT_DIFFTOOL_DIRDIFF", "true", 1);
-	ret = run_command_v_opt(helper_argv, flags);
+	}
+	strvec_pushl(&cmd.args, ldir.buf, rdir.buf, NULL);
+	ret = run_command(&cmd);
 
 	/* TODO: audit for interaction with sparse-index. */
 	ensure_full_index(&wtindex);
diff --git a/builtin/fetch.c b/builtin/fetch.c
index a0fca93..7378caf 100644
--- a/builtin/fetch.c
+++ b/builtin/fetch.c
@@ -122,6 +122,8 @@ static int git_fetch_config(const char *k, const char *v, void *cb)
 		fetch_parallel_config = git_config_int(k, v);
 		if (fetch_parallel_config < 0)
 			die(_("fetch.parallel cannot be negative"));
+		if (!fetch_parallel_config)
+			fetch_parallel_config = online_cpus();
 		return 0;
 	}
 
@@ -1951,28 +1953,36 @@ static int fetch_multiple(struct string_list *list, int max_children)
 
 	if (max_children != 1 && list->nr != 1) {
 		struct parallel_fetch_state state = { argv.v, list, 0, 0 };
+		const struct run_process_parallel_opts opts = {
+			.tr2_category = "fetch",
+			.tr2_label = "parallel/fetch",
+
+			.processes = max_children,
+
+			.get_next_task = &fetch_next_remote,
+			.start_failure = &fetch_failed_to_start,
+			.task_finished = &fetch_finished,
+			.data = &state,
+		};
 
 		strvec_push(&argv, "--end-of-options");
-		result = run_processes_parallel_tr2(max_children,
-						    &fetch_next_remote,
-						    &fetch_failed_to_start,
-						    &fetch_finished,
-						    &state,
-						    "fetch", "parallel/fetch");
 
-		if (!result)
-			result = state.result;
+		run_processes_parallel(&opts);
+		result = state.result;
 	} else
 		for (i = 0; i < list->nr; i++) {
 			const char *name = list->items[i].string;
-			strvec_push(&argv, name);
+			struct child_process cmd = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
+
+			strvec_pushv(&cmd.args, argv.v);
+			strvec_push(&cmd.args, name);
 			if (verbosity >= 0)
 				printf(_("Fetching %s\n"), name);
-			if (run_command_v_opt(argv.v, RUN_GIT_CMD)) {
+			cmd.git_cmd = 1;
+			if (run_command(&cmd)) {
 				error(_("could not fetch %s"), name);
 				result = 1;
 			}
-			strvec_pop(&argv);
 		}
 
 	strvec_clear(&argv);
diff --git a/builtin/for-each-repo.c b/builtin/for-each-repo.c
index fd86e5a..6aeac37 100644
--- a/builtin/for-each-repo.c
+++ b/builtin/for-each-repo.c
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 #include "string-list.h"
 
 static const char * const for_each_repo_usage[] = {
-	N_("git for-each-repo --config=<config> <command-args>"),
+	N_("git for-each-repo --config=<config> [--] <arguments>"),
 	NULL
 };
 
@@ -14,13 +14,16 @@ static int run_command_on_repo(const char *path, int argc, const char ** argv)
 {
 	int i;
 	struct child_process child = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
+	char *abspath = interpolate_path(path, 0);
 
 	child.git_cmd = 1;
-	strvec_pushl(&child.args, "-C", path, NULL);
+	strvec_pushl(&child.args, "-C", abspath, NULL);
 
 	for (i = 0; i < argc; i++)
 		strvec_push(&child.args, argv[i]);
 
+	free(abspath);
+
 	return run_command(&child);
 }
 
diff --git a/builtin/fsck.c b/builtin/fsck.c
index 41acbc2..d207bd9 100644
--- a/builtin/fsck.c
+++ b/builtin/fsck.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#define USE_THE_INDEX_COMPATIBILITY_MACROS
+#define USE_THE_INDEX_VARIABLE
 #include "builtin.h"
 #include "cache.h"
 #include "repository.h"
@@ -820,7 +820,10 @@ static int mark_packed_for_connectivity(const struct object_id *oid,
 }
 
 static char const * const fsck_usage[] = {
-	N_("git fsck [<options>] [<object>...]"),
+	N_("git fsck [--tags] [--root] [--unreachable] [--cache] [--no-reflogs]\n"
+	   "         [--[no-]full] [--strict] [--verbose] [--lost-found]\n"
+	   "         [--[no-]dangling] [--[no-]progress] [--connectivity-only]\n"
+	   "         [--[no-]name-objects] [<object>...]"),
 	NULL
 };
 
@@ -955,29 +958,29 @@ int cmd_fsck(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	if (keep_cache_objects) {
 		verify_index_checksum = 1;
 		verify_ce_order = 1;
-		read_cache();
+		repo_read_index(the_repository);
 		/* TODO: audit for interaction with sparse-index. */
 		ensure_full_index(&the_index);
-		for (i = 0; i < active_nr; i++) {
+		for (i = 0; i < the_index.cache_nr; i++) {
 			unsigned int mode;
 			struct blob *blob;
 			struct object *obj;
 
-			mode = active_cache[i]->ce_mode;
+			mode = the_index.cache[i]->ce_mode;
 			if (S_ISGITLINK(mode))
 				continue;
 			blob = lookup_blob(the_repository,
-					   &active_cache[i]->oid);
+					   &the_index.cache[i]->oid);
 			if (!blob)
 				continue;
 			obj = &blob->object;
 			obj->flags |= USED;
 			fsck_put_object_name(&fsck_walk_options, &obj->oid,
-					     ":%s", active_cache[i]->name);
+					     ":%s", the_index.cache[i]->name);
 			mark_object_reachable(obj);
 		}
-		if (active_cache_tree)
-			fsck_cache_tree(active_cache_tree);
+		if (the_index.cache_tree)
+			fsck_cache_tree(the_index.cache_tree);
 		fsck_resolve_undo(&the_index);
 	}
 
diff --git a/builtin/fsmonitor--daemon.c b/builtin/fsmonitor--daemon.c
index c69da93..6f30a4f 100644
--- a/builtin/fsmonitor--daemon.c
+++ b/builtin/fsmonitor--daemon.c
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 #include "parse-options.h"
 #include "fsmonitor.h"
 #include "fsmonitor-ipc.h"
+#include "fsmonitor-path-utils.h"
 #include "compat/fsmonitor/fsm-health.h"
 #include "compat/fsmonitor/fsm-listen.h"
 #include "fsmonitor--daemon.h"
@@ -1282,6 +1283,11 @@ static int fsmonitor_run_daemon(void)
 	strbuf_addstr(&state.path_worktree_watch, absolute_path(get_git_work_tree()));
 	state.nr_paths_watching = 1;
 
+	strbuf_init(&state.alias.alias, 0);
+	strbuf_init(&state.alias.points_to, 0);
+	if ((err = fsmonitor__get_alias(state.path_worktree_watch.buf, &state.alias)))
+		goto done;
+
 	/*
 	 * We create and delete cookie files somewhere inside the .git
 	 * directory to help us keep sync with the file system.  If
@@ -1343,7 +1349,8 @@ static int fsmonitor_run_daemon(void)
 	 * directory.)
 	 */
 	strbuf_init(&state.path_ipc, 0);
-	strbuf_addstr(&state.path_ipc, absolute_path(fsmonitor_ipc__get_path()));
+	strbuf_addstr(&state.path_ipc,
+		absolute_path(fsmonitor_ipc__get_path(the_repository)));
 
 	/*
 	 * Confirm that we can create platform-specific resources for the
@@ -1390,6 +1397,8 @@ static int fsmonitor_run_daemon(void)
 	strbuf_release(&state.path_gitdir_watch);
 	strbuf_release(&state.path_cookie_prefix);
 	strbuf_release(&state.path_ipc);
+	strbuf_release(&state.alias.alias);
+	strbuf_release(&state.alias.points_to);
 
 	return err;
 }
diff --git a/builtin/gc.c b/builtin/gc.c
index ceff31e..02455fd 100644
--- a/builtin/gc.c
+++ b/builtin/gc.c
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ static const char * const builtin_gc_usage[] = {
 
 static int pack_refs = 1;
 static int prune_reflogs = 1;
-static int cruft_packs = 0;
+static int cruft_packs = -1;
 static int aggressive_depth = 50;
 static int aggressive_window = 250;
 static int gc_auto_threshold = 6700;
@@ -167,9 +167,11 @@ static void gc_config(void)
 struct maintenance_run_opts;
 static int maintenance_task_pack_refs(MAYBE_UNUSED struct maintenance_run_opts *opts)
 {
-	const char *argv[] = { "pack-refs", "--all", "--prune", NULL };
+	struct child_process cmd = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
 
-	return run_command_v_opt(argv, RUN_GIT_CMD);
+	cmd.git_cmd = 1;
+	strvec_pushl(&cmd.args, "pack-refs", "--all", "--prune", NULL);
+	return run_command(&cmd);
 }
 
 static int too_many_loose_objects(void)
@@ -322,7 +324,7 @@ static uint64_t estimate_repack_memory(struct packed_git *pack)
 	return os_cache + heap;
 }
 
-static int keep_one_pack(struct string_list_item *item, void *data)
+static int keep_one_pack(struct string_list_item *item, void *data UNUSED)
 {
 	strvec_pushf(&repack, "--keep-pack=%s", basename(item->string));
 	return 0;
@@ -535,8 +537,14 @@ static void gc_before_repack(void)
 	if (pack_refs && maintenance_task_pack_refs(NULL))
 		die(FAILED_RUN, "pack-refs");
 
-	if (prune_reflogs && run_command_v_opt(reflog.v, RUN_GIT_CMD))
-		die(FAILED_RUN, reflog.v[0]);
+	if (prune_reflogs) {
+		struct child_process cmd = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
+
+		cmd.git_cmd = 1;
+		strvec_pushv(&cmd.args, reflog.v);
+		if (run_command(&cmd))
+			die(FAILED_RUN, reflog.v[0]);
+	}
 }
 
 int cmd_gc(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
@@ -550,6 +558,7 @@ int cmd_gc(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	int daemonized = 0;
 	int keep_largest_pack = -1;
 	timestamp_t dummy;
+	struct child_process rerere_cmd = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
 
 	struct option builtin_gc_options[] = {
 		OPT__QUIET(&quiet, N_("suppress progress reporting")),
@@ -593,6 +602,10 @@ int cmd_gc(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	if (prune_expire && parse_expiry_date(prune_expire, &dummy))
 		die(_("failed to parse prune expiry value %s"), prune_expire);
 
+	prepare_repo_settings(the_repository);
+	if (cruft_packs < 0)
+		cruft_packs = the_repository->settings.gc_cruft_packs;
+
 	if (aggressive) {
 		strvec_push(&repack, "-f");
 		if (aggressive_depth > 0)
@@ -671,11 +684,17 @@ int cmd_gc(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	gc_before_repack();
 
 	if (!repository_format_precious_objects) {
-		if (run_command_v_opt(repack.v,
-				      RUN_GIT_CMD | RUN_CLOSE_OBJECT_STORE))
+		struct child_process repack_cmd = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
+
+		repack_cmd.git_cmd = 1;
+		repack_cmd.close_object_store = 1;
+		strvec_pushv(&repack_cmd.args, repack.v);
+		if (run_command(&repack_cmd))
 			die(FAILED_RUN, repack.v[0]);
 
 		if (prune_expire) {
+			struct child_process prune_cmd = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
+
 			/* run `git prune` even if using cruft packs */
 			strvec_push(&prune, prune_expire);
 			if (quiet)
@@ -683,18 +702,26 @@ int cmd_gc(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 			if (has_promisor_remote())
 				strvec_push(&prune,
 					    "--exclude-promisor-objects");
-			if (run_command_v_opt(prune.v, RUN_GIT_CMD))
+			prune_cmd.git_cmd = 1;
+			strvec_pushv(&prune_cmd.args, prune.v);
+			if (run_command(&prune_cmd))
 				die(FAILED_RUN, prune.v[0]);
 		}
 	}
 
 	if (prune_worktrees_expire) {
+		struct child_process prune_worktrees_cmd = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
+
 		strvec_push(&prune_worktrees, prune_worktrees_expire);
-		if (run_command_v_opt(prune_worktrees.v, RUN_GIT_CMD))
+		prune_worktrees_cmd.git_cmd = 1;
+		strvec_pushv(&prune_worktrees_cmd.args, prune_worktrees.v);
+		if (run_command(&prune_worktrees_cmd))
 			die(FAILED_RUN, prune_worktrees.v[0]);
 	}
 
-	if (run_command_v_opt(rerere.v, RUN_GIT_CMD))
+	rerere_cmd.git_cmd = 1;
+	strvec_pushv(&rerere_cmd.args, rerere.v);
+	if (run_command(&rerere_cmd))
 		die(FAILED_RUN, rerere.v[0]);
 
 	report_garbage = report_pack_garbage;
@@ -704,7 +731,6 @@ int cmd_gc(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		clean_pack_garbage();
 	}
 
-	prepare_repo_settings(the_repository);
 	if (the_repository->settings.gc_write_commit_graph == 1)
 		write_commit_graph_reachable(the_repository->objects->odb,
 					     !quiet && !daemonized ? COMMIT_GRAPH_WRITE_PROGRESS : 0,
@@ -1454,20 +1480,23 @@ static char *get_maintpath(void)
 }
 
 static char const * const builtin_maintenance_register_usage[] = {
-	"git maintenance register",
+	"git maintenance register [--config-file <path>]",
 	NULL
 };
 
 static int maintenance_register(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 {
+	char *config_file = NULL;
 	struct option options[] = {
+		OPT_STRING(0, "config-file", &config_file, N_("file"), N_("use given config file")),
 		OPT_END(),
 	};
-	int rc;
+	int found = 0;
+	const char *key = "maintenance.repo";
 	char *config_value;
-	struct child_process config_set = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
-	struct child_process config_get = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
 	char *maintpath = get_maintpath();
+	struct string_list_item *item;
+	const struct string_list *list;
 
 	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, options,
 			     builtin_maintenance_register_usage, 0);
@@ -1484,46 +1513,63 @@ static int maintenance_register(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	else
 		git_config_set("maintenance.strategy", "incremental");
 
-	config_get.git_cmd = 1;
-	strvec_pushl(&config_get.args, "config", "--global", "--get",
-		     "--fixed-value", "maintenance.repo", maintpath, NULL);
-	config_get.out = -1;
-
-	if (start_command(&config_get)) {
-		rc = error(_("failed to run 'git config'"));
-		goto done;
+	list = git_config_get_value_multi(key);
+	if (list) {
+		for_each_string_list_item(item, list) {
+			if (!strcmp(maintpath, item->string)) {
+				found = 1;
+				break;
+			}
+		}
 	}
 
-	/* We already have this value in our config! */
-	if (!finish_command(&config_get)) {
-		rc = 0;
-		goto done;
+	if (!found) {
+		int rc;
+		char *user_config = NULL, *xdg_config = NULL;
+
+		if (!config_file) {
+			git_global_config(&user_config, &xdg_config);
+			config_file = user_config;
+			if (!user_config)
+				die(_("$HOME not set"));
+		}
+		rc = git_config_set_multivar_in_file_gently(
+			config_file, "maintenance.repo", maintpath,
+			CONFIG_REGEX_NONE, 0);
+		free(user_config);
+		free(xdg_config);
+
+		if (rc)
+			die(_("unable to add '%s' value of '%s'"),
+			    key, maintpath);
 	}
 
-	config_set.git_cmd = 1;
-	strvec_pushl(&config_set.args, "config", "--add", "--global", "maintenance.repo",
-		     maintpath, NULL);
-
-	rc = run_command(&config_set);
-
-done:
 	free(maintpath);
-	return rc;
+	return 0;
 }
 
 static char const * const builtin_maintenance_unregister_usage[] = {
-	"git maintenance unregister",
+	"git maintenance unregister [--config-file <path>] [--force]",
 	NULL
 };
 
 static int maintenance_unregister(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 {
+	int force = 0;
+	char *config_file = NULL;
 	struct option options[] = {
+		OPT_STRING(0, "config-file", &config_file, N_("file"), N_("use given config file")),
+		OPT__FORCE(&force,
+			   N_("return success even if repository was not registered"),
+			   PARSE_OPT_NOCOMPLETE),
 		OPT_END(),
 	};
-	int rc;
-	struct child_process config_unset = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
+	const char *key = "maintenance.repo";
 	char *maintpath = get_maintpath();
+	int found = 0;
+	struct string_list_item *item;
+	const struct string_list *list;
+	struct config_set cs = { { 0 } };
 
 	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, options,
 			     builtin_maintenance_unregister_usage, 0);
@@ -1531,13 +1577,48 @@ static int maintenance_unregister(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefi
 		usage_with_options(builtin_maintenance_unregister_usage,
 				   options);
 
-	config_unset.git_cmd = 1;
-	strvec_pushl(&config_unset.args, "config", "--global", "--unset",
-		     "--fixed-value", "maintenance.repo", maintpath, NULL);
+	if (config_file) {
+		git_configset_init(&cs);
+		git_configset_add_file(&cs, config_file);
+		list = git_configset_get_value_multi(&cs, key);
+	} else {
+		list = git_config_get_value_multi(key);
+	}
+	if (list) {
+		for_each_string_list_item(item, list) {
+			if (!strcmp(maintpath, item->string)) {
+				found = 1;
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+	}
 
-	rc = run_command(&config_unset);
+	if (found) {
+		int rc;
+		char *user_config = NULL, *xdg_config = NULL;
+		if (!config_file) {
+			git_global_config(&user_config, &xdg_config);
+			config_file = user_config;
+			if (!user_config)
+				die(_("$HOME not set"));
+		}
+		rc = git_config_set_multivar_in_file_gently(
+			config_file, key, NULL, maintpath,
+			CONFIG_FLAGS_MULTI_REPLACE | CONFIG_FLAGS_FIXED_VALUE);
+		free(user_config);
+		free(xdg_config);
+
+		if (rc &&
+		    (!force || rc == CONFIG_NOTHING_SET))
+			die(_("unable to unset '%s' value of '%s'"),
+			    key, maintpath);
+	} else if (!force) {
+		die(_("repository '%s' is not registered"), maintpath);
+	}
+
+	git_configset_clear(&cs);
 	free(maintpath);
-	return rc;
+	return 0;
 }
 
 static const char *get_frequency(enum schedule_priority schedule)
@@ -1874,20 +1955,16 @@ static char *schtasks_task_name(const char *frequency)
 static int schtasks_remove_task(enum schedule_priority schedule)
 {
 	const char *cmd = "schtasks";
-	int result;
-	struct strvec args = STRVEC_INIT;
+	struct child_process child = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
 	const char *frequency = get_frequency(schedule);
 	char *name = schtasks_task_name(frequency);
 
 	get_schedule_cmd(&cmd, NULL);
-	strvec_split(&args, cmd);
-	strvec_pushl(&args, "/delete", "/tn", name, "/f", NULL);
-
-	result = run_command_v_opt(args.v, 0);
-
-	strvec_clear(&args);
+	strvec_split(&child.args, cmd);
+	strvec_pushl(&child.args, "/delete", "/tn", name, "/f", NULL);
 	free(name);
-	return result;
+
+	return run_command(&child);
 }
 
 static int schtasks_remove_tasks(void)
diff --git a/builtin/grep.c b/builtin/grep.c
index e6bcdf8..f7821c5 100644
--- a/builtin/grep.c
+++ b/builtin/grep.c
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
  *
  * Copyright (c) 2006 Junio C Hamano
  */
-#define USE_THE_INDEX_COMPATIBILITY_MACROS
 #include "cache.h"
 #include "repository.h"
 #include "config.h"
@@ -458,6 +457,33 @@ static int grep_submodule(struct grep_opt *opt,
 	 * subrepo's odbs to the in-memory alternates list.
 	 */
 	obj_read_lock();
+
+	/*
+	 * NEEDSWORK: when reading a submodule, the sparsity settings in the
+	 * superproject are incorrectly forgotten or misused. For example:
+	 *
+	 * 1. "command_requires_full_index"
+	 * 	When this setting is turned on for `grep`, only the superproject
+	 *	knows it. All the submodules are read with their own configs
+	 *	and get prepare_repo_settings()'d. Therefore, these submodules
+	 *	"forget" the sparse-index feature switch. As a result, the index
+	 *	of these submodules are expanded unexpectedly.
+	 *
+	 * 2. "core_apply_sparse_checkout"
+	 *	When running `grep` in the superproject, this setting is
+	 *	populated using the superproject's configs. However, once
+	 *	initialized, this config is globally accessible and is read by
+	 *	prepare_repo_settings() for the submodules. For instance, if a
+	 *	submodule is using a sparse-checkout, however, the superproject
+	 *	is not, the result is that the config from the superproject will
+	 *	dictate the behavior for the submodule, making it "forget" its
+	 *	sparse-checkout state.
+	 *
+	 * 3. "core_sparse_checkout_cone"
+	 *	ditto.
+	 *
+	 * Note that this list is not exhaustive.
+	 */
 	repo_read_gitmodules(subrepo, 0);
 
 	/*
@@ -520,8 +546,6 @@ static int grep_cache(struct grep_opt *opt,
 	if (repo_read_index(repo) < 0)
 		die(_("index file corrupt"));
 
-	/* TODO: audit for interaction with sparse-index. */
-	ensure_full_index(repo->index);
 	for (nr = 0; nr < repo->index->cache_nr; nr++) {
 		const struct cache_entry *ce = repo->index->cache[nr];
 
@@ -530,8 +554,20 @@ static int grep_cache(struct grep_opt *opt,
 
 		strbuf_setlen(&name, name_base_len);
 		strbuf_addstr(&name, ce->name);
+		if (S_ISSPARSEDIR(ce->ce_mode)) {
+			enum object_type type;
+			struct tree_desc tree;
+			void *data;
+			unsigned long size;
 
-		if (S_ISREG(ce->ce_mode) &&
+			data = read_object_file(&ce->oid, &type, &size);
+			init_tree_desc(&tree, data, size);
+
+			hit |= grep_tree(opt, pathspec, &tree, &name, 0, 0);
+			strbuf_setlen(&name, name_base_len);
+			strbuf_addstr(&name, ce->name);
+			free(data);
+		} else if (S_ISREG(ce->ce_mode) &&
 		    match_pathspec(repo->index, pathspec, name.buf, name.len, 0, NULL,
 				   S_ISDIR(ce->ce_mode) ||
 				   S_ISGITLINK(ce->ce_mode))) {
@@ -984,6 +1020,11 @@ int cmd_grep(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 			     PARSE_OPT_KEEP_DASHDASH |
 			     PARSE_OPT_STOP_AT_NON_OPTION);
 
+	if (the_repository->gitdir) {
+		prepare_repo_settings(the_repository);
+		the_repository->settings.command_requires_full_index = 0;
+	}
+
 	if (use_index && !startup_info->have_repository) {
 		int fallback = 0;
 		git_config_get_bool("grep.fallbacktonoindex", &fallback);
diff --git a/builtin/hash-object.c b/builtin/hash-object.c
index fbae878..b506381 100644
--- a/builtin/hash-object.c
+++ b/builtin/hash-object.c
@@ -80,8 +80,9 @@ static void hash_stdin_paths(const char *type, int no_filters, unsigned flags,
 int cmd_hash_object(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 {
 	static const char * const hash_object_usage[] = {
-		N_("git hash-object [-t <type>] [-w] [--path=<file> | --no-filters] [--stdin] [--] <file>..."),
-		"git hash-object  --stdin-paths",
+		N_("git hash-object [-t <type>] [-w] [--path=<file> | --no-filters]\n"
+		   "                [--stdin [--literally]] [--] <file>..."),
+		N_("git hash-object [-t <type>] [-w] --stdin-paths [--no-filters]"),
 		NULL
 	};
 	const char *type = blob_type;
diff --git a/builtin/help.c b/builtin/help.c
index 6f2796f..53f2812 100644
--- a/builtin/help.c
+++ b/builtin/help.c
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ static struct option builtin_help_options[] = {
 };
 
 static const char * const builtin_help_usage[] = {
-	"git help [-a|--all] [--[no-]verbose]] [--[no-]external-commands] [--[no-]aliases]",
+	"git help [-a|--all] [--[no-]verbose] [--[no-]external-commands] [--[no-]aliases]",
 	N_("git help [[-i|--info] [-m|--man] [-w|--web]] [<command>|<doc>]"),
 	"git help [-g|--guides]",
 	"git help [-c|--config]",
diff --git a/builtin/init-db.c b/builtin/init-db.c
index 546f9c5..dcaaf10 100644
--- a/builtin/init-db.c
+++ b/builtin/init-db.c
@@ -515,7 +515,10 @@ static int shared_callback(const struct option *opt, const char *arg, int unset)
 }
 
 static const char *const init_db_usage[] = {
-	N_("git init [-q | --quiet] [--bare] [--template=<template-directory>] [--shared[=<permissions>]] [<directory>]"),
+	N_("git init [-q | --quiet] [--bare] [--template=<template-directory>]\n"
+	   "         [--separate-git-dir <git-dir>] [--object-format=<format>]\n"
+	   "         [-b <branch-name> | --initial-branch=<branch-name>]\n"
+	   "         [--shared[=<permissions>]] [<directory>]"),
 	NULL
 };
 
diff --git a/builtin/interpret-trailers.c b/builtin/interpret-trailers.c
index 84748ea..e58627c 100644
--- a/builtin/interpret-trailers.c
+++ b/builtin/interpret-trailers.c
@@ -13,7 +13,9 @@
 #include "config.h"
 
 static const char * const git_interpret_trailers_usage[] = {
-	N_("git interpret-trailers [--in-place] [--trim-empty] [(--trailer <token>[(=|:)<value>])...] [<file>...]"),
+	N_("git interpret-trailers [--in-place] [--trim-empty]\n"
+	   "                       [(--trailer <token>[(=|:)<value>])...]\n"
+	   "                       [--parse] [<file>...]"),
 	NULL
 };
 
diff --git a/builtin/log.c b/builtin/log.c
index ee19dc5..89447a5 100644
--- a/builtin/log.c
+++ b/builtin/log.c
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
  * (C) Copyright 2006 Linus Torvalds
  *		 2006 Junio Hamano
  */
-#define USE_THE_INDEX_COMPATIBILITY_MACROS
 #include "cache.h"
 #include "config.h"
 #include "refs.h"
@@ -1334,6 +1333,7 @@ static void make_cover_letter(struct rev_info *rev, int use_separate_file,
 	log.in2 = 4;
 	log.file = rev->diffopt.file;
 	log.groups = SHORTLOG_GROUP_AUTHOR;
+	shortlog_finish_setup(&log);
 	for (i = 0; i < nr; i++)
 		shortlog_add_commit(&log, list[i]);
 
@@ -1763,7 +1763,7 @@ static void prepare_bases(struct base_tree_info *bases,
 		struct object_id *patch_id;
 		if (*commit_base_at(&commit_base, commit))
 			continue;
-		if (commit_patch_id(commit, &diffopt, &oid, 0, 1))
+		if (commit_patch_id(commit, &diffopt, &oid, 0))
 			die(_("cannot get patch id"));
 		ALLOC_GROW(bases->patch_id, bases->nr_patch_id + 1, bases->alloc_patch_id);
 		patch_id = bases->patch_id + bases->nr_patch_id;
diff --git a/builtin/ls-remote.c b/builtin/ls-remote.c
index df44e5c..5d5ac03 100644
--- a/builtin/ls-remote.c
+++ b/builtin/ls-remote.c
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 
 static const char * const ls_remote_usage[] = {
 	N_("git ls-remote [--heads] [--tags] [--refs] [--upload-pack=<exec>]\n"
-	   "              [-q | --quiet] [--exit-code] [--get-url]\n"
+	   "              [-q | --quiet] [--exit-code] [--get-url] [--sort=<key>]\n"
 	   "              [--symref] [<repository> [<refs>...]]"),
 	NULL
 };
diff --git a/builtin/merge-base.c b/builtin/merge-base.c
index a11f8c6..6f3941f 100644
--- a/builtin/merge-base.c
+++ b/builtin/merge-base.c
@@ -31,8 +31,8 @@ static int show_merge_base(struct commit **rev, int rev_nr, int show_all)
 static const char * const merge_base_usage[] = {
 	N_("git merge-base [-a | --all] <commit> <commit>..."),
 	N_("git merge-base [-a | --all] --octopus <commit>..."),
-	N_("git merge-base --independent <commit>..."),
 	N_("git merge-base --is-ancestor <commit> <commit>"),
+	N_("git merge-base --independent <commit>..."),
 	N_("git merge-base --fork-point <ref> [<commit>]"),
 	NULL
 };
diff --git a/builtin/merge-index.c b/builtin/merge-index.c
index c0383fe..452f833 100644
--- a/builtin/merge-index.c
+++ b/builtin/merge-index.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#define USE_THE_INDEX_COMPATIBILITY_MACROS
+#define USE_THE_INDEX_VARIABLE
 #include "builtin.h"
 #include "run-command.h"
 
@@ -12,12 +12,13 @@ static int merge_entry(int pos, const char *path)
 	const char *arguments[] = { pgm, "", "", "", path, "", "", "", NULL };
 	char hexbuf[4][GIT_MAX_HEXSZ + 1];
 	char ownbuf[4][60];
+	struct child_process cmd = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
 
-	if (pos >= active_nr)
+	if (pos >= the_index.cache_nr)
 		die("git merge-index: %s not in the cache", path);
 	found = 0;
 	do {
-		const struct cache_entry *ce = active_cache[pos];
+		const struct cache_entry *ce = the_index.cache[pos];
 		int stage = ce_stage(ce);
 
 		if (strcmp(ce->name, path))
@@ -27,11 +28,12 @@ static int merge_entry(int pos, const char *path)
 		xsnprintf(ownbuf[stage], sizeof(ownbuf[stage]), "%o", ce->ce_mode);
 		arguments[stage] = hexbuf[stage];
 		arguments[stage + 4] = ownbuf[stage];
-	} while (++pos < active_nr);
+	} while (++pos < the_index.cache_nr);
 	if (!found)
 		die("git merge-index: %s not in the cache", path);
 
-	if (run_command_v_opt(arguments, 0)) {
+	strvec_pushv(&cmd.args, arguments);
+	if (run_command(&cmd)) {
 		if (one_shot)
 			err++;
 		else {
@@ -45,7 +47,7 @@ static int merge_entry(int pos, const char *path)
 
 static void merge_one_path(const char *path)
 {
-	int pos = cache_name_pos(path, strlen(path));
+	int pos = index_name_pos(&the_index, path, strlen(path));
 
 	/*
 	 * If it already exists in the cache as stage0, it's
@@ -60,8 +62,8 @@ static void merge_all(void)
 	int i;
 	/* TODO: audit for interaction with sparse-index. */
 	ensure_full_index(&the_index);
-	for (i = 0; i < active_nr; i++) {
-		const struct cache_entry *ce = active_cache[i];
+	for (i = 0; i < the_index.cache_nr; i++) {
+		const struct cache_entry *ce = the_index.cache[i];
 		if (!ce_stage(ce))
 			continue;
 		i += merge_entry(i, ce->name)-1;
@@ -80,7 +82,7 @@ int cmd_merge_index(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	if (argc < 3)
 		usage("git merge-index [-o] [-q] <merge-program> (-a | [--] [<filename>...])");
 
-	read_cache();
+	repo_read_index(the_repository);
 
 	/* TODO: audit for interaction with sparse-index. */
 	ensure_full_index(&the_index);
diff --git a/builtin/merge-ours.c b/builtin/merge-ours.c
index 3583cff..284eb48 100644
--- a/builtin/merge-ours.c
+++ b/builtin/merge-ours.c
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@
  *
  * Pretend we resolved the heads, but declare our tree trumps everybody else.
  */
-#define USE_THE_INDEX_COMPATIBILITY_MACROS
 #include "git-compat-util.h"
 #include "builtin.h"
 #include "diff.h"
@@ -25,7 +24,7 @@ int cmd_merge_ours(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	 * commit.  The index must match HEAD, or this merge cannot go
 	 * through.
 	 */
-	if (read_cache() < 0)
+	if (repo_read_index(the_repository) < 0)
 		die_errno("read_cache failed");
 	if (index_differs_from(the_repository, "HEAD", NULL, 0))
 		return 2;
diff --git a/builtin/merge-tree.c b/builtin/merge-tree.c
index ae57829..e376708 100644
--- a/builtin/merge-tree.c
+++ b/builtin/merge-tree.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#define USE_THE_INDEX_COMPATIBILITY_MACROS
+#define USE_THE_INDEX_VARIABLE
 #include "builtin.h"
 #include "tree-walk.h"
 #include "xdiff-interface.h"
@@ -402,6 +402,7 @@ struct merge_tree_options {
 	int allow_unrelated_histories;
 	int show_messages;
 	int name_only;
+	int use_stdin;
 };
 
 static int real_merge(struct merge_tree_options *o,
@@ -412,6 +413,7 @@ static int real_merge(struct merge_tree_options *o,
 	struct commit_list *merge_bases = NULL;
 	struct merge_options opt;
 	struct merge_result result = { 0 };
+	int show_messages = o->show_messages;
 
 	parent1 = get_merge_parent(branch1);
 	if (!parent1)
@@ -443,9 +445,11 @@ static int real_merge(struct merge_tree_options *o,
 	if (result.clean < 0)
 		die(_("failure to merge"));
 
-	if (o->show_messages == -1)
-		o->show_messages = !result.clean;
+	if (show_messages == -1)
+		show_messages = !result.clean;
 
+	if (o->use_stdin)
+		printf("%d%c", result.clean, line_termination);
 	printf("%s%c", oid_to_hex(&result.tree->object.oid), line_termination);
 	if (!result.clean) {
 		struct string_list conflicted_files = STRING_LIST_INIT_NODUP;
@@ -467,11 +471,13 @@ static int real_merge(struct merge_tree_options *o,
 		}
 		string_list_clear(&conflicted_files, 1);
 	}
-	if (o->show_messages) {
+	if (show_messages) {
 		putchar(line_termination);
 		merge_display_update_messages(&opt, line_termination == '\0',
 					      &result);
 	}
+	if (o->use_stdin)
+		putchar(line_termination);
 	merge_finalize(&opt, &result);
 	return !result.clean; /* result.clean < 0 handled above */
 }
@@ -505,6 +511,10 @@ int cmd_merge_tree(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 			   &o.allow_unrelated_histories,
 			   N_("allow merging unrelated histories"),
 			   PARSE_OPT_NONEG),
+		OPT_BOOL_F(0, "stdin",
+			   &o.use_stdin,
+			   N_("perform multiple merges, one per line of input"),
+			   PARSE_OPT_NONEG),
 		OPT_END()
 	};
 
@@ -512,6 +522,32 @@ int cmd_merge_tree(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	original_argc = argc - 1; /* ignoring argv[0] */
 	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, mt_options,
 			     merge_tree_usage, PARSE_OPT_STOP_AT_NON_OPTION);
+
+	/* Handle --stdin */
+	if (o.use_stdin) {
+		struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
+
+		if (o.mode == MODE_TRIVIAL)
+			die(_("--trivial-merge is incompatible with all other options"));
+		line_termination = '\0';
+		while (strbuf_getline_lf(&buf, stdin) != EOF) {
+			struct strbuf **split;
+			int result;
+
+			split = strbuf_split(&buf, ' ');
+			if (!split[0] || !split[1] || split[2])
+				die(_("malformed input line: '%s'."), buf.buf);
+			strbuf_rtrim(split[0]);
+			result = real_merge(&o, split[0]->buf, split[1]->buf, prefix);
+			if (result < 0)
+				die(_("merging cannot continue; got unclean result of %d"), result);
+			strbuf_list_free(split);
+		}
+		strbuf_release(&buf);
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	/* Figure out which mode to use */
 	switch (o.mode) {
 	default:
 		BUG("unexpected command mode %d", o.mode);
diff --git a/builtin/merge.c b/builtin/merge.c
index 5900b81..dd47437 100644
--- a/builtin/merge.c
+++ b/builtin/merge.c
@@ -318,7 +318,7 @@ static int save_state(struct object_id *stash)
 	int rc = -1;
 
 	fd = repo_hold_locked_index(the_repository, &lock_file, 0);
-	refresh_cache(REFRESH_QUIET);
+	refresh_index(&the_index, REFRESH_QUIET, NULL, NULL, NULL);
 	if (0 <= fd)
 		repo_update_index_if_able(the_repository, &lock_file);
 	rollback_lock_file(&lock_file);
@@ -345,63 +345,53 @@ static int save_state(struct object_id *stash)
 	return rc;
 }
 
-static void read_empty(const struct object_id *oid, int verbose)
+static void read_empty(const struct object_id *oid)
 {
-	int i = 0;
-	const char *args[7];
+	struct child_process cmd = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
 
-	args[i++] = "read-tree";
-	if (verbose)
-		args[i++] = "-v";
-	args[i++] = "-m";
-	args[i++] = "-u";
-	args[i++] = empty_tree_oid_hex();
-	args[i++] = oid_to_hex(oid);
-	args[i] = NULL;
+	strvec_pushl(&cmd.args, "read-tree", "-m", "-u", empty_tree_oid_hex(),
+		     oid_to_hex(oid), NULL);
+	cmd.git_cmd = 1;
 
-	if (run_command_v_opt(args, RUN_GIT_CMD))
+	if (run_command(&cmd))
 		die(_("read-tree failed"));
 }
 
-static void reset_hard(const struct object_id *oid, int verbose)
+static void reset_hard(const struct object_id *oid)
 {
-	int i = 0;
-	const char *args[6];
+	struct child_process cmd = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
 
-	args[i++] = "read-tree";
-	if (verbose)
-		args[i++] = "-v";
-	args[i++] = "--reset";
-	args[i++] = "-u";
-	args[i++] = oid_to_hex(oid);
-	args[i] = NULL;
+	strvec_pushl(&cmd.args, "read-tree", "-v", "--reset", "-u",
+		     oid_to_hex(oid), NULL);
+	cmd.git_cmd = 1;
 
-	if (run_command_v_opt(args, RUN_GIT_CMD))
+	if (run_command(&cmd))
 		die(_("read-tree failed"));
 }
 
 static void restore_state(const struct object_id *head,
 			  const struct object_id *stash)
 {
-	struct strvec args = STRVEC_INIT;
+	struct child_process cmd = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
 
-	reset_hard(head, 1);
+	reset_hard(head);
 
 	if (is_null_oid(stash))
 		goto refresh_cache;
 
-	strvec_pushl(&args, "stash", "apply", "--index", "--quiet", NULL);
-	strvec_push(&args, oid_to_hex(stash));
+	strvec_pushl(&cmd.args, "stash", "apply", "--index", "--quiet", NULL);
+	strvec_push(&cmd.args, oid_to_hex(stash));
 
 	/*
 	 * It is OK to ignore error here, for example when there was
 	 * nothing to restore.
 	 */
-	run_command_v_opt(args.v, RUN_GIT_CMD);
-	strvec_clear(&args);
+	cmd.git_cmd = 1;
+	run_command(&cmd);
 
 refresh_cache:
-	if (discard_cache() < 0 || read_cache() < 0)
+	discard_cache();
+	if (read_cache() < 0)
 		die(_("could not read index"));
 }
 
@@ -704,7 +694,7 @@ static int read_tree_trivial(struct object_id *common, struct object_id *head,
 	if (!trees[nr_trees++])
 		return -1;
 	opts.fn = threeway_merge;
-	cache_tree_free(&active_cache_tree);
+	cache_tree_free(&the_index.cache_tree);
 	for (i = 0; i < nr_trees; i++) {
 		parse_tree(trees[i]);
 		init_tree_desc(t+i, trees[i]->buffer, trees[i]->size);
@@ -726,7 +716,9 @@ static int try_merge_strategy(const char *strategy, struct commit_list *common,
 {
 	const char *head_arg = "HEAD";
 
-	if (refresh_and_write_cache(REFRESH_QUIET, SKIP_IF_UNCHANGED, 0) < 0)
+	if (repo_refresh_and_write_index(the_repository, REFRESH_QUIET,
+					 SKIP_IF_UNCHANGED, 0, NULL, NULL,
+					 NULL) < 0)
 		return error(_("Unable to write index."));
 
 	if (!strcmp(strategy, "recursive") || !strcmp(strategy, "subtree") ||
@@ -760,7 +752,8 @@ static int try_merge_strategy(const char *strategy, struct commit_list *common,
 		for (j = common; j; j = j->next)
 			commit_list_insert(j->item, &reversed);
 
-		hold_locked_index(&lock, LOCK_DIE_ON_ERROR);
+		repo_hold_locked_index(the_repository, &lock,
+				       LOCK_DIE_ON_ERROR);
 		if (!strcmp(strategy, "ort"))
 			clean = merge_ort_recursive(&o, head, remoteheads->item,
 						    reversed, &result);
@@ -794,8 +787,8 @@ static int count_unmerged_entries(void)
 {
 	int i, ret = 0;
 
-	for (i = 0; i < active_nr; i++)
-		if (ce_stage(active_cache[i]))
+	for (i = 0; i < the_index.cache_nr; i++)
+		if (ce_stage(the_index.cache[i]))
 			ret++;
 
 	return ret;
@@ -869,9 +862,9 @@ static void prepare_to_commit(struct commit_list *remoteheads)
 		 * the editor and after we invoke run_status above.
 		 */
 		if (invoked_hook)
-			discard_cache();
+			discard_index(&the_index);
 	}
-	read_cache_from(index_file);
+	read_index_from(&the_index, index_file, get_git_dir());
 	strbuf_addbuf(&msg, &merge_msg);
 	if (squash)
 		BUG("the control must not reach here under --squash");
@@ -920,7 +913,9 @@ static int merge_trivial(struct commit *head, struct commit_list *remoteheads)
 	struct object_id result_tree, result_commit;
 	struct commit_list *parents, **pptr = &parents;
 
-	if (refresh_and_write_cache(REFRESH_QUIET, SKIP_IF_UNCHANGED, 0) < 0)
+	if (repo_refresh_and_write_index(the_repository, REFRESH_QUIET,
+					 SKIP_IF_UNCHANGED, 0, NULL, NULL,
+					 NULL) < 0)
 		return error(_("Unable to write index."));
 
 	write_tree_trivial(&result_tree);
@@ -1386,7 +1381,7 @@ int cmd_merge(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		goto done;
 	}
 
-	if (read_cache_unmerged())
+	if (repo_read_index_unmerged(the_repository))
 		die_resolve_conflict("merge");
 
 	if (file_exists(git_path_merge_head(the_repository))) {
@@ -1407,7 +1402,7 @@ int cmd_merge(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		else
 			die(_("You have not concluded your cherry-pick (CHERRY_PICK_HEAD exists)."));
 	}
-	resolve_undo_clear();
+	resolve_undo_clear_index(&the_index);
 
 	if (option_edit < 0)
 		option_edit = default_edit_option();
@@ -1470,7 +1465,7 @@ int cmd_merge(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 					       check_trust_level);
 
 		remote_head_oid = &remoteheads->item->object.oid;
-		read_empty(remote_head_oid, 0);
+		read_empty(remote_head_oid);
 		update_ref("initial pull", "HEAD", remote_head_oid, NULL, 0,
 			   UPDATE_REFS_DIE_ON_ERR);
 		goto done;
@@ -1612,7 +1607,7 @@ int cmd_merge(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		 * We are not doing octopus, not fast-forward, and have
 		 * only one common.
 		 */
-		refresh_cache(REFRESH_QUIET);
+		refresh_index(&the_index, REFRESH_QUIET, NULL, NULL, NULL);
 		if (allow_trivial && fast_forward != FF_ONLY) {
 			/*
 			 * Must first ensure that index matches HEAD before
diff --git a/builtin/mv.c b/builtin/mv.c
index 3413ad1..19790ce 100644
--- a/builtin/mv.c
+++ b/builtin/mv.c
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ static void prepare_move_submodule(const char *src, int first,
 				   const char **submodule_gitfile)
 {
 	struct strbuf submodule_dotgit = STRBUF_INIT;
-	if (!S_ISGITLINK(active_cache[first]->ce_mode))
+	if (!S_ISGITLINK(the_index.cache[first]->ce_mode))
 		die(_("Directory %s is in index and no submodule?"), src);
 	if (!is_staging_gitmodules_ok(&the_index))
 		die(_("Please stage your changes to .gitmodules or stash them to proceed"));
@@ -106,13 +106,13 @@ static int index_range_of_same_dir(const char *src, int length,
 	const char *src_w_slash = add_slash(src);
 	int first, last, len_w_slash = length + 1;
 
-	first = cache_name_pos(src_w_slash, len_w_slash);
+	first = index_name_pos(&the_index, src_w_slash, len_w_slash);
 	if (first >= 0)
 		die(_("%.*s is in index"), len_w_slash, src_w_slash);
 
 	first = -1 - first;
-	for (last = first; last < active_nr; last++) {
-		const char *path = active_cache[last]->name;
+	for (last = first; last < the_index.cache_nr; last++) {
+		const char *path = the_index.cache[last]->name;
 		if (strncmp(path, src_w_slash, len_w_slash))
 			break;
 	}
@@ -136,14 +136,14 @@ static int empty_dir_has_sparse_contents(const char *name)
 	const char *with_slash = add_slash(name);
 	int length = strlen(with_slash);
 
-	int pos = cache_name_pos(with_slash, length);
+	int pos = index_name_pos(&the_index, with_slash, length);
 	const struct cache_entry *ce;
 
 	if (pos < 0) {
 		pos = -pos - 1;
 		if (pos >= the_index.cache_nr)
 			goto free_return;
-		ce = active_cache[pos];
+		ce = the_index.cache[pos];
 		if (strncmp(with_slash, ce->name, length))
 			goto free_return;
 		if (ce_skip_worktree(ce))
@@ -189,8 +189,8 @@ int cmd_mv(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	if (--argc < 1)
 		usage_with_options(builtin_mv_usage, builtin_mv_options);
 
-	hold_locked_index(&lock_file, LOCK_DIE_ON_ERROR);
-	if (read_cache() < 0)
+	repo_hold_locked_index(the_repository, &lock_file, LOCK_DIE_ON_ERROR);
+	if (repo_read_index(the_repository) < 0)
 		die(_("index file corrupt"));
 
 	source = internal_prefix_pathspec(prefix, argv, argc, 0);
@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ int cmd_mv(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 			int pos;
 			const struct cache_entry *ce;
 
-			pos = cache_name_pos(src, length);
+			pos = index_name_pos(&the_index, src, length);
 			if (pos < 0) {
 				const char *src_w_slash = add_slash(src);
 				if (!path_in_sparse_checkout(src_w_slash, &the_index) &&
@@ -268,7 +268,7 @@ int cmd_mv(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 					bad = _("bad source");
 				goto act_on_entry;
 			}
-			ce = active_cache[pos];
+			ce = the_index.cache[pos];
 			if (!ce_skip_worktree(ce)) {
 				bad = _("bad source");
 				goto act_on_entry;
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ int cmd_mv(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 				goto act_on_entry;
 			}
 			/* Check if dst exists in index */
-			if (cache_name_pos(dst, strlen(dst)) < 0) {
+			if (index_name_pos(&the_index, dst, strlen(dst)) < 0) {
 				modes[i] |= SPARSE;
 				goto act_on_entry;
 			}
@@ -303,7 +303,7 @@ int cmd_mv(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 dir_check:
 		if (S_ISDIR(st.st_mode)) {
 			int j, dst_len, n;
-			int first = cache_name_pos(src, length), last;
+			int first = index_name_pos(&the_index, src, length), last;
 
 			if (first >= 0) {
 				prepare_move_submodule(src, first,
@@ -331,7 +331,7 @@ int cmd_mv(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 			dst_len = strlen(dst);
 
 			for (j = 0; j < last - first; j++) {
-				const struct cache_entry *ce = active_cache[first + j];
+				const struct cache_entry *ce = the_index.cache[first + j];
 				const char *path = ce->name;
 				source[argc + j] = path;
 				destination[argc + j] =
@@ -343,7 +343,7 @@ int cmd_mv(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 			argc += last - first;
 			goto act_on_entry;
 		}
-		if (!(ce = cache_file_exists(src, length, 0))) {
+		if (!(ce = index_file_exists(&the_index, src, length, 0))) {
 			bad = _("not under version control");
 			goto act_on_entry;
 		}
@@ -468,11 +468,14 @@ int cmd_mv(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		if (mode & (WORKING_DIRECTORY | SKIP_WORKTREE_DIR))
 			continue;
 
-		pos = cache_name_pos(src, strlen(src));
+		pos = index_name_pos(&the_index, src, strlen(src));
 		assert(pos >= 0);
 		if (!(mode & SPARSE) && !lstat(src, &st))
-			sparse_and_dirty = ce_modified(active_cache[pos], &st, 0);
-		rename_cache_entry_at(pos, dst);
+			sparse_and_dirty = ie_modified(&the_index,
+						       the_index.cache[pos],
+						       &st,
+						       0);
+		rename_index_entry_at(&the_index, pos, dst);
 
 		if (ignore_sparse &&
 		    core_apply_sparse_checkout &&
@@ -487,7 +490,7 @@ int cmd_mv(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 			    path_in_sparse_checkout(dst, &the_index)) {
 				/* from out-of-cone to in-cone */
 				int dst_pos = cache_name_pos(dst, strlen(dst));
-				struct cache_entry *dst_ce = active_cache[dst_pos];
+				struct cache_entry *dst_ce = the_index.cache[dst_pos];
 
 				dst_ce->ce_flags &= ~CE_SKIP_WORKTREE;
 
@@ -498,7 +501,7 @@ int cmd_mv(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 				   !path_in_sparse_checkout(dst, &the_index)) {
 				/* from in-cone to out-of-cone */
 				int dst_pos = cache_name_pos(dst, strlen(dst));
-				struct cache_entry *dst_ce = active_cache[dst_pos];
+				struct cache_entry *dst_ce = the_index.cache[dst_pos];
 
 				/*
 				 * if src is clean, it will suffice to remove it
diff --git a/builtin/notes.c b/builtin/notes.c
index be51f69..80d9dfd 100644
--- a/builtin/notes.c
+++ b/builtin/notes.c
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ static void prepare_note_data(const struct object_id *object, struct note_data *
 		strbuf_addch(&buf, '\n');
 		strbuf_add_commented_lines(&buf, "\n", strlen("\n"));
 		strbuf_add_commented_lines(&buf, _(note_template), strlen(_(note_template)));
-		strbuf_addch(&buf, '\n');
+		strbuf_add_commented_lines(&buf, "\n", strlen("\n"));
 		write_or_die(fd, buf.buf, buf.len);
 
 		write_commented_object(fd, object);
diff --git a/builtin/pack-objects.c b/builtin/pack-objects.c
index 3658c05..573d0b2 100644
--- a/builtin/pack-objects.c
+++ b/builtin/pack-objects.c
@@ -180,8 +180,8 @@ static inline void oe_set_delta_size(struct packing_data *pack,
 #define SET_DELTA_SIBLING(obj, val) oe_set_delta_sibling(&to_pack, obj, val)
 
 static const char *pack_usage[] = {
-	N_("git pack-objects --stdout [<options>...] [< <ref-list> | < <object-list>]"),
-	N_("git pack-objects [<options>...] <base-name> [< <ref-list> | < <object-list>]"),
+	N_("git pack-objects --stdout [<options>] [< <ref-list> | < <object-list>]"),
+	N_("git pack-objects [<options>] <base-name> [< <ref-list> | < <object-list>]"),
 	NULL
 };
 
diff --git a/builtin/pack-redundant.c b/builtin/pack-redundant.c
index ed9b901..ecd49ca 100644
--- a/builtin/pack-redundant.c
+++ b/builtin/pack-redundant.c
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 #define BLKSIZE 512
 
 static const char pack_redundant_usage[] =
-"git pack-redundant [--verbose] [--alt-odb] (--all | <filename.pack>...)";
+"git pack-redundant [--verbose] [--alt-odb] (--all | <pack-filename>...)";
 
 static int load_all_packs, verbose, alt_odb;
 
diff --git a/builtin/pack-refs.c b/builtin/pack-refs.c
index cfbd5c3..27c2ca0 100644
--- a/builtin/pack-refs.c
+++ b/builtin/pack-refs.c
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 #include "repository.h"
 
 static char const * const pack_refs_usage[] = {
-	N_("git pack-refs [<options>]"),
+	N_("git pack-refs [--all] [--no-prune]"),
 	NULL
 };
 
diff --git a/builtin/patch-id.c b/builtin/patch-id.c
index 881fcf3..f840fbf 100644
--- a/builtin/patch-id.c
+++ b/builtin/patch-id.c
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 #include "builtin.h"
 #include "config.h"
 #include "diff.h"
+#include "parse-options.h"
 
 static void flush_current_id(int patchlen, struct object_id *id, struct object_id *result)
 {
@@ -57,10 +58,12 @@ static int scan_hunk_header(const char *p, int *p_before, int *p_after)
 }
 
 static int get_one_patchid(struct object_id *next_oid, struct object_id *result,
-			   struct strbuf *line_buf, int stable)
+			   struct strbuf *line_buf, int stable, int verbatim)
 {
 	int patchlen = 0, found_next = 0;
 	int before = -1, after = -1;
+	int diff_is_binary = 0;
+	char pre_oid_str[GIT_MAX_HEXSZ + 1], post_oid_str[GIT_MAX_HEXSZ + 1];
 	git_hash_ctx ctx;
 
 	the_hash_algo->init_fn(&ctx);
@@ -71,11 +74,14 @@ static int get_one_patchid(struct object_id *next_oid, struct object_id *result,
 		const char *p = line;
 		int len;
 
-		if (!skip_prefix(line, "diff-tree ", &p) &&
-		    !skip_prefix(line, "commit ", &p) &&
+		/* Possibly skip over the prefix added by "log" or "format-patch" */
+		if (!skip_prefix(line, "commit ", &p) &&
 		    !skip_prefix(line, "From ", &p) &&
-		    starts_with(line, "\\ ") && 12 < strlen(line))
+		    starts_with(line, "\\ ") && 12 < strlen(line)) {
+			if (verbatim)
+				the_hash_algo->update_fn(&ctx, line, strlen(line));
 			continue;
+		}
 
 		if (!get_oid_hex(p, next_oid)) {
 			found_next = 1;
@@ -88,14 +94,44 @@ static int get_one_patchid(struct object_id *next_oid, struct object_id *result,
 
 		/* Parsing diff header?  */
 		if (before == -1) {
-			if (starts_with(line, "index "))
+			if (starts_with(line, "GIT binary patch") ||
+			    starts_with(line, "Binary files")) {
+				diff_is_binary = 1;
+				before = 0;
+				the_hash_algo->update_fn(&ctx, pre_oid_str,
+							 strlen(pre_oid_str));
+				the_hash_algo->update_fn(&ctx, post_oid_str,
+							 strlen(post_oid_str));
+				if (stable)
+					flush_one_hunk(result, &ctx);
 				continue;
-			else if (starts_with(line, "--- "))
+			} else if (skip_prefix(line, "index ", &p)) {
+				char *oid1_end = strstr(line, "..");
+				char *oid2_end = NULL;
+				if (oid1_end)
+					oid2_end = strstr(oid1_end, " ");
+				if (!oid2_end)
+					oid2_end = line + strlen(line) - 1;
+				if (oid1_end != NULL && oid2_end != NULL) {
+					*oid1_end = *oid2_end = '\0';
+					strlcpy(pre_oid_str, p, GIT_MAX_HEXSZ + 1);
+					strlcpy(post_oid_str, oid1_end + 2, GIT_MAX_HEXSZ + 1);
+				}
+				continue;
+			} else if (starts_with(line, "--- "))
 				before = after = 1;
 			else if (!isalpha(line[0]))
 				break;
 		}
 
+		if (diff_is_binary) {
+			if (starts_with(line, "diff ")) {
+				diff_is_binary = 0;
+				before = -1;
+			}
+			continue;
+		}
+
 		/* Looking for a valid hunk header?  */
 		if (before == 0 && after == 0) {
 			if (starts_with(line, "@@ -")) {
@@ -120,8 +156,8 @@ static int get_one_patchid(struct object_id *next_oid, struct object_id *result,
 		if (line[0] == '+' || line[0] == ' ')
 			after--;
 
-		/* Compute the sha without whitespace */
-		len = remove_space(line);
+		/* Add line to hash algo (possibly removing whitespace) */
+		len = verbatim ? strlen(line) : remove_space(line);
 		patchlen += len;
 		the_hash_algo->update_fn(&ctx, line, len);
 	}
@@ -134,7 +170,7 @@ static int get_one_patchid(struct object_id *next_oid, struct object_id *result,
 	return patchlen;
 }
 
-static void generate_id_list(int stable)
+static void generate_id_list(int stable, int verbatim)
 {
 	struct object_id oid, n, result;
 	int patchlen;
@@ -142,21 +178,32 @@ static void generate_id_list(int stable)
 
 	oidclr(&oid);
 	while (!feof(stdin)) {
-		patchlen = get_one_patchid(&n, &result, &line_buf, stable);
+		patchlen = get_one_patchid(&n, &result, &line_buf, stable, verbatim);
 		flush_current_id(patchlen, &oid, &result);
 		oidcpy(&oid, &n);
 	}
 	strbuf_release(&line_buf);
 }
 
-static const char patch_id_usage[] = "git patch-id [--stable | --unstable]";
+static const char *const patch_id_usage[] = {
+	N_("git patch-id [--stable | --unstable | --verbatim]"), NULL
+};
+
+struct patch_id_opts {
+	int stable;
+	int verbatim;
+};
 
 static int git_patch_id_config(const char *var, const char *value, void *cb)
 {
-	int *stable = cb;
+	struct patch_id_opts *opts = cb;
 
 	if (!strcmp(var, "patchid.stable")) {
-		*stable = git_config_bool(var, value);
+		opts->stable = git_config_bool(var, value);
+		return 0;
+	}
+	if (!strcmp(var, "patchid.verbatim")) {
+		opts->verbatim = git_config_bool(var, value);
 		return 0;
 	}
 
@@ -165,21 +212,29 @@ static int git_patch_id_config(const char *var, const char *value, void *cb)
 
 int cmd_patch_id(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 {
-	int stable = -1;
+	/* if nothing is set, default to unstable */
+	struct patch_id_opts config = {0, 0};
+	int opts = 0;
+	struct option builtin_patch_id_options[] = {
+		OPT_CMDMODE(0, "unstable", &opts,
+		    N_("use the unstable patch-id algorithm"), 1),
+		OPT_CMDMODE(0, "stable", &opts,
+		    N_("use the stable patch-id algorithm"), 2),
+		OPT_CMDMODE(0, "verbatim", &opts,
+			N_("don't strip whitespace from the patch"), 3),
+		OPT_END()
+	};
 
-	git_config(git_patch_id_config, &stable);
+	git_config(git_patch_id_config, &config);
 
-	/* If nothing is set, default to unstable. */
-	if (stable < 0)
-		stable = 0;
+	/* verbatim implies stable */
+	if (config.verbatim)
+		config.stable = 1;
 
-	if (argc == 2 && !strcmp(argv[1], "--stable"))
-		stable = 1;
-	else if (argc == 2 && !strcmp(argv[1], "--unstable"))
-		stable = 0;
-	else if (argc != 1)
-		usage(patch_id_usage);
+	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, builtin_patch_id_options,
+			     patch_id_usage, 0);
 
-	generate_id_list(stable);
+	generate_id_list(opts ? opts > 1 : config.stable,
+			 opts ? opts == 3 : config.verbatim);
 	return 0;
 }
diff --git a/builtin/prune.c b/builtin/prune.c
index df376b2..2719220 100644
--- a/builtin/prune.c
+++ b/builtin/prune.c
@@ -127,7 +127,9 @@ static void remove_temporary_files(const char *path)
 
 	dir = opendir(path);
 	if (!dir) {
-		fprintf(stderr, "Unable to open directory %s\n", path);
+		if (errno != ENOENT)
+			fprintf(stderr, "Unable to open directory %s: %s\n",
+				path, strerror(errno));
 		return;
 	}
 	while ((de = readdir(dir)) != NULL)
diff --git a/builtin/pull.c b/builtin/pull.c
index 403a24d..1ab4de0 100644
--- a/builtin/pull.c
+++ b/builtin/pull.c
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
  *
  * Fetch one or more remote refs and merge it/them into the current HEAD.
  */
-#define USE_THE_INDEX_COMPATIBILITY_MACROS
+#define USE_THE_INDEX_VARIABLE
 #include "cache.h"
 #include "config.h"
 #include "builtin.h"
@@ -515,76 +515,75 @@ static void parse_repo_refspecs(int argc, const char **argv, const char **repo,
  */
 static int run_fetch(const char *repo, const char **refspecs)
 {
-	struct strvec args = STRVEC_INIT;
-	int ret;
+	struct child_process cmd = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
 
-	strvec_pushl(&args, "fetch", "--update-head-ok", NULL);
+	strvec_pushl(&cmd.args, "fetch", "--update-head-ok", NULL);
 
 	/* Shared options */
-	argv_push_verbosity(&args);
+	argv_push_verbosity(&cmd.args);
 	if (opt_progress)
-		strvec_push(&args, opt_progress);
+		strvec_push(&cmd.args, opt_progress);
 
 	/* Options passed to git-fetch */
 	if (opt_all)
-		strvec_push(&args, opt_all);
+		strvec_push(&cmd.args, opt_all);
 	if (opt_append)
-		strvec_push(&args, opt_append);
+		strvec_push(&cmd.args, opt_append);
 	if (opt_upload_pack)
-		strvec_push(&args, opt_upload_pack);
-	argv_push_force(&args);
+		strvec_push(&cmd.args, opt_upload_pack);
+	argv_push_force(&cmd.args);
 	if (opt_tags)
-		strvec_push(&args, opt_tags);
+		strvec_push(&cmd.args, opt_tags);
 	if (opt_prune)
-		strvec_push(&args, opt_prune);
+		strvec_push(&cmd.args, opt_prune);
 	if (recurse_submodules_cli != RECURSE_SUBMODULES_DEFAULT)
 		switch (recurse_submodules_cli) {
 		case RECURSE_SUBMODULES_ON:
-			strvec_push(&args, "--recurse-submodules=on");
+			strvec_push(&cmd.args, "--recurse-submodules=on");
 			break;
 		case RECURSE_SUBMODULES_OFF:
-			strvec_push(&args, "--recurse-submodules=no");
+			strvec_push(&cmd.args, "--recurse-submodules=no");
 			break;
 		case RECURSE_SUBMODULES_ON_DEMAND:
-			strvec_push(&args, "--recurse-submodules=on-demand");
+			strvec_push(&cmd.args, "--recurse-submodules=on-demand");
 			break;
 		default:
 			BUG("submodule recursion option not understood");
 		}
 	if (max_children)
-		strvec_push(&args, max_children);
+		strvec_push(&cmd.args, max_children);
 	if (opt_dry_run)
-		strvec_push(&args, "--dry-run");
+		strvec_push(&cmd.args, "--dry-run");
 	if (opt_keep)
-		strvec_push(&args, opt_keep);
+		strvec_push(&cmd.args, opt_keep);
 	if (opt_depth)
-		strvec_push(&args, opt_depth);
+		strvec_push(&cmd.args, opt_depth);
 	if (opt_unshallow)
-		strvec_push(&args, opt_unshallow);
+		strvec_push(&cmd.args, opt_unshallow);
 	if (opt_update_shallow)
-		strvec_push(&args, opt_update_shallow);
+		strvec_push(&cmd.args, opt_update_shallow);
 	if (opt_refmap)
-		strvec_push(&args, opt_refmap);
+		strvec_push(&cmd.args, opt_refmap);
 	if (opt_ipv4)
-		strvec_push(&args, opt_ipv4);
+		strvec_push(&cmd.args, opt_ipv4);
 	if (opt_ipv6)
-		strvec_push(&args, opt_ipv6);
+		strvec_push(&cmd.args, opt_ipv6);
 	if (opt_show_forced_updates > 0)
-		strvec_push(&args, "--show-forced-updates");
+		strvec_push(&cmd.args, "--show-forced-updates");
 	else if (opt_show_forced_updates == 0)
-		strvec_push(&args, "--no-show-forced-updates");
+		strvec_push(&cmd.args, "--no-show-forced-updates");
 	if (set_upstream)
-		strvec_push(&args, set_upstream);
-	strvec_pushv(&args, opt_fetch.v);
+		strvec_push(&cmd.args, set_upstream);
+	strvec_pushv(&cmd.args, opt_fetch.v);
 
 	if (repo) {
-		strvec_push(&args, repo);
-		strvec_pushv(&args, refspecs);
+		strvec_push(&cmd.args, repo);
+		strvec_pushv(&cmd.args, refspecs);
 	} else if (*refspecs)
 		BUG("refspecs without repo?");
-	ret = run_command_v_opt(args.v, RUN_GIT_CMD | RUN_CLOSE_OBJECT_STORE);
-	strvec_clear(&args);
-	return ret;
+	cmd.git_cmd = 1;
+	cmd.close_object_store = 1;
+	return run_command(&cmd);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -653,52 +652,50 @@ static int update_submodules(void)
  */
 static int run_merge(void)
 {
-	int ret;
-	struct strvec args = STRVEC_INIT;
+	struct child_process cmd = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
 
-	strvec_pushl(&args, "merge", NULL);
+	strvec_pushl(&cmd.args, "merge", NULL);
 
 	/* Shared options */
-	argv_push_verbosity(&args);
+	argv_push_verbosity(&cmd.args);
 	if (opt_progress)
-		strvec_push(&args, opt_progress);
+		strvec_push(&cmd.args, opt_progress);
 
 	/* Options passed to git-merge */
 	if (opt_diffstat)
-		strvec_push(&args, opt_diffstat);
+		strvec_push(&cmd.args, opt_diffstat);
 	if (opt_log)
-		strvec_push(&args, opt_log);
+		strvec_push(&cmd.args, opt_log);
 	if (opt_signoff)
-		strvec_push(&args, opt_signoff);
+		strvec_push(&cmd.args, opt_signoff);
 	if (opt_squash)
-		strvec_push(&args, opt_squash);
+		strvec_push(&cmd.args, opt_squash);
 	if (opt_commit)
-		strvec_push(&args, opt_commit);
+		strvec_push(&cmd.args, opt_commit);
 	if (opt_edit)
-		strvec_push(&args, opt_edit);
+		strvec_push(&cmd.args, opt_edit);
 	if (cleanup_arg)
-		strvec_pushf(&args, "--cleanup=%s", cleanup_arg);
+		strvec_pushf(&cmd.args, "--cleanup=%s", cleanup_arg);
 	if (opt_ff)
-		strvec_push(&args, opt_ff);
+		strvec_push(&cmd.args, opt_ff);
 	if (opt_verify)
-		strvec_push(&args, opt_verify);
+		strvec_push(&cmd.args, opt_verify);
 	if (opt_verify_signatures)
-		strvec_push(&args, opt_verify_signatures);
-	strvec_pushv(&args, opt_strategies.v);
-	strvec_pushv(&args, opt_strategy_opts.v);
+		strvec_push(&cmd.args, opt_verify_signatures);
+	strvec_pushv(&cmd.args, opt_strategies.v);
+	strvec_pushv(&cmd.args, opt_strategy_opts.v);
 	if (opt_gpg_sign)
-		strvec_push(&args, opt_gpg_sign);
+		strvec_push(&cmd.args, opt_gpg_sign);
 	if (opt_autostash == 0)
-		strvec_push(&args, "--no-autostash");
+		strvec_push(&cmd.args, "--no-autostash");
 	else if (opt_autostash == 1)
-		strvec_push(&args, "--autostash");
+		strvec_push(&cmd.args, "--autostash");
 	if (opt_allow_unrelated_histories > 0)
-		strvec_push(&args, "--allow-unrelated-histories");
+		strvec_push(&cmd.args, "--allow-unrelated-histories");
 
-	strvec_push(&args, "FETCH_HEAD");
-	ret = run_command_v_opt(args.v, RUN_GIT_CMD);
-	strvec_clear(&args);
-	return ret;
+	strvec_push(&cmd.args, "FETCH_HEAD");
+	cmd.git_cmd = 1;
+	return run_command(&cmd);
 }
 
 /**
@@ -879,43 +876,41 @@ static int get_rebase_newbase_and_upstream(struct object_id *newbase,
 static int run_rebase(const struct object_id *newbase,
 		const struct object_id *upstream)
 {
-	int ret;
-	struct strvec args = STRVEC_INIT;
+	struct child_process cmd = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
 
-	strvec_push(&args, "rebase");
+	strvec_push(&cmd.args, "rebase");
 
 	/* Shared options */
-	argv_push_verbosity(&args);
+	argv_push_verbosity(&cmd.args);
 
 	/* Options passed to git-rebase */
 	if (opt_rebase == REBASE_MERGES)
-		strvec_push(&args, "--rebase-merges");
+		strvec_push(&cmd.args, "--rebase-merges");
 	else if (opt_rebase == REBASE_INTERACTIVE)
-		strvec_push(&args, "--interactive");
+		strvec_push(&cmd.args, "--interactive");
 	if (opt_diffstat)
-		strvec_push(&args, opt_diffstat);
-	strvec_pushv(&args, opt_strategies.v);
-	strvec_pushv(&args, opt_strategy_opts.v);
+		strvec_push(&cmd.args, opt_diffstat);
+	strvec_pushv(&cmd.args, opt_strategies.v);
+	strvec_pushv(&cmd.args, opt_strategy_opts.v);
 	if (opt_gpg_sign)
-		strvec_push(&args, opt_gpg_sign);
+		strvec_push(&cmd.args, opt_gpg_sign);
 	if (opt_signoff)
-		strvec_push(&args, opt_signoff);
+		strvec_push(&cmd.args, opt_signoff);
 	if (opt_autostash == 0)
-		strvec_push(&args, "--no-autostash");
+		strvec_push(&cmd.args, "--no-autostash");
 	else if (opt_autostash == 1)
-		strvec_push(&args, "--autostash");
+		strvec_push(&cmd.args, "--autostash");
 	if (opt_verify_signatures &&
 	    !strcmp(opt_verify_signatures, "--verify-signatures"))
 		warning(_("ignoring --verify-signatures for rebase"));
 
-	strvec_push(&args, "--onto");
-	strvec_push(&args, oid_to_hex(newbase));
+	strvec_push(&cmd.args, "--onto");
+	strvec_push(&cmd.args, oid_to_hex(newbase));
 
-	strvec_push(&args, oid_to_hex(upstream));
+	strvec_push(&cmd.args, oid_to_hex(upstream));
 
-	ret = run_command_v_opt(args.v, RUN_GIT_CMD);
-	strvec_clear(&args);
-	return ret;
+	cmd.git_cmd = 1;
+	return run_command(&cmd);
 }
 
 static int get_can_ff(struct object_id *orig_head,
@@ -1035,7 +1030,7 @@ int cmd_pull(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	if (opt_rebase < 0)
 		opt_rebase = config_get_rebase(&rebase_unspecified);
 
-	if (read_cache_unmerged())
+	if (repo_read_index_unmerged(the_repository))
 		die_resolve_conflict("pull");
 
 	if (file_exists(git_path_merge_head(the_repository)))
@@ -1048,7 +1043,7 @@ int cmd_pull(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		if (opt_autostash == -1)
 			opt_autostash = config_autostash;
 
-		if (is_null_oid(&orig_head) && !is_cache_unborn())
+		if (is_null_oid(&orig_head) && !is_index_unborn(&the_index))
 			die(_("Updating an unborn branch with changes added to the index."));
 
 		if (!opt_autostash)
diff --git a/builtin/push.c b/builtin/push.c
index df0d68e..60ac801 100644
--- a/builtin/push.c
+++ b/builtin/push.c
@@ -169,8 +169,8 @@ static NORETURN void die_push_simple(struct branch *branch,
 	if (git_branch_track != BRANCH_TRACK_SIMPLE)
 		advice_automergesimple_maybe = _("\n"
 				 "To avoid automatically configuring "
-				 "upstream branches when their name\n"
-				 "doesn't match the local branch, see option "
+				 "an upstream branch when its name\n"
+				 "won't match the local branch, see option "
 				 "'simple' of branch.autoSetupMerge\n"
 				 "in 'git help config'.\n");
 	die(_("The upstream branch of your current branch does not match\n"
@@ -466,8 +466,16 @@ static int option_parse_recurse_submodules(const struct option *opt,
 
 	if (unset)
 		*recurse_submodules = RECURSE_SUBMODULES_OFF;
-	else
-		*recurse_submodules = parse_push_recurse_submodules_arg(opt->long_name, arg);
+	else {
+		if (!strcmp(arg, "only-is-on-demand")) {
+			if (*recurse_submodules == RECURSE_SUBMODULES_ONLY) {
+				warning(_("recursing into submodule with push.recurseSubmodules=only; using on-demand instead"));
+				*recurse_submodules = RECURSE_SUBMODULES_ON_DEMAND;
+			}
+		} else {
+			*recurse_submodules = parse_push_recurse_submodules_arg(opt->long_name, arg);
+		}
+	}
 
 	return 0;
 }
diff --git a/builtin/read-tree.c b/builtin/read-tree.c
index 9f1f33e..f702f9d 100644
--- a/builtin/read-tree.c
+++ b/builtin/read-tree.c
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
  * Copyright (C) Linus Torvalds, 2005
  */
 
-#define USE_THE_INDEX_COMPATIBILITY_MACROS
+#define USE_THE_INDEX_VARIABLE
 #include "cache.h"
 #include "config.h"
 #include "lockfile.h"
@@ -38,7 +38,9 @@ static int list_tree(struct object_id *oid)
 }
 
 static const char * const read_tree_usage[] = {
-	N_("git read-tree [(-m [--trivial] [--aggressive] | --reset | --prefix=<prefix>) [-u | -i]] [--no-sparse-checkout] [--index-output=<file>] (--empty | <tree-ish1> [<tree-ish2> [<tree-ish3>]])"),
+	N_("git read-tree [(-m [--trivial] [--aggressive] | --reset | --prefix=<prefix>)\n"
+	   "              [-u | -i]] [--index-output=<file>] [--no-sparse-checkout]\n"
+	   "              (--empty | <tree-ish1> [<tree-ish2> [<tree-ish3>]])"),
 	NULL
 };
 
@@ -174,7 +176,7 @@ int cmd_read_tree(int argc, const char **argv, const char *cmd_prefix)
 	prepare_repo_settings(the_repository);
 	the_repository->settings.command_requires_full_index = 0;
 
-	hold_locked_index(&lock_file, LOCK_DIE_ON_ERROR);
+	repo_hold_locked_index(the_repository, &lock_file, LOCK_DIE_ON_ERROR);
 
 	/*
 	 * NEEDSWORK
@@ -186,11 +188,11 @@ int cmd_read_tree(int argc, const char **argv, const char *cmd_prefix)
 	 */
 
 	if (opts.reset || opts.merge || opts.prefix) {
-		if (read_cache_unmerged() && (opts.prefix || opts.merge))
+		if (repo_read_index_unmerged(the_repository) && (opts.prefix || opts.merge))
 			die(_("You need to resolve your current index first"));
 		stage = opts.merge = 1;
 	}
-	resolve_undo_clear();
+	resolve_undo_clear_index(&the_index);
 
 	for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
 		const char *arg = argv[i];
@@ -230,7 +232,7 @@ int cmd_read_tree(int argc, const char **argv, const char *cmd_prefix)
 			break;
 		case 2:
 			opts.fn = twoway_merge;
-			opts.initial_checkout = is_cache_unborn();
+			opts.initial_checkout = is_index_unborn(&the_index);
 			break;
 		case 3:
 		default:
@@ -247,7 +249,11 @@ int cmd_read_tree(int argc, const char **argv, const char *cmd_prefix)
 	if (opts.debug_unpack)
 		opts.fn = debug_merge;
 
-	cache_tree_free(&active_cache_tree);
+	/* If we're going to prime_cache_tree later, skip cache tree update */
+	if (nr_trees == 1 && !opts.prefix)
+		opts.skip_cache_tree_update = 1;
+
+	cache_tree_free(&the_index.cache_tree);
 	for (i = 0; i < nr_trees; i++) {
 		struct tree *tree = trees[i];
 		parse_tree(tree);
diff --git a/builtin/rebase.c b/builtin/rebase.c
index 56e4214..b22768c 100644
--- a/builtin/rebase.c
+++ b/builtin/rebase.c
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
  * Copyright (c) 2018 Pratik Karki
  */
 
-#define USE_THE_INDEX_COMPATIBILITY_MACROS
+#define USE_THE_INDEX_VARIABLE
 #include "builtin.h"
 #include "run-command.h"
 #include "exec-cmd.h"
@@ -30,8 +30,6 @@
 #include "reset.h"
 #include "hook.h"
 
-#define DEFAULT_REFLOG_ACTION "rebase"
-
 static char const * const builtin_rebase_usage[] = {
 	N_("git rebase [-i] [options] [--exec <cmd>] "
 		"[--onto <newbase> | --keep-base] [<upstream> [<branch>]]"),
@@ -59,6 +57,26 @@ enum empty_type {
 	EMPTY_ASK
 };
 
+enum action {
+	ACTION_NONE = 0,
+	ACTION_CONTINUE,
+	ACTION_SKIP,
+	ACTION_ABORT,
+	ACTION_QUIT,
+	ACTION_EDIT_TODO,
+	ACTION_SHOW_CURRENT_PATCH
+};
+
+static const char *action_names[] = {
+	"undefined",
+	"continue",
+	"skip",
+	"abort",
+	"quit",
+	"edit_todo",
+	"show_current_patch"
+};
+
 struct rebase_options {
 	enum rebase_type type;
 	enum empty_type empty;
@@ -68,7 +86,7 @@ struct rebase_options {
 	const char *upstream_name;
 	const char *upstream_arg;
 	char *head_name;
-	struct object_id orig_head;
+	struct commit *orig_head;
 	struct commit *onto;
 	const char *onto_name;
 	const char *revisions;
@@ -85,7 +103,8 @@ struct rebase_options {
 		REBASE_INTERACTIVE_EXPLICIT = 1<<4,
 	} flags;
 	struct strvec git_am_opts;
-	const char *action;
+	enum action action;
+	char *reflog_action;
 	int signoff;
 	int allow_rerere_autoupdate;
 	int keep_empty;
@@ -139,6 +158,7 @@ static struct replay_opts get_replay_opts(const struct rebase_options *opts)
 					opts->committer_date_is_author_date;
 	replay.ignore_date = opts->ignore_date;
 	replay.gpg_sign = xstrdup_or_null(opts->gpg_sign_opt);
+	replay.reflog_action = xstrdup(opts->reflog_action);
 	if (opts->strategy)
 		replay.strategy = xstrdup_or_null(opts->strategy);
 	else if (!replay.strategy && replay.default_strategy) {
@@ -157,24 +177,6 @@ static struct replay_opts get_replay_opts(const struct rebase_options *opts)
 	return replay;
 }
 
-enum action {
-	ACTION_NONE = 0,
-	ACTION_CONTINUE,
-	ACTION_SKIP,
-	ACTION_ABORT,
-	ACTION_QUIT,
-	ACTION_EDIT_TODO,
-	ACTION_SHOW_CURRENT_PATCH
-};
-
-static const char *action_names[] = { "undefined",
-				      "continue",
-				      "skip",
-				      "abort",
-				      "quit",
-				      "edit_todo",
-				      "show_current_patch" };
-
 static int edit_todo_file(unsigned flags)
 {
 	const char *todo_file = rebase_path_todo();
@@ -261,13 +263,13 @@ static int do_interactive_rebase(struct rebase_options *opts, unsigned flags)
 	struct replay_opts replay = get_replay_opts(opts);
 	struct string_list commands = STRING_LIST_INIT_DUP;
 
-	if (get_revision_ranges(opts->upstream, opts->onto, &opts->orig_head,
+	if (get_revision_ranges(opts->upstream, opts->onto, &opts->orig_head->object.oid,
 				&revisions, &shortrevisions))
 		return -1;
 
 	if (init_basic_state(&replay,
 			     opts->head_name ? opts->head_name : "detached HEAD",
-			     opts->onto, &opts->orig_head)) {
+			     opts->onto, &opts->orig_head->object.oid)) {
 		free(revisions);
 		free(shortrevisions);
 
@@ -290,7 +292,7 @@ static int do_interactive_rebase(struct rebase_options *opts, unsigned flags)
 	if (ret)
 		error(_("could not generate todo list"));
 	else {
-		discard_cache();
+		discard_index(&the_index);
 		if (todo_list_parse_insn_buffer(the_repository, todo_list.buf.buf,
 						&todo_list))
 			BUG("unusable todo list");
@@ -298,9 +300,8 @@ static int do_interactive_rebase(struct rebase_options *opts, unsigned flags)
 		split_exec_commands(opts->cmd, &commands);
 		ret = complete_action(the_repository, &replay, flags,
 			shortrevisions, opts->onto_name, opts->onto,
-			&opts->orig_head, &commands, opts->autosquash,
-			opts->update_refs,
-			&todo_list);
+			&opts->orig_head->object.oid, &commands,
+			opts->autosquash, opts->update_refs, &todo_list);
 	}
 
 	string_list_clear(&commands, 0);
@@ -312,8 +313,7 @@ static int do_interactive_rebase(struct rebase_options *opts, unsigned flags)
 	return ret;
 }
 
-static int run_sequencer_rebase(struct rebase_options *opts,
-				  enum action command)
+static int run_sequencer_rebase(struct rebase_options *opts)
 {
 	unsigned flags = 0;
 	int abbreviate_commands = 0, ret = 0;
@@ -328,7 +328,7 @@ static int run_sequencer_rebase(struct rebase_options *opts,
 	flags |= opts->reapply_cherry_picks ? TODO_LIST_REAPPLY_CHERRY_PICKS : 0;
 	flags |= opts->flags & REBASE_NO_QUIET ? TODO_LIST_WARN_SKIPPED_CHERRY_PICKS : 0;
 
-	switch (command) {
+	switch (opts->action) {
 	case ACTION_NONE: {
 		if (!opts->onto && !opts->upstream)
 			die(_("a base commit must be provided with --upstream or --onto"));
@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ static int run_sequencer_rebase(struct rebase_options *opts,
 		break;
 	}
 	default:
-		BUG("invalid command '%d'", command);
+		BUG("invalid command '%d'", opts->action);
 	}
 
 	return ret;
@@ -431,9 +431,9 @@ static int read_basic_state(struct rebase_options *opts)
 	opts->head_name = starts_with(head_name.buf, "refs/") ?
 		xstrdup(head_name.buf) : NULL;
 	strbuf_release(&head_name);
-	if (get_oid(buf.buf, &oid))
-		return error(_("could not get 'onto': '%s'"), buf.buf);
-	opts->onto = lookup_commit_or_die(&oid, buf.buf);
+	if (get_oid_hex(buf.buf, &oid) ||
+	    !(opts->onto = lookup_commit_object(the_repository, &oid)))
+		return error(_("invalid onto: '%s'"), buf.buf);
 
 	/*
 	 * We always write to orig-head, but interactive rebase used to write to
@@ -448,7 +448,8 @@ static int read_basic_state(struct rebase_options *opts)
 	} else if (!read_oneliner(&buf, state_dir_path("head", opts),
 				  READ_ONELINER_WARN_MISSING))
 		return -1;
-	if (get_oid(buf.buf, &opts->orig_head))
+	if (get_oid_hex(buf.buf, &oid) ||
+	    !(opts->orig_head = lookup_commit_object(the_repository, &oid)))
 		return error(_("invalid orig-head: '%s'"), buf.buf);
 
 	if (file_exists(state_dir_path("quiet", opts)))
@@ -517,7 +518,7 @@ static int rebase_write_basic_state(struct rebase_options *opts)
 	write_file(state_dir_path("onto", opts), "%s",
 		   opts->onto ? oid_to_hex(&opts->onto->object.oid) : "");
 	write_file(state_dir_path("orig-head", opts), "%s",
-		   oid_to_hex(&opts->orig_head));
+		   oid_to_hex(&opts->orig_head->object.oid));
 	if (!(opts->flags & REBASE_NO_QUIET))
 		write_file(state_dir_path("quiet", opts), "%s", "");
 	if (opts->flags & REBASE_VERBOSE)
@@ -583,10 +584,11 @@ static int move_to_original_branch(struct rebase_options *opts)
 	if (!opts->onto)
 		BUG("move_to_original_branch without onto");
 
-	strbuf_addf(&branch_reflog, "rebase finished: %s onto %s",
+	strbuf_addf(&branch_reflog, "%s (finish): %s onto %s",
+		    opts->reflog_action,
 		    opts->head_name, oid_to_hex(&opts->onto->object.oid));
-	strbuf_addf(&head_reflog, "rebase finished: returning to %s",
-		    opts->head_name);
+	strbuf_addf(&head_reflog, "%s (finish): returning to %s",
+		    opts->reflog_action, opts->head_name);
 	ropts.branch = opts->head_name;
 	ropts.flags = RESET_HEAD_REFS_ONLY;
 	ropts.branch_msg = branch_reflog.buf;
@@ -615,8 +617,9 @@ static int run_am(struct rebase_options *opts)
 
 	am.git_cmd = 1;
 	strvec_push(&am.args, "am");
-
-	if (opts->action && !strcmp("continue", opts->action)) {
+	strvec_pushf(&am.env, GIT_REFLOG_ACTION_ENVIRONMENT "=%s (pick)",
+		     opts->reflog_action);
+	if (opts->action == ACTION_CONTINUE) {
 		strvec_push(&am.args, "--resolved");
 		strvec_pushf(&am.args, "--resolvemsg=%s", resolvemsg);
 		if (opts->gpg_sign_opt)
@@ -627,7 +630,7 @@ static int run_am(struct rebase_options *opts)
 
 		return move_to_original_branch(opts);
 	}
-	if (opts->action && !strcmp("skip", opts->action)) {
+	if (opts->action == ACTION_SKIP) {
 		strvec_push(&am.args, "--skip");
 		strvec_pushf(&am.args, "--resolvemsg=%s", resolvemsg);
 		status = run_command(&am);
@@ -636,7 +639,7 @@ static int run_am(struct rebase_options *opts)
 
 		return move_to_original_branch(opts);
 	}
-	if (opts->action && !strcmp("show-current-patch", opts->action)) {
+	if (opts->action == ACTION_SHOW_CURRENT_PATCH) {
 		strvec_push(&am.args, "--show-current-patch");
 		return run_command(&am);
 	}
@@ -646,7 +649,7 @@ static int run_am(struct rebase_options *opts)
 			       /* this is now equivalent to !opts->upstream */
 			       &opts->onto->object.oid :
 			       &opts->upstream->object.oid),
-		    oid_to_hex(&opts->orig_head));
+		    oid_to_hex(&opts->orig_head->object.oid));
 
 	rebased_patches = xstrdup(git_path("rebased-patches"));
 	format_patch.out = open(rebased_patches,
@@ -680,9 +683,9 @@ static int run_am(struct rebase_options *opts)
 		free(rebased_patches);
 		strvec_clear(&am.args);
 
-		ropts.oid = &opts->orig_head;
+		ropts.oid = &opts->orig_head->object.oid;
 		ropts.branch = opts->head_name;
-		ropts.default_reflog_action = DEFAULT_REFLOG_ACTION;
+		ropts.default_reflog_action = opts->reflog_action;
 		reset_head(the_repository, &ropts);
 		error(_("\ngit encountered an error while preparing the "
 			"patches to replay\n"
@@ -729,7 +732,7 @@ static int run_am(struct rebase_options *opts)
 	return status;
 }
 
-static int run_specific_rebase(struct rebase_options *opts, enum action action)
+static int run_specific_rebase(struct rebase_options *opts)
 {
 	int status;
 
@@ -747,7 +750,7 @@ static int run_specific_rebase(struct rebase_options *opts, enum action action)
 			opts->gpg_sign_opt = tmp;
 		}
 
-		status = run_sequencer_rebase(opts, action);
+		status = run_sequencer_rebase(opts);
 	} else if (opts->type == REBASE_APPLY)
 		status = run_am(opts);
 	else
@@ -831,9 +834,8 @@ static int checkout_up_to_date(struct rebase_options *options)
 	int ret = 0;
 
 	strbuf_addf(&buf, "%s: checkout %s",
-		    getenv(GIT_REFLOG_ACTION_ENVIRONMENT),
-		    options->switch_to);
-	ropts.oid = &options->orig_head;
+		    options->reflog_action, options->switch_to);
+	ropts.oid = &options->orig_head->object.oid;
 	ropts.branch = options->head_name;
 	ropts.flags = RESET_HEAD_RUN_POST_CHECKOUT_HOOK;
 	if (!ropts.branch)
@@ -866,32 +868,23 @@ static int is_linear_history(struct commit *from, struct commit *to)
 
 static int can_fast_forward(struct commit *onto, struct commit *upstream,
 			    struct commit *restrict_revision,
-			    struct object_id *head_oid, struct object_id *merge_base)
+			    struct commit *head, struct object_id *branch_base)
 {
-	struct commit *head = lookup_commit(the_repository, head_oid);
 	struct commit_list *merge_bases = NULL;
 	int res = 0;
 
-	if (!head)
+	if (is_null_oid(branch_base))
+		goto done; /* fill_branch_base() found multiple merge bases */
+
+	if (!oideq(branch_base, &onto->object.oid))
 		goto done;
 
-	merge_bases = get_merge_bases(onto, head);
-	if (!merge_bases || merge_bases->next) {
-		oidcpy(merge_base, null_oid());
-		goto done;
-	}
-
-	oidcpy(merge_base, &merge_bases->item->object.oid);
-	if (!oideq(merge_base, &onto->object.oid))
-		goto done;
-
-	if (restrict_revision && !oideq(&restrict_revision->object.oid, merge_base))
+	if (restrict_revision && !oideq(&restrict_revision->object.oid, branch_base))
 		goto done;
 
 	if (!upstream)
 		goto done;
 
-	free_commit_list(merge_bases);
 	merge_bases = get_merge_bases(upstream, head);
 	if (!merge_bases || merge_bases->next)
 		goto done;
@@ -906,6 +899,20 @@ static int can_fast_forward(struct commit *onto, struct commit *upstream,
 	return res && is_linear_history(onto, head);
 }
 
+static void fill_branch_base(struct rebase_options *options,
+			    struct object_id *branch_base)
+{
+	struct commit_list *merge_bases = NULL;
+
+	merge_bases = get_merge_bases(options->onto, options->orig_head);
+	if (!merge_bases || merge_bases->next)
+		oidcpy(branch_base, null_oid());
+	else
+		oidcpy(branch_base, &merge_bases->item->object.oid);
+
+	free_commit_list(merge_bases);
+}
+
 static int parse_opt_am(const struct option *opt, const char *arg, int unset)
 {
 	struct rebase_options *opts = opt->value;
@@ -1000,23 +1007,6 @@ static void NORETURN error_on_missing_default_upstream(void)
 	exit(1);
 }
 
-static void set_reflog_action(struct rebase_options *options)
-{
-	const char *env;
-	struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
-
-	if (!is_merge(options))
-		return;
-
-	env = getenv(GIT_REFLOG_ACTION_ENVIRONMENT);
-	if (env && strcmp("rebase", env))
-		return; /* only override it if it is "rebase" */
-
-	strbuf_addf(&buf, "rebase (%s)", options->action);
-	setenv(GIT_REFLOG_ACTION_ENVIRONMENT, buf.buf, 1);
-	strbuf_release(&buf);
-}
-
 static int check_exec_cmd(const char *cmd)
 {
 	if (strchr(cmd, '\n'))
@@ -1039,9 +1029,8 @@ int cmd_rebase(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	struct strbuf msg = STRBUF_INIT;
 	struct strbuf revisions = STRBUF_INIT;
 	struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
-	struct object_id merge_base;
+	struct object_id branch_base;
 	int ignore_whitespace = 0;
-	enum action action = ACTION_NONE;
 	const char *gpg_sign = NULL;
 	struct string_list exec = STRING_LIST_INIT_NODUP;
 	const char *rebase_merges = NULL;
@@ -1090,18 +1079,18 @@ int cmd_rebase(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		OPT_BIT(0, "no-ff", &options.flags,
 			N_("cherry-pick all commits, even if unchanged"),
 			REBASE_FORCE),
-		OPT_CMDMODE(0, "continue", &action, N_("continue"),
+		OPT_CMDMODE(0, "continue", &options.action, N_("continue"),
 			    ACTION_CONTINUE),
-		OPT_CMDMODE(0, "skip", &action,
+		OPT_CMDMODE(0, "skip", &options.action,
 			    N_("skip current patch and continue"), ACTION_SKIP),
-		OPT_CMDMODE(0, "abort", &action,
+		OPT_CMDMODE(0, "abort", &options.action,
 			    N_("abort and check out the original branch"),
 			    ACTION_ABORT),
-		OPT_CMDMODE(0, "quit", &action,
+		OPT_CMDMODE(0, "quit", &options.action,
 			    N_("abort but keep HEAD where it is"), ACTION_QUIT),
-		OPT_CMDMODE(0, "edit-todo", &action, N_("edit the todo list "
+		OPT_CMDMODE(0, "edit-todo", &options.action, N_("edit the todo list "
 			    "during an interactive rebase"), ACTION_EDIT_TODO),
-		OPT_CMDMODE(0, "show-current-patch", &action,
+		OPT_CMDMODE(0, "show-current-patch", &options.action,
 			    N_("show the patch file being applied or merged"),
 			    ACTION_SHOW_CURRENT_PATCH),
 		OPT_CALLBACK_F(0, "apply", &options, NULL,
@@ -1175,6 +1164,7 @@ int cmd_rebase(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	prepare_repo_settings(the_repository);
 	the_repository->settings.command_requires_full_index = 0;
 
+	options.reapply_cherry_picks = -1;
 	options.allow_empty_message = 1;
 	git_config(rebase_config, &options);
 	/* options.gpg_sign_opt will be either "-S" or NULL */
@@ -1192,7 +1182,7 @@ int cmd_rebase(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	} else if (is_directory(merge_dir())) {
 		strbuf_reset(&buf);
 		strbuf_addf(&buf, "%s/rewritten", merge_dir());
-		if (!(action == ACTION_ABORT) && is_directory(buf.buf)) {
+		if (!(options.action == ACTION_ABORT) && is_directory(buf.buf)) {
 			die(_("`rebase --preserve-merges` (-p) is no longer supported.\n"
 			"Use `git rebase --abort` to terminate current rebase.\n"
 			"Or downgrade to v2.33, or earlier, to complete the rebase."));
@@ -1219,7 +1209,7 @@ int cmd_rebase(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 			"Note: Your `pull.rebase` configuration may also be set to 'preserve',\n"
 			"which is no longer supported; use 'merges' instead"));
 
-	if (action != ACTION_NONE && total_argc != 2) {
+	if (options.action != ACTION_NONE && total_argc != 2) {
 		usage_with_options(builtin_rebase_usage,
 				   builtin_rebase_options);
 	}
@@ -1233,16 +1223,27 @@ int cmd_rebase(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 			die(_("options '%s' and '%s' cannot be used together"), "--keep-base", "--onto");
 		if (options.root)
 			die(_("options '%s' and '%s' cannot be used together"), "--keep-base", "--root");
+		/*
+		 * --keep-base defaults to --no-fork-point to keep the
+		 * base the same.
+		 */
+		if (options.fork_point < 0)
+			options.fork_point = 0;
 	}
+	/*
+	 * --keep-base defaults to --reapply-cherry-picks to avoid losing
+	 * commits when using this option.
+	 */
+	if (options.reapply_cherry_picks < 0)
+		options.reapply_cherry_picks = keep_base;
 
 	if (options.root && options.fork_point > 0)
 		die(_("options '%s' and '%s' cannot be used together"), "--root", "--fork-point");
 
-	if (action != ACTION_NONE && !in_progress)
+	if (options.action != ACTION_NONE && !in_progress)
 		die(_("No rebase in progress?"));
-	setenv(GIT_REFLOG_ACTION_ENVIRONMENT, "rebase", 0);
 
-	if (action == ACTION_EDIT_TODO && !is_merge(&options))
+	if (options.action == ACTION_EDIT_TODO && !is_merge(&options))
 		die(_("The --edit-todo action can only be used during "
 		      "interactive rebase."));
 
@@ -1252,23 +1253,24 @@ int cmd_rebase(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		else if (exec.nr)
 			trace2_cmd_mode("interactive-exec");
 		else
-			trace2_cmd_mode(action_names[action]);
+			trace2_cmd_mode(action_names[options.action]);
 	}
 
-	switch (action) {
+	options.reflog_action = getenv(GIT_REFLOG_ACTION_ENVIRONMENT);
+	options.reflog_action =
+		xstrdup(options.reflog_action ? options.reflog_action : "rebase");
+
+	switch (options.action) {
 	case ACTION_CONTINUE: {
 		struct object_id head;
 		struct lock_file lock_file = LOCK_INIT;
 		int fd;
 
-		options.action = "continue";
-		set_reflog_action(&options);
-
 		/* Sanity check */
 		if (get_oid("HEAD", &head))
 			die(_("Cannot read HEAD"));
 
-		fd = hold_locked_index(&lock_file, 0);
+		fd = repo_hold_locked_index(the_repository, &lock_file, 0);
 		if (repo_read_index(the_repository) < 0)
 			die(_("could not read index"));
 		refresh_index(the_repository->index, REFRESH_QUIET, NULL, NULL,
@@ -1289,9 +1291,6 @@ int cmd_rebase(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	case ACTION_SKIP: {
 		struct string_list merge_rr = STRING_LIST_INIT_DUP;
 
-		options.action = "skip";
-		set_reflog_action(&options);
-
 		rerere_clear(the_repository, &merge_rr);
 		string_list_clear(&merge_rr, 1);
 		ropts.flags = RESET_HEAD_HARD;
@@ -1304,21 +1303,25 @@ int cmd_rebase(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	}
 	case ACTION_ABORT: {
 		struct string_list merge_rr = STRING_LIST_INIT_DUP;
-		options.action = "abort";
-		set_reflog_action(&options);
+		struct strbuf head_msg = STRBUF_INIT;
 
 		rerere_clear(the_repository, &merge_rr);
 		string_list_clear(&merge_rr, 1);
 
 		if (read_basic_state(&options))
 			exit(1);
-		ropts.oid = &options.orig_head;
+
+		strbuf_addf(&head_msg, "%s (abort): returning to %s",
+			    options.reflog_action,
+			    options.head_name ? options.head_name
+					      : oid_to_hex(&options.orig_head->object.oid));
+		ropts.oid = &options.orig_head->object.oid;
+		ropts.head_msg = head_msg.buf;
 		ropts.branch = options.head_name;
 		ropts.flags = RESET_HEAD_HARD;
-		ropts.default_reflog_action = DEFAULT_REFLOG_ACTION;
 		if (reset_head(the_repository, &ropts) < 0)
 			die(_("could not move back to %s"),
-			    oid_to_hex(&options.orig_head));
+			    oid_to_hex(&options.orig_head->object.oid));
 		remove_branch_state(the_repository, 0);
 		ret = finish_rebase(&options);
 		goto cleanup;
@@ -1341,17 +1344,15 @@ int cmd_rebase(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		goto cleanup;
 	}
 	case ACTION_EDIT_TODO:
-		options.action = "edit-todo";
 		options.dont_finish_rebase = 1;
 		goto run_rebase;
 	case ACTION_SHOW_CURRENT_PATCH:
-		options.action = "show-current-patch";
 		options.dont_finish_rebase = 1;
 		goto run_rebase;
 	case ACTION_NONE:
 		break;
 	default:
-		BUG("action: %d", action);
+		BUG("action: %d", options.action);
 	}
 
 	/* Make sure no rebase is in progress */
@@ -1375,7 +1376,7 @@ int cmd_rebase(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	}
 
 	if ((options.flags & REBASE_INTERACTIVE_EXPLICIT) ||
-	    (action != ACTION_NONE) ||
+	    (options.action != ACTION_NONE) ||
 	    (exec.nr > 0) ||
 	    options.autosquash) {
 		allow_preemptive_ff = 0;
@@ -1410,7 +1411,11 @@ int cmd_rebase(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	if (options.empty != EMPTY_UNSPECIFIED)
 		imply_merge(&options, "--empty");
 
-	if (options.reapply_cherry_picks)
+	/*
+	 * --keep-base implements --reapply-cherry-picks by altering upstream so
+	 * it works with both backends.
+	 */
+	if (options.reapply_cherry_picks && !keep_base)
 		imply_merge(&options, "--reapply-cherry-picks");
 
 	if (gpg_sign)
@@ -1604,25 +1609,27 @@ int cmd_rebase(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	 */
 	if (argc == 1) {
 		/* Is it "rebase other branchname" or "rebase other commit"? */
+		struct object_id branch_oid;
 		branch_name = argv[0];
 		options.switch_to = argv[0];
 
 		/* Is it a local branch? */
 		strbuf_reset(&buf);
 		strbuf_addf(&buf, "refs/heads/%s", branch_name);
-		if (!read_ref(buf.buf, &options.orig_head)) {
+		if (!read_ref(buf.buf, &branch_oid)) {
 			die_if_checked_out(buf.buf, 1);
 			options.head_name = xstrdup(buf.buf);
+			options.orig_head =
+				lookup_commit_object(the_repository,
+						     &branch_oid);
 		/* If not is it a valid ref (branch or commit)? */
 		} else {
-			struct commit *commit =
+			options.orig_head =
 				lookup_commit_reference_by_name(branch_name);
-			if (!commit)
-				die(_("no such branch/commit '%s'"),
-				    branch_name);
-			oidcpy(&options.orig_head, &commit->object.oid);
 			options.head_name = NULL;
 		}
+		if (!options.orig_head)
+			die(_("no such branch/commit '%s'"), branch_name);
 	} else if (argc == 0) {
 		/* Do not need to switch branches, we are already on it. */
 		options.head_name =
@@ -1639,8 +1646,9 @@ int cmd_rebase(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 			FREE_AND_NULL(options.head_name);
 			branch_name = "HEAD";
 		}
-		if (get_oid("HEAD", &options.orig_head))
-			die(_("Could not resolve HEAD to a revision"));
+		options.orig_head = lookup_commit_reference_by_name("HEAD");
+		if (!options.orig_head)
+			die(_("Could not resolve HEAD to a commit"));
 	} else
 		BUG("unexpected number of arguments left to parse");
 
@@ -1654,7 +1662,7 @@ int cmd_rebase(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	} else if (!options.onto_name)
 		options.onto_name = options.upstream_name;
 	if (strstr(options.onto_name, "...")) {
-		if (get_oid_mb(options.onto_name, &merge_base) < 0) {
+		if (get_oid_mb(options.onto_name, &branch_base) < 0) {
 			if (keep_base)
 				die(_("'%s': need exactly one merge base with branch"),
 				    options.upstream_name);
@@ -1662,7 +1670,7 @@ int cmd_rebase(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 				die(_("'%s': need exactly one merge base"),
 				    options.onto_name);
 		}
-		options.onto = lookup_commit_or_die(&merge_base,
+		options.onto = lookup_commit_or_die(&branch_base,
 						    options.onto_name);
 	} else {
 		options.onto =
@@ -1670,15 +1678,15 @@ int cmd_rebase(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		if (!options.onto)
 			die(_("Does not point to a valid commit '%s'"),
 				options.onto_name);
+		fill_branch_base(&options, &branch_base);
 	}
 
-	if (options.fork_point > 0) {
-		struct commit *head =
-			lookup_commit_reference(the_repository,
-						&options.orig_head);
+	if (keep_base && options.reapply_cherry_picks)
+		options.upstream = options.onto;
+
+	if (options.fork_point > 0)
 		options.restrict_revision =
-			get_fork_point(options.upstream_name, head);
-	}
+			get_fork_point(options.upstream_name, options.orig_head);
 
 	if (repo_read_index(the_repository) < 0)
 		die(_("could not read index"));
@@ -1703,13 +1711,10 @@ int cmd_rebase(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	 * Check if we are already based on onto with linear history,
 	 * in which case we could fast-forward without replacing the commits
 	 * with new commits recreated by replaying their changes.
-	 *
-	 * Note that can_fast_forward() initializes merge_base, so we have to
-	 * call it before checking allow_preemptive_ff.
 	 */
-	if (can_fast_forward(options.onto, options.upstream, options.restrict_revision,
-		    &options.orig_head, &merge_base) &&
-	    allow_preemptive_ff) {
+	if (allow_preemptive_ff &&
+	    can_fast_forward(options.onto, options.upstream, options.restrict_revision,
+			     options.orig_head, &branch_base)) {
 		int flag;
 
 		if (!(options.flags & REBASE_FORCE)) {
@@ -1750,12 +1755,12 @@ int cmd_rebase(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		struct diff_options opts;
 
 		if (options.flags & REBASE_VERBOSE) {
-			if (is_null_oid(&merge_base))
+			if (is_null_oid(&branch_base))
 				printf(_("Changes to %s:\n"),
 				       oid_to_hex(&options.onto->object.oid));
 			else
 				printf(_("Changes from %s to %s:\n"),
-				       oid_to_hex(&merge_base),
+				       oid_to_hex(&branch_base),
 				       oid_to_hex(&options.onto->object.oid));
 		}
 
@@ -1767,8 +1772,8 @@ int cmd_rebase(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 			DIFF_FORMAT_SUMMARY | DIFF_FORMAT_DIFFSTAT;
 		opts.detect_rename = DIFF_DETECT_RENAME;
 		diff_setup_done(&opts);
-		diff_tree_oid(is_null_oid(&merge_base) ?
-			      the_hash_algo->empty_tree : &merge_base,
+		diff_tree_oid(is_null_oid(&branch_base) ?
+			      the_hash_algo->empty_tree : &branch_base,
 			      &options.onto->object.oid, "", &opts);
 		diffcore_std(&opts);
 		diff_flush(&opts);
@@ -1782,14 +1787,14 @@ int cmd_rebase(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		printf(_("First, rewinding head to replay your work on top of "
 			 "it...\n"));
 
-	strbuf_addf(&msg, "%s: checkout %s",
-		    getenv(GIT_REFLOG_ACTION_ENVIRONMENT), options.onto_name);
+	strbuf_addf(&msg, "%s (start): checkout %s",
+		    options.reflog_action, options.onto_name);
 	ropts.oid = &options.onto->object.oid;
-	ropts.orig_head = &options.orig_head,
+	ropts.orig_head = &options.orig_head->object.oid,
 	ropts.flags = RESET_HEAD_DETACH | RESET_ORIG_HEAD |
 			RESET_HEAD_RUN_POST_CHECKOUT_HOOK;
 	ropts.head_msg = msg.buf;
-	ropts.default_reflog_action = DEFAULT_REFLOG_ACTION;
+	ropts.default_reflog_action = options.reflog_action;
 	if (reset_head(the_repository, &ropts))
 		die(_("Could not detach HEAD"));
 	strbuf_release(&msg);
@@ -1798,19 +1803,10 @@ int cmd_rebase(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	 * If the onto is a proper descendant of the tip of the branch, then
 	 * we just fast-forwarded.
 	 */
-	strbuf_reset(&msg);
-	if (oideq(&merge_base, &options.orig_head)) {
+	if (oideq(&branch_base, &options.orig_head->object.oid)) {
 		printf(_("Fast-forwarded %s to %s.\n"),
 			branch_name, options.onto_name);
-		strbuf_addf(&msg, "rebase finished: %s onto %s",
-			options.head_name ? options.head_name : "detached HEAD",
-			oid_to_hex(&options.onto->object.oid));
-		memset(&ropts, 0, sizeof(ropts));
-		ropts.branch = options.head_name;
-		ropts.flags = RESET_HEAD_REFS_ONLY;
-		ropts.head_msg = msg.buf;
-		reset_head(the_repository, &ropts);
-		strbuf_release(&msg);
+		move_to_original_branch(&options);
 		ret = finish_rebase(&options);
 		goto cleanup;
 	}
@@ -1820,16 +1816,17 @@ int cmd_rebase(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		    (options.restrict_revision ?
 		     oid_to_hex(&options.restrict_revision->object.oid) :
 		     oid_to_hex(&options.upstream->object.oid)),
-		    oid_to_hex(&options.orig_head));
+		    oid_to_hex(&options.orig_head->object.oid));
 
 	options.revisions = revisions.buf;
 
 run_rebase:
-	ret = run_specific_rebase(&options, action);
+	ret = run_specific_rebase(&options);
 
 cleanup:
 	strbuf_release(&buf);
 	strbuf_release(&revisions);
+	free(options.reflog_action);
 	free(options.head_name);
 	free(options.gpg_sign_opt);
 	free(options.cmd);
diff --git a/builtin/receive-pack.c b/builtin/receive-pack.c
index 44bcea3..a90af30 100644
--- a/builtin/receive-pack.c
+++ b/builtin/receive-pack.c
@@ -80,6 +80,7 @@ static struct object_id push_cert_oid;
 static struct signature_check sigcheck;
 static const char *push_cert_nonce;
 static const char *cert_nonce_seed;
+static struct string_list hidden_refs = STRING_LIST_INIT_DUP;
 
 static const char *NONCE_UNSOLICITED = "UNSOLICITED";
 static const char *NONCE_BAD = "BAD";
@@ -130,7 +131,7 @@ static enum deny_action parse_deny_action(const char *var, const char *value)
 
 static int receive_pack_config(const char *var, const char *value, void *cb)
 {
-	int status = parse_hide_refs_config(var, value, "receive");
+	int status = parse_hide_refs_config(var, value, "receive", &hidden_refs);
 
 	if (status)
 		return status;
@@ -296,7 +297,7 @@ static int show_ref_cb(const char *path_full, const struct object_id *oid,
 	struct oidset *seen = data;
 	const char *path = strip_namespace(path_full);
 
-	if (ref_is_hidden(path, path_full))
+	if (ref_is_hidden(path, path_full, &hidden_refs))
 		return 0;
 
 	/*
@@ -1794,7 +1795,7 @@ static void reject_updates_to_hidden(struct command *commands)
 		strbuf_setlen(&refname_full, prefix_len);
 		strbuf_addstr(&refname_full, cmd->ref_name);
 
-		if (!ref_is_hidden(cmd->ref_name, refname_full.buf))
+		if (!ref_is_hidden(cmd->ref_name, refname_full.buf, &hidden_refs))
 			continue;
 		if (is_null_oid(&cmd->new_oid))
 			cmd->error_string = "deny deleting a hidden ref";
@@ -1928,6 +1929,8 @@ static void execute_commands(struct command *commands,
 	opt.err_fd = err_fd;
 	opt.progress = err_fd && !quiet;
 	opt.env = tmp_objdir_env(tmp_objdir);
+	opt.exclude_hidden_refs_section = "receive";
+
 	if (check_connected(iterate_receive_command_list, &data, &opt))
 		set_connectivity_errors(commands, si);
 
@@ -2591,6 +2594,7 @@ int cmd_receive_pack(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		packet_flush(1);
 	oid_array_clear(&shallow);
 	oid_array_clear(&ref);
+	string_list_clear(&hidden_refs, 0);
 	free((void *)push_cert_nonce);
 	return 0;
 }
diff --git a/builtin/reflog.c b/builtin/reflog.c
index 57c5c0d..270681d 100644
--- a/builtin/reflog.c
+++ b/builtin/reflog.c
@@ -67,7 +67,8 @@ static int collect_reflog(const char *ref, const struct object_id *oid UNUSED,
 	 * Avoid collecting the same shared ref multiple times because
 	 * they are available via all worktrees.
 	 */
-	if (!worktree->is_current && ref_type(ref) == REF_TYPE_NORMAL)
+	if (!worktree->is_current &&
+	    parse_worktree_ref(ref, NULL, NULL, NULL) == REF_WORKTREE_SHARED)
 		return 0;
 
 	strbuf_worktree_ref(worktree, &newref, ref);
diff --git a/builtin/remote.c b/builtin/remote.c
index 910f7b9..729f6f3 100644
--- a/builtin/remote.c
+++ b/builtin/remote.c
@@ -92,13 +92,15 @@ static int verbose;
 
 static int fetch_remote(const char *name)
 {
-	const char *argv[] = { "fetch", name, NULL, NULL };
-	if (verbose) {
-		argv[1] = "-v";
-		argv[2] = name;
-	}
+	struct child_process cmd = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
+
+	strvec_push(&cmd.args, "fetch");
+	if (verbose)
+		strvec_push(&cmd.args, "-v");
+	strvec_push(&cmd.args, name);
+	cmd.git_cmd = 1;
 	printf_ln(_("Updating %s"), name);
-	if (run_command_v_opt(argv, RUN_GIT_CMD))
+	if (run_command(&cmd))
 		return error(_("Could not fetch %s"), name);
 	return 0;
 }
@@ -942,7 +944,7 @@ static int rm(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	return result;
 }
 
-static void clear_push_info(void *util, const char *string)
+static void clear_push_info(void *util, const char *string UNUSED)
 {
 	struct push_info *info = util;
 	free(info->dest);
@@ -1508,37 +1510,35 @@ static int update(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 			 N_("prune remotes after fetching")),
 		OPT_END()
 	};
-	struct strvec fetch_argv = STRVEC_INIT;
+	struct child_process cmd = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
 	int default_defined = 0;
-	int retval;
 
 	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, options,
 			     builtin_remote_update_usage,
 			     PARSE_OPT_KEEP_ARGV0);
 
-	strvec_push(&fetch_argv, "fetch");
+	strvec_push(&cmd.args, "fetch");
 
 	if (prune != -1)
-		strvec_push(&fetch_argv, prune ? "--prune" : "--no-prune");
+		strvec_push(&cmd.args, prune ? "--prune" : "--no-prune");
 	if (verbose)
-		strvec_push(&fetch_argv, "-v");
-	strvec_push(&fetch_argv, "--multiple");
+		strvec_push(&cmd.args, "-v");
+	strvec_push(&cmd.args, "--multiple");
 	if (argc < 2)
-		strvec_push(&fetch_argv, "default");
+		strvec_push(&cmd.args, "default");
 	for (i = 1; i < argc; i++)
-		strvec_push(&fetch_argv, argv[i]);
+		strvec_push(&cmd.args, argv[i]);
 
-	if (strcmp(fetch_argv.v[fetch_argv.nr-1], "default") == 0) {
+	if (strcmp(cmd.args.v[cmd.args.nr-1], "default") == 0) {
 		git_config(get_remote_default, &default_defined);
 		if (!default_defined) {
-			strvec_pop(&fetch_argv);
-			strvec_push(&fetch_argv, "--all");
+			strvec_pop(&cmd.args);
+			strvec_push(&cmd.args, "--all");
 		}
 	}
 
-	retval = run_command_v_opt(fetch_argv.v, RUN_GIT_CMD);
-	strvec_clear(&fetch_argv);
-	return retval;
+	cmd.git_cmd = 1;
+	return run_command(&cmd);
 }
 
 static int remove_all_fetch_refspecs(const char *key)
diff --git a/builtin/repack.c b/builtin/repack.c
index a5bacc7..65eb1b8 100644
--- a/builtin/repack.c
+++ b/builtin/repack.c
@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@ static int write_bitmaps = -1;
 static int use_delta_islands;
 static int run_update_server_info = 1;
 static char *packdir, *packtmp_name, *packtmp;
-static char *cruft_expiration;
 
 static const char *const git_repack_usage[] = {
 	N_("git repack [<options>]"),
@@ -92,44 +91,6 @@ static int repack_config(const char *var, const char *value, void *cb)
 }
 
 /*
- * Remove temporary $GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY/pack/.tmp-$$-pack-* files.
- */
-static void remove_temporary_files(void)
-{
-	struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
-	size_t dirlen, prefixlen;
-	DIR *dir;
-	struct dirent *e;
-
-	dir = opendir(packdir);
-	if (!dir)
-		return;
-
-	/* Point at the slash at the end of ".../objects/pack/" */
-	dirlen = strlen(packdir) + 1;
-	strbuf_addstr(&buf, packtmp);
-	/* Hold the length of  ".tmp-%d-pack-" */
-	prefixlen = buf.len - dirlen;
-
-	while ((e = readdir(dir))) {
-		if (strncmp(e->d_name, buf.buf + dirlen, prefixlen))
-			continue;
-		strbuf_setlen(&buf, dirlen);
-		strbuf_addstr(&buf, e->d_name);
-		unlink(buf.buf);
-	}
-	closedir(dir);
-	strbuf_release(&buf);
-}
-
-static void remove_pack_on_signal(int signo)
-{
-	remove_temporary_files();
-	sigchain_pop(signo);
-	raise(signo);
-}
-
-/*
  * Adds all packs hex strings to either fname_nonkept_list or
  * fname_kept_list based on whether each pack has a corresponding
  * .keep file or not.  Packs without a .keep file are not to be kept
@@ -188,7 +149,8 @@ static void remove_redundant_pack(const char *dir_name, const char *base_name)
 }
 
 static void prepare_pack_objects(struct child_process *cmd,
-				 const struct pack_objects_args *args)
+				 const struct pack_objects_args *args,
+				 const char *out)
 {
 	strvec_push(&cmd->args, "pack-objects");
 	if (args->window)
@@ -211,7 +173,7 @@ static void prepare_pack_objects(struct child_process *cmd,
 		strvec_push(&cmd->args,  "--quiet");
 	if (delta_base_offset)
 		strvec_push(&cmd->args,  "--delta-base-offset");
-	strvec_push(&cmd->args, packtmp);
+	strvec_push(&cmd->args, out);
 	cmd->git_cmd = 1;
 	cmd->out = -1;
 }
@@ -247,11 +209,15 @@ static struct {
 	{".idx"},
 };
 
-static unsigned populate_pack_exts(char *name)
+struct generated_pack_data {
+	struct tempfile *tempfiles[ARRAY_SIZE(exts)];
+};
+
+static struct generated_pack_data *populate_pack_exts(const char *name)
 {
 	struct stat statbuf;
 	struct strbuf path = STRBUF_INIT;
-	unsigned ret = 0;
+	struct generated_pack_data *data = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*data));
 	int i;
 
 	for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(exts); i++) {
@@ -261,11 +227,11 @@ static unsigned populate_pack_exts(char *name)
 		if (stat(path.buf, &statbuf))
 			continue;
 
-		ret |= (1 << i);
+		data->tempfiles[i] = register_tempfile(path.buf);
 	}
 
 	strbuf_release(&path);
-	return ret;
+	return data;
 }
 
 static void repack_promisor_objects(const struct pack_objects_args *args,
@@ -275,7 +241,7 @@ static void repack_promisor_objects(const struct pack_objects_args *args,
 	FILE *out;
 	struct strbuf line = STRBUF_INIT;
 
-	prepare_pack_objects(&cmd, args);
+	prepare_pack_objects(&cmd, args, packtmp);
 	cmd.in = -1;
 
 	/*
@@ -320,7 +286,7 @@ static void repack_promisor_objects(const struct pack_objects_args *args,
 					  line.buf);
 		write_promisor_file(promisor_name, NULL, 0);
 
-		item->util = (void *)(uintptr_t)populate_pack_exts(item->string);
+		item->util = populate_pack_exts(item->string);
 
 		free(promisor_name);
 	}
@@ -661,8 +627,39 @@ static int write_midx_included_packs(struct string_list *include,
 	return finish_command(&cmd);
 }
 
+static void remove_redundant_bitmaps(struct string_list *include,
+				     const char *packdir)
+{
+	struct strbuf path = STRBUF_INIT;
+	struct string_list_item *item;
+	size_t packdir_len;
+
+	strbuf_addstr(&path, packdir);
+	strbuf_addch(&path, '/');
+	packdir_len = path.len;
+
+	/*
+	 * Remove any pack bitmaps corresponding to packs which are now
+	 * included in the MIDX.
+	 */
+	for_each_string_list_item(item, include) {
+		strbuf_addstr(&path, item->string);
+		strbuf_strip_suffix(&path, ".idx");
+		strbuf_addstr(&path, ".bitmap");
+
+		if (unlink(path.buf) && errno != ENOENT)
+			warning_errno(_("could not remove stale bitmap: %s"),
+				      path.buf);
+
+		strbuf_setlen(&path, packdir_len);
+	}
+	strbuf_release(&path);
+}
+
 static int write_cruft_pack(const struct pack_objects_args *args,
+			    const char *destination,
 			    const char *pack_prefix,
+			    const char *cruft_expiration,
 			    struct string_list *names,
 			    struct string_list *existing_packs,
 			    struct string_list *existing_kept_packs)
@@ -672,8 +669,10 @@ static int write_cruft_pack(const struct pack_objects_args *args,
 	struct string_list_item *item;
 	FILE *in, *out;
 	int ret;
+	const char *scratch;
+	int local = skip_prefix(destination, packdir, &scratch);
 
-	prepare_pack_objects(&cmd, args);
+	prepare_pack_objects(&cmd, args, destination);
 
 	strvec_push(&cmd.args, "--cruft");
 	if (cruft_expiration)
@@ -698,6 +697,10 @@ static int write_cruft_pack(const struct pack_objects_args *args,
 	 * By the time it is read here, it contains only the pack(s)
 	 * that were just written, which is exactly the set of packs we
 	 * want to consider kept.
+	 *
+	 * If `--expire-to` is given, the double-use served by `names`
+	 * ensures that the pack written to `--expire-to` excludes any
+	 * objects contained in the cruft pack.
 	 */
 	in = xfdopen(cmd.in, "w");
 	for_each_string_list_item(item, names)
@@ -710,10 +713,19 @@ static int write_cruft_pack(const struct pack_objects_args *args,
 
 	out = xfdopen(cmd.out, "r");
 	while (strbuf_getline_lf(&line, out) != EOF) {
+		struct string_list_item *item;
+
 		if (line.len != the_hash_algo->hexsz)
 			die(_("repack: Expecting full hex object ID lines only "
 			      "from pack-objects."));
-		string_list_append(names, line.buf);
+		/*
+		 * avoid putting packs written outside of the repository in the
+		 * list of names
+		 */
+		if (local) {
+			item = string_list_append(names, line.buf);
+			item->util = populate_pack_exts(line.buf);
+		}
 	}
 	fclose(out);
 
@@ -745,6 +757,8 @@ int cmd_repack(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	struct pack_objects_args cruft_po_args = {NULL};
 	int geometric_factor = 0;
 	int write_midx = 0;
+	const char *cruft_expiration = NULL;
+	const char *expire_to = NULL;
 
 	struct option builtin_repack_options[] = {
 		OPT_BIT('a', NULL, &pack_everything,
@@ -794,6 +808,8 @@ int cmd_repack(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 			    N_("find a geometric progression with factor <N>")),
 		OPT_BOOL('m', "write-midx", &write_midx,
 			   N_("write a multi-pack index of the resulting packs")),
+		OPT_STRING(0, "expire-to", &expire_to, N_("dir"),
+			   N_("pack prefix to store a pack containing pruned objects")),
 		OPT_END()
 	};
 
@@ -859,9 +875,7 @@ int cmd_repack(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		split_pack_geometry(geometry, geometric_factor);
 	}
 
-	sigchain_push_common(remove_pack_on_signal);
-
-	prepare_pack_objects(&cmd, &po_args);
+	prepare_pack_objects(&cmd, &po_args, packtmp);
 
 	show_progress = !po_args.quiet && isatty(2);
 
@@ -952,9 +966,12 @@ int cmd_repack(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 
 	out = xfdopen(cmd.out, "r");
 	while (strbuf_getline_lf(&line, out) != EOF) {
+		struct string_list_item *item;
+
 		if (line.len != the_hash_algo->hexsz)
 			die(_("repack: Expecting full hex object ID lines only from pack-objects."));
-		string_list_append(&names, line.buf);
+		item = string_list_append(&names, line.buf);
+		item->util = populate_pack_exts(item->string);
 	}
 	fclose(out);
 	ret = finish_command(&cmd);
@@ -984,49 +1001,81 @@ int cmd_repack(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		cruft_po_args.local = po_args.local;
 		cruft_po_args.quiet = po_args.quiet;
 
-		ret = write_cruft_pack(&cruft_po_args, pack_prefix, &names,
+		ret = write_cruft_pack(&cruft_po_args, packtmp, pack_prefix,
+				       cruft_expiration, &names,
 				       &existing_nonkept_packs,
 				       &existing_kept_packs);
 		if (ret)
 			return ret;
+
+		if (delete_redundant && expire_to) {
+			/*
+			 * If `--expire-to` is given with `-d`, it's possible
+			 * that we're about to prune some objects. With cruft
+			 * packs, pruning is implicit: any objects from existing
+			 * packs that weren't picked up by new packs are removed
+			 * when their packs are deleted.
+			 *
+			 * Generate an additional cruft pack, with one twist:
+			 * `names` now includes the name of the cruft pack
+			 * written in the previous step. So the contents of
+			 * _this_ cruft pack exclude everything contained in the
+			 * existing cruft pack (that is, all of the unreachable
+			 * objects which are no older than
+			 * `--cruft-expiration`).
+			 *
+			 * To make this work, cruft_expiration must become NULL
+			 * so that this cruft pack doesn't actually prune any
+			 * objects. If it were non-NULL, this call would always
+			 * generate an empty pack (since every object not in the
+			 * cruft pack generated above will have an mtime older
+			 * than the expiration).
+			 */
+			ret = write_cruft_pack(&cruft_po_args, expire_to,
+					       pack_prefix,
+					       NULL,
+					       &names,
+					       &existing_nonkept_packs,
+					       &existing_kept_packs);
+			if (ret)
+				return ret;
+		}
 	}
 
 	string_list_sort(&names);
 
-	for_each_string_list_item(item, &names) {
-		item->util = (void *)(uintptr_t)populate_pack_exts(item->string);
-	}
-
 	close_object_store(the_repository->objects);
 
 	/*
 	 * Ok we have prepared all new packfiles.
 	 */
 	for_each_string_list_item(item, &names) {
+		struct generated_pack_data *data = item->util;
+
 		for (ext = 0; ext < ARRAY_SIZE(exts); ext++) {
-			char *fname, *fname_old;
+			char *fname;
 
 			fname = mkpathdup("%s/pack-%s%s",
 					packdir, item->string, exts[ext].name);
-			fname_old = mkpathdup("%s-%s%s",
-					packtmp, item->string, exts[ext].name);
 
-			if (((uintptr_t)item->util) & ((uintptr_t)1 << ext)) {
+			if (data->tempfiles[ext]) {
+				const char *fname_old = get_tempfile_path(data->tempfiles[ext]);
 				struct stat statbuffer;
+
 				if (!stat(fname_old, &statbuffer)) {
 					statbuffer.st_mode &= ~(S_IWUSR | S_IWGRP | S_IWOTH);
 					chmod(fname_old, statbuffer.st_mode);
 				}
 
-				if (rename(fname_old, fname))
-					die_errno(_("renaming '%s' failed"), fname_old);
+				if (rename_tempfile(&data->tempfiles[ext], fname))
+					die_errno(_("renaming pack to '%s' failed"), fname);
 			} else if (!exts[ext].optional)
-				die(_("missing required file: %s"), fname_old);
+				die(_("pack-objects did not write a '%s' file for pack %s-%s"),
+				    exts[ext].name, packtmp, item->string);
 			else if (unlink(fname) < 0 && errno != ENOENT)
 				die_errno(_("could not unlink: %s"), fname);
 
 			free(fname);
-			free(fname_old);
 		}
 	}
 	/* End of pack replacement. */
@@ -1059,6 +1108,9 @@ int cmd_repack(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 						refs_snapshot ? get_tempfile_path(refs_snapshot) : NULL,
 						show_progress, write_bitmaps > 0);
 
+		if (!ret && write_bitmaps)
+			remove_redundant_bitmaps(&include, packdir);
+
 		string_list_clear(&include, 0);
 
 		if (ret)
@@ -1089,6 +1141,11 @@ int cmd_repack(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 				strbuf_addstr(&buf, pack_basename(p));
 				strbuf_strip_suffix(&buf, ".pack");
 
+				if ((p->pack_keep) ||
+				    (string_list_has_string(&existing_kept_packs,
+							    buf.buf)))
+					continue;
+
 				remove_redundant_pack(packdir, buf.buf);
 			}
 			strbuf_release(&buf);
@@ -1106,7 +1163,6 @@ int cmd_repack(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 
 	if (run_update_server_info)
 		update_server_info(0);
-	remove_temporary_files();
 
 	if (git_env_bool(GIT_TEST_MULTI_PACK_INDEX, 0)) {
 		unsigned flags = 0;
@@ -1115,7 +1171,7 @@ int cmd_repack(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		write_midx_file(get_object_directory(), NULL, NULL, flags);
 	}
 
-	string_list_clear(&names, 0);
+	string_list_clear(&names, 1);
 	string_list_clear(&existing_nonkept_packs, 0);
 	string_list_clear(&existing_kept_packs, 0);
 	clear_pack_geometry(geometry);
diff --git a/builtin/rerere.c b/builtin/rerere.c
index 83d7a77..8b7392d 100644
--- a/builtin/rerere.c
+++ b/builtin/rerere.c
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 #include "pathspec.h"
 
 static const char * const rerere_usage[] = {
-	N_("git rerere [clear | forget <path>... | status | remaining | diff | gc]"),
+	N_("git rerere [clear | forget <pathspec>... | diff | status | remaining | gc]"),
 	NULL,
 };
 
diff --git a/builtin/reset.c b/builtin/reset.c
index fdce6f8..1fa86ed 100644
--- a/builtin/reset.c
+++ b/builtin/reset.c
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
  *
  * Copyright (c) 2005, 2006 Linus Torvalds and Junio C Hamano
  */
-#define USE_THE_INDEX_COMPATIBILITY_MACROS
+#define USE_THE_INDEX_VARIABLE
 #include "builtin.h"
 #include "config.h"
 #include "lockfile.h"
@@ -73,16 +73,18 @@ static int reset_index(const char *ref, const struct object_id *oid, int reset_t
 	case HARD:
 		opts.update = 1;
 		opts.reset = UNPACK_RESET_OVERWRITE_UNTRACKED;
+		opts.skip_cache_tree_update = 1;
 		break;
 	case MIXED:
 		opts.reset = UNPACK_RESET_PROTECT_UNTRACKED;
+		opts.skip_cache_tree_update = 1;
 		/* but opts.update=0, so working tree not updated */
 		break;
 	default:
 		BUG("invalid reset_type passed to reset_index");
 	}
 
-	read_cache_unmerged();
+	repo_read_index_unmerged(the_repository);
 
 	if (reset_type == KEEP) {
 		struct object_id head_oid;
@@ -143,7 +145,7 @@ static void update_index_from_diff(struct diff_queue_struct *q,
 		struct cache_entry *ce;
 
 		if (!is_in_reset_tree && !intent_to_add) {
-			remove_file_from_cache(one->path);
+			remove_file_from_index(&the_index, one->path);
 			continue;
 		}
 
@@ -158,8 +160,8 @@ static void update_index_from_diff(struct diff_queue_struct *q,
 		 * if this entry is outside the sparse cone - this is necessary
 		 * to properly construct the reset sparse directory.
 		 */
-		pos = cache_name_pos(one->path, strlen(one->path));
-		if ((pos >= 0 && ce_skip_worktree(active_cache[pos])) ||
+		pos = index_name_pos(&the_index, one->path, strlen(one->path));
+		if ((pos >= 0 && ce_skip_worktree(the_index.cache[pos])) ||
 		    (pos < 0 && !path_in_sparse_checkout(one->path, &the_index)))
 			ce->ce_flags |= CE_SKIP_WORKTREE;
 
@@ -170,7 +172,8 @@ static void update_index_from_diff(struct diff_queue_struct *q,
 			ce->ce_flags |= CE_INTENT_TO_ADD;
 			set_object_name_for_intent_to_add_entry(ce);
 		}
-		add_cache_entry(ce, ADD_CACHE_OK_TO_ADD | ADD_CACHE_OK_TO_REPLACE);
+		add_index_entry(&the_index, ce,
+				ADD_CACHE_OK_TO_ADD | ADD_CACHE_OK_TO_REPLACE);
 	}
 }
 
@@ -218,7 +221,7 @@ static void set_reflog_message(struct strbuf *sb, const char *action,
 
 static void die_if_unmerged_cache(int reset_type)
 {
-	if (is_merge() || unmerged_cache())
+	if (is_merge() || unmerged_index(&the_index))
 		die(_("Cannot do a %s reset in the middle of a merge."),
 		    _(reset_type_names[reset_type]));
 
@@ -420,7 +423,7 @@ int cmd_reset(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	prepare_repo_settings(the_repository);
 	the_repository->settings.command_requires_full_index = 0;
 
-	if (read_cache() < 0)
+	if (repo_read_index(the_repository) < 0)
 		die(_("index file corrupt"));
 
 	/* Soft reset does not touch the index file nor the working tree
@@ -431,7 +434,8 @@ int cmd_reset(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 
 	if (reset_type != SOFT) {
 		struct lock_file lock = LOCK_INIT;
-		hold_locked_index(&lock, LOCK_DIE_ON_ERROR);
+		repo_hold_locked_index(the_repository, &lock,
+				       LOCK_DIE_ON_ERROR);
 		if (reset_type == MIXED) {
 			int flags = quiet ? REFRESH_QUIET : REFRESH_IN_PORCELAIN;
 			if (read_from_tree(&pathspec, &oid, intent_to_add))
diff --git a/builtin/rev-list.c b/builtin/rev-list.c
index fba6f5d..d42db0b 100644
--- a/builtin/rev-list.c
+++ b/builtin/rev-list.c
@@ -20,7 +20,8 @@
 #include "packfile.h"
 
 static const char rev_list_usage[] =
-"git rev-list [<options>] <commit-id>... [-- <path>...]\n"
+"git rev-list [<options>] <commit>... [--] [<path>...]\n"
+"\n"
 "  limiting output:\n"
 "    --max-count=<n>\n"
 "    --max-age=<epoch>\n"
@@ -37,6 +38,7 @@ static const char rev_list_usage[] =
 "    --tags\n"
 "    --remotes\n"
 "    --stdin\n"
+"    --exclude-hidden=[receive|uploadpack]\n"
 "    --quiet\n"
 "  ordering output:\n"
 "    --topo-order\n"
diff --git a/builtin/rev-parse.c b/builtin/rev-parse.c
index 8f61050..1c344d7 100644
--- a/builtin/rev-parse.c
+++ b/builtin/rev-parse.c
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
  *
  * Copyright (C) Linus Torvalds, 2005
  */
-#define USE_THE_INDEX_COMPATIBILITY_MACROS
+#define USE_THE_INDEX_VARIABLE
 #include "cache.h"
 #include "config.h"
 #include "commit.h"
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ static int abbrev_ref_strict;
 static int output_sq;
 
 static int stuck_long;
-static struct string_list *ref_excludes;
+static struct ref_exclusions ref_excludes = REF_EXCLUSIONS_INIT;
 
 /*
  * Some arguments are relevant "revision" arguments,
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ static int show_default(void)
 static int show_reference(const char *refname, const struct object_id *oid,
 			  int flag UNUSED, void *cb_data UNUSED)
 {
-	if (ref_excluded(ref_excludes, refname))
+	if (ref_excluded(&ref_excludes, refname))
 		return 0;
 	show_rev(NORMAL, oid, refname);
 	return 0;
@@ -585,7 +585,7 @@ static void handle_ref_opt(const char *pattern, const char *prefix)
 		for_each_glob_ref_in(show_reference, pattern, prefix, NULL);
 	else
 		for_each_ref_in(prefix, show_reference, NULL);
-	clear_ref_exclusion(&ref_excludes);
+	clear_ref_exclusions(&ref_excludes);
 }
 
 enum format_type {
@@ -863,7 +863,7 @@ int cmd_rev_parse(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 			}
 			if (!strcmp(arg, "--all")) {
 				for_each_ref(show_reference, NULL);
-				clear_ref_exclusion(&ref_excludes);
+				clear_ref_exclusions(&ref_excludes);
 				continue;
 			}
 			if (skip_prefix(arg, "--disambiguate=", &arg)) {
@@ -876,10 +876,14 @@ int cmd_rev_parse(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 				continue;
 			}
 			if (opt_with_value(arg, "--branches", &arg)) {
+				if (ref_excludes.hidden_refs_configured)
+					return error(_("--exclude-hidden cannot be used together with --branches"));
 				handle_ref_opt(arg, "refs/heads/");
 				continue;
 			}
 			if (opt_with_value(arg, "--tags", &arg)) {
+				if (ref_excludes.hidden_refs_configured)
+					return error(_("--exclude-hidden cannot be used together with --tags"));
 				handle_ref_opt(arg, "refs/tags/");
 				continue;
 			}
@@ -888,6 +892,8 @@ int cmd_rev_parse(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 				continue;
 			}
 			if (opt_with_value(arg, "--remotes", &arg)) {
+				if (ref_excludes.hidden_refs_configured)
+					return error(_("--exclude-hidden cannot be used together with --remotes"));
 				handle_ref_opt(arg, "refs/remotes/");
 				continue;
 			}
@@ -895,6 +901,10 @@ int cmd_rev_parse(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 				add_ref_exclusion(&ref_excludes, arg);
 				continue;
 			}
+			if (skip_prefix(arg, "--exclude-hidden=", &arg)) {
+				exclude_hidden_refs(&ref_excludes, arg);
+				continue;
+			}
 			if (!strcmp(arg, "--show-toplevel")) {
 				const char *work_tree = get_git_work_tree();
 				if (work_tree)
@@ -997,7 +1007,7 @@ int cmd_rev_parse(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 				continue;
 			}
 			if (!strcmp(arg, "--shared-index-path")) {
-				if (read_cache() < 0)
+				if (repo_read_index(the_repository) < 0)
 					die(_("Could not read the index"));
 				if (the_index.split_index) {
 					const struct object_id *oid = &the_index.split_index->base_oid;
diff --git a/builtin/revert.c b/builtin/revert.c
index ee2a080..6a9b550 100644
--- a/builtin/revert.c
+++ b/builtin/revert.c
@@ -21,14 +21,15 @@
  */
 
 static const char * const revert_usage[] = {
-	N_("git revert [<options>] <commit-ish>..."),
-	N_("git revert <subcommand>"),
+	N_("git revert [--[no-]edit] [-n] [-m <parent-number>] [-s] [-S[<keyid>]] <commit>..."),
+	N_("git revert (--continue | --skip | --abort | --quit)"),
 	NULL
 };
 
 static const char * const cherry_pick_usage[] = {
-	N_("git cherry-pick [<options>] <commit-ish>..."),
-	N_("git cherry-pick <subcommand>"),
+	N_("git cherry-pick [--edit] [-n] [-m <parent-number>] [-s] [-x] [--ff]\n"
+	   "                [-S[<keyid>]] <commit>..."),
+	N_("git cherry-pick (--continue | --skip | --abort | --quit)"),
 	NULL
 };
 
diff --git a/builtin/rm.c b/builtin/rm.c
index b6ba859..d4989d4 100644
--- a/builtin/rm.c
+++ b/builtin/rm.c
@@ -17,7 +17,9 @@
 #include "pathspec.h"
 
 static const char * const builtin_rm_usage[] = {
-	N_("git rm [<options>] [--] <file>..."),
+	N_("git rm [-f | --force] [-n] [-r] [--cached] [--ignore-unmatch]\n"
+	   "       [--quiet] [--pathspec-from-file=<file> [--pathspec-file-nul]]\n"
+	   "       [--] [<pathspec>...]"),
 	NULL
 };
 
@@ -33,8 +35,8 @@ static int get_ours_cache_pos(const char *path, int pos)
 {
 	int i = -pos - 1;
 
-	while ((i < active_nr) && !strcmp(active_cache[i]->name, path)) {
-		if (ce_stage(active_cache[i]) == 2)
+	while ((i < the_index.cache_nr) && !strcmp(the_index.cache[i]->name, path)) {
+		if (ce_stage(the_index.cache[i]) == 2)
 			return i;
 		i++;
 	}
@@ -70,13 +72,13 @@ static void submodules_absorb_gitdir_if_needed(void)
 		int pos;
 		const struct cache_entry *ce;
 
-		pos = cache_name_pos(name, strlen(name));
+		pos = index_name_pos(&the_index, name, strlen(name));
 		if (pos < 0) {
 			pos = get_ours_cache_pos(name, pos);
 			if (pos < 0)
 				continue;
 		}
-		ce = active_cache[pos];
+		ce = the_index.cache[pos];
 
 		if (!S_ISGITLINK(ce->ce_mode) ||
 		    !file_exists(ce->name) ||
@@ -84,8 +86,7 @@ static void submodules_absorb_gitdir_if_needed(void)
 			continue;
 
 		if (!submodule_uses_gitfile(name))
-			absorb_git_dir_into_superproject(name,
-				ABSORB_GITDIR_RECURSE_SUBMODULES);
+			absorb_git_dir_into_superproject(name);
 	}
 }
 
@@ -115,7 +116,7 @@ static int check_local_mod(struct object_id *head, int index_only)
 		int local_changes = 0;
 		int staged_changes = 0;
 
-		pos = cache_name_pos(name, strlen(name));
+		pos = index_name_pos(&the_index, name, strlen(name));
 		if (pos < 0) {
 			/*
 			 * Skip unmerged entries except for populated submodules
@@ -125,11 +126,11 @@ static int check_local_mod(struct object_id *head, int index_only)
 			if (pos < 0)
 				continue;
 
-			if (!S_ISGITLINK(active_cache[pos]->ce_mode) ||
+			if (!S_ISGITLINK(the_index.cache[pos]->ce_mode) ||
 			    is_empty_dir(name))
 				continue;
 		}
-		ce = active_cache[pos];
+		ce = the_index.cache[pos];
 
 		if (lstat(ce->name, &st) < 0) {
 			if (!is_missing_file_error(errno))
@@ -166,7 +167,7 @@ static int check_local_mod(struct object_id *head, int index_only)
 		 * Is the index different from the file in the work tree?
 		 * If it's a submodule, is its work tree modified?
 		 */
-		if (ce_match_stat(ce, &st, 0) ||
+		if (ie_match_stat(&the_index, ce, &st, 0) ||
 		    (S_ISGITLINK(ce->ce_mode) &&
 		     bad_to_remove_submodule(ce->name,
 				SUBMODULE_REMOVAL_DIE_ON_ERROR |
@@ -289,9 +290,9 @@ int cmd_rm(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 
 	prepare_repo_settings(the_repository);
 	the_repository->settings.command_requires_full_index = 0;
-	hold_locked_index(&lock_file, LOCK_DIE_ON_ERROR);
+	repo_hold_locked_index(the_repository, &lock_file, LOCK_DIE_ON_ERROR);
 
-	if (read_cache() < 0)
+	if (repo_read_index(the_repository) < 0)
 		die(_("index file corrupt"));
 
 	refresh_index(&the_index, REFRESH_QUIET|REFRESH_UNMERGED, &pathspec, NULL, NULL);
@@ -301,8 +302,8 @@ int cmd_rm(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	if (pathspec_needs_expanded_index(&the_index, &pathspec))
 		ensure_full_index(&the_index);
 
-	for (i = 0; i < active_nr; i++) {
-		const struct cache_entry *ce = active_cache[i];
+	for (i = 0; i < the_index.cache_nr; i++) {
+		const struct cache_entry *ce = the_index.cache[i];
 
 		if (!include_sparse &&
 		    (ce_skip_worktree(ce) ||
@@ -384,7 +385,7 @@ int cmd_rm(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		if (!quiet)
 			printf("rm '%s'\n", path);
 
-		if (remove_file_from_cache(path))
+		if (remove_file_from_index(&the_index, path))
 			die(_("git rm: unable to remove %s"), path);
 	}
 
diff --git a/builtin/send-pack.c b/builtin/send-pack.c
index 64962be..4c5d125 100644
--- a/builtin/send-pack.c
+++ b/builtin/send-pack.c
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ static const char * const send_pack_usage[] = {
 	N_("git send-pack [--mirror] [--dry-run] [--force]\n"
 	   "              [--receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>]\n"
 	   "              [--verbose] [--thin] [--atomic]\n"
+	   "              [--[no-]signed | --signed=(true|false|if-asked)]\n"
 	   "              [<host>:]<directory> (--all | <ref>...)"),
 	NULL,
 };
diff --git a/builtin/shortlog.c b/builtin/shortlog.c
index 7a1e1fe..27a8716 100644
--- a/builtin/shortlog.c
+++ b/builtin/shortlog.c
@@ -132,7 +132,9 @@ static void read_from_stdin(struct shortlog *log)
 		match = committer_match;
 		break;
 	case SHORTLOG_GROUP_TRAILER:
-		die(_("using --group=trailer with stdin is not supported"));
+		die(_("using %s with stdin is not supported"), "--group=trailer");
+	case SHORTLOG_GROUP_FORMAT:
+		die(_("using %s with stdin is not supported"), "--group=format");
 	default:
 		BUG("unhandled shortlog group");
 	}
@@ -170,6 +172,9 @@ static void insert_records_from_trailers(struct shortlog *log,
 	const char *commit_buffer, *body;
 	struct strbuf ident = STRBUF_INIT;
 
+	if (!log->trailers.nr)
+		return;
+
 	/*
 	 * Using format_commit_message("%B") would be simpler here, but
 	 * this saves us copying the message.
@@ -200,9 +205,34 @@ static void insert_records_from_trailers(struct shortlog *log,
 	unuse_commit_buffer(commit, commit_buffer);
 }
 
+static int shortlog_needs_dedup(const struct shortlog *log)
+{
+	return HAS_MULTI_BITS(log->groups) || log->format.nr > 1 || log->trailers.nr;
+}
+
+static void insert_records_from_format(struct shortlog *log,
+				       struct strset *dups,
+				       struct commit *commit,
+				       struct pretty_print_context *ctx,
+				       const char *oneline)
+{
+	struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
+	struct string_list_item *item;
+
+	for_each_string_list_item(item, &log->format) {
+		strbuf_reset(&buf);
+
+		format_commit_message(commit, item->string, &buf, ctx);
+
+		if (!shortlog_needs_dedup(log) || strset_add(dups, buf.buf))
+			insert_one_record(log, buf.buf, oneline);
+	}
+
+	strbuf_release(&buf);
+}
+
 void shortlog_add_commit(struct shortlog *log, struct commit *commit)
 {
-	struct strbuf ident = STRBUF_INIT;
 	struct strbuf oneline = STRBUF_INIT;
 	struct strset dups = STRSET_INIT;
 	struct pretty_print_context ctx = {0};
@@ -211,7 +241,7 @@ void shortlog_add_commit(struct shortlog *log, struct commit *commit)
 	ctx.fmt = CMIT_FMT_USERFORMAT;
 	ctx.abbrev = log->abbrev;
 	ctx.print_email_subject = 1;
-	ctx.date_mode.type = DATE_NORMAL;
+	ctx.date_mode = log->date_mode;
 	ctx.output_encoding = get_log_output_encoding();
 
 	if (!log->summary) {
@@ -222,30 +252,10 @@ void shortlog_add_commit(struct shortlog *log, struct commit *commit)
 	}
 	oneline_str = oneline.len ? oneline.buf : "<none>";
 
-	if (log->groups & SHORTLOG_GROUP_AUTHOR) {
-		strbuf_reset(&ident);
-		format_commit_message(commit,
-				      log->email ? "%aN <%aE>" : "%aN",
-				      &ident, &ctx);
-		if (!HAS_MULTI_BITS(log->groups) ||
-		    strset_add(&dups, ident.buf))
-			insert_one_record(log, ident.buf, oneline_str);
-	}
-	if (log->groups & SHORTLOG_GROUP_COMMITTER) {
-		strbuf_reset(&ident);
-		format_commit_message(commit,
-				      log->email ? "%cN <%cE>" : "%cN",
-				      &ident, &ctx);
-		if (!HAS_MULTI_BITS(log->groups) ||
-		    strset_add(&dups, ident.buf))
-			insert_one_record(log, ident.buf, oneline_str);
-	}
-	if (log->groups & SHORTLOG_GROUP_TRAILER) {
-		insert_records_from_trailers(log, &dups, commit, &ctx, oneline_str);
-	}
+	insert_records_from_trailers(log, &dups, commit, &ctx, oneline_str);
+	insert_records_from_format(log, &dups, commit, &ctx, oneline_str);
 
 	strset_clear(&dups);
-	strbuf_release(&ident);
 	strbuf_release(&oneline);
 }
 
@@ -314,6 +324,7 @@ static int parse_group_option(const struct option *opt, const char *arg, int uns
 	if (unset) {
 		log->groups = 0;
 		string_list_clear(&log->trailers, 0);
+		string_list_clear(&log->format, 0);
 	} else if (!strcasecmp(arg, "author"))
 		log->groups |= SHORTLOG_GROUP_AUTHOR;
 	else if (!strcasecmp(arg, "committer"))
@@ -321,8 +332,15 @@ static int parse_group_option(const struct option *opt, const char *arg, int uns
 	else if (skip_prefix(arg, "trailer:", &field)) {
 		log->groups |= SHORTLOG_GROUP_TRAILER;
 		string_list_append(&log->trailers, field);
-	} else
+	} else if (skip_prefix(arg, "format:", &field)) {
+		log->groups |= SHORTLOG_GROUP_FORMAT;
+		string_list_append(&log->format, field);
+	} else if (strchr(arg, '%')) {
+		log->groups |= SHORTLOG_GROUP_FORMAT;
+		string_list_append(&log->format, arg);
+	} else {
 		return error(_("unknown group type: %s"), arg);
+	}
 
 	return 0;
 }
@@ -340,6 +358,19 @@ void shortlog_init(struct shortlog *log)
 	log->in2 = DEFAULT_INDENT2;
 	log->trailers.strdup_strings = 1;
 	log->trailers.cmp = strcasecmp;
+	log->format.strdup_strings = 1;
+}
+
+void shortlog_finish_setup(struct shortlog *log)
+{
+	if (log->groups & SHORTLOG_GROUP_AUTHOR)
+		string_list_append(&log->format,
+				   log->email ? "%aN <%aE>" : "%aN");
+	if (log->groups & SHORTLOG_GROUP_COMMITTER)
+		string_list_append(&log->format,
+				   log->email ? "%cN <%cE>" : "%cN");
+
+	string_list_sort(&log->trailers);
 }
 
 int cmd_shortlog(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
@@ -407,10 +438,11 @@ int cmd_shortlog(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	log.user_format = rev.commit_format == CMIT_FMT_USERFORMAT;
 	log.abbrev = rev.abbrev;
 	log.file = rev.diffopt.file;
+	log.date_mode = rev.date_mode;
 
 	if (!log.groups)
 		log.groups = SHORTLOG_GROUP_AUTHOR;
-	string_list_sort(&log.trailers);
+	shortlog_finish_setup(&log);
 
 	/* assume HEAD if from a tty */
 	if (!nongit && !rev.pending.nr && isatty(0))
@@ -479,4 +511,5 @@ void shortlog_output(struct shortlog *log)
 	log->list.strdup_strings = 1;
 	string_list_clear(&log->list, 1);
 	clear_mailmap(&log->mailmap);
+	string_list_clear(&log->format, 0);
 }
diff --git a/builtin/show-branch.c b/builtin/show-branch.c
index d3f5715..c013aba 100644
--- a/builtin/show-branch.c
+++ b/builtin/show-branch.c
@@ -14,7 +14,8 @@ static const char* show_branch_usage[] = {
     N_("git show-branch [-a | --all] [-r | --remotes] [--topo-order | --date-order]\n"
        "                [--current] [--color[=<when>] | --no-color] [--sparse]\n"
        "                [--more=<n> | --list | --independent | --merge-base]\n"
-       "                [--no-name | --sha1-name] [--topics] [(<rev> | <glob>)...]"),
+       "                [--no-name | --sha1-name] [--topics]\n"
+       "                [(<rev> | <glob>)...]"),
     N_("git show-branch (-g | --reflog)[=<n>[,<base>]] [--list] [<ref>]"),
     NULL
 };
diff --git a/builtin/show-ref.c b/builtin/show-ref.c
index 4856906..3af6a53 100644
--- a/builtin/show-ref.c
+++ b/builtin/show-ref.c
@@ -9,7 +9,9 @@
 #include "parse-options.h"
 
 static const char * const show_ref_usage[] = {
-	N_("git show-ref [-q | --quiet] [--verify] [--head] [-d | --dereference] [-s | --hash[=<n>]] [--abbrev[=<n>]] [--tags] [--heads] [--] [<pattern>...]"),
+	N_("git show-ref [-q | --quiet] [--verify] [--head] [-d | --dereference]\n"
+	   "             [-s | --hash[=<n>]] [--abbrev[=<n>]] [--tags]\n"
+	   "             [--heads] [--] [<pattern>...]"),
 	N_("git show-ref --exclude-existing[=<pattern>]"),
 	NULL
 };
diff --git a/builtin/sparse-checkout.c b/builtin/sparse-checkout.c
index 287716d..58a2250 100644
--- a/builtin/sparse-checkout.c
+++ b/builtin/sparse-checkout.c
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 static const char *empty_base = "";
 
 static char const * const builtin_sparse_checkout_usage[] = {
-	N_("git sparse-checkout (init|list|set|add|reapply|disable) <options>"),
+	N_("git sparse-checkout (init | list | set | add | reapply | disable) [<options>]"),
 	NULL
 };
 
diff --git a/builtin/stash.c b/builtin/stash.c
index 2274aae..62e3671 100644
--- a/builtin/stash.c
+++ b/builtin/stash.c
@@ -21,72 +21,95 @@
 
 #define INCLUDE_ALL_FILES 2
 
+#define BUILTIN_STASH_LIST_USAGE \
+	N_("git stash list [<log-options>]")
+#define BUILTIN_STASH_SHOW_USAGE \
+	N_("git stash show [-u | --include-untracked | --only-untracked] [<diff-options>] [<stash>]")
+#define BUILTIN_STASH_DROP_USAGE \
+	N_("git stash drop [-q | --quiet] [<stash>]")
+#define BUILTIN_STASH_POP_USAGE \
+	N_("git stash pop [--index] [-q | --quiet] [<stash>]")
+#define BUILTIN_STASH_APPLY_USAGE \
+	N_("git stash apply [--index] [-q | --quiet] [<stash>]")
+#define BUILTIN_STASH_BRANCH_USAGE \
+	N_("git stash branch <branchname> [<stash>]")
+#define BUILTIN_STASH_STORE_USAGE \
+	N_("git stash store [(-m | --message) <message>] [-q | --quiet] <commit>")
+#define BUILTIN_STASH_PUSH_USAGE \
+	N_("git stash [push [-p | --patch] [-S | --staged] [-k | --[no-]keep-index] [-q | --quiet]\n" \
+	   "          [-u | --include-untracked] [-a | --all] [(-m | --message) <message>]\n" \
+	   "          [--pathspec-from-file=<file> [--pathspec-file-nul]]\n" \
+	   "          [--] [<pathspec>...]]")
+#define BUILTIN_STASH_SAVE_USAGE \
+	N_("git stash save [-p | --patch] [-S | --staged] [-k | --[no-]keep-index] [-q | --quiet]\n" \
+	   "          [-u | --include-untracked] [-a | --all] [<message>]")
+#define BUILTIN_STASH_CREATE_USAGE \
+	N_("git stash create [<message>]")
+#define BUILTIN_STASH_CLEAR_USAGE \
+	"git stash clear"
+
 static const char * const git_stash_usage[] = {
-	N_("git stash list [<options>]"),
-	N_("git stash show [<options>] [<stash>]"),
-	N_("git stash drop [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]"),
-	N_("git stash ( pop | apply ) [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]"),
-	N_("git stash branch <branchname> [<stash>]"),
-	"git stash clear",
-	N_("git stash [push [-p|--patch] [-S|--staged] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet]\n"
-	   "          [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-m|--message <message>]\n"
-	   "          [--pathspec-from-file=<file> [--pathspec-file-nul]]\n"
-	   "          [--] [<pathspec>...]]"),
-	N_("git stash save [-p|--patch] [-S|--staged] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet]\n"
-	   "          [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [<message>]"),
+	BUILTIN_STASH_LIST_USAGE,
+	BUILTIN_STASH_SHOW_USAGE,
+	BUILTIN_STASH_DROP_USAGE,
+	BUILTIN_STASH_POP_USAGE,
+	BUILTIN_STASH_APPLY_USAGE,
+	BUILTIN_STASH_BRANCH_USAGE,
+	BUILTIN_STASH_PUSH_USAGE,
+	BUILTIN_STASH_SAVE_USAGE,
+	BUILTIN_STASH_CLEAR_USAGE,
+	BUILTIN_STASH_CREATE_USAGE,
+	BUILTIN_STASH_STORE_USAGE,
 	NULL
 };
 
 static const char * const git_stash_list_usage[] = {
-	N_("git stash list [<options>]"),
+	BUILTIN_STASH_LIST_USAGE,
 	NULL
 };
 
 static const char * const git_stash_show_usage[] = {
-	N_("git stash show [<options>] [<stash>]"),
+	BUILTIN_STASH_SHOW_USAGE,
 	NULL
 };
 
 static const char * const git_stash_drop_usage[] = {
-	N_("git stash drop [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]"),
+	BUILTIN_STASH_DROP_USAGE,
 	NULL
 };
 
 static const char * const git_stash_pop_usage[] = {
-	N_("git stash pop [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]"),
+	BUILTIN_STASH_POP_USAGE,
 	NULL
 };
 
 static const char * const git_stash_apply_usage[] = {
-	N_("git stash apply [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]"),
+	BUILTIN_STASH_APPLY_USAGE,
 	NULL
 };
 
 static const char * const git_stash_branch_usage[] = {
-	N_("git stash branch <branchname> [<stash>]"),
+	BUILTIN_STASH_BRANCH_USAGE,
 	NULL
 };
 
 static const char * const git_stash_clear_usage[] = {
-	"git stash clear",
+	BUILTIN_STASH_CLEAR_USAGE,
 	NULL
 };
 
 static const char * const git_stash_store_usage[] = {
-	N_("git stash store [-m|--message <message>] [-q|--quiet] <commit>"),
+	BUILTIN_STASH_STORE_USAGE,
 	NULL
 };
 
 static const char * const git_stash_push_usage[] = {
-	N_("git stash [push [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet]\n"
-	   "          [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-m|--message <message>]\n"
-	   "          [--] [<pathspec>...]]"),
+	BUILTIN_STASH_PUSH_USAGE,
 	NULL
 };
 
 static const char * const git_stash_save_usage[] = {
-	N_("git stash save [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet]\n"
-	   "               [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [<message>]"),
+	BUILTIN_STASH_SAVE_USAGE,
 	NULL
 };
 
@@ -238,11 +261,11 @@ static int reset_tree(struct object_id *i_tree, int update, int reset)
 	struct tree *tree;
 	struct lock_file lock_file = LOCK_INIT;
 
-	read_cache_preload(NULL);
-	if (refresh_cache(REFRESH_QUIET))
+	repo_read_index_preload(the_repository, NULL, 0);
+	if (refresh_index(&the_index, REFRESH_QUIET, NULL, NULL, NULL))
 		return -1;
 
-	hold_locked_index(&lock_file, LOCK_DIE_ON_ERROR);
+	repo_hold_locked_index(the_repository, &lock_file, LOCK_DIE_ON_ERROR);
 
 	memset(&opts, 0, sizeof(opts));
 
@@ -431,10 +454,10 @@ static void unstage_changes_unless_new(struct object_id *orig_tree)
 		 * path, but left it out of the working tree, then clear the
 		 * SKIP_WORKTREE bit and write it to the working tree.
 		 */
-		if (pos >= 0 && ce_skip_worktree(active_cache[pos])) {
+		if (pos >= 0 && ce_skip_worktree(the_index.cache[pos])) {
 			struct stat st;
 
-			ce = active_cache[pos];
+			ce = the_index.cache[pos];
 			if (!lstat(ce->name, &st)) {
 				/* Conflicting path present; relocate it */
 				struct strbuf new_path = STRBUF_INIT;
@@ -500,8 +523,9 @@ static int do_apply_stash(const char *prefix, struct stash_info *info,
 	struct tree *head, *merge, *merge_base;
 	struct lock_file lock = LOCK_INIT;
 
-	read_cache_preload(NULL);
-	if (refresh_and_write_cache(REFRESH_QUIET, 0, 0))
+	repo_read_index_preload(the_repository, NULL, 0);
+	if (repo_refresh_and_write_index(the_repository, REFRESH_QUIET, 0, 0,
+					 NULL, NULL, NULL))
 		return -1;
 
 	if (write_cache_as_tree(&c_tree, 0, NULL))
@@ -526,14 +550,14 @@ static int do_apply_stash(const char *prefix, struct stash_info *info,
 				return error(_("conflicts in index. "
 					       "Try without --index."));
 
-			discard_cache();
-			read_cache();
+			discard_index(&the_index);
+			repo_read_index(the_repository);
 			if (write_cache_as_tree(&index_tree, 0, NULL))
 				return error(_("could not save index tree"));
 
 			reset_head();
-			discard_cache();
-			read_cache();
+			discard_index(&the_index);
+			repo_read_index(the_repository);
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -1059,7 +1083,7 @@ static int check_changes_tracked_files(const struct pathspec *ps)
 	if (get_oid("HEAD", &dummy))
 		return -1;
 
-	if (read_cache() < 0)
+	if (repo_read_index(the_repository) < 0)
 		return -1;
 
 	init_revisions(&rev, NULL);
@@ -1263,7 +1287,7 @@ static int stash_working_tree(struct stash_info *info, const struct pathspec *ps
 	rev.diffopt.format_callback = add_diff_to_buf;
 	rev.diffopt.format_callback_data = &diff_output;
 
-	if (read_cache_preload(&rev.diffopt.pathspec) < 0) {
+	if (repo_read_index_preload(the_repository, &rev.diffopt.pathspec, 0) < 0) {
 		ret = -1;
 		goto done;
 	}
@@ -1321,8 +1345,9 @@ static int do_create_stash(const struct pathspec *ps, struct strbuf *stash_msg_b
 
 	prepare_fallback_ident("git stash", "git@stash");
 
-	read_cache_preload(NULL);
-	if (refresh_and_write_cache(REFRESH_QUIET, 0, 0) < 0) {
+	repo_read_index_preload(the_repository, NULL, 0);
+	if (repo_refresh_and_write_index(the_repository, REFRESH_QUIET, 0, 0,
+					 NULL, NULL, NULL) < 0) {
 		ret = -1;
 		goto done;
 	}
@@ -1490,15 +1515,15 @@ static int do_push_stash(const struct pathspec *ps, const char *stash_msg, int q
 		goto done;
 	}
 
-	read_cache_preload(NULL);
+	repo_read_index_preload(the_repository, NULL, 0);
 	if (!include_untracked && ps->nr) {
 		int i;
 		char *ps_matched = xcalloc(ps->nr, 1);
 
 		/* TODO: audit for interaction with sparse-index. */
 		ensure_full_index(&the_index);
-		for (i = 0; i < active_nr; i++)
-			ce_path_match(&the_index, active_cache[i], ps,
+		for (i = 0; i < the_index.cache_nr; i++)
+			ce_path_match(&the_index, the_index.cache[i], ps,
 				      ps_matched);
 
 		if (report_path_error(ps_matched, ps)) {
@@ -1510,7 +1535,8 @@ static int do_push_stash(const struct pathspec *ps, const char *stash_msg, int q
 		free(ps_matched);
 	}
 
-	if (refresh_and_write_cache(REFRESH_QUIET, 0, 0)) {
+	if (repo_refresh_and_write_index(the_repository, REFRESH_QUIET, 0, 0,
+					 NULL, NULL, NULL)) {
 		ret = -1;
 		goto done;
 	}
@@ -1567,7 +1593,7 @@ static int do_push_stash(const struct pathspec *ps, const char *stash_msg, int q
 				goto done;
 			}
 		}
-		discard_cache();
+		discard_index(&the_index);
 		if (ps->nr) {
 			struct child_process cp_add = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
 			struct child_process cp_diff = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
diff --git a/builtin/submodule--helper.c b/builtin/submodule--helper.c
index 0b4acb4..05f2c9b 100644
--- a/builtin/submodule--helper.c
+++ b/builtin/submodule--helper.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#define USE_THE_INDEX_COMPATIBILITY_MACROS
+#define USE_THE_INDEX_VARIABLE
 #include "builtin.h"
 #include "repository.h"
 #include "cache.h"
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ static void module_list_release(struct module_list *ml)
 	free(ml->entries);
 }
 
-static int module_list_compute(int argc, const char **argv,
+static int module_list_compute(const char **argv,
 			       const char *prefix,
 			       struct pathspec *pathspec,
 			       struct module_list *list)
@@ -196,11 +196,11 @@ static int module_list_compute(int argc, const char **argv,
 	if (pathspec->nr)
 		ps_matched = xcalloc(pathspec->nr, 1);
 
-	if (read_cache() < 0)
+	if (repo_read_index(the_repository) < 0)
 		die(_("index file corrupt"));
 
-	for (i = 0; i < active_nr; i++) {
-		const struct cache_entry *ce = active_cache[i];
+	for (i = 0; i < the_index.cache_nr; i++) {
+		const struct cache_entry *ce = the_index.cache[i];
 
 		if (!match_pathspec(&the_index, pathspec, ce->name, ce_namelen(ce),
 				    0, ps_matched, 1) ||
@@ -209,8 +209,8 @@ static int module_list_compute(int argc, const char **argv,
 
 		ALLOC_GROW(list->entries, list->nr + 1, list->alloc);
 		list->entries[list->nr++] = ce;
-		while (i + 1 < active_nr &&
-		       !strcmp(ce->name, active_cache[i + 1]->name))
+		while (i + 1 < the_index.cache_nr &&
+		       !strcmp(ce->name, the_index.cache[i + 1]->name))
 			/*
 			 * Skip entries with the same name in different stages
 			 * to make sure an entry is returned only once.
@@ -405,7 +405,7 @@ static int module_foreach(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, module_foreach_options,
 			     git_submodule_helper_usage, 0);
 
-	if (module_list_compute(0, NULL, prefix, &pathspec, &list) < 0)
+	if (module_list_compute(NULL, prefix, &pathspec, &list) < 0)
 		goto cleanup;
 
 	info.argc = argc;
@@ -545,7 +545,7 @@ static int module_init(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, module_init_options,
 			     git_submodule_helper_usage, 0);
 
-	if (module_list_compute(argc, argv, prefix, &pathspec, &list) < 0)
+	if (module_list_compute(argv, prefix, &pathspec, &list) < 0)
 		goto cleanup;
 
 	/*
@@ -616,6 +616,9 @@ static void status_submodule(const char *path, const struct object_id *ce_oid,
 	int diff_files_result;
 	struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
 	const char *git_dir;
+	struct setup_revision_opt opt = {
+		.free_removed_argv_elements = 1,
+	};
 
 	if (!submodule_from_path(the_repository, null_oid(), path))
 		die(_("no submodule mapping found in .gitmodules for path '%s'"),
@@ -649,9 +652,7 @@ static void status_submodule(const char *path, const struct object_id *ce_oid,
 
 	repo_init_revisions(the_repository, &rev, NULL);
 	rev.abbrev = 0;
-	diff_files_args.nr = setup_revisions(diff_files_args.nr,
-					     diff_files_args.v,
-					     &rev, NULL);
+	setup_revisions(diff_files_args.nr, diff_files_args.v, &rev, &opt);
 	diff_files_result = run_diff_files(&rev, 0);
 
 	if (!diff_result_code(&rev.diffopt, diff_files_result)) {
@@ -732,7 +733,7 @@ static int module_status(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, module_status_options,
 			     git_submodule_helper_usage, 0);
 
-	if (module_list_compute(argc, argv, prefix, &pathspec, &list) < 0)
+	if (module_list_compute(argv, prefix, &pathspec, &list) < 0)
 		goto cleanup;
 
 	info.prefix = prefix;
@@ -1109,13 +1110,13 @@ static int compute_summary_module_list(struct object_id *head_oid,
 	if (!info->cached) {
 		if (diff_cmd == DIFF_INDEX)
 			setup_work_tree();
-		if (read_cache_preload(&rev.diffopt.pathspec) < 0) {
-			perror("read_cache_preload");
+		if (repo_read_index_preload(the_repository, &rev.diffopt.pathspec, 0) < 0) {
+			perror("repo_read_index_preload");
 			ret = -1;
 			goto cleanup;
 		}
-	} else if (read_cache() < 0) {
-		perror("read_cache");
+	} else if (repo_read_index(the_repository) < 0) {
+		perror("repo_read_cache");
 		ret = -1;
 		goto cleanup;
 	}
@@ -1326,7 +1327,7 @@ static int module_sync(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, module_sync_options,
 			     git_submodule_helper_usage, 0);
 
-	if (module_list_compute(argc, argv, prefix, &pathspec, &list) < 0)
+	if (module_list_compute(argv, prefix, &pathspec, &list) < 0)
 		goto cleanup;
 
 	info.prefix = prefix;
@@ -1378,8 +1379,7 @@ static void deinit_submodule(const char *path, const char *prefix,
 					  ".git file by using absorbgitdirs."),
 					displaypath);
 
-			absorb_git_dir_into_superproject(path,
-							 ABSORB_GITDIR_RECURSE_SUBMODULES);
+			absorb_git_dir_into_superproject(path);
 
 		}
 
@@ -1479,7 +1479,7 @@ static int module_deinit(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	if (!argc && !all)
 		die(_("Use '--all' if you really want to deinitialize all submodules"));
 
-	if (module_list_compute(argc, argv, prefix, &pathspec, &list) < 0)
+	if (module_list_compute(argv, prefix, &pathspec, &list) < 0)
 		goto cleanup;
 
 	info.prefix = prefix;
@@ -2567,12 +2567,20 @@ static int update_submodules(struct update_data *update_data)
 {
 	int i, ret = 0;
 	struct submodule_update_clone suc = SUBMODULE_UPDATE_CLONE_INIT;
+	const struct run_process_parallel_opts opts = {
+		.tr2_category = "submodule",
+		.tr2_label = "parallel/update",
+
+		.processes = update_data->max_jobs,
+
+		.get_next_task = update_clone_get_next_task,
+		.start_failure = update_clone_start_failure,
+		.task_finished = update_clone_task_finished,
+		.data = &suc,
+	};
 
 	suc.update_data = update_data;
-	run_processes_parallel_tr2(suc.update_data->max_jobs, update_clone_get_next_task,
-				   update_clone_start_failure,
-				   update_clone_task_finished, &suc, "submodule",
-				   "parallel/update");
+	run_processes_parallel(&opts);
 
 	/*
 	 * We saved the output and put it out all at once now.
@@ -2635,9 +2643,6 @@ static int module_update(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 			 N_("traverse submodules recursively")),
 		OPT_BOOL('N', "no-fetch", &opt.nofetch,
 			 N_("don't fetch new objects from the remote site")),
-		OPT_STRING(0, "prefix", &opt.prefix,
-			   N_("path"),
-			   N_("path into the working tree")),
 		OPT_SET_INT(0, "checkout", &opt.update_default,
 			N_("use the 'checkout' update strategy (default)"),
 			SM_UPDATE_CHECKOUT),
@@ -2693,11 +2698,12 @@ static int module_update(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	}
 
 	opt.filter_options = &filter_options;
+	opt.prefix = prefix;
 
 	if (opt.update_default)
 		opt.update_strategy.type = opt.update_default;
 
-	if (module_list_compute(argc, argv, prefix, &pathspec, &opt.list) < 0) {
+	if (module_list_compute(argv, prefix, &pathspec, &opt.list) < 0) {
 		ret = 1;
 		goto cleanup;
 	}
@@ -2709,7 +2715,7 @@ static int module_update(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		struct module_list list = MODULE_LIST_INIT;
 		struct init_cb info = INIT_CB_INIT;
 
-		if (module_list_compute(argc, argv, opt.prefix,
+		if (module_list_compute(argv, opt.prefix,
 					&pathspec2, &list) < 0) {
 			module_list_release(&list);
 			ret = 1;
@@ -2822,13 +2828,7 @@ static int absorb_git_dirs(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	int i;
 	struct pathspec pathspec = { 0 };
 	struct module_list list = MODULE_LIST_INIT;
-	unsigned flags = ABSORB_GITDIR_RECURSE_SUBMODULES;
 	struct option embed_gitdir_options[] = {
-		OPT_STRING(0, "prefix", &prefix,
-			   N_("path"),
-			   N_("path into the working tree")),
-		OPT_BIT(0, "--recursive", &flags, N_("recurse into submodules"),
-			ABSORB_GITDIR_RECURSE_SUBMODULES),
 		OPT_END()
 	};
 	const char *const git_submodule_helper_usage[] = {
@@ -2840,11 +2840,11 @@ static int absorb_git_dirs(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, embed_gitdir_options,
 			     git_submodule_helper_usage, 0);
 
-	if (module_list_compute(argc, argv, prefix, &pathspec, &list) < 0)
+	if (module_list_compute(argv, prefix, &pathspec, &list) < 0)
 		goto cleanup;
 
 	for (i = 0; i < list.nr; i++)
-		absorb_git_dir_into_superproject(list.entries[i]->name, flags);
+		absorb_git_dir_into_superproject(list.entries[i]->name);
 
 	ret = 0;
 cleanup:
@@ -2853,51 +2853,6 @@ static int absorb_git_dirs(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	return ret;
 }
 
-static int module_config(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
-{
-	enum {
-		CHECK_WRITEABLE = 1,
-		DO_UNSET = 2
-	} command = 0;
-	struct option module_config_options[] = {
-		OPT_CMDMODE(0, "check-writeable", &command,
-			    N_("check if it is safe to write to the .gitmodules file"),
-			    CHECK_WRITEABLE),
-		OPT_CMDMODE(0, "unset", &command,
-			    N_("unset the config in the .gitmodules file"),
-			    DO_UNSET),
-		OPT_END()
-	};
-	const char *const git_submodule_helper_usage[] = {
-		N_("git submodule--helper config <name> [<value>]"),
-		N_("git submodule--helper config --unset <name>"),
-		"git submodule--helper config --check-writeable",
-		NULL
-	};
-
-	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, module_config_options,
-			     git_submodule_helper_usage, PARSE_OPT_KEEP_ARGV0);
-
-	if (argc == 1 && command == CHECK_WRITEABLE)
-		return is_writing_gitmodules_ok() ? 0 : -1;
-
-	/* Equivalent to ACTION_GET in builtin/config.c */
-	if (argc == 2 && command != DO_UNSET)
-		return print_config_from_gitmodules(the_repository, argv[1]);
-
-	/* Equivalent to ACTION_SET in builtin/config.c */
-	if (argc == 3 || (argc == 2 && command == DO_UNSET)) {
-		const char *value = (argc == 3) ? argv[2] : NULL;
-
-		if (!is_writing_gitmodules_ok())
-			die(_("please make sure that the .gitmodules file is in the working tree"));
-
-		return config_set_in_gitmodules_file_gently(argv[1], value);
-	}
-
-	usage_with_options(git_submodule_helper_usage, module_config_options);
-}
-
 static int module_set_url(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 {
 	int quiet = 0;
@@ -3232,7 +3187,7 @@ static void die_on_index_match(const char *path, int force)
 	const char *args[] = { path, NULL };
 	parse_pathspec(&ps, 0, PATHSPEC_PREFER_CWD, NULL, args);
 
-	if (read_cache_preload(NULL) < 0)
+	if (repo_read_index_preload(the_repository, NULL, 0) < 0)
 		die(_("index file corrupt"));
 
 	if (ps.nr) {
@@ -3247,15 +3202,15 @@ static void die_on_index_match(const char *path, int force)
 		 * need to check ps_matched[0] to know if a cache
 		 * entry matched.
 		 */
-		for (i = 0; i < active_nr; i++) {
-			ce_path_match(&the_index, active_cache[i], &ps,
+		for (i = 0; i < the_index.cache_nr; i++) {
+			ce_path_match(&the_index, the_index.cache[i], &ps,
 				      ps_matched);
 
 			if (ps_matched[0]) {
 				if (!force)
 					die(_("'%s' already exists in the index"),
 					    path);
-				if (!S_ISGITLINK(active_cache[i]->ce_mode))
+				if (!S_ISGITLINK(the_index.cache[i]->ce_mode))
 					die(_("'%s' already exists in the index "
 					      "and is not a submodule"), path);
 				break;
@@ -3396,48 +3351,45 @@ static int module_add(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	return ret;
 }
 
-#define SUPPORT_SUPER_PREFIX (1<<0)
-
-struct cmd_struct {
-	const char *cmd;
-	int (*fn)(int, const char **, const char *);
-	unsigned option;
-};
-
-static struct cmd_struct commands[] = {
-	{"clone", module_clone, SUPPORT_SUPER_PREFIX},
-	{"add", module_add, 0},
-	{"update", module_update, SUPPORT_SUPER_PREFIX},
-	{"foreach", module_foreach, SUPPORT_SUPER_PREFIX},
-	{"init", module_init, 0},
-	{"status", module_status, SUPPORT_SUPER_PREFIX},
-	{"sync", module_sync, SUPPORT_SUPER_PREFIX},
-	{"deinit", module_deinit, 0},
-	{"summary", module_summary, 0},
-	{"push-check", push_check, 0},
-	{"absorbgitdirs", absorb_git_dirs, SUPPORT_SUPER_PREFIX},
-	{"config", module_config, 0},
-	{"set-url", module_set_url, 0},
-	{"set-branch", module_set_branch, 0},
-	{"create-branch", module_create_branch, 0},
-};
-
 int cmd_submodule__helper(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 {
-	int i;
-	if (argc < 2 || !strcmp(argv[1], "-h"))
-		usage("git submodule--helper <command>");
+	const char *cmd = argv[0];
+	const char *subcmd;
+	parse_opt_subcommand_fn *fn = NULL;
+	const char *const usage[] = {
+		N_("git submodule--helper <command>"),
+		NULL
+	};
+	struct option options[] = {
+		OPT_SUBCOMMAND("clone", &fn, module_clone),
+		OPT_SUBCOMMAND("add", &fn, module_add),
+		OPT_SUBCOMMAND("update", &fn, module_update),
+		OPT_SUBCOMMAND("foreach", &fn, module_foreach),
+		OPT_SUBCOMMAND("init", &fn, module_init),
+		OPT_SUBCOMMAND("status", &fn, module_status),
+		OPT_SUBCOMMAND("sync", &fn, module_sync),
+		OPT_SUBCOMMAND("deinit", &fn, module_deinit),
+		OPT_SUBCOMMAND("summary", &fn, module_summary),
+		OPT_SUBCOMMAND("push-check", &fn, push_check),
+		OPT_SUBCOMMAND("absorbgitdirs", &fn, absorb_git_dirs),
+		OPT_SUBCOMMAND("set-url", &fn, module_set_url),
+		OPT_SUBCOMMAND("set-branch", &fn, module_set_branch),
+		OPT_SUBCOMMAND("create-branch", &fn, module_create_branch),
+		OPT_END()
+	};
+	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, options, usage, 0);
+	subcmd = argv[0];
 
-	for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(commands); i++) {
-		if (!strcmp(argv[1], commands[i].cmd)) {
-			if (get_super_prefix() &&
-			    !(commands[i].option & SUPPORT_SUPER_PREFIX))
-				die(_("%s doesn't support --super-prefix"),
-				    commands[i].cmd);
-			return commands[i].fn(argc - 1, argv + 1, prefix);
-		}
-	}
+	if (strcmp(subcmd, "clone") && strcmp(subcmd, "update") &&
+	    strcmp(subcmd, "foreach") && strcmp(subcmd, "status") &&
+	    strcmp(subcmd, "sync") && strcmp(subcmd, "absorbgitdirs") &&
+	    get_super_prefix())
+		/*
+		 * xstrfmt() rather than "%s %s" to keep the translated
+		 * string identical to git.c's.
+		 */
+		die(_("%s doesn't support --super-prefix"),
+		    xstrfmt("'%s %s'", cmd, subcmd));
 
-	die(_("'%s' is not a valid submodule--helper "
-	      "subcommand"), argv[1]);
+	return fn(argc, argv, prefix);
 }
diff --git a/builtin/symbolic-ref.c b/builtin/symbolic-ref.c
index 1b0f102..e00768a 100644
--- a/builtin/symbolic-ref.c
+++ b/builtin/symbolic-ref.c
@@ -5,15 +5,19 @@
 #include "parse-options.h"
 
 static const char * const git_symbolic_ref_usage[] = {
-	N_("git symbolic-ref [<options>] <name> [<ref>]"),
-	N_("git symbolic-ref -d [-q] <name>"),
+	N_("git symbolic-ref [-m <reason>] <name> <ref>"),
+	N_("git symbolic-ref [-q] [--short] [--no-recurse] <name>"),
+	N_("git symbolic-ref --delete [-q] <name>"),
 	NULL
 };
 
-static int check_symref(const char *HEAD, int quiet, int shorten, int print)
+static int check_symref(const char *HEAD, int quiet, int shorten, int recurse, int print)
 {
-	int flag;
-	const char *refname = resolve_ref_unsafe(HEAD, 0, NULL, &flag);
+	int resolve_flags, flag;
+	const char *refname;
+
+	resolve_flags = (recurse ? 0 : RESOLVE_REF_NO_RECURSE);
+	refname = resolve_ref_unsafe(HEAD, resolve_flags, NULL, &flag);
 
 	if (!refname)
 		die("No such ref: %s", HEAD);
@@ -35,13 +39,14 @@ static int check_symref(const char *HEAD, int quiet, int shorten, int print)
 
 int cmd_symbolic_ref(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 {
-	int quiet = 0, delete = 0, shorten = 0, ret = 0;
+	int quiet = 0, delete = 0, shorten = 0, recurse = 1, ret = 0;
 	const char *msg = NULL;
 	struct option options[] = {
 		OPT__QUIET(&quiet,
 			N_("suppress error message for non-symbolic (detached) refs")),
 		OPT_BOOL('d', "delete", &delete, N_("delete symbolic ref")),
 		OPT_BOOL(0, "short", &shorten, N_("shorten ref output")),
+		OPT_BOOL(0, "recurse", &recurse, N_("recursively dereference (default)")),
 		OPT_STRING('m', NULL, &msg, N_("reason"), N_("reason of the update")),
 		OPT_END(),
 	};
@@ -55,7 +60,7 @@ int cmd_symbolic_ref(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	if (delete) {
 		if (argc != 1)
 			usage_with_options(git_symbolic_ref_usage, options);
-		ret = check_symref(argv[0], 1, 0, 0);
+		ret = check_symref(argv[0], 1, 0, 0, 0);
 		if (ret)
 			die("Cannot delete %s, not a symbolic ref", argv[0]);
 		if (!strcmp(argv[0], "HEAD"))
@@ -65,7 +70,7 @@ int cmd_symbolic_ref(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 
 	switch (argc) {
 	case 1:
-		ret = check_symref(argv[0], quiet, shorten, 1);
+		ret = check_symref(argv[0], quiet, shorten, recurse, 1);
 		break;
 	case 2:
 		if (!strcmp(argv[0], "HEAD") &&
diff --git a/builtin/tag.c b/builtin/tag.c
index 75dece0..d428c45 100644
--- a/builtin/tag.c
+++ b/builtin/tag.c
@@ -23,11 +23,13 @@
 #include "date.h"
 
 static const char * const git_tag_usage[] = {
-	N_("git tag [-a | -s | -u <key-id>] [-f] [-m <msg> | -F <file>]\n"
-	   "        <tagname> [<head>]"),
+	N_("git tag [-a | -s | -u <key-id>] [-f] [-m <msg> | -F <file>] [-e]\n"
+	   "        <tagname> [<commit> | <object>]"),
 	N_("git tag -d <tagname>..."),
-	N_("git tag -l [-n[<num>]] [--contains <commit>] [--no-contains <commit>] [--points-at <object>]\n"
-	   "        [--format=<format>] [--merged <commit>] [--no-merged <commit>] [<pattern>...]"),
+	N_("git tag [-n[<num>]] -l [--contains <commit>] [--no-contains <commit>]\n"
+	   "        [--points-at <object>] [--column[=<options>] | --no-column]\n"
+	   "        [--create-reflog] [--sort=<key>] [--format=<format>]\n"
+	   "        [--merged <commit>] [--no-merged <commit>] [<pattern>...]"),
 	N_("git tag -v [--format=<format>] <tagname>..."),
 	NULL
 };
diff --git a/builtin/unpack-file.c b/builtin/unpack-file.c
index 5865222..9e8119d 100644
--- a/builtin/unpack-file.c
+++ b/builtin/unpack-file.c
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ int cmd_unpack_file(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	struct object_id oid;
 
 	if (argc != 2 || !strcmp(argv[1], "-h"))
-		usage("git unpack-file <sha1>");
+		usage("git unpack-file <blob>");
 	if (get_oid(argv[1], &oid))
 		die("Not a valid object name %s", argv[1]);
 
diff --git a/builtin/update-index.c b/builtin/update-index.c
index b622499..82d5902 100644
--- a/builtin/update-index.c
+++ b/builtin/update-index.c
@@ -237,16 +237,16 @@ static int test_if_untracked_cache_is_supported(void)
 static int mark_ce_flags(const char *path, int flag, int mark)
 {
 	int namelen = strlen(path);
-	int pos = cache_name_pos(path, namelen);
+	int pos = index_name_pos(&the_index, path, namelen);
 	if (0 <= pos) {
-		mark_fsmonitor_invalid(&the_index, active_cache[pos]);
+		mark_fsmonitor_invalid(&the_index, the_index.cache[pos]);
 		if (mark)
-			active_cache[pos]->ce_flags |= flag;
+			the_index.cache[pos]->ce_flags |= flag;
 		else
-			active_cache[pos]->ce_flags &= ~flag;
-		active_cache[pos]->ce_flags |= CE_UPDATE_IN_BASE;
+			the_index.cache[pos]->ce_flags &= ~flag;
+		the_index.cache[pos]->ce_flags |= CE_UPDATE_IN_BASE;
 		cache_tree_invalidate_path(&the_index, path);
-		active_cache_changed |= CE_ENTRY_CHANGED;
+		the_index.cache_changed |= CE_ENTRY_CHANGED;
 		return 0;
 	}
 	return -1;
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ static int remove_one_path(const char *path)
 {
 	if (!allow_remove)
 		return error("%s: does not exist and --remove not passed", path);
-	if (remove_file_from_cache(path))
+	if (remove_file_from_index(&the_index, path))
 		return error("%s: cannot remove from the index", path);
 	return 0;
 }
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ static int add_one_path(const struct cache_entry *old, const char *path, int len
 	struct cache_entry *ce;
 
 	/* Was the old index entry already up-to-date? */
-	if (old && !ce_stage(old) && !ce_match_stat(old, st, 0))
+	if (old && !ce_stage(old) && !ie_match_stat(&the_index, old, st, 0))
 		return 0;
 
 	ce = make_empty_cache_entry(&the_index, len);
@@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ static int add_one_path(const struct cache_entry *old, const char *path, int len
 	}
 	option = allow_add ? ADD_CACHE_OK_TO_ADD : 0;
 	option |= allow_replace ? ADD_CACHE_OK_TO_REPLACE : 0;
-	if (add_cache_entry(ce, option)) {
+	if (add_index_entry(&the_index, ce, option)) {
 		discard_cache_entry(ce);
 		return error("%s: cannot add to the index - missing --add option?", path);
 	}
@@ -331,11 +331,11 @@ static int add_one_path(const struct cache_entry *old, const char *path, int len
 static int process_directory(const char *path, int len, struct stat *st)
 {
 	struct object_id oid;
-	int pos = cache_name_pos(path, len);
+	int pos = index_name_pos(&the_index, path, len);
 
 	/* Exact match: file or existing gitlink */
 	if (pos >= 0) {
-		const struct cache_entry *ce = active_cache[pos];
+		const struct cache_entry *ce = the_index.cache[pos];
 		if (S_ISGITLINK(ce->ce_mode)) {
 
 			/* Do nothing to the index if there is no HEAD! */
@@ -350,8 +350,8 @@ static int process_directory(const char *path, int len, struct stat *st)
 
 	/* Inexact match: is there perhaps a subdirectory match? */
 	pos = -pos-1;
-	while (pos < active_nr) {
-		const struct cache_entry *ce = active_cache[pos++];
+	while (pos < the_index.cache_nr) {
+		const struct cache_entry *ce = the_index.cache[pos++];
 
 		if (strncmp(ce->name, path, len))
 			break;
@@ -382,7 +382,7 @@ static int process_path(const char *path, struct stat *st, int stat_errno)
 		return error("'%s' is beyond a symbolic link", path);
 
 	pos = cache_name_pos(path, len);
-	ce = pos < 0 ? NULL : active_cache[pos];
+	ce = pos < 0 ? NULL : the_index.cache[pos];
 	if (ce && ce_skip_worktree(ce)) {
 		/*
 		 * working directory version is assumed "good"
@@ -390,7 +390,7 @@ static int process_path(const char *path, struct stat *st, int stat_errno)
 		 * On the other hand, removing it from index should work
 		 */
 		if (!ignore_skip_worktree_entries && allow_remove &&
-		    remove_file_from_cache(path))
+		    remove_file_from_index(&the_index, path))
 			return error("%s: cannot remove from the index", path);
 		return 0;
 	}
@@ -429,7 +429,7 @@ static int add_cacheinfo(unsigned int mode, const struct object_id *oid,
 		ce->ce_flags |= CE_VALID;
 	option = allow_add ? ADD_CACHE_OK_TO_ADD : 0;
 	option |= allow_replace ? ADD_CACHE_OK_TO_REPLACE : 0;
-	if (add_cache_entry(ce, option))
+	if (add_index_entry(&the_index, ce, option))
 		return error("%s: cannot add to the index - missing --add option?",
 			     path);
 	report("add '%s'", path);
@@ -441,11 +441,11 @@ static void chmod_path(char flip, const char *path)
 	int pos;
 	struct cache_entry *ce;
 
-	pos = cache_name_pos(path, strlen(path));
+	pos = index_name_pos(&the_index, path, strlen(path));
 	if (pos < 0)
 		goto fail;
-	ce = active_cache[pos];
-	if (chmod_cache_entry(ce, flip) < 0)
+	ce = the_index.cache[pos];
+	if (chmod_index_entry(&the_index, ce, flip) < 0)
 		goto fail;
 
 	report("chmod %cx '%s'", flip, path);
@@ -488,7 +488,7 @@ static void update_one(const char *path)
 	}
 
 	if (force_remove) {
-		if (remove_file_from_cache(path))
+		if (remove_file_from_index(&the_index, path))
 			die("git update-index: unable to remove %s", path);
 		report("remove '%s'", path);
 		return;
@@ -571,7 +571,7 @@ static void read_index_info(int nul_term_line)
 
 		if (!mode) {
 			/* mode == 0 means there is no such path -- remove */
-			if (remove_file_from_cache(path_name))
+			if (remove_file_from_index(&the_index, path_name))
 				die("git update-index: unable to remove %s",
 				    ptr);
 		}
@@ -638,12 +638,12 @@ static int unresolve_one(const char *path)
 	struct cache_entry *ce_2 = NULL, *ce_3 = NULL;
 
 	/* See if there is such entry in the index. */
-	pos = cache_name_pos(path, namelen);
+	pos = index_name_pos(&the_index, path, namelen);
 	if (0 <= pos) {
 		/* already merged */
-		pos = unmerge_cache_entry_at(pos);
-		if (pos < active_nr) {
-			const struct cache_entry *ce = active_cache[pos];
+		pos = unmerge_index_entry_at(&the_index, pos);
+		if (pos < the_index.cache_nr) {
+			const struct cache_entry *ce = the_index.cache[pos];
 			if (ce_stage(ce) &&
 			    ce_namelen(ce) == namelen &&
 			    !memcmp(ce->name, path, namelen))
@@ -656,8 +656,8 @@ static int unresolve_one(const char *path)
 		 * want to do anything in the former case.
 		 */
 		pos = -pos-1;
-		if (pos < active_nr) {
-			const struct cache_entry *ce = active_cache[pos];
+		if (pos < the_index.cache_nr) {
+			const struct cache_entry *ce = the_index.cache[pos];
 			if (ce_namelen(ce) == namelen &&
 			    !memcmp(ce->name, path, namelen)) {
 				fprintf(stderr,
@@ -686,13 +686,13 @@ static int unresolve_one(const char *path)
 		goto free_return;
 	}
 
-	remove_file_from_cache(path);
-	if (add_cache_entry(ce_2, ADD_CACHE_OK_TO_ADD)) {
+	remove_file_from_index(&the_index, path);
+	if (add_index_entry(&the_index, ce_2, ADD_CACHE_OK_TO_ADD)) {
 		error("%s: cannot add our version to the index.", path);
 		ret = -1;
 		goto free_return;
 	}
-	if (!add_cache_entry(ce_3, ADD_CACHE_OK_TO_ADD))
+	if (!add_index_entry(&the_index, ce_3, ADD_CACHE_OK_TO_ADD))
 		return 0;
 	error("%s: cannot add their version to the index.", path);
 	ret = -1;
@@ -732,7 +732,7 @@ static int do_unresolve(int ac, const char **av,
 	return err;
 }
 
-static int do_reupdate(int ac, const char **av,
+static int do_reupdate(const char **paths,
 		       const char *prefix)
 {
 	/* Read HEAD and run update-index on paths that are
@@ -744,7 +744,7 @@ static int do_reupdate(int ac, const char **av,
 
 	parse_pathspec(&pathspec, 0,
 		       PATHSPEC_PREFER_CWD,
-		       prefix, av + 1);
+		       prefix, paths);
 
 	if (read_ref("HEAD", &head_oid))
 		/* If there is no HEAD, that means it is an initial
@@ -752,8 +752,8 @@ static int do_reupdate(int ac, const char **av,
 		 */
 		has_head = 0;
  redo:
-	for (pos = 0; pos < active_nr; pos++) {
-		const struct cache_entry *ce = active_cache[pos];
+	for (pos = 0; pos < the_index.cache_nr; pos++) {
+		const struct cache_entry *ce = the_index.cache[pos];
 		struct cache_entry *old = NULL;
 		int save_nr;
 		char *path;
@@ -782,12 +782,12 @@ static int do_reupdate(int ac, const char **av,
 		 * path anymore, in which case, under 'allow_remove',
 		 * or worse yet 'allow_replace', active_nr may decrease.
 		 */
-		save_nr = active_nr;
+		save_nr = the_index.cache_nr;
 		path = xstrdup(ce->name);
 		update_one(path);
 		free(path);
 		discard_cache_entry(old);
-		if (save_nr != active_nr)
+		if (save_nr != the_index.cache_nr)
 			goto redo;
 	}
 	clear_pathspec(&pathspec);
@@ -802,18 +802,19 @@ struct refresh_params {
 static int refresh(struct refresh_params *o, unsigned int flag)
 {
 	setup_work_tree();
-	read_cache();
-	*o->has_errors |= refresh_cache(o->flags | flag);
+	repo_read_index(the_repository);
+	*o->has_errors |= refresh_index(&the_index, o->flags | flag, NULL,
+					NULL, NULL);
 	if (has_racy_timestamp(&the_index)) {
 		/*
 		 * Even if nothing else has changed, updating the file
 		 * increases the chance that racy timestamps become
 		 * non-racy, helping future run-time performance.
 		 * We do that even in case of "errors" returned by
-		 * refresh_cache() as these are no actual errors.
+		 * refresh_index() as these are no actual errors.
 		 * cmd_status() does the same.
 		 */
-		active_cache_changed |= SOMETHING_CHANGED;
+		the_index.cache_changed |= SOMETHING_CHANGED;
 	}
 	return 0;
 }
@@ -850,7 +851,7 @@ static int resolve_undo_clear_callback(const struct option *opt,
 {
 	BUG_ON_OPT_NEG(unset);
 	BUG_ON_OPT_ARG(arg);
-	resolve_undo_clear();
+	resolve_undo_clear_index(&the_index);
 	return 0;
 }
 
@@ -951,7 +952,7 @@ static enum parse_opt_result unresolve_callback(
 	*has_errors = do_unresolve(ctx->argc, ctx->argv,
 				prefix, prefix ? strlen(prefix) : 0);
 	if (*has_errors)
-		active_cache_changed = 0;
+		the_index.cache_changed = 0;
 
 	ctx->argv += ctx->argc - 1;
 	ctx->argc = 1;
@@ -970,9 +971,9 @@ static enum parse_opt_result reupdate_callback(
 
 	/* consume remaining arguments. */
 	setup_work_tree();
-	*has_errors = do_reupdate(ctx->argc, ctx->argv, prefix);
+	*has_errors = do_reupdate(ctx->argv + 1, prefix);
 	if (*has_errors)
-		active_cache_changed = 0;
+		the_index.cache_changed = 0;
 
 	ctx->argv += ctx->argc - 1;
 	ctx->argc = 1;
@@ -1109,11 +1110,11 @@ int cmd_update_index(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	the_repository->settings.command_requires_full_index = 0;
 
 	/* we will diagnose later if it turns out that we need to update it */
-	newfd = hold_locked_index(&lock_file, 0);
+	newfd = repo_hold_locked_index(the_repository, &lock_file, 0);
 	if (newfd < 0)
 		lock_error = errno;
 
-	entries = read_cache();
+	entries = repo_read_index(the_repository);
 	if (entries < 0)
 		die("cache corrupted");
 
@@ -1178,7 +1179,7 @@ int cmd_update_index(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 			    INDEX_FORMAT_LB, INDEX_FORMAT_UB);
 
 		if (the_index.version != preferred_index_format)
-			active_cache_changed |= SOMETHING_CHANGED;
+			the_index.cache_changed |= SOMETHING_CHANGED;
 		the_index.version = preferred_index_format;
 	}
 
@@ -1290,7 +1291,7 @@ int cmd_update_index(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		report(_("fsmonitor disabled"));
 	}
 
-	if (active_cache_changed || force_write) {
+	if (the_index.cache_changed || force_write) {
 		if (newfd < 0) {
 			if (refresh_args.flags & REFRESH_QUIET)
 				exit(128);
diff --git a/builtin/update-server-info.c b/builtin/update-server-info.c
index 880fffe..d2239c9 100644
--- a/builtin/update-server-info.c
+++ b/builtin/update-server-info.c
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 #include "parse-options.h"
 
 static const char * const update_server_info_usage[] = {
-	"git update-server-info [--force]",
+	"git update-server-info [-f | --force]",
 	NULL
 };
 
diff --git a/builtin/upload-archive.c b/builtin/upload-archive.c
index 98d028d..945ee2b 100644
--- a/builtin/upload-archive.c
+++ b/builtin/upload-archive.c
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 #include "strvec.h"
 
 static const char upload_archive_usage[] =
-	"git upload-archive <repo>";
+	"git upload-archive <repository>";
 
 static const char deadchild[] =
 "git upload-archive: archiver died with error";
diff --git a/builtin/upload-pack.c b/builtin/upload-pack.c
index 125af53..25b69da 100644
--- a/builtin/upload-pack.c
+++ b/builtin/upload-pack.c
@@ -8,7 +8,8 @@
 #include "serve.h"
 
 static const char * const upload_pack_usage[] = {
-	N_("git upload-pack [<options>] <dir>"),
+	N_("git-upload-pack [--[no-]strict] [--timeout=<n>] [--stateless-rpc]\n"
+	   "                [--advertise-refs] <directory>"),
 	NULL
 };
 
diff --git a/builtin/verify-commit.c b/builtin/verify-commit.c
index 40c69a0..3ebad32 100644
--- a/builtin/verify-commit.c
+++ b/builtin/verify-commit.c
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 #include "gpg-interface.h"
 
 static const char * const verify_commit_usage[] = {
-		N_("git verify-commit [-v | --verbose] <commit>..."),
+		N_("git verify-commit [-v | --verbose] [--raw] <commit>..."),
 		NULL
 };
 
diff --git a/builtin/verify-pack.c b/builtin/verify-pack.c
index 05c5213..27d6f75 100644
--- a/builtin/verify-pack.c
+++ b/builtin/verify-pack.c
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ static int verify_one_pack(const char *path, unsigned int flags, const char *has
 }
 
 static const char * const verify_pack_usage[] = {
-	N_("git verify-pack [-v | --verbose] [-s | --stat-only] <pack>..."),
+	N_("git verify-pack [-v | --verbose] [-s | --stat-only] [--] <pack>.idx..."),
 	NULL
 };
 
diff --git a/builtin/verify-tag.c b/builtin/verify-tag.c
index f45136a..2175669 100644
--- a/builtin/verify-tag.c
+++ b/builtin/verify-tag.c
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 #include "ref-filter.h"
 
 static const char * const verify_tag_usage[] = {
-		N_("git verify-tag [-v | --verbose] [--format=<format>] <tag>..."),
+		N_("git verify-tag [-v | --verbose] [--format=<format>] [--raw] <tag>..."),
 		NULL
 };
 
diff --git a/builtin/worktree.c b/builtin/worktree.c
index c6710b2..4a24d53 100644
--- a/builtin/worktree.c
+++ b/builtin/worktree.c
@@ -15,15 +15,73 @@
 #include "worktree.h"
 #include "quote.h"
 
-static const char * const worktree_usage[] = {
-	N_("git worktree add [<options>] <path> [<commit-ish>]"),
-	N_("git worktree list [<options>]"),
-	N_("git worktree lock [<options>] <path>"),
-	N_("git worktree move <worktree> <new-path>"),
-	N_("git worktree prune [<options>]"),
-	N_("git worktree remove [<options>] <worktree>"),
-	N_("git worktree repair [<path>...]"),
-	N_("git worktree unlock <path>"),
+#define BUILTIN_WORKTREE_ADD_USAGE \
+	N_("git worktree add [-f] [--detach] [--checkout] [--lock [--reason <string>]]\n" \
+	   "                 [-b <new-branch>] <path> [<commit-ish>]")
+#define BUILTIN_WORKTREE_LIST_USAGE \
+	N_("git worktree list [-v | --porcelain [-z]]")
+#define BUILTIN_WORKTREE_LOCK_USAGE \
+	N_("git worktree lock [--reason <string>] <worktree>")
+#define BUILTIN_WORKTREE_MOVE_USAGE \
+	N_("git worktree move <worktree> <new-path>")
+#define BUILTIN_WORKTREE_PRUNE_USAGE \
+	N_("git worktree prune [-n] [-v] [--expire <expire>]")
+#define BUILTIN_WORKTREE_REMOVE_USAGE \
+	N_("git worktree remove [-f] <worktree>")
+#define BUILTIN_WORKTREE_REPAIR_USAGE \
+	N_("git worktree repair [<path>...]")
+#define BUILTIN_WORKTREE_UNLOCK_USAGE \
+	N_("git worktree unlock <worktree>")
+
+static const char * const git_worktree_usage[] = {
+	BUILTIN_WORKTREE_ADD_USAGE,
+	BUILTIN_WORKTREE_LIST_USAGE,
+	BUILTIN_WORKTREE_LOCK_USAGE,
+	BUILTIN_WORKTREE_MOVE_USAGE,
+	BUILTIN_WORKTREE_PRUNE_USAGE,
+	BUILTIN_WORKTREE_REMOVE_USAGE,
+	BUILTIN_WORKTREE_REPAIR_USAGE,
+	BUILTIN_WORKTREE_UNLOCK_USAGE,
+	NULL
+};
+
+static const char * const git_worktree_add_usage[] = {
+	BUILTIN_WORKTREE_ADD_USAGE,
+	NULL,
+};
+
+static const char * const git_worktree_list_usage[] = {
+	BUILTIN_WORKTREE_LIST_USAGE,
+	NULL
+};
+
+static const char * const git_worktree_lock_usage[] = {
+	BUILTIN_WORKTREE_LOCK_USAGE,
+	NULL
+};
+
+static const char * const git_worktree_move_usage[] = {
+	BUILTIN_WORKTREE_MOVE_USAGE,
+	NULL
+};
+
+static const char * const git_worktree_prune_usage[] = {
+	BUILTIN_WORKTREE_PRUNE_USAGE,
+	NULL
+};
+
+static const char * const git_worktree_remove_usage[] = {
+	BUILTIN_WORKTREE_REMOVE_USAGE,
+	NULL
+};
+
+static const char * const git_worktree_repair_usage[] = {
+	BUILTIN_WORKTREE_REPAIR_USAGE,
+	NULL
+};
+
+static const char * const git_worktree_unlock_usage[] = {
+	BUILTIN_WORKTREE_UNLOCK_USAGE,
 	NULL
 };
 
@@ -153,9 +211,10 @@ static int prune(int ac, const char **av, const char *prefix)
 	};
 
 	expire = TIME_MAX;
-	ac = parse_options(ac, av, prefix, options, worktree_usage, 0);
+	ac = parse_options(ac, av, prefix, options, git_worktree_prune_usage,
+			   0);
 	if (ac)
-		usage_with_options(worktree_usage, options);
+		usage_with_options(git_worktree_prune_usage, options);
 	prune_worktrees();
 	return 0;
 }
@@ -573,7 +632,7 @@ static int add(int ac, const char **av, const char *prefix)
 
 	memset(&opts, 0, sizeof(opts));
 	opts.checkout = 1;
-	ac = parse_options(ac, av, prefix, options, worktree_usage, 0);
+	ac = parse_options(ac, av, prefix, options, git_worktree_add_usage, 0);
 	if (!!opts.detach + !!new_branch + !!new_branch_force > 1)
 		die(_("options '%s', '%s', and '%s' cannot be used together"), "-b", "-B", "--detach");
 	if (lock_reason && !keep_locked)
@@ -584,7 +643,7 @@ static int add(int ac, const char **av, const char *prefix)
 		opts.keep_locked = _("added with --lock");
 
 	if (ac < 1 || ac > 2)
-		usage_with_options(worktree_usage, options);
+		usage_with_options(git_worktree_add_usage, options);
 
 	path = prefix_filename(prefix, av[0]);
 	branch = ac < 2 ? "HEAD" : av[1];
@@ -772,9 +831,9 @@ static int list(int ac, const char **av, const char *prefix)
 	};
 
 	expire = TIME_MAX;
-	ac = parse_options(ac, av, prefix, options, worktree_usage, 0);
+	ac = parse_options(ac, av, prefix, options, git_worktree_list_usage, 0);
 	if (ac)
-		usage_with_options(worktree_usage, options);
+		usage_with_options(git_worktree_list_usage, options);
 	else if (verbose && porcelain)
 		die(_("options '%s' and '%s' cannot be used together"), "--verbose", "--porcelain");
 	else if (!line_terminator && !porcelain)
@@ -811,9 +870,9 @@ static int lock_worktree(int ac, const char **av, const char *prefix)
 	};
 	struct worktree **worktrees, *wt;
 
-	ac = parse_options(ac, av, prefix, options, worktree_usage, 0);
+	ac = parse_options(ac, av, prefix, options, git_worktree_lock_usage, 0);
 	if (ac != 1)
-		usage_with_options(worktree_usage, options);
+		usage_with_options(git_worktree_lock_usage, options);
 
 	worktrees = get_worktrees();
 	wt = find_worktree(worktrees, prefix, av[0]);
@@ -844,9 +903,9 @@ static int unlock_worktree(int ac, const char **av, const char *prefix)
 	struct worktree **worktrees, *wt;
 	int ret;
 
-	ac = parse_options(ac, av, prefix, options, worktree_usage, 0);
+	ac = parse_options(ac, av, prefix, options, git_worktree_unlock_usage, 0);
 	if (ac != 1)
-		usage_with_options(worktree_usage, options);
+		usage_with_options(git_worktree_unlock_usage, options);
 
 	worktrees = get_worktrees();
 	wt = find_worktree(worktrees, prefix, av[0]);
@@ -914,9 +973,10 @@ static int move_worktree(int ac, const char **av, const char *prefix)
 	const char *reason = NULL;
 	char *path;
 
-	ac = parse_options(ac, av, prefix, options, worktree_usage, 0);
+	ac = parse_options(ac, av, prefix, options, git_worktree_move_usage,
+			   0);
 	if (ac != 2)
-		usage_with_options(worktree_usage, options);
+		usage_with_options(git_worktree_move_usage, options);
 
 	path = prefix_filename(prefix, av[1]);
 	strbuf_addstr(&dst, path);
@@ -1042,9 +1102,9 @@ static int remove_worktree(int ac, const char **av, const char *prefix)
 	const char *reason = NULL;
 	int ret = 0;
 
-	ac = parse_options(ac, av, prefix, options, worktree_usage, 0);
+	ac = parse_options(ac, av, prefix, options, git_worktree_remove_usage, 0);
 	if (ac != 1)
-		usage_with_options(worktree_usage, options);
+		usage_with_options(git_worktree_remove_usage, options);
 
 	worktrees = get_worktrees();
 	wt = find_worktree(worktrees, prefix, av[0]);
@@ -1102,7 +1162,7 @@ static int repair(int ac, const char **av, const char *prefix)
 	};
 	int rc = 0;
 
-	ac = parse_options(ac, av, prefix, options, worktree_usage, 0);
+	ac = parse_options(ac, av, prefix, options, git_worktree_repair_usage, 0);
 	p = ac > 0 ? av : self;
 	for (; *p; p++)
 		repair_worktree_at_path(*p, report_repair, &rc);
@@ -1130,6 +1190,6 @@ int cmd_worktree(int ac, const char **av, const char *prefix)
 	if (!prefix)
 		prefix = "";
 
-	ac = parse_options(ac, av, prefix, options, worktree_usage, 0);
+	ac = parse_options(ac, av, prefix, options, git_worktree_usage, 0);
 	return fn(ac, av, prefix);
 }
diff --git a/bundle-uri.c b/bundle-uri.c
index 4a8cc74..79a914f 100644
--- a/bundle-uri.c
+++ b/bundle-uri.c
@@ -4,23 +4,221 @@
 #include "object-store.h"
 #include "refs.h"
 #include "run-command.h"
+#include "hashmap.h"
+#include "pkt-line.h"
+#include "config.h"
 
-static int find_temp_filename(struct strbuf *name)
+static int compare_bundles(const void *hashmap_cmp_fn_data,
+			   const struct hashmap_entry *he1,
+			   const struct hashmap_entry *he2,
+			   const void *id)
+{
+	const struct remote_bundle_info *e1 =
+		container_of(he1, const struct remote_bundle_info, ent);
+	const struct remote_bundle_info *e2 =
+		container_of(he2, const struct remote_bundle_info, ent);
+
+	return strcmp(e1->id, id ? (const char *)id : e2->id);
+}
+
+void init_bundle_list(struct bundle_list *list)
+{
+	memset(list, 0, sizeof(*list));
+
+	/* Implied defaults. */
+	list->mode = BUNDLE_MODE_ALL;
+	list->version = 1;
+
+	hashmap_init(&list->bundles, compare_bundles, NULL, 0);
+}
+
+static int clear_remote_bundle_info(struct remote_bundle_info *bundle,
+				    void *data)
+{
+	FREE_AND_NULL(bundle->id);
+	FREE_AND_NULL(bundle->uri);
+	FREE_AND_NULL(bundle->file);
+	bundle->unbundled = 0;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+void clear_bundle_list(struct bundle_list *list)
+{
+	if (!list)
+		return;
+
+	for_all_bundles_in_list(list, clear_remote_bundle_info, NULL);
+	hashmap_clear_and_free(&list->bundles, struct remote_bundle_info, ent);
+}
+
+int for_all_bundles_in_list(struct bundle_list *list,
+			    bundle_iterator iter,
+			    void *data)
+{
+	struct remote_bundle_info *info;
+	struct hashmap_iter i;
+
+	hashmap_for_each_entry(&list->bundles, &i, info, ent) {
+		int result = iter(info, data);
+
+		if (result)
+			return result;
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int summarize_bundle(struct remote_bundle_info *info, void *data)
+{
+	FILE *fp = data;
+	fprintf(fp, "[bundle \"%s\"]\n", info->id);
+	fprintf(fp, "\turi = %s\n", info->uri);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+void print_bundle_list(FILE *fp, struct bundle_list *list)
+{
+	const char *mode;
+
+	switch (list->mode) {
+	case BUNDLE_MODE_ALL:
+		mode = "all";
+		break;
+
+	case BUNDLE_MODE_ANY:
+		mode = "any";
+		break;
+
+	case BUNDLE_MODE_NONE:
+	default:
+		mode = "<unknown>";
+	}
+
+	fprintf(fp, "[bundle]\n");
+	fprintf(fp, "\tversion = %d\n", list->version);
+	fprintf(fp, "\tmode = %s\n", mode);
+
+	for_all_bundles_in_list(list, summarize_bundle, fp);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Given a key-value pair, update the state of the given bundle list.
+ * Returns 0 if the key-value pair is understood. Returns -1 if the key
+ * is not understood or the value is malformed.
+ */
+static int bundle_list_update(const char *key, const char *value,
+			      struct bundle_list *list)
+{
+	struct strbuf id = STRBUF_INIT;
+	struct remote_bundle_info lookup = REMOTE_BUNDLE_INFO_INIT;
+	struct remote_bundle_info *bundle;
+	const char *subsection, *subkey;
+	size_t subsection_len;
+
+	if (parse_config_key(key, "bundle", &subsection, &subsection_len, &subkey))
+		return -1;
+
+	if (!subsection_len) {
+		if (!strcmp(subkey, "version")) {
+			int version;
+			if (!git_parse_int(value, &version))
+				return -1;
+			if (version != 1)
+				return -1;
+
+			list->version = version;
+			return 0;
+		}
+
+		if (!strcmp(subkey, "mode")) {
+			if (!strcmp(value, "all"))
+				list->mode = BUNDLE_MODE_ALL;
+			else if (!strcmp(value, "any"))
+				list->mode = BUNDLE_MODE_ANY;
+			else
+				return -1;
+			return 0;
+		}
+
+		/* Ignore other unknown global keys. */
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	strbuf_add(&id, subsection, subsection_len);
+
+	/*
+	 * Check for an existing bundle with this <id>, or create one
+	 * if necessary.
+	 */
+	lookup.id = id.buf;
+	hashmap_entry_init(&lookup.ent, strhash(lookup.id));
+	if (!(bundle = hashmap_get_entry(&list->bundles, &lookup, ent, NULL))) {
+		CALLOC_ARRAY(bundle, 1);
+		bundle->id = strbuf_detach(&id, NULL);
+		hashmap_entry_init(&bundle->ent, strhash(bundle->id));
+		hashmap_add(&list->bundles, &bundle->ent);
+	}
+	strbuf_release(&id);
+
+	if (!strcmp(subkey, "uri")) {
+		if (bundle->uri)
+			return -1;
+		bundle->uri = xstrdup(value);
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * At this point, we ignore any information that we don't
+	 * understand, assuming it to be hints for a heuristic the client
+	 * does not currently understand.
+	 */
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int config_to_bundle_list(const char *key, const char *value, void *data)
+{
+	struct bundle_list *list = data;
+	return bundle_list_update(key, value, list);
+}
+
+int bundle_uri_parse_config_format(const char *uri,
+				   const char *filename,
+				   struct bundle_list *list)
+{
+	int result;
+	struct config_options opts = {
+		.error_action = CONFIG_ERROR_ERROR,
+	};
+
+	result = git_config_from_file_with_options(config_to_bundle_list,
+						   filename, list,
+						   &opts);
+
+	if (!result && list->mode == BUNDLE_MODE_NONE) {
+		warning(_("bundle list at '%s' has no mode"), uri);
+		result = 1;
+	}
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+static char *find_temp_filename(void)
 {
 	int fd;
+	struct strbuf name = STRBUF_INIT;
 	/*
 	 * Find a temporary filename that is available. This is briefly
 	 * racy, but unlikely to collide.
 	 */
-	fd = odb_mkstemp(name, "bundles/tmp_uri_XXXXXX");
+	fd = odb_mkstemp(&name, "bundles/tmp_uri_XXXXXX");
 	if (fd < 0) {
 		warning(_("failed to create temporary file"));
-		return -1;
+		return NULL;
 	}
 
 	close(fd);
-	unlink(name->buf);
-	return 0;
+	unlink(name.buf);
+	return strbuf_detach(&name, NULL);
 }
 
 static int download_https_uri_to_file(const char *file, const char *uri)
@@ -32,6 +230,7 @@ static int download_https_uri_to_file(const char *file, const char *uri)
 	int found_get = 0;
 
 	strvec_pushl(&cp.args, "git-remote-https", uri, NULL);
+	cp.err = -1;
 	cp.in = -1;
 	cp.out = -1;
 
@@ -105,7 +304,13 @@ static int unbundle_from_file(struct repository *r, const char *file)
 	if ((bundle_fd = read_bundle_header(file, &header)) < 0)
 		return 1;
 
-	if ((result = unbundle(r, &header, bundle_fd, NULL)))
+	/*
+	 * Skip the reachability walk here, since we will be adding
+	 * a reachable ref pointing to the new tips, which will reach
+	 * the prerequisite commits.
+	 */
+	if ((result = unbundle(r, &header, bundle_fd, NULL,
+			       VERIFY_BUNDLE_QUIET)))
 		return 1;
 
 	/*
@@ -138,31 +343,248 @@ static int unbundle_from_file(struct repository *r, const char *file)
 	return result;
 }
 
-int fetch_bundle_uri(struct repository *r, const char *uri)
+struct bundle_list_context {
+	struct repository *r;
+	struct bundle_list *list;
+	enum bundle_list_mode mode;
+	int count;
+	int depth;
+};
+
+/*
+ * This early definition is necessary because we use indirect recursion:
+ *
+ * While iterating through a bundle list that was downloaded as part
+ * of fetch_bundle_uri_internal(), iterator methods eventually call it
+ * again, but with depth + 1.
+ */
+static int fetch_bundle_uri_internal(struct repository *r,
+				     struct remote_bundle_info *bundle,
+				     int depth,
+				     struct bundle_list *list);
+
+static int download_bundle_to_file(struct remote_bundle_info *bundle, void *data)
 {
-	int result = 0;
-	struct strbuf filename = STRBUF_INIT;
+	int res;
+	struct bundle_list_context *ctx = data;
 
-	if ((result = find_temp_filename(&filename)))
+	if (ctx->mode == BUNDLE_MODE_ANY && ctx->count)
+		return 0;
+
+	res = fetch_bundle_uri_internal(ctx->r, bundle, ctx->depth + 1, ctx->list);
+
+	/*
+	 * Only increment count if the download succeeded. If our mode is
+	 * BUNDLE_MODE_ANY, then we will want to try other URIs in the
+	 * list in case they work instead.
+	 */
+	if (!res)
+		ctx->count++;
+
+	/*
+	 * To be opportunistic as possible, we continue iterating and
+	 * download as many bundles as we can, so we can apply the ones
+	 * that work, even in BUNDLE_MODE_ALL mode.
+	 */
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int download_bundle_list(struct repository *r,
+				struct bundle_list *local_list,
+				struct bundle_list *global_list,
+				int depth)
+{
+	struct bundle_list_context ctx = {
+		.r = r,
+		.list = global_list,
+		.depth = depth + 1,
+		.mode = local_list->mode,
+	};
+
+	return for_all_bundles_in_list(local_list, download_bundle_to_file, &ctx);
+}
+
+static int fetch_bundle_list_in_config_format(struct repository *r,
+					      struct bundle_list *global_list,
+					      struct remote_bundle_info *bundle,
+					      int depth)
+{
+	int result;
+	struct bundle_list list_from_bundle;
+
+	init_bundle_list(&list_from_bundle);
+
+	if ((result = bundle_uri_parse_config_format(bundle->uri,
+						     bundle->file,
+						     &list_from_bundle)))
 		goto cleanup;
 
-	if ((result = copy_uri_to_file(filename.buf, uri))) {
-		warning(_("failed to download bundle from URI '%s'"), uri);
+	if (list_from_bundle.mode == BUNDLE_MODE_NONE) {
+		warning(_("unrecognized bundle mode from URI '%s'"),
+			bundle->uri);
+		result = -1;
 		goto cleanup;
 	}
 
-	if ((result = !is_bundle(filename.buf, 0))) {
-		warning(_("file at URI '%s' is not a bundle"), uri);
+	if ((result = download_bundle_list(r, &list_from_bundle,
+					   global_list, depth)))
 		goto cleanup;
-	}
-
-	if ((result = unbundle_from_file(r, filename.buf))) {
-		warning(_("failed to unbundle bundle from URI '%s'"), uri);
-		goto cleanup;
-	}
 
 cleanup:
-	unlink(filename.buf);
-	strbuf_release(&filename);
+	clear_bundle_list(&list_from_bundle);
+	return result;
+}
+
+/**
+ * This limits the recursion on fetch_bundle_uri_internal() when following
+ * bundle lists.
+ */
+static int max_bundle_uri_depth = 4;
+
+/**
+ * Recursively download all bundles advertised at the given URI
+ * to files. If the file is a bundle, then add it to the given
+ * 'list'. Otherwise, expect a bundle list and recurse on the
+ * URIs in that list according to the list mode (ANY or ALL).
+ */
+static int fetch_bundle_uri_internal(struct repository *r,
+				     struct remote_bundle_info *bundle,
+				     int depth,
+				     struct bundle_list *list)
+{
+	int result = 0;
+	struct remote_bundle_info *bcopy;
+
+	if (depth >= max_bundle_uri_depth) {
+		warning(_("exceeded bundle URI recursion limit (%d)"),
+			max_bundle_uri_depth);
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	if (!bundle->file &&
+	    !(bundle->file = find_temp_filename())) {
+		result = -1;
+		goto cleanup;
+	}
+
+	if ((result = copy_uri_to_file(bundle->file, bundle->uri))) {
+		warning(_("failed to download bundle from URI '%s'"), bundle->uri);
+		goto cleanup;
+	}
+
+	if ((result = !is_bundle(bundle->file, 1))) {
+		result = fetch_bundle_list_in_config_format(
+				r, list, bundle, depth);
+		if (result)
+			warning(_("file at URI '%s' is not a bundle or bundle list"),
+				bundle->uri);
+		goto cleanup;
+	}
+
+	/* Copy the bundle and insert it into the global list. */
+	CALLOC_ARRAY(bcopy, 1);
+	bcopy->id = xstrdup(bundle->id);
+	bcopy->file = xstrdup(bundle->file);
+	hashmap_entry_init(&bcopy->ent, strhash(bcopy->id));
+	hashmap_add(&list->bundles, &bcopy->ent);
+
+cleanup:
+	if (result && bundle->file)
+		unlink(bundle->file);
+	return result;
+}
+
+/**
+ * This loop iterator breaks the loop with nonzero return code on the
+ * first successful unbundling of a bundle.
+ */
+static int attempt_unbundle(struct remote_bundle_info *info, void *data)
+{
+	struct repository *r = data;
+
+	if (!info->file || info->unbundled)
+		return 0;
+
+	if (!unbundle_from_file(r, info->file)) {
+		info->unbundled = 1;
+		return 1;
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int unbundle_all_bundles(struct repository *r,
+				struct bundle_list *list)
+{
+	/*
+	 * Iterate through all bundles looking for ones that can
+	 * successfully unbundle. If any succeed, then perhaps another
+	 * will succeed in the next attempt.
+	 *
+	 * Keep in mind that a non-zero result for the loop here means
+	 * the loop terminated early on a successful unbundling, which
+	 * signals that we can try again.
+	 */
+	while (for_all_bundles_in_list(list, attempt_unbundle, r)) ;
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int unlink_bundle(struct remote_bundle_info *info, void *data)
+{
+	if (info->file)
+		unlink_or_warn(info->file);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int fetch_bundle_uri(struct repository *r, const char *uri)
+{
+	int result;
+	struct bundle_list list;
+	struct remote_bundle_info bundle = {
+		.uri = xstrdup(uri),
+		.id = xstrdup(""),
+	};
+
+	init_bundle_list(&list);
+
+	/* If a bundle is added to this global list, then it is required. */
+	list.mode = BUNDLE_MODE_ALL;
+
+	if ((result = fetch_bundle_uri_internal(r, &bundle, 0, &list)))
+		goto cleanup;
+
+	result = unbundle_all_bundles(r, &list);
+
+cleanup:
+	for_all_bundles_in_list(&list, unlink_bundle, NULL);
+	clear_bundle_list(&list);
+	clear_remote_bundle_info(&bundle, NULL);
+	return result;
+}
+
+/**
+ * General API for {transport,connect}.c etc.
+ */
+int bundle_uri_parse_line(struct bundle_list *list, const char *line)
+{
+	int result;
+	const char *equals;
+	struct strbuf key = STRBUF_INIT;
+
+	if (!strlen(line))
+		return error(_("bundle-uri: got an empty line"));
+
+	equals = strchr(line, '=');
+
+	if (!equals)
+		return error(_("bundle-uri: line is not of the form 'key=value'"));
+	if (line == equals || !*(equals + 1))
+		return error(_("bundle-uri: line has empty key or value"));
+
+	strbuf_add(&key, line, equals - line);
+	result = bundle_list_update(key.buf, equals + 1, list);
+	strbuf_release(&key);
+
 	return result;
 }
diff --git a/bundle-uri.h b/bundle-uri.h
index 8a152f1..4dbc269 100644
--- a/bundle-uri.h
+++ b/bundle-uri.h
@@ -1,7 +1,88 @@
 #ifndef BUNDLE_URI_H
 #define BUNDLE_URI_H
 
+#include "hashmap.h"
+#include "strbuf.h"
+
 struct repository;
+struct string_list;
+
+/**
+ * The remote_bundle_info struct contains information for a single bundle
+ * URI. This may be initialized simply by a given URI or might have
+ * additional metadata associated with it if the bundle was advertised by
+ * a bundle list.
+ */
+struct remote_bundle_info {
+	struct hashmap_entry ent;
+
+	/**
+	 * The 'id' is a name given to the bundle for reference
+	 * by other bundle infos.
+	 */
+	char *id;
+
+	/**
+	 * The 'uri' is the location of the remote bundle so
+	 * it can be downloaded on-demand. This will be NULL
+	 * if there was no table of contents.
+	 */
+	char *uri;
+
+	/**
+	 * If the bundle has been downloaded, then 'file' is a
+	 * filename storing its contents. Otherwise, 'file' is
+	 * NULL.
+	 */
+	char *file;
+
+	/**
+	 * If the bundle has been unbundled successfully, then
+	 * this boolean is true.
+	 */
+	unsigned unbundled:1;
+};
+
+#define REMOTE_BUNDLE_INFO_INIT { 0 }
+
+enum bundle_list_mode {
+	BUNDLE_MODE_NONE = 0,
+	BUNDLE_MODE_ALL,
+	BUNDLE_MODE_ANY
+};
+
+/**
+ * A bundle_list contains an unordered set of remote_bundle_info structs,
+ * as well as information about the bundle listing, such as version and
+ * mode.
+ */
+struct bundle_list {
+	int version;
+	enum bundle_list_mode mode;
+	struct hashmap bundles;
+};
+
+void init_bundle_list(struct bundle_list *list);
+void clear_bundle_list(struct bundle_list *list);
+
+typedef int (*bundle_iterator)(struct remote_bundle_info *bundle,
+			       void *data);
+
+int for_all_bundles_in_list(struct bundle_list *list,
+			    bundle_iterator iter,
+			    void *data);
+
+struct FILE;
+void print_bundle_list(FILE *fp, struct bundle_list *list);
+
+/**
+ * A bundle URI may point to a bundle list where the key=value
+ * pairs are provided in config file format. This method is
+ * exposed publicly for testing purposes.
+ */
+int bundle_uri_parse_config_format(const char *uri,
+				   const char *filename,
+				   struct bundle_list *list);
 
 /**
  * Fetch data from the given 'uri' and unbundle the bundle data found
@@ -11,4 +92,16 @@ struct repository;
  */
 int fetch_bundle_uri(struct repository *r, const char *uri);
 
+/**
+ * General API for {transport,connect}.c etc.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * Parse a "key=value" packet line from the bundle-uri verb.
+ *
+ * Returns 0 on success and non-zero on error.
+ */
+int bundle_uri_parse_line(struct bundle_list *list,
+			  const char *line);
+
 #endif
diff --git a/bundle.c b/bundle.c
index 0208e6d..4ef7256 100644
--- a/bundle.c
+++ b/bundle.c
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ static int list_refs(struct string_list *r, int argc, const char **argv)
 
 int verify_bundle(struct repository *r,
 		  struct bundle_header *header,
-		  int verbose)
+		  enum verify_bundle_flags flags)
 {
 	/*
 	 * Do fast check, then if any prereqs are missing then go line by line
@@ -202,10 +202,8 @@ int verify_bundle(struct repository *r,
 	int i, ret = 0, req_nr;
 	const char *message = _("Repository lacks these prerequisite commits:");
 
-	if (!r || !r->objects || !r->objects->odb) {
-		ret = error(_("need a repository to verify a bundle"));
-		goto cleanup;
-	}
+	if (!r || !r->objects || !r->objects->odb)
+		return error(_("need a repository to verify a bundle"));
 
 	repo_init_revisions(r, &revs, NULL);
 	for (i = 0; i < p->nr; i++) {
@@ -218,7 +216,10 @@ int verify_bundle(struct repository *r,
 			add_pending_object(&revs, o, name);
 			continue;
 		}
-		if (++ret == 1)
+		ret++;
+		if (flags & VERIFY_BUNDLE_QUIET)
+			continue;
+		if (ret == 1)
 			error("%s", message);
 		error("%s %s", oid_to_hex(oid), name);
 	}
@@ -245,21 +246,15 @@ int verify_bundle(struct repository *r,
 		assert(o); /* otherwise we'd have returned early */
 		if (o->flags & SHOWN)
 			continue;
-		if (++ret == 1)
+		ret++;
+		if (flags & VERIFY_BUNDLE_QUIET)
+			continue;
+		if (ret == 1)
 			error("%s", message);
 		error("%s %s", oid_to_hex(oid), name);
 	}
 
-	/* Clean up objects used, as they will be reused. */
-	for (i = 0; i < p->nr; i++) {
-		struct string_list_item *e = p->items + i;
-		struct object_id *oid = e->util;
-		commit = lookup_commit_reference_gently(r, oid, 1);
-		if (commit)
-			clear_commit_marks(commit, ALL_REV_FLAGS);
-	}
-
-	if (verbose) {
+	if (flags & VERIFY_BUNDLE_VERBOSE) {
 		struct string_list *r;
 
 		r = &header->references;
@@ -287,6 +282,14 @@ int verify_bundle(struct repository *r,
 				  list_objects_filter_spec(&header->filter));
 	}
 cleanup:
+	/* Clean up objects used, as they will be reused. */
+	for (i = 0; i < p->nr; i++) {
+		struct string_list_item *e = p->items + i;
+		struct object_id *oid = e->util;
+		commit = lookup_commit_reference_gently(r, oid, 1);
+		if (commit)
+			clear_commit_marks(commit, ALL_REV_FLAGS | PREREQ_MARK);
+	}
 	release_revisions(&revs);
 	return ret;
 }
@@ -620,7 +623,8 @@ int create_bundle(struct repository *r, const char *path,
 }
 
 int unbundle(struct repository *r, struct bundle_header *header,
-	     int bundle_fd, struct strvec *extra_index_pack_args)
+	     int bundle_fd, struct strvec *extra_index_pack_args,
+	     enum verify_bundle_flags flags)
 {
 	struct child_process ip = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
 	strvec_pushl(&ip.args, "index-pack", "--fix-thin", "--stdin", NULL);
@@ -634,7 +638,7 @@ int unbundle(struct repository *r, struct bundle_header *header,
 		strvec_clear(extra_index_pack_args);
 	}
 
-	if (verify_bundle(r, header, 0))
+	if (verify_bundle(r, header, flags))
 		return -1;
 	ip.in = bundle_fd;
 	ip.no_stdout = 1;
diff --git a/bundle.h b/bundle.h
index 68ff39a..9f2bd73 100644
--- a/bundle.h
+++ b/bundle.h
@@ -30,7 +30,14 @@ int read_bundle_header_fd(int fd, struct bundle_header *header,
 int create_bundle(struct repository *r, const char *path,
 		  int argc, const char **argv, struct strvec *pack_options,
 		  int version);
-int verify_bundle(struct repository *r, struct bundle_header *header, int verbose);
+
+enum verify_bundle_flags {
+	VERIFY_BUNDLE_VERBOSE = (1 << 0),
+	VERIFY_BUNDLE_QUIET = (1 << 1),
+};
+
+int verify_bundle(struct repository *r, struct bundle_header *header,
+		  enum verify_bundle_flags flags);
 
 /**
  * Unbundle after reading the header with read_bundle_header().
@@ -41,9 +48,13 @@ int verify_bundle(struct repository *r, struct bundle_header *header, int verbos
  * Provide "extra_index_pack_args" to pass any extra arguments
  * (e.g. "-v" for verbose/progress), NULL otherwise. The provided
  * "extra_index_pack_args" (if any) will be strvec_clear()'d for you.
+ *
+ * Before unbundling, this method will call verify_bundle() with the
+ * given 'flags'.
  */
 int unbundle(struct repository *r, struct bundle_header *header,
-	     int bundle_fd, struct strvec *extra_index_pack_args);
+	     int bundle_fd, struct strvec *extra_index_pack_args,
+	     enum verify_bundle_flags flags);
 int list_bundle_refs(struct bundle_header *header,
 		int argc, const char **argv);
 
diff --git a/cache.h b/cache.h
index 26ed03b..07d40b0 100644
--- a/cache.h
+++ b/cache.h
@@ -433,42 +433,18 @@ typedef int (*must_prefetch_predicate)(const struct cache_entry *);
 void prefetch_cache_entries(const struct index_state *istate,
 			    must_prefetch_predicate must_prefetch);
 
-#ifdef USE_THE_INDEX_COMPATIBILITY_MACROS
+#if defined(USE_THE_INDEX_COMPATIBILITY_MACROS) || defined(USE_THE_INDEX_VARIABLE)
 extern struct index_state the_index;
 
-#define active_cache (the_index.cache)
+#ifndef USE_THE_INDEX_VARIABLE
+#ifdef USE_THE_INDEX_COMPATIBILITY_MACROS
 #define active_nr (the_index.cache_nr)
-#define active_alloc (the_index.cache_alloc)
-#define active_cache_changed (the_index.cache_changed)
-#define active_cache_tree (the_index.cache_tree)
 
 #define read_cache() repo_read_index(the_repository)
-#define read_cache_from(path) read_index_from(&the_index, (path), (get_git_dir()))
-#define read_cache_preload(pathspec) repo_read_index_preload(the_repository, (pathspec), 0)
-#define is_cache_unborn() is_index_unborn(&the_index)
-#define read_cache_unmerged() repo_read_index_unmerged(the_repository)
 #define discard_cache() discard_index(&the_index)
-#define unmerged_cache() unmerged_index(&the_index)
 #define cache_name_pos(name, namelen) index_name_pos(&the_index,(name),(namelen))
-#define add_cache_entry(ce, option) add_index_entry(&the_index, (ce), (option))
-#define rename_cache_entry_at(pos, new_name) rename_index_entry_at(&the_index, (pos), (new_name))
-#define remove_cache_entry_at(pos) remove_index_entry_at(&the_index, (pos))
-#define remove_file_from_cache(path) remove_file_from_index(&the_index, (path))
-#define add_to_cache(path, st, flags) add_to_index(&the_index, (path), (st), (flags))
-#define add_file_to_cache(path, flags) add_file_to_index(&the_index, (path), (flags))
-#define chmod_cache_entry(ce, flip) chmod_index_entry(&the_index, (ce), (flip))
-#define refresh_cache(flags) refresh_index(&the_index, (flags), NULL, NULL, NULL)
-#define refresh_and_write_cache(refresh_flags, write_flags, gentle) repo_refresh_and_write_index(the_repository, (refresh_flags), (write_flags), (gentle), NULL, NULL, NULL)
-#define ce_match_stat(ce, st, options) ie_match_stat(&the_index, (ce), (st), (options))
-#define ce_modified(ce, st, options) ie_modified(&the_index, (ce), (st), (options))
-#define cache_dir_exists(name, namelen) index_dir_exists(&the_index, (name), (namelen))
-#define cache_file_exists(name, namelen, igncase) index_file_exists(&the_index, (name), (namelen), (igncase))
-#define cache_name_is_other(name, namelen) index_name_is_other(&the_index, (name), (namelen))
-#define resolve_undo_clear() resolve_undo_clear_index(&the_index)
-#define unmerge_cache_entry_at(at) unmerge_index_entry_at(&the_index, at)
-#define unmerge_cache(pathspec) unmerge_index(&the_index, pathspec)
-#define read_blob_data_from_cache(path, sz) read_blob_data_from_index(&the_index, (path), (sz))
-#define hold_locked_index(lock_file, flags) repo_hold_locked_index(the_repository, (lock_file), (flags))
+#endif
+#endif
 #endif
 
 #define TYPE_BITS 3
@@ -789,7 +765,7 @@ void ensure_full_index(struct index_state *istate);
  */
 int write_locked_index(struct index_state *, struct lock_file *lock, unsigned flags);
 
-int discard_index(struct index_state *);
+void discard_index(struct index_state *);
 void move_index_extensions(struct index_state *dst, struct index_state *src);
 int unmerged_index(const struct index_state *);
 
diff --git a/ci/lib.sh b/ci/lib.sh
index 6561216..706e3ba 100755
--- a/ci/lib.sh
+++ b/ci/lib.sh
@@ -258,6 +258,8 @@
 		MAKEFLAGS="$MAKEFLAGS PYTHON_PATH=$(which python3)"
 	else
 		MAKEFLAGS="$MAKEFLAGS PYTHON_PATH=$(which python2)"
+		MAKEFLAGS="$MAKEFLAGS NO_APPLE_COMMON_CRYPTO=NoThanks"
+		MAKEFLAGS="$MAKEFLAGS NO_OPENSSL=NoThanks"
 	fi
 	;;
 esac
@@ -277,6 +279,12 @@
 	export GIT_TEST_PASSING_SANITIZE_LEAK=true
 	export GIT_TEST_SANITIZE_LEAK_LOG=true
 	;;
+linux-asan)
+	export SANITIZE=address
+	;;
+linux-ubsan)
+	export SANITIZE=undefined
+	;;
 esac
 
 MAKEFLAGS="$MAKEFLAGS CC=${CC:-cc}"
diff --git a/commit.c b/commit.c
index 89b8efc..572301b 100644
--- a/commit.c
+++ b/commit.c
@@ -59,6 +59,14 @@ struct commit *lookup_commit_or_die(const struct object_id *oid, const char *ref
 	return c;
 }
 
+struct commit *lookup_commit_object(struct repository *r,
+				    const struct object_id *oid)
+{
+	struct object *obj = parse_object(r, oid);
+	return obj ? object_as_type(obj, OBJ_COMMIT, 0) : NULL;
+
+}
+
 struct commit *lookup_commit(struct repository *r, const struct object_id *oid)
 {
 	struct object *obj = lookup_object(r, oid);
diff --git a/commit.h b/commit.h
index 21e4d25..fa39202 100644
--- a/commit.h
+++ b/commit.h
@@ -64,6 +64,19 @@ enum decoration_type {
 void add_name_decoration(enum decoration_type type, const char *name, struct object *obj);
 const struct name_decoration *get_name_decoration(const struct object *obj);
 
+/*
+ * Look up commit named by "oid" respecting replacement objects.
+ * Returns NULL if "oid" is not a commit or does not exist.
+ */
+struct commit *lookup_commit_object(struct repository *r, const struct object_id *oid);
+
+/*
+ * Look up commit named by "oid" without replacement objects or
+ * checking for object existence. Returns the requested commit if it
+ * is found in the object cache, NULL if "oid" is in the object cache
+ * but is not a commit and a newly allocated unparsed commit object if
+ * "oid" is not in the object cache.
+ */
 struct commit *lookup_commit(struct repository *r, const struct object_id *oid);
 struct commit *lookup_commit_reference(struct repository *r,
 				       const struct object_id *oid);
diff --git a/common-main.c b/common-main.c
index c531372..0a22861 100644
--- a/common-main.c
+++ b/common-main.c
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ int main(int argc, const char **argv)
 
 	git_resolve_executable_dir(argv[0]);
 
+	setlocale(LC_CTYPE, "");
 	git_setup_gettext();
 
 	initialize_the_repository();
diff --git a/compat/fsmonitor/fsm-ipc-darwin.c b/compat/fsmonitor/fsm-ipc-darwin.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d67b0ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compat/fsmonitor/fsm-ipc-darwin.c
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+#include "cache.h"
+#include "config.h"
+#include "strbuf.h"
+#include "fsmonitor.h"
+#include "fsmonitor-ipc.h"
+#include "fsmonitor-path-utils.h"
+
+static GIT_PATH_FUNC(fsmonitor_ipc__get_default_path, "fsmonitor--daemon.ipc")
+
+const char *fsmonitor_ipc__get_path(struct repository *r)
+{
+	static const char *ipc_path = NULL;
+	git_SHA_CTX sha1ctx;
+	char *sock_dir = NULL;
+	struct strbuf ipc_file = STRBUF_INIT;
+	unsigned char hash[GIT_MAX_RAWSZ];
+
+	if (!r)
+		BUG("No repository passed into fsmonitor_ipc__get_path");
+
+	if (ipc_path)
+		return ipc_path;
+
+
+	/* By default the socket file is created in the .git directory */
+	if (fsmonitor__is_fs_remote(r->gitdir) < 1) {
+		ipc_path = fsmonitor_ipc__get_default_path();
+		return ipc_path;
+	}
+
+	git_SHA1_Init(&sha1ctx);
+	git_SHA1_Update(&sha1ctx, r->worktree, strlen(r->worktree));
+	git_SHA1_Final(hash, &sha1ctx);
+
+	repo_config_get_string(r, "fsmonitor.socketdir", &sock_dir);
+
+	/* Create the socket file in either socketDir or $HOME */
+	if (sock_dir && *sock_dir) {
+		strbuf_addf(&ipc_file, "%s/.git-fsmonitor-%s",
+					sock_dir, hash_to_hex(hash));
+	} else {
+		strbuf_addf(&ipc_file, "~/.git-fsmonitor-%s", hash_to_hex(hash));
+	}
+	free(sock_dir);
+
+	ipc_path = interpolate_path(ipc_file.buf, 1);
+	if (!ipc_path)
+		die(_("Invalid path: %s"), ipc_file.buf);
+
+	strbuf_release(&ipc_file);
+	return ipc_path;
+}
diff --git a/compat/fsmonitor/fsm-ipc-win32.c b/compat/fsmonitor/fsm-ipc-win32.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e08c505
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compat/fsmonitor/fsm-ipc-win32.c
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+#include "config.h"
+#include "fsmonitor-ipc.h"
+
+const char *fsmonitor_ipc__get_path(struct repository *r) {
+	static char *ret;
+	if (!ret)
+		ret = git_pathdup("fsmonitor--daemon.ipc");
+	return ret;
+}
diff --git a/compat/fsmonitor/fsm-listen-darwin.c b/compat/fsmonitor/fsm-listen-darwin.c
index 8e208e8..cc9af1e 100644
--- a/compat/fsmonitor/fsm-listen-darwin.c
+++ b/compat/fsmonitor/fsm-listen-darwin.c
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
 #include "fsmonitor.h"
 #include "fsm-listen.h"
 #include "fsmonitor--daemon.h"
+#include "fsmonitor-path-utils.h"
 
 struct fsm_listen_data
 {
@@ -198,8 +199,9 @@ static void fsevent_callback(ConstFSEventStreamRef streamRef,
 	struct string_list cookie_list = STRING_LIST_INIT_DUP;
 	const char *path_k;
 	const char *slash;
-	int k;
+	char *resolved = NULL;
 	struct strbuf tmp = STRBUF_INIT;
+	int k;
 
 	/*
 	 * Build a list of all filesystem changes into a private/local
@@ -209,7 +211,12 @@ static void fsevent_callback(ConstFSEventStreamRef streamRef,
 		/*
 		 * On Mac, we receive an array of absolute paths.
 		 */
-		path_k = paths[k];
+		free(resolved);
+		resolved = fsmonitor__resolve_alias(paths[k], &state->alias);
+		if (resolved)
+			path_k = resolved;
+		else
+			path_k = paths[k];
 
 		/*
 		 * If you want to debug FSEvents, log them to GIT_TRACE_FSMONITOR.
@@ -238,6 +245,7 @@ static void fsevent_callback(ConstFSEventStreamRef streamRef,
 			fsmonitor_force_resync(state);
 			fsmonitor_batch__free_list(batch);
 			string_list_clear(&cookie_list, 0);
+			batch = NULL;
 
 			/*
 			 * We assume that any events that we received
@@ -328,7 +336,7 @@ static void fsevent_callback(ConstFSEventStreamRef streamRef,
 			 * know how much to invalidate/refresh.
 			 */
 
-			if (event_flags[k] & kFSEventStreamEventFlagItemIsFile) {
+			if (event_flags[k] & (kFSEventStreamEventFlagItemIsFile | kFSEventStreamEventFlagItemIsSymlink)) {
 				const char *rel = path_k +
 					state->path_worktree_watch.len + 1;
 
@@ -360,12 +368,14 @@ static void fsevent_callback(ConstFSEventStreamRef streamRef,
 		}
 	}
 
+	free(resolved);
 	fsmonitor_publish(state, batch, &cookie_list);
 	string_list_clear(&cookie_list, 0);
 	strbuf_release(&tmp);
 	return;
 
 force_shutdown:
+	free(resolved);
 	fsmonitor_batch__free_list(batch);
 	string_list_clear(&cookie_list, 0);
 
diff --git a/compat/fsmonitor/fsm-path-utils-darwin.c b/compat/fsmonitor/fsm-path-utils-darwin.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ce5a8fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compat/fsmonitor/fsm-path-utils-darwin.c
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+#include "fsmonitor.h"
+#include "fsmonitor-path-utils.h"
+#include <dirent.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <sys/param.h>
+#include <sys/mount.h>
+
+int fsmonitor__get_fs_info(const char *path, struct fs_info *fs_info)
+{
+	struct statfs fs;
+	if (statfs(path, &fs) == -1) {
+		int saved_errno = errno;
+		trace_printf_key(&trace_fsmonitor, "statfs('%s') failed: %s",
+				 path, strerror(saved_errno));
+		errno = saved_errno;
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	trace_printf_key(&trace_fsmonitor,
+			 "statfs('%s') [type 0x%08x][flags 0x%08x] '%s'",
+			 path, fs.f_type, fs.f_flags, fs.f_fstypename);
+
+	if (!(fs.f_flags & MNT_LOCAL))
+		fs_info->is_remote = 1;
+	else
+		fs_info->is_remote = 0;
+
+	fs_info->typename = xstrdup(fs.f_fstypename);
+
+	trace_printf_key(&trace_fsmonitor,
+				"'%s' is_remote: %d",
+				path, fs_info->is_remote);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int fsmonitor__is_fs_remote(const char *path)
+{
+	struct fs_info fs;
+	if (fsmonitor__get_fs_info(path, &fs))
+		return -1;
+
+	free(fs.typename);
+
+	return fs.is_remote;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Scan the root directory for synthetic firmlinks that when resolved
+ * are a prefix of the path, stopping at the first one found.
+ *
+ * Some information about firmlinks and synthetic firmlinks:
+ * https://eclecticlight.co/2020/01/23/catalina-boot-volumes/
+ *
+ * macOS no longer allows symlinks in the root directory; any link found
+ * there is therefore a synthetic firmlink.
+ *
+ * If this function gets called often, will want to cache all the firmlink
+ * information, but for now there is only one caller of this function.
+ *
+ * If there is more than one alias for the path, that is another
+ * matter altogether.
+ */
+int fsmonitor__get_alias(const char *path, struct alias_info *info)
+{
+	DIR *dir;
+	int retval = -1;
+	const char *const root = "/";
+	struct stat st;
+	struct dirent *de;
+	struct strbuf alias;
+	struct strbuf points_to = STRBUF_INIT;
+
+	dir = opendir(root);
+	if (!dir)
+		return error_errno(_("opendir('%s') failed"), root);
+
+	strbuf_init(&alias, 256);
+
+	while ((de = readdir(dir)) != NULL) {
+		strbuf_reset(&alias);
+		strbuf_addf(&alias, "%s%s", root, de->d_name);
+
+		if (lstat(alias.buf, &st) < 0) {
+			error_errno(_("lstat('%s') failed"), alias.buf);
+			goto done;
+		}
+
+		if (!S_ISLNK(st.st_mode))
+			continue;
+
+		if (strbuf_readlink(&points_to, alias.buf, st.st_size) < 0) {
+			error_errno(_("strbuf_readlink('%s') failed"), alias.buf);
+			goto done;
+		}
+
+		if (!strncmp(points_to.buf, path, points_to.len) &&
+			(path[points_to.len] == '/')) {
+			strbuf_addbuf(&info->alias, &alias);
+			strbuf_addbuf(&info->points_to, &points_to);
+			trace_printf_key(&trace_fsmonitor,
+				"Found alias for '%s' : '%s' -> '%s'",
+				path, info->alias.buf, info->points_to.buf);
+			retval = 0;
+			goto done;
+		}
+	}
+	retval = 0; /* no alias */
+
+done:
+	strbuf_release(&alias);
+	strbuf_release(&points_to);
+	if (closedir(dir) < 0)
+		return error_errno(_("closedir('%s') failed"), root);
+	return retval;
+}
+
+char *fsmonitor__resolve_alias(const char *path,
+	const struct alias_info *info)
+{
+	if (!info->alias.len)
+		return NULL;
+
+	if ((!strncmp(info->alias.buf, path, info->alias.len))
+		&& path[info->alias.len] == '/') {
+		struct strbuf tmp = STRBUF_INIT;
+		const char *remainder = path + info->alias.len;
+
+		strbuf_addbuf(&tmp, &info->points_to);
+		strbuf_add(&tmp, remainder, strlen(remainder));
+		return strbuf_detach(&tmp, NULL);
+	}
+
+	return NULL;
+}
diff --git a/compat/fsmonitor/fsm-path-utils-win32.c b/compat/fsmonitor/fsm-path-utils-win32.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0d95bbb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compat/fsmonitor/fsm-path-utils-win32.c
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+#include "cache.h"
+#include "fsmonitor.h"
+#include "fsmonitor-path-utils.h"
+
+/*
+ * Check remote working directory protocol.
+ *
+ * Return -1 if client machine cannot get remote protocol information.
+ */
+static int check_remote_protocol(wchar_t *wpath)
+{
+	HANDLE h;
+	FILE_REMOTE_PROTOCOL_INFO proto_info;
+
+	h = CreateFileW(wpath, GENERIC_READ, FILE_SHARE_READ, NULL, OPEN_EXISTING,
+			FILE_FLAG_BACKUP_SEMANTICS, NULL);
+
+	if (h == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
+		error(_("[GLE %ld] unable to open for read '%ls'"),
+		      GetLastError(), wpath);
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	if (!GetFileInformationByHandleEx(h, FileRemoteProtocolInfo,
+		&proto_info, sizeof(proto_info))) {
+		error(_("[GLE %ld] unable to get protocol information for '%ls'"),
+		      GetLastError(), wpath);
+		CloseHandle(h);
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	CloseHandle(h);
+
+	trace_printf_key(&trace_fsmonitor,
+				"check_remote_protocol('%ls') remote protocol %#8.8lx",
+				wpath, proto_info.Protocol);
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Notes for testing:
+ *
+ * (a) Windows allows a network share to be mapped to a drive letter.
+ *     (This is the normal method to access it.)
+ *
+ *     $ NET USE Z: \\server\share
+ *     $ git -C Z:/repo status
+ *
+ * (b) Windows allows a network share to be referenced WITHOUT mapping
+ *     it to drive letter.
+ *
+ *     $ NET USE \\server\share\dir
+ *     $ git -C //server/share/repo status
+ *
+ * (c) Windows allows "SUBST" to create a fake drive mapping to an
+ *     arbitrary path (which may be remote)
+ *
+ *     $ SUBST Q: Z:\repo
+ *     $ git -C Q:/ status
+ *
+ * (d) Windows allows a directory symlink to be created on a local
+ *     file system that points to a remote repo.
+ *
+ *     $ mklink /d ./link //server/share/repo
+ *     $ git -C ./link status
+ */
+int fsmonitor__get_fs_info(const char *path, struct fs_info *fs_info)
+{
+	wchar_t wpath[MAX_PATH];
+	wchar_t wfullpath[MAX_PATH];
+	size_t wlen;
+	UINT driveType;
+
+	/*
+	 * Do everything in wide chars because the drive letter might be
+	 * a multi-byte sequence.  See win32_has_dos_drive_prefix().
+	 */
+	if (xutftowcs_path(wpath, path) < 0) {
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * GetDriveTypeW() requires a final slash.  We assume that the
+	 * worktree pathname points to an actual directory.
+	 */
+	wlen = wcslen(wpath);
+	if (wpath[wlen - 1] != L'\\' && wpath[wlen - 1] != L'/') {
+		wpath[wlen++] = L'\\';
+		wpath[wlen] = 0;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Normalize the path.  If nothing else, this converts forward
+	 * slashes to backslashes.  This is essential to get GetDriveTypeW()
+	 * correctly handle some UNC "\\server\share\..." paths.
+	 */
+	if (!GetFullPathNameW(wpath, MAX_PATH, wfullpath, NULL)) {
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	driveType = GetDriveTypeW(wfullpath);
+	trace_printf_key(&trace_fsmonitor,
+			 "DriveType '%s' L'%ls' (%u)",
+			 path, wfullpath, driveType);
+
+	if (driveType == DRIVE_REMOTE) {
+		fs_info->is_remote = 1;
+		if (check_remote_protocol(wfullpath) < 0)
+			return -1;
+	} else {
+		fs_info->is_remote = 0;
+	}
+
+	trace_printf_key(&trace_fsmonitor,
+				"'%s' is_remote: %d",
+				path, fs_info->is_remote);
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int fsmonitor__is_fs_remote(const char *path)
+{
+	struct fs_info fs;
+	if (fsmonitor__get_fs_info(path, &fs))
+		return -1;
+	return fs.is_remote;
+}
+
+/*
+ * No-op for now.
+ */
+int fsmonitor__get_alias(const char *path, struct alias_info *info)
+{
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * No-op for now.
+ */
+char *fsmonitor__resolve_alias(const char *path,
+	const struct alias_info *info)
+{
+	return NULL;
+}
diff --git a/compat/fsmonitor/fsm-settings-darwin.c b/compat/fsmonitor/fsm-settings-darwin.c
index efc732c..6abbc7a 100644
--- a/compat/fsmonitor/fsm-settings-darwin.c
+++ b/compat/fsmonitor/fsm-settings-darwin.c
@@ -1,32 +1,10 @@
-#include "cache.h"
 #include "config.h"
-#include "repository.h"
-#include "fsmonitor-settings.h"
 #include "fsmonitor.h"
-#include <sys/param.h>
-#include <sys/mount.h>
+#include "fsmonitor-ipc.h"
+#include "fsmonitor-settings.h"
+#include "fsmonitor-path-utils.h"
 
-/*
- * [1] Remote working directories are problematic for FSMonitor.
- *
- * The underlying file system on the server machine and/or the remote
- * mount type (NFS, SAMBA, etc.) dictates whether notification events
- * are available at all to remote client machines.
- *
- * Kernel differences between the server and client machines also
- * dictate the how (buffering, frequency, de-dup) the events are
- * delivered to client machine processes.
- *
- * A client machine (such as a laptop) may choose to suspend/resume
- * and it is unclear (without lots of testing) whether the watcher can
- * resync after a resume.  We might be able to treat this as a normal
- * "events were dropped by the kernel" event and do our normal "flush
- * and resync" --or-- we might need to close the existing (zombie?)
- * notification fd and create a new one.
- *
- * In theory, the above issues need to be addressed whether we are
- * using the Hook or IPC API.
- *
+ /*
  * For the builtin FSMonitor, we create the Unix domain socket for the
  * IPC in the .git directory.  If the working directory is remote,
  * then the socket will be created on the remote file system.  This
@@ -38,52 +16,47 @@
  * be taken to ensure that $HOME is actually local and not a managed
  * file share.)
  *
- * So (for now at least), mark remote working directories as
- * incompatible.
- *
- *
- * [2] FAT32 and NTFS working directories are problematic too.
+ * FAT32 and NTFS working directories are problematic too.
  *
  * The builtin FSMonitor uses a Unix domain socket in the .git
  * directory for IPC.  These Windows drive formats do not support
  * Unix domain sockets, so mark them as incompatible for the daemon.
  *
  */
-static enum fsmonitor_reason check_volume(struct repository *r)
+static enum fsmonitor_reason check_uds_volume(struct repository *r)
 {
-	struct statfs fs;
+	struct fs_info fs;
+	const char *ipc_path = fsmonitor_ipc__get_path(r);
+	struct strbuf path = STRBUF_INIT;
+	strbuf_add(&path, ipc_path, strlen(ipc_path));
 
-	if (statfs(r->worktree, &fs) == -1) {
-		int saved_errno = errno;
-		trace_printf_key(&trace_fsmonitor, "statfs('%s') failed: %s",
-				 r->worktree, strerror(saved_errno));
-		errno = saved_errno;
+	if (fsmonitor__get_fs_info(dirname(path.buf), &fs) == -1) {
+		strbuf_release(&path);
 		return FSMONITOR_REASON_ERROR;
 	}
 
-	trace_printf_key(&trace_fsmonitor,
-			 "statfs('%s') [type 0x%08x][flags 0x%08x] '%s'",
-			 r->worktree, fs.f_type, fs.f_flags, fs.f_fstypename);
+	strbuf_release(&path);
 
-	if (!(fs.f_flags & MNT_LOCAL))
-		return FSMONITOR_REASON_REMOTE;
-
-	if (!strcmp(fs.f_fstypename, "msdos")) /* aka FAT32 */
+	if (fs.is_remote ||
+		!strcmp(fs.typename, "msdos") ||
+		!strcmp(fs.typename, "ntfs")) {
+		free(fs.typename);
 		return FSMONITOR_REASON_NOSOCKETS;
+	}
 
-	if (!strcmp(fs.f_fstypename, "ntfs"))
-		return FSMONITOR_REASON_NOSOCKETS;
-
+	free(fs.typename);
 	return FSMONITOR_REASON_OK;
 }
 
-enum fsmonitor_reason fsm_os__incompatible(struct repository *r)
+enum fsmonitor_reason fsm_os__incompatible(struct repository *r, int ipc)
 {
 	enum fsmonitor_reason reason;
 
-	reason = check_volume(r);
-	if (reason != FSMONITOR_REASON_OK)
-		return reason;
+	if (ipc) {
+		reason = check_uds_volume(r);
+		if (reason != FSMONITOR_REASON_OK)
+			return reason;
+	}
 
 	return FSMONITOR_REASON_OK;
 }
diff --git a/compat/fsmonitor/fsm-settings-win32.c b/compat/fsmonitor/fsm-settings-win32.c
index e5ec5b0..a8af31b 100644
--- a/compat/fsmonitor/fsm-settings-win32.c
+++ b/compat/fsmonitor/fsm-settings-win32.c
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 #include "cache.h"
 #include "config.h"
 #include "repository.h"
-#include "fsmonitor-settings.h"
 #include "fsmonitor.h"
+#include "fsmonitor-settings.h"
+#include "fsmonitor-path-utils.h"
 
 /*
  * VFS for Git is incompatible with FSMonitor.
@@ -24,172 +25,7 @@ static enum fsmonitor_reason check_vfs4git(struct repository *r)
 	return FSMONITOR_REASON_OK;
 }
 
-/*
- * Check if monitoring remote working directories is allowed.
- *
- * By default, monitoring remote working directories is
- * disabled.  Users may override this behavior in enviroments where
- * they have proper support.
- */
-static int check_config_allowremote(struct repository *r)
-{
-	int allow;
-
-	if (!repo_config_get_bool(r, "fsmonitor.allowremote", &allow))
-		return allow;
-
-	return -1; /* fsmonitor.allowremote not set */
-}
-
-/*
- * Check remote working directory protocol.
- *
- * Error if client machine cannot get remote protocol information.
- */
-static int check_remote_protocol(wchar_t *wpath)
-{
-	HANDLE h;
-	FILE_REMOTE_PROTOCOL_INFO proto_info;
-
-	h = CreateFileW(wpath, GENERIC_READ, FILE_SHARE_READ, NULL, OPEN_EXISTING,
-			FILE_FLAG_BACKUP_SEMANTICS, NULL);
-
-	if (h == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
-		error(_("[GLE %ld] unable to open for read '%ls'"),
-		      GetLastError(), wpath);
-		return -1;
-	}
-
-	if (!GetFileInformationByHandleEx(h, FileRemoteProtocolInfo,
-		&proto_info, sizeof(proto_info))) {
-		error(_("[GLE %ld] unable to get protocol information for '%ls'"),
-		      GetLastError(), wpath);
-		CloseHandle(h);
-		return -1;
-	}
-
-	CloseHandle(h);
-
-	trace_printf_key(&trace_fsmonitor,
-				"check_remote_protocol('%ls') remote protocol %#8.8lx",
-				wpath, proto_info.Protocol);
-
-	return 0;
-}
-
-/*
- * Remote working directories are problematic for FSMonitor.
- *
- * The underlying file system on the server machine and/or the remote
- * mount type dictates whether notification events are available at
- * all to remote client machines.
- *
- * Kernel differences between the server and client machines also
- * dictate the how (buffering, frequency, de-dup) the events are
- * delivered to client machine processes.
- *
- * A client machine (such as a laptop) may choose to suspend/resume
- * and it is unclear (without lots of testing) whether the watcher can
- * resync after a resume.  We might be able to treat this as a normal
- * "events were dropped by the kernel" event and do our normal "flush
- * and resync" --or-- we might need to close the existing (zombie?)
- * notification fd and create a new one.
- *
- * In theory, the above issues need to be addressed whether we are
- * using the Hook or IPC API.
- *
- * So (for now at least), mark remote working directories as
- * incompatible.
- *
- * Notes for testing:
- *
- * (a) Windows allows a network share to be mapped to a drive letter.
- *     (This is the normal method to access it.)
- *
- *     $ NET USE Z: \\server\share
- *     $ git -C Z:/repo status
- *
- * (b) Windows allows a network share to be referenced WITHOUT mapping
- *     it to drive letter.
- *
- *     $ NET USE \\server\share\dir
- *     $ git -C //server/share/repo status
- *
- * (c) Windows allows "SUBST" to create a fake drive mapping to an
- *     arbitrary path (which may be remote)
- *
- *     $ SUBST Q: Z:\repo
- *     $ git -C Q:/ status
- *
- * (d) Windows allows a directory symlink to be created on a local
- *     file system that points to a remote repo.
- *
- *     $ mklink /d ./link //server/share/repo
- *     $ git -C ./link status
- */
-static enum fsmonitor_reason check_remote(struct repository *r)
-{
-	int ret;
-	wchar_t wpath[MAX_PATH];
-	wchar_t wfullpath[MAX_PATH];
-	size_t wlen;
-	UINT driveType;
-
-	/*
-	 * Do everything in wide chars because the drive letter might be
-	 * a multi-byte sequence.  See win32_has_dos_drive_prefix().
-	 */
-	if (xutftowcs_path(wpath, r->worktree) < 0)
-		return FSMONITOR_REASON_ERROR;
-
-	/*
-	 * GetDriveTypeW() requires a final slash.  We assume that the
-	 * worktree pathname points to an actual directory.
-	 */
-	wlen = wcslen(wpath);
-	if (wpath[wlen - 1] != L'\\' && wpath[wlen - 1] != L'/') {
-		wpath[wlen++] = L'\\';
-		wpath[wlen] = 0;
-	}
-
-	/*
-	 * Normalize the path.  If nothing else, this converts forward
-	 * slashes to backslashes.  This is essential to get GetDriveTypeW()
-	 * correctly handle some UNC "\\server\share\..." paths.
-	 */
-	if (!GetFullPathNameW(wpath, MAX_PATH, wfullpath, NULL))
-		return FSMONITOR_REASON_ERROR;
-
-	driveType = GetDriveTypeW(wfullpath);
-	trace_printf_key(&trace_fsmonitor,
-			 "DriveType '%s' L'%ls' (%u)",
-			 r->worktree, wfullpath, driveType);
-
-	if (driveType == DRIVE_REMOTE) {
-		trace_printf_key(&trace_fsmonitor,
-				 "check_remote('%s') true",
-				 r->worktree);
-
-		ret = check_remote_protocol(wfullpath);
-		if (ret < 0)
-			return FSMONITOR_REASON_ERROR;
-
-		switch (check_config_allowremote(r)) {
-		case 0: /* config overrides and disables */
-			return FSMONITOR_REASON_REMOTE;
-		case 1: /* config overrides and enables */
-			return FSMONITOR_REASON_OK;
-		default:
-			break; /* config has no opinion */
-		}
-
-		return FSMONITOR_REASON_REMOTE;
-	}
-
-	return FSMONITOR_REASON_OK;
-}
-
-enum fsmonitor_reason fsm_os__incompatible(struct repository *r)
+enum fsmonitor_reason fsm_os__incompatible(struct repository *r, int ipc)
 {
 	enum fsmonitor_reason reason;
 
@@ -197,9 +33,5 @@ enum fsmonitor_reason fsm_os__incompatible(struct repository *r)
 	if (reason != FSMONITOR_REASON_OK)
 		return reason;
 
-	reason = check_remote(r);
-	if (reason != FSMONITOR_REASON_OK)
-		return reason;
-
 	return FSMONITOR_REASON_OK;
 }
diff --git a/compat/mingw.c b/compat/mingw.c
index 901375d..d614f15 100644
--- a/compat/mingw.c
+++ b/compat/mingw.c
@@ -196,16 +196,19 @@ static int read_yes_no_answer(void)
 static int ask_yes_no_if_possible(const char *format, ...)
 {
 	char question[4096];
-	const char *retry_hook[] = { NULL, NULL, NULL };
+	const char *retry_hook;
 	va_list args;
 
 	va_start(args, format);
 	vsnprintf(question, sizeof(question), format, args);
 	va_end(args);
 
-	if ((retry_hook[0] = mingw_getenv("GIT_ASK_YESNO"))) {
-		retry_hook[1] = question;
-		return !run_command_v_opt(retry_hook, 0);
+	retry_hook = mingw_getenv("GIT_ASK_YESNO");
+	if (retry_hook) {
+		struct child_process cmd = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
+
+		strvec_pushl(&cmd.args, retry_hook, question, NULL);
+		return !run_command(&cmd);
 	}
 
 	if (!isatty(_fileno(stdin)) || !isatty(_fileno(stderr)))
diff --git a/compat/nonblock.c b/compat/nonblock.c
index 9694ebd..5b51195 100644
--- a/compat/nonblock.c
+++ b/compat/nonblock.c
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ int enable_pipe_nonblock(int fd)
 
 #else
 
-int enable_pipe_nonblock(int fd)
+int enable_pipe_nonblock(int fd UNUSED)
 {
 	errno = ENOSYS;
 	return -1;
diff --git a/config.c b/config.c
index cbb5a3b..27f3828 100644
--- a/config.c
+++ b/config.c
@@ -1160,21 +1160,26 @@ static int git_parse_signed(const char *value, intmax_t *ret, intmax_t max)
 	if (value && *value) {
 		char *end;
 		intmax_t val;
-		uintmax_t uval;
-		uintmax_t factor;
+		intmax_t factor;
+
+		if (max < 0)
+			BUG("max must be a positive integer");
 
 		errno = 0;
 		val = strtoimax(value, &end, 0);
 		if (errno == ERANGE)
 			return 0;
+		if (end == value) {
+			errno = EINVAL;
+			return 0;
+		}
 		factor = get_unit_factor(end);
 		if (!factor) {
 			errno = EINVAL;
 			return 0;
 		}
-		uval = val < 0 ? -val : val;
-		if (unsigned_mult_overflows(factor, uval) ||
-		    factor * uval > max) {
+		if ((val < 0 && -max / factor > val) ||
+		    (val > 0 && max / factor < val)) {
 			errno = ERANGE;
 			return 0;
 		}
@@ -1193,10 +1198,19 @@ static int git_parse_unsigned(const char *value, uintmax_t *ret, uintmax_t max)
 		uintmax_t val;
 		uintmax_t factor;
 
+		/* negative values would be accepted by strtoumax */
+		if (strchr(value, '-')) {
+			errno = EINVAL;
+			return 0;
+		}
 		errno = 0;
 		val = strtoumax(value, &end, 0);
 		if (errno == ERANGE)
 			return 0;
+		if (end == value) {
+			errno = EINVAL;
+			return 0;
+		}
 		factor = get_unit_factor(end);
 		if (!factor) {
 			errno = EINVAL;
@@ -1215,7 +1229,7 @@ static int git_parse_unsigned(const char *value, uintmax_t *ret, uintmax_t max)
 	return 0;
 }
 
-static int git_parse_int(const char *value, int *ret)
+int git_parse_int(const char *value, int *ret)
 {
 	intmax_t tmp;
 	if (!git_parse_signed(value, &tmp, maximum_signed_value_of_type(int)))
@@ -2392,11 +2406,6 @@ int git_configset_add_file(struct config_set *cs, const char *filename)
 	return git_config_from_file(config_set_callback, filename, cs);
 }
 
-int git_configset_add_parameters(struct config_set *cs)
-{
-	return git_config_from_parameters(config_set_callback, cs);
-}
-
 int git_configset_get_value(struct config_set *cs, const char *key, const char **value)
 {
 	const struct string_list *values = NULL;
@@ -2641,24 +2650,15 @@ int repo_config_get_pathname(struct repository *repo,
 /* Read values into protected_config. */
 static void read_protected_config(void)
 {
-	char *xdg_config = NULL, *user_config = NULL, *system_config = NULL;
-
+	struct config_options opts = {
+		.respect_includes = 1,
+		.ignore_repo = 1,
+		.ignore_worktree = 1,
+		.system_gently = 1,
+	};
 	git_configset_init(&protected_config);
-
-	system_config = git_system_config();
-	git_global_config(&user_config, &xdg_config);
-
-	if (system_config)
-		git_configset_add_file(&protected_config, system_config);
-	if (xdg_config)
-		git_configset_add_file(&protected_config, xdg_config);
-	if (user_config)
-		git_configset_add_file(&protected_config, user_config);
-	git_configset_add_parameters(&protected_config);
-
-	free(system_config);
-	free(xdg_config);
-	free(user_config);
+	config_with_options(config_set_callback, &protected_config,
+			    NULL, &opts);
 }
 
 void git_protected_config(config_fn_t fn, void *data)
diff --git a/config.h b/config.h
index ca994d7..ef9eade 100644
--- a/config.h
+++ b/config.h
@@ -206,6 +206,7 @@ int config_with_options(config_fn_t fn, void *,
 
 int git_parse_ssize_t(const char *, ssize_t *);
 int git_parse_ulong(const char *, unsigned long *);
+int git_parse_int(const char *value, int *ret);
 
 /**
  * Same as `git_config_bool`, except that it returns -1 on error rather
diff --git a/connected.c b/connected.c
index 74a20cb..4f6388e 100644
--- a/connected.c
+++ b/connected.c
@@ -100,6 +100,9 @@ int check_connected(oid_iterate_fn fn, void *cb_data,
 		strvec_push(&rev_list.args, "--exclude-promisor-objects");
 	if (!opt->is_deepening_fetch) {
 		strvec_push(&rev_list.args, "--not");
+		if (opt->exclude_hidden_refs_section)
+			strvec_pushf(&rev_list.args, "--exclude-hidden=%s",
+				     opt->exclude_hidden_refs_section);
 		strvec_push(&rev_list.args, "--all");
 	}
 	strvec_push(&rev_list.args, "--quiet");
diff --git a/connected.h b/connected.h
index 6e59c92..16b2c84 100644
--- a/connected.h
+++ b/connected.h
@@ -46,6 +46,13 @@ struct check_connected_options {
 	 * during a fetch.
 	 */
 	unsigned is_deepening_fetch : 1;
+
+	/*
+	 * If not NULL, use `--exclude-hidden=$section` to exclude all refs
+	 * hidden via the `$section.hideRefs` config from the set of
+	 * already-reachable refs.
+	 */
+	const char *exclude_hidden_refs_section;
 };
 
 #define CHECK_CONNECTED_INIT { 0 }
diff --git a/contrib/buildsystems/CMakeLists.txt b/contrib/buildsystems/CMakeLists.txt
index ea2a531..2f6e019 100644
--- a/contrib/buildsystems/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/contrib/buildsystems/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -308,6 +308,8 @@
 		add_compile_definitions(HAVE_FSMONITOR_DAEMON_BACKEND)
 		list(APPEND compat_SOURCES compat/fsmonitor/fsm-listen-win32.c)
 		list(APPEND compat_SOURCES compat/fsmonitor/fsm-health-win32.c)
+		list(APPEND compat_SOURCES compat/fsmonitor/fsm-ipc-win32.c)
+		list(APPEND compat_SOURCES compat/fsmonitor/fsm-path-utils-win32.c)
 
 		add_compile_definitions(HAVE_FSMONITOR_OS_SETTINGS)
 		list(APPEND compat_SOURCES compat/fsmonitor/fsm-settings-win32.c)
@@ -315,6 +317,8 @@
 		add_compile_definitions(HAVE_FSMONITOR_DAEMON_BACKEND)
 		list(APPEND compat_SOURCES compat/fsmonitor/fsm-listen-darwin.c)
 		list(APPEND compat_SOURCES compat/fsmonitor/fsm-health-darwin.c)
+		list(APPEND compat_SOURCES compat/fsmonitor/fsm-ipc-darwin.c)
+		list(APPEND compat_SOURCES compat/fsmonitor/fsm-path-utils-darwin.c)
 
 		add_compile_definitions(HAVE_FSMONITOR_OS_SETTINGS)
 		list(APPEND compat_SOURCES compat/fsmonitor/fsm-settings-darwin.c)
@@ -1021,7 +1025,6 @@
 set(NO_PTHREADS )
 set(NO_PYTHON )
 set(PAGER_ENV "LESS=FRX LV=-c")
-set(DC_SHA1 YesPlease)
 set(RUNTIME_PREFIX true)
 set(NO_GETTEXT )
 
@@ -1057,7 +1060,6 @@
 file(APPEND ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/GIT-BUILD-OPTIONS "NO_PTHREADS='${NO_PTHREADS}'\n")
 file(APPEND ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/GIT-BUILD-OPTIONS "NO_UNIX_SOCKETS='${NO_UNIX_SOCKETS}'\n")
 file(APPEND ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/GIT-BUILD-OPTIONS "PAGER_ENV='${PAGER_ENV}'\n")
-file(APPEND ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/GIT-BUILD-OPTIONS "DC_SHA1='${DC_SHA1}'\n")
 file(APPEND ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/GIT-BUILD-OPTIONS "X='${EXE_EXTENSION}'\n")
 file(APPEND ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/GIT-BUILD-OPTIONS "NO_GETTEXT='${NO_GETTEXT}'\n")
 file(APPEND ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/GIT-BUILD-OPTIONS "RUNTIME_PREFIX='${RUNTIME_PREFIX}'\n")
@@ -1070,18 +1072,14 @@
 #Make the tests work when building out of the source tree
 get_filename_component(CACHE_PATH ${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/../../CMakeCache.txt ABSOLUTE)
 if(NOT ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/CMakeCache.txt STREQUAL ${CACHE_PATH})
-	file(RELATIVE_PATH BUILD_DIR_RELATIVE ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR} ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/CMakeCache.txt)
-	string(REPLACE "/CMakeCache.txt" "" BUILD_DIR_RELATIVE ${BUILD_DIR_RELATIVE})
 	#Setting the build directory in test-lib.sh before running tests
 	file(WRITE ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/CTestCustom.cmake
-		"file(STRINGS ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/t/test-lib.sh GIT_BUILD_DIR_REPL REGEX \"GIT_BUILD_DIR=(.*)\")\n"
-		"file(STRINGS ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/t/test-lib.sh content NEWLINE_CONSUME)\n"
-		"string(REPLACE \"\${GIT_BUILD_DIR_REPL}\" \"GIT_BUILD_DIR=\\\"$TEST_DIRECTORY/../${BUILD_DIR_RELATIVE}\\\"\" content \"\${content}\")\n"
-		"file(WRITE ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/t/test-lib.sh \${content})")
+		"file(WRITE ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/GIT-BUILD-DIR \"${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}\")")
 	#misc copies
 	file(COPY ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/t/chainlint.pl DESTINATION ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/t/)
 	file(COPY ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/po/is.po DESTINATION ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/po/)
-	file(COPY ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mergetools/tkdiff DESTINATION ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/mergetools/)
+	file(GLOB mergetools "${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/mergetools/*")
+	file(COPY ${mergetools} DESTINATION ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/mergetools/)
 	file(COPY ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/contrib/completion/git-prompt.sh DESTINATION ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/contrib/completion/)
 	file(COPY ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/contrib/completion/git-completion.bash DESTINATION ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/contrib/completion/)
 endif()
@@ -1091,8 +1089,12 @@
 #test
 foreach(tsh ${test_scipts})
 	add_test(NAME ${tsh}
-		COMMAND ${SH_EXE} ${tsh}
+		COMMAND ${SH_EXE} ${tsh} --no-bin-wrappers --no-chain-lint -vx
 		WORKING_DIRECTORY ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/t)
 endforeach()
 
+# This test script takes an extremely long time and is known to time out even
+# on fast machines because it requires in excess of one hour to run
+set_tests_properties("${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/t/t7112-reset-submodule.sh" PROPERTIES TIMEOUT 4000)
+
 endif()#BUILD_TESTING
diff --git a/contrib/coccinelle/.gitignore b/contrib/coccinelle/.gitignore
index d3f2964..1d45c0a 100644
--- a/contrib/coccinelle/.gitignore
+++ b/contrib/coccinelle/.gitignore
@@ -1 +1 @@
-*.patch*
+*.patch
diff --git a/contrib/coccinelle/README b/contrib/coccinelle/README
index f0e80bd..d1daa1f 100644
--- a/contrib/coccinelle/README
+++ b/contrib/coccinelle/README
@@ -41,3 +41,52 @@
 
    This allows to expose plans of pending large scale refactorings without
    impacting the bad pattern checks.
+
+Git-specific tips & things to know about how we run "spatch":
+
+ * The "make coccicheck" will piggy-back on
+   "COMPUTE_HEADER_DEPENDENCIES". If you've built a given object file
+   the "coccicheck" target will consider its depednency to decide if
+   it needs to re-run on the corresponding source file.
+
+   This means that a "make coccicheck" will re-compile object files
+   before running. This might be unexpected, but speeds up the run in
+   the common case, as e.g. a change to "column.h" won't require all
+   coccinelle rules to be re-run against "grep.c" (or another file
+   that happens not to use "column.h").
+
+   To disable this behavior use the "SPATCH_USE_O_DEPENDENCIES=NoThanks"
+   flag.
+
+ * To speed up our rules the "make coccicheck" target will by default
+   concatenate all of the *.cocci files here into an "ALL.cocci", and
+   apply it to each source file.
+
+   This makes the run faster, as we don't need to run each rule
+   against each source file. See the Makefile for further discussion,
+   this behavior can be disabled with "SPATCH_CONCAT_COCCI=".
+
+   But since they're concatenated any <id> in the <rulname> (e.g. "@
+   my_name", v.s. anonymous "@@") needs to be unique across all our
+   *.cocci files. You should only need to name rules if other rules
+   depend on them (currently only one rule is named).
+
+ * To speed up incremental runs even more use the "spatchcache" tool
+   in this directory as your "SPATCH". It aimns to be a "ccache" for
+   coccinelle, and piggy-backs on "COMPUTE_HEADER_DEPENDENCIES".
+
+   It caches in Redis by default, see it source for a how-to.
+
+   In one setup with a primed cache "make coccicheck" followed by a
+   "make clean && make" takes around 10s to run, but 2m30s with the
+   default of "SPATCH_CONCAT_COCCI=Y".
+
+   With "SPATCH_CONCAT_COCCI=" the total runtime is around ~6m, sped
+   up to ~1m with "spatchcache".
+
+   Most of the 10s (or ~1m) being spent on re-running "spatch" on
+   files we couldn't cache, as we didn't compile them (in contrib/*
+   and compat/* mostly).
+
+   The absolute times will differ for you, but the relative speedup
+   from caching should be on that order.
diff --git a/contrib/coccinelle/hashmap.cocci b/contrib/coccinelle/hashmap.cocci
index d69e120..c5dbb45 100644
--- a/contrib/coccinelle/hashmap.cocci
+++ b/contrib/coccinelle/hashmap.cocci
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-@ hashmap_entry_init_usage @
+@@
 expression E;
 struct hashmap_entry HME;
 @@
diff --git a/contrib/coccinelle/index-compatibility.cocci b/contrib/coccinelle/index-compatibility.cocci
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8520f03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/coccinelle/index-compatibility.cocci
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+// the_index.* variables
+@@
+identifier AC = active_cache;
+identifier ACC = active_cache_changed;
+identifier ACT = active_cache_tree;
+@@
+(
+- AC
++ the_index.cache
+|
+- ACC
++ the_index.cache_changed
+|
+- ACT
++ the_index.cache_tree
+)
+
+@@
+identifier AN = active_nr;
+identifier f != prepare_to_commit;
+@@
+  f(...) {<...
+- AN
++ the_index.cache_nr
+  ...>}
+
+// "the_repository" simple cases
+@@
+@@
+(
+- read_cache_unmerged
++ repo_read_index_unmerged
+|
+- hold_locked_index
++ repo_hold_locked_index
+)
+  (
++ the_repository,
+  ...)
+
+// "the_repository" special-cases
+@@
+@@
+(
+- read_cache_preload
++ repo_read_index_preload
+)
+  (
++ the_repository,
+  ...
++ , 0
+  )
+
+// "the_index" simple cases
+@@
+@@
+(
+- is_cache_unborn
++ is_index_unborn
+|
+- unmerged_cache
++ unmerged_index
+|
+- rename_cache_entry_at
++ rename_index_entry_at
+|
+- chmod_cache_entry
++ chmod_index_entry
+|
+- cache_file_exists
++ index_file_exists
+|
+- cache_name_is_other
++ index_name_is_other
+|
+- unmerge_cache_entry_at
++ unmerge_index_entry_at
+|
+- add_to_cache
++ add_to_index
+|
+- add_file_to_cache
++ add_file_to_index
+|
+- add_cache_entry
++ add_index_entry
+|
+- remove_file_from_cache
++ remove_file_from_index
+|
+- ce_match_stat
++ ie_match_stat
+|
+- ce_modified
++ ie_modified
+|
+- resolve_undo_clear
++ resolve_undo_clear_index
+)
+  (
++ &the_index,
+  ...)
+
+@@
+@@
+(
+- refresh_and_write_cache
++ repo_refresh_and_write_index
+)
+  (
++ the_repository,
+  ...
++ , NULL, NULL, NULL
+  )
+
+// "the_index" special-cases
+@@
+@@
+(
+- read_cache_from
++ read_index_from
+)
+  (
++ &the_index,
+  ...
++ , get_git_dir()
+  )
+
+@@
+@@
+(
+- refresh_cache
++ refresh_index
+)
+  (
++ &the_index,
+  ...
++ , NULL, NULL, NULL
+  )
diff --git a/contrib/coccinelle/index-compatibility.pending.cocci b/contrib/coccinelle/index-compatibility.pending.cocci
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..01f875d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/coccinelle/index-compatibility.pending.cocci
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+// "the_repository" simple cases
+@@
+@@
+(
+- read_cache
++ repo_read_index
+)
+  (
++ the_repository,
+  ...)
+
+// "the_index" simple cases
+@@
+@@
+(
+- discard_cache
++ discard_index
+|
+- cache_name_pos
++ index_name_pos
+)
+  (
++ &the_index,
+  ...)
diff --git a/contrib/coccinelle/preincr.cocci b/contrib/coccinelle/preincr.cocci
index 7fe1e8d..ae42cb0 100644
--- a/contrib/coccinelle/preincr.cocci
+++ b/contrib/coccinelle/preincr.cocci
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-@ preincrement @
+@@
 identifier i;
 @@
 - ++i > 1
diff --git a/contrib/coccinelle/spatchcache b/contrib/coccinelle/spatchcache
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..29e9352
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/coccinelle/spatchcache
@@ -0,0 +1,304 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+#
+# spatchcache: a poor-man's "ccache"-alike for "spatch" in git.git
+#
+# This caching command relies on the peculiarities of the Makefile
+# driving "spatch" in git.git, in particular if we invoke:
+#
+#	make
+#	# See "spatchCache.cacheWhenStderr" for why "--very-quiet" is
+#	# used
+#	make coccicheck SPATCH_FLAGS=--very-quiet
+#
+# We can with COMPUTE_HEADER_DEPENDENCIES (auto-detected as true with
+# "gcc" and "clang") write e.g. a .depend/grep.o.d for grep.c, when we
+# compile grep.o.
+#
+# The .depend/grep.o.d will have the full header dependency tree of
+# grep.c, and we can thus cache the output of "spatch" by:
+#
+#	1. Hashing all of those files
+#	2. Hashing our source file, and the *.cocci rule we're
+#	   applying
+#	3. Running spatch, if suggests no changes (by far the common
+#	   case) we invoke "spatchCache.getCmd" and
+#	   "spatchCache.setCmd" with a hash SHA-256 to ask "does this
+#	   ID have no changes" or "say that ID had no changes>
+#	4. If no "spatchCache.{set,get}Cmd" is specified we'll use
+#	   "redis-cli" and maintain a SET called "spatch-cache". Set
+#	   appropriate redis memory policies to keep it from growing
+#	   out of control.
+#
+# This along with the general incremental "make" support for
+# "contrib/coccinelle" makes it viable to (re-)run coccicheck
+# e.g. when merging integration branches.
+#
+# Note that the "--very-quiet" flag is currently critical. The cache
+# will refuse to cache anything that has output on STDERR (which might
+# be errors from spatch), but see spatchCache.cacheWhenStderr below.
+#
+# The STDERR (and exit code) could in principle be cached (as with
+# ccache), but then the simple structure in the Redis cache would need
+# to change, so just supply "--very-quiet" for now.
+#
+# To use this, simply set SPATCH to
+# contrib/coccinelle/spatchcache. Then optionally set:
+#
+#	[spatchCache]
+#		# Optional: path to a custom spatch
+#		spatch = ~/g/coccicheck/spatch.opt
+#
+# As well as this trace config (debug implies trace):
+#
+#		cacheWhenStderr = true
+#		trace = false
+#		debug = false
+#
+# The ".depend/grep.o.d" can also be customized, as a string that will
+# be eval'd, it has access to a "$dirname" and "$basename":
+#
+#	[spatchCache]
+#		dependFormat = "$dirname/.depend/${basename%.c}.o.d"
+#
+# Setting "trace" to "true" allows for seeing when we have a cache HIT
+# or MISS. To debug whether the cache is working do that, and run e.g.:
+#
+#	redis-cli FLUSHALL
+#	<make && make coccicheck, as above>
+#	grep -hore HIT -e MISS -e SET -e NOCACHE -e CANTCACHE .build/contrib/coccinelle | sort | uniq -c
+#	    600 CANTCACHE
+#	   7365 MISS
+#	   7365 SET
+#
+# A subsequent "make cocciclean && make coccicheck" should then have
+# all "HIT"'s and "CANTCACHE"'s.
+#
+# The "spatchCache.cacheWhenStderr" option is critical when using
+# spatchCache.{trace,debug} to debug whether something is set in the
+# cache, as we'll write to the spatch logs in .build/* we'd otherwise
+# always emit a NOCACHE.
+#
+# Reading the config can make the command much slower, to work around
+# this the config can be set in the environment, with environment
+# variable name corresponding to the config key. "default" can be used
+# to use whatever's the script default, e.g. setting
+# spatchCache.cacheWhenStderr=true and deferring to the defaults for
+# the rest is:
+#
+#	export GIT_CONTRIB_SPATCHCACHE_DEBUG=default
+#	export GIT_CONTRIB_SPATCHCACHE_TRACE=default
+#	export GIT_CONTRIB_SPATCHCACHE_CACHEWHENSTDERR=true
+#	export GIT_CONTRIB_SPATCHCACHE_SPATCH=default
+#	export GIT_CONTRIB_SPATCHCACHE_DEPENDFORMAT=default
+#	export GIT_CONTRIB_SPATCHCACHE_SETCMD=default
+#	export GIT_CONTRIB_SPATCHCACHE_GETCMD=default
+
+set -e
+
+env_or_config () {
+	env="$1"
+	shift
+	if test "$env" = "default"
+	then
+		# Avoid expensive "git config" invocation
+		return
+	elif test -n "$env"
+	then
+		echo "$env"
+	else
+		git config $@ || :
+	fi
+}
+
+## Our own configuration & options
+debug=$(env_or_config "$GIT_CONTRIB_SPATCHCACHE_DEBUG" --bool "spatchCache.debug")
+if test "$debug" != "true"
+then
+	debug=
+fi
+if test -n "$debug"
+then
+	set -x
+fi
+
+trace=$(env_or_config "$GIT_CONTRIB_SPATCHCACHE_TRACE" --bool "spatchCache.trace")
+if test "$trace" != "true"
+then
+	trace=
+fi
+if test -n "$debug"
+then
+	# debug implies trace
+	trace=true
+fi
+
+cacheWhenStderr=$(env_or_config "$GIT_CONTRIB_SPATCHCACHE_CACHEWHENSTDERR" --bool "spatchCache.cacheWhenStderr")
+if test "$cacheWhenStderr" != "true"
+then
+	cacheWhenStderr=
+fi
+
+trace_it () {
+	if test -z "$trace"
+	then
+		return
+	fi
+	echo "$@" >&2
+}
+
+spatch=$(env_or_config "$GIT_CONTRIB_SPATCHCACHE_SPATCH" --path "spatchCache.spatch")
+if test -n "$spatch"
+then
+	if test -n "$debug"
+	then
+		trace_it "custom spatchCache.spatch='$spatch'"
+	fi
+else
+	spatch=spatch
+fi
+
+dependFormat='$dirname/.depend/${basename%.c}.o.d'
+dependFormatCfg=$(env_or_config "$GIT_CONTRIB_SPATCHCACHE_DEPENDFORMAT" "spatchCache.dependFormat")
+if test -n "$dependFormatCfg"
+then
+	dependFormat="$dependFormatCfg"
+fi
+
+set=$(env_or_config "$GIT_CONTRIB_SPATCHCACHE_SETCMD" "spatchCache.setCmd")
+get=$(env_or_config "$GIT_CONTRIB_SPATCHCACHE_GETCMD" "spatchCache.getCmd")
+
+## Parse spatch()-like command-line for caching info
+arg_sp=
+arg_file=
+args="$@"
+spatch_opts() {
+	while test $# != 0
+	do
+		arg_file="$1"
+		case "$1" in
+		--sp-file)
+			arg_sp="$2"
+			;;
+		esac
+		shift
+	done
+}
+spatch_opts "$@"
+if ! test -f "$arg_file"
+then
+	arg_file=
+fi
+
+hash_for_cache() {
+	# Parameters that should affect the cache
+	echo "args=$args"
+	echo "config spatchCache.spatch=$spatch"
+	echo "config spatchCache.debug=$debug"
+	echo "config spatchCache.trace=$trace"
+	echo "config spatchCache.cacheWhenStderr=$cacheWhenStderr"
+	echo
+
+	# Our target file and its dependencies
+	git hash-object "$1" "$2" $(grep -E -o '^[^:]+:$' "$3" | tr -d ':')
+}
+
+# Sanity checks
+if ! test -f "$arg_sp" && ! test -f "$arg_file"
+then
+	echo $0: no idea how to cache "$@" >&2
+	exit 128
+fi
+
+# Main logic
+dirname=$(dirname "$arg_file")
+basename=$(basename "$arg_file")
+eval "dep=$dependFormat"
+
+if ! test -f "$dep"
+then
+	trace_it "$0: CANTCACHE have no '$dep' for '$arg_file'!"
+	exec "$spatch" "$@"
+fi
+
+if test -n "$debug"
+then
+	trace_it "$0: The full cache input for '$arg_sp' '$arg_file' '$dep'"
+	hash_for_cache "$arg_sp" "$arg_file" "$dep" >&2
+fi
+sum=$(hash_for_cache "$arg_sp" "$arg_file" "$dep" | git hash-object --stdin)
+
+trace_it "$0: processing '$arg_file' with '$arg_sp' rule, and got hash '$sum' for it + '$dep'"
+
+getret=
+if test -z "$get"
+then
+	if test $(redis-cli SISMEMBER spatch-cache "$sum") = 1
+	then
+		getret=0
+	else
+		getret=1
+	fi
+else
+	$set "$sum"
+	getret=$?
+fi
+
+if test "$getret" = 0
+then
+	trace_it "$0: HIT for '$arg_file' with '$arg_sp'"
+	exit 0
+else
+	trace_it "$0: MISS: for '$arg_file' with '$arg_sp'"
+fi
+
+out="$(mktemp)"
+err="$(mktemp)"
+
+set +e
+"$spatch" "$@" >"$out" 2>>"$err"
+ret=$?
+cat "$out"
+cat "$err" >&2
+set -e
+
+nocache=
+if test $ret != 0
+then
+	nocache="exited non-zero: $ret"
+elif test -s "$out"
+then
+	nocache="had patch output"
+elif test -z "$cacheWhenStderr" && test -s "$err"
+then
+	nocache="had stderr (use --very-quiet or spatchCache.cacheWhenStderr=true?)"
+fi
+
+if test -n "$nocache"
+then
+	trace_it "$0: NOCACHE ($nocache): for '$arg_file' with '$arg_sp'"
+	exit "$ret"
+fi
+
+trace_it "$0: SET: for '$arg_file' with '$arg_sp'"
+
+setret=
+if test -z "$set"
+then
+	if test $(redis-cli SADD spatch-cache "$sum") = 1
+	then
+		setret=0
+	else
+		setret=1
+	fi
+else
+	"$set" "$sum"
+	setret=$?
+fi
+
+if test "$setret" != 0
+then
+	echo "FAILED to set '$sum' in cache!" >&2
+	exit 128
+fi
+
+exit "$ret"
diff --git a/contrib/coccinelle/strbuf.cocci b/contrib/coccinelle/strbuf.cocci
index 0970d98..5f06105 100644
--- a/contrib/coccinelle/strbuf.cocci
+++ b/contrib/coccinelle/strbuf.cocci
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-@ strbuf_addf_with_format_only @
+@@
 expression E;
 constant fmt !~ "%";
 @@
diff --git a/contrib/coccinelle/swap.cocci b/contrib/coccinelle/swap.cocci
index a0934d1..522177a 100644
--- a/contrib/coccinelle/swap.cocci
+++ b/contrib/coccinelle/swap.cocci
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-@ swap_with_declaration @
+@@
 type T;
 identifier tmp;
 T a, b;
diff --git a/contrib/coccinelle/the_repository.pending.cocci b/contrib/coccinelle/the_repository.pending.cocci
index 072ea0d..747d382 100644
--- a/contrib/coccinelle/the_repository.pending.cocci
+++ b/contrib/coccinelle/the_repository.pending.cocci
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@
 
 @@
 expression E;
-expression F;
 @@
 - has_object_file_with_flags(
 + repo_has_object_file_with_flags(the_repository,
diff --git a/contrib/credential/netrc/git-credential-netrc.perl b/contrib/credential/netrc/git-credential-netrc.perl
index bc57cc6..9fb998a 100755
--- a/contrib/credential/netrc/git-credential-netrc.perl
+++ b/contrib/credential/netrc/git-credential-netrc.perl
@@ -356,7 +356,10 @@
 		next unless m/^([^=]+)=(.+)/;
 
 		my ($token, $value) = ($1, $2);
-		die "Unknown search token $token" unless exists $q{$token};
+
+		# skip any unknown tokens
+		next unless exists $q{$token};
+
 		$q{$token} = $value;
 		log_debug("We were given search token $token and value $value");
 	}
diff --git a/contrib/credential/osxkeychain/git-credential-osxkeychain.c b/contrib/credential/osxkeychain/git-credential-osxkeychain.c
index bf77748..e29cc28 100644
--- a/contrib/credential/osxkeychain/git-credential-osxkeychain.c
+++ b/contrib/credential/osxkeychain/git-credential-osxkeychain.c
@@ -159,6 +159,11 @@ static void read_credential(void)
 			username = xstrdup(v);
 		else if (!strcmp(buf, "password"))
 			password = xstrdup(v);
+		/*
+		 * Ignore other lines; we don't know what they mean, but
+		 * this future-proofs us when later versions of git do
+		 * learn new lines, and the helpers are updated to match.
+		 */
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/contrib/credential/wincred/git-credential-wincred.c b/contrib/credential/wincred/git-credential-wincred.c
index 5091048..ead6e26 100644
--- a/contrib/credential/wincred/git-credential-wincred.c
+++ b/contrib/credential/wincred/git-credential-wincred.c
@@ -278,8 +278,11 @@ static void read_credential(void)
 			wusername = utf8_to_utf16_dup(v);
 		} else if (!strcmp(buf, "password"))
 			password = utf8_to_utf16_dup(v);
-		else
-			die("unrecognized input");
+		/*
+		 * Ignore other lines; we don't know what they mean, but
+		 * this future-proofs us when later versions of git do
+		 * learn new lines, and the helpers are updated to match.
+		 */
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/contrib/subtree/git-subtree.sh b/contrib/subtree/git-subtree.sh
index 7562a39..10c9c87 100755
--- a/contrib/subtree/git-subtree.sh
+++ b/contrib/subtree/git-subtree.sh
@@ -98,10 +98,18 @@
 assert () {
 	if ! "$@"
 	then
-		die "assertion failed: $*"
+		die "fatal: assertion failed: $*"
 	fi
 }
 
+# Usage: die_incompatible_opt OPTION COMMAND
+die_incompatible_opt () {
+	assert test "$#" = 2
+	opt="$1"
+	arg_command="$2"
+	die "fatal: the '$opt' flag does not make sense with 'git subtree $arg_command'."
+}
+
 main () {
 	if test $# -eq 0
 	then
@@ -147,7 +155,7 @@
 		allow_addmerge=$arg_split_rejoin
 		;;
 	*)
-		die "Unknown command '$arg_command'"
+		die "fatal: unknown command '$arg_command'"
 		;;
 	esac
 	# Reset the arguments array for "real" flag parsing.
@@ -176,16 +184,16 @@
 			arg_debug=1
 			;;
 		--annotate)
-			test -n "$allow_split" || die "The '$opt' flag does not make sense with 'git subtree $arg_command'."
+			test -n "$allow_split" || die_incompatible_opt "$opt" "$arg_command"
 			arg_split_annotate="$1"
 			shift
 			;;
 		--no-annotate)
-			test -n "$allow_split" || die "The '$opt' flag does not make sense with 'git subtree $arg_command'."
+			test -n "$allow_split" || die_incompatible_opt "$opt" "$arg_command"
 			arg_split_annotate=
 			;;
 		-b)
-			test -n "$allow_split" || die "The '$opt' flag does not make sense with 'git subtree $arg_command'."
+			test -n "$allow_split" || die_incompatible_opt "$opt" "$arg_command"
 			arg_split_branch="$1"
 			shift
 			;;
@@ -194,7 +202,7 @@
 			shift
 			;;
 		-m)
-			test -n "$allow_addmerge" || die "The '$opt' flag does not make sense with 'git subtree $arg_command'."
+			test -n "$allow_addmerge" || die_incompatible_opt "$opt" "$arg_command"
 			arg_addmerge_message="$1"
 			shift
 			;;
@@ -202,41 +210,41 @@
 			arg_prefix=
 			;;
 		--onto)
-			test -n "$allow_split" || die "The '$opt' flag does not make sense with 'git subtree $arg_command'."
+			test -n "$allow_split" || die_incompatible_opt "$opt" "$arg_command"
 			arg_split_onto="$1"
 			shift
 			;;
 		--no-onto)
-			test -n "$allow_split" || die "The '$opt' flag does not make sense with 'git subtree $arg_command'."
+			test -n "$allow_split" || die_incompatible_opt "$opt" "$arg_command"
 			arg_split_onto=
 			;;
 		--rejoin)
-			test -n "$allow_split" || die "The '$opt' flag does not make sense with 'git subtree $arg_command'."
+			test -n "$allow_split" || die_incompatible_opt "$opt" "$arg_command"
 			;;
 		--no-rejoin)
-			test -n "$allow_split" || die "The '$opt' flag does not make sense with 'git subtree $arg_command'."
+			test -n "$allow_split" || die_incompatible_opt "$opt" "$arg_command"
 			;;
 		--ignore-joins)
-			test -n "$allow_split" || die "The '$opt' flag does not make sense with 'git subtree $arg_command'."
+			test -n "$allow_split" || die_incompatible_opt "$opt" "$arg_command"
 			arg_split_ignore_joins=1
 			;;
 		--no-ignore-joins)
-			test -n "$allow_split" || die "The '$opt' flag does not make sense with 'git subtree $arg_command'."
+			test -n "$allow_split" || die_incompatible_opt "$opt" "$arg_command"
 			arg_split_ignore_joins=
 			;;
 		--squash)
-			test -n "$allow_addmerge" || die "The '$opt' flag does not make sense with 'git subtree $arg_command'."
+			test -n "$allow_addmerge" || die_incompatible_opt "$opt" "$arg_command"
 			arg_addmerge_squash=1
 			;;
 		--no-squash)
-			test -n "$allow_addmerge" || die "The '$opt' flag does not make sense with 'git subtree $arg_command'."
+			test -n "$allow_addmerge" || die_incompatible_opt "$opt" "$arg_command"
 			arg_addmerge_squash=
 			;;
 		--)
 			break
 			;;
 		*)
-			die "Unexpected option: $opt"
+			die "fatal: unexpected option: $opt"
 			;;
 		esac
 	done
@@ -244,17 +252,17 @@
 
 	if test -z "$arg_prefix"
 	then
-		die "You must provide the --prefix option."
+		die "fatal: you must provide the --prefix option."
 	fi
 
 	case "$arg_command" in
 	add)
 		test -e "$arg_prefix" &&
-			die "prefix '$arg_prefix' already exists."
+			die "fatal: prefix '$arg_prefix' already exists."
 		;;
 	*)
 		test -e "$arg_prefix" ||
-			die "'$arg_prefix' does not exist; use 'git subtree add'"
+			die "fatal: '$arg_prefix' does not exist; use 'git subtree add'"
 		;;
 	esac
 
@@ -274,11 +282,11 @@
 	assert test $# = 0
 	cachedir="$GIT_DIR/subtree-cache/$$"
 	rm -rf "$cachedir" ||
-		die "Can't delete old cachedir: $cachedir"
+		die "fatal: can't delete old cachedir: $cachedir"
 	mkdir -p "$cachedir" ||
-		die "Can't create new cachedir: $cachedir"
+		die "fatal: can't create new cachedir: $cachedir"
 	mkdir -p "$cachedir/notree" ||
-		die "Can't create new cachedir: $cachedir/notree"
+		die "fatal: can't create new cachedir: $cachedir/notree"
 	debug "Using cachedir: $cachedir" >&2
 }
 
@@ -334,7 +342,7 @@
 		test "$oldrev" != "latest_new" &&
 		test -e "$cachedir/$oldrev"
 	then
-		die "cache for $oldrev already exists!"
+		die "fatal: cache for $oldrev already exists!"
 	fi
 	echo "$newrev" >"$cachedir/$oldrev"
 }
@@ -363,13 +371,47 @@
 	fi
 }
 
-# Usage: find_latest_squash DIR
+# Usage: process_subtree_split_trailer SPLIT_HASH MAIN_HASH [REPOSITORY]
+process_subtree_split_trailer () {
+	assert test $# = 2 -o $# = 3
+	b="$1"
+	sq="$2"
+	repository=""
+	if test "$#" = 3
+	then
+		repository="$3"
+	fi
+	fail_msg="fatal: could not rev-parse split hash $b from commit $sq"
+	if ! sub="$(git rev-parse --verify --quiet "$b^{commit}")"
+	then
+		# if 'repository' was given, try to fetch the 'git-subtree-split' hash
+		# before 'rev-parse'-ing it again, as it might be a tag that we do not have locally
+		if test -n "${repository}"
+		then
+			git fetch "$repository" "$b"
+			sub="$(git rev-parse --verify --quiet "$b^{commit}")" ||
+				die "$fail_msg"
+		else
+			hint1=$(printf "hint: hash might be a tag, try fetching it from the subtree repository:")
+			hint2=$(printf "hint:    git fetch <subtree-repository> $b")
+			fail_msg=$(printf "$fail_msg\n$hint1\n$hint2")
+			die "$fail_msg"
+		fi
+	fi
+}
+
+# Usage: find_latest_squash DIR [REPOSITORY]
 find_latest_squash () {
-	assert test $# = 1
-	debug "Looking for latest squash ($dir)..."
+	assert test $# = 1 -o $# = 2
+	dir="$1"
+	repository=""
+	if test "$#" = 2
+	then
+		repository="$2"
+	fi
+	debug "Looking for latest squash (dir=$dir, repository=$repository)..."
 	local indent=$(($indent + 1))
 
-	dir="$1"
 	sq=
 	main=
 	sub=
@@ -387,8 +429,7 @@
 			main="$b"
 			;;
 		git-subtree-split:)
-			sub="$(git rev-parse "$b^{commit}")" ||
-			die "could not rev-parse split hash $b from commit $sq"
+			process_subtree_split_trailer "$b" "$sq" "$repository"
 			;;
 		END)
 			if test -n "$sub"
@@ -412,14 +453,19 @@
 	done || exit $?
 }
 
-# Usage: find_existing_splits DIR REV
+# Usage: find_existing_splits DIR REV [REPOSITORY]
 find_existing_splits () {
-	assert test $# = 2
+	assert test $# = 2 -o $# = 3
 	debug "Looking for prior splits..."
 	local indent=$(($indent + 1))
 
 	dir="$1"
 	rev="$2"
+	repository=""
+	if test "$#" = 3
+	then
+		repository="$3"
+	fi
 	main=
 	sub=
 	local grep_format="^git-subtree-dir: $dir/*\$"
@@ -439,8 +485,7 @@
 			main="$b"
 			;;
 		git-subtree-split:)
-			sub="$(git rev-parse "$b^{commit}")" ||
-			die "could not rev-parse split hash $b from commit $sq"
+			process_subtree_split_trailer "$b" "$sq" "$repository"
 			;;
 		END)
 			debug "Main is: '$main'"
@@ -490,7 +535,7 @@
 			cat
 		) |
 		git commit-tree "$2" $3  # reads the rest of stdin
-	) || die "Can't copy commit $1"
+	) || die "fatal: can't copy commit $1"
 }
 
 # Usage: add_msg DIR LATEST_OLD LATEST_NEW
@@ -718,11 +763,11 @@
 	assert test $# = 0
 	if ! git diff-index HEAD --exit-code --quiet 2>&1
 	then
-		die "Working tree has modifications.  Cannot add."
+		die "fatal: working tree has modifications.  Cannot add."
 	fi
 	if ! git diff-index --cached HEAD --exit-code --quiet 2>&1
 	then
-		die "Index has modifications.  Cannot add."
+		die "fatal: index has modifications.  Cannot add."
 	fi
 }
 
@@ -730,7 +775,7 @@
 ensure_valid_ref_format () {
 	assert test $# = 1
 	git check-ref-format "refs/heads/$1" ||
-		die "'$1' does not look like a ref"
+		die "fatal: '$1' does not look like a ref"
 }
 
 # Usage: process_split_commit REV PARENTS
@@ -796,7 +841,7 @@
 	if test $# -eq 1
 	then
 		git rev-parse -q --verify "$1^{commit}" >/dev/null ||
-			die "'$1' does not refer to a commit"
+			die "fatal: '$1' does not refer to a commit"
 
 		cmd_add_commit "$@"
 
@@ -811,7 +856,7 @@
 
 		cmd_add_repository "$@"
 	else
-		say >&2 "error: parameters were '$*'"
+		say >&2 "fatal: parameters were '$*'"
 		die "Provide either a commit or a repository and commit."
 	fi
 }
@@ -843,7 +888,7 @@
 	git checkout -- "$dir" || exit $?
 	tree=$(git write-tree) || exit $?
 
-	headrev=$(git rev-parse HEAD) || exit $?
+	headrev=$(git rev-parse --verify HEAD) || exit $?
 	if test -n "$headrev" && test "$headrev" != "$rev"
 	then
 		headp="-p $headrev"
@@ -866,17 +911,22 @@
 	say >&2 "Added dir '$dir'"
 }
 
-# Usage: cmd_split [REV]
+# Usage: cmd_split [REV] [REPOSITORY]
 cmd_split () {
 	if test $# -eq 0
 	then
 		rev=$(git rev-parse HEAD)
-	elif test $# -eq 1
+	elif test $# -eq 1 -o $# -eq 2
 	then
 		rev=$(git rev-parse -q --verify "$1^{commit}") ||
-			die "'$1' does not refer to a commit"
+			die "fatal: '$1' does not refer to a commit"
 	else
-		die "You must provide exactly one revision.  Got: '$*'"
+		die "fatal: you must provide exactly one revision, and optionnally a repository.  Got: '$*'"
+	fi
+	repository=""
+	if test "$#" = 2
+	then
+		repository="$2"
 	fi
 
 	if test -n "$arg_split_rejoin"
@@ -900,7 +950,7 @@
 		done || exit $?
 	fi
 
-	unrevs="$(find_existing_splits "$dir" "$rev")" || exit $?
+	unrevs="$(find_existing_splits "$dir" "$rev" "$repository")" || exit $?
 
 	# We can't restrict rev-list to only $dir here, because some of our
 	# parents have the $dir contents the root, and those won't match.
@@ -919,7 +969,7 @@
 	latest_new=$(cache_get latest_new) || exit $?
 	if test -z "$latest_new"
 	then
-		die "No new revisions were found"
+		die "fatal: no new revisions were found"
 	fi
 
 	if test -n "$arg_split_rejoin"
@@ -940,7 +990,7 @@
 		then
 			if ! git merge-base --is-ancestor "$arg_split_branch" "$latest_new"
 			then
-				die "Branch '$arg_split_branch' is not an ancestor of commit '$latest_new'."
+				die "fatal: branch '$arg_split_branch' is not an ancestor of commit '$latest_new'."
 			fi
 			action='Updated'
 		else
@@ -954,20 +1004,25 @@
 	exit 0
 }
 
-# Usage: cmd_merge REV
+# Usage: cmd_merge REV [REPOSITORY]
 cmd_merge () {
-	test $# -eq 1 ||
-		die "You must provide exactly one revision.  Got: '$*'"
+	test $# -eq 1 -o $# -eq 2 ||
+		die "fatal: you must provide exactly one revision, and optionally a repository. Got: '$*'"
 	rev=$(git rev-parse -q --verify "$1^{commit}") ||
-		die "'$1' does not refer to a commit"
+		die "fatal: '$1' does not refer to a commit"
+	repository=""
+	if test "$#" = 2
+	then
+		repository="$2"
+	fi
 	ensure_clean
 
 	if test -n "$arg_addmerge_squash"
 	then
-		first_split="$(find_latest_squash "$dir")" || exit $?
+		first_split="$(find_latest_squash "$dir" "$repository")" || exit $?
 		if test -z "$first_split"
 		then
-			die "Can't squash-merge: '$dir' was never added."
+			die "fatal: can't squash-merge: '$dir' was never added."
 		fi
 		set $first_split
 		old=$1
@@ -995,19 +1050,21 @@
 cmd_pull () {
 	if test $# -ne 2
 	then
-		die "You must provide <repository> <ref>"
+		die "fatal: you must provide <repository> <ref>"
 	fi
+	repository="$1"
+	ref="$2"
 	ensure_clean
-	ensure_valid_ref_format "$2"
-	git fetch "$@" || exit $?
-	cmd_merge FETCH_HEAD
+	ensure_valid_ref_format "$ref"
+	git fetch "$repository" "$ref" || exit $?
+	cmd_merge FETCH_HEAD "$repository"
 }
 
 # Usage: cmd_push REPOSITORY [+][LOCALREV:]REMOTEREF
 cmd_push () {
 	if test $# -ne 2
 	then
-		die "You must provide <repository> <refspec>"
+		die "fatal: you must provide <repository> <refspec>"
 	fi
 	if test -e "$dir"
 	then
@@ -1022,13 +1079,13 @@
 		fi
 		ensure_valid_ref_format "$remoteref"
 		localrev_presplit=$(git rev-parse -q --verify "$localrevname_presplit^{commit}") ||
-			die "'$localrevname_presplit' does not refer to a commit"
+			die "fatal: '$localrevname_presplit' does not refer to a commit"
 
 		echo "git push using: " "$repository" "$refspec"
-		localrev=$(cmd_split "$localrev_presplit") || die
+		localrev=$(cmd_split "$localrev_presplit" "$repository") || die
 		git push "$repository" "$localrev":"refs/heads/$remoteref"
 	else
-		die "'$dir' must already exist. Try 'git subtree add'."
+		die "fatal: '$dir' must already exist. Try 'git subtree add'."
 	fi
 }
 
diff --git a/contrib/subtree/git-subtree.txt b/contrib/subtree/git-subtree.txt
index 9cddfa2..004abf4 100644
--- a/contrib/subtree/git-subtree.txt
+++ b/contrib/subtree/git-subtree.txt
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 [verse]
 'git subtree' [<options>] -P <prefix> add <local-commit>
 'git subtree' [<options>] -P <prefix> add <repository> <remote-ref>
-'git subtree' [<options>] -P <prefix> merge <local-commit>
+'git subtree' [<options>] -P <prefix> merge <local-commit> [<repository>]
 'git subtree' [<options>] -P <prefix> split [<local-commit>]
 
 [verse]
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@
 	only a single commit from the subproject, rather than its
 	entire history.
 
-merge <local-commit>::
+merge <local-commit> [<repository>]::
 	Merge recent changes up to <local-commit> into the <prefix>
 	subtree.  As with normal 'git merge', this doesn't
 	remove your own local changes; it just merges those
@@ -88,8 +88,13 @@
 forward; you can use this command to go back in time from v2.5 to v2.4,
 for example.  If your merge introduces a conflict, you can resolve it in
 the usual ways.
++
+When using '--squash', and the previous merge with '--squash' merged an
+annotated tag of the subtree repository, that tag needs to be available locally.
+If <repository> is given, a missing tag will automatically be fetched from that
+repository.
 
-split [<local-commit>]::
+split [<local-commit>] [<repository>]::
 	Extract a new, synthetic project history from the
 	history of the <prefix> subtree of <local-commit>, or of
 	HEAD if no <local-commit> is given.  The new history
@@ -109,6 +114,11 @@
 Because of this, if you add new commits and then re-split, the new
 commits will be attached as commits on top of the history you
 generated last time, so 'git merge' and friends will work as expected.
++
+When a previous merge with '--squash' merged an annotated tag of the
+subtree repository, that tag needs to be available locally.
+If <repository> is given, a missing tag will automatically be fetched from that
+repository.
 
 pull <repository> <remote-ref>::
 	Exactly like 'merge', but parallels 'git pull' in that
diff --git a/contrib/subtree/t/t7900-subtree.sh b/contrib/subtree/t/t7900-subtree.sh
index 1c1f76f..341c169 100755
--- a/contrib/subtree/t/t7900-subtree.sh
+++ b/contrib/subtree/t/t7900-subtree.sh
@@ -43,6 +43,30 @@
 	git log --pretty=format:%s -1
 }
 
+# Upon 'git subtree add|merge --squash' of an annotated tag,
+# pre-2.32.0 versions of 'git subtree' would write the hash of the tag
+# (sub1 below), instead of the commit (sub1^{commit}) in the
+# "git-subtree-split" trailer.
+# We immitate this behaviour below using a replace ref.
+# This function creates 3 repositories:
+# - $1
+# - $1-sub (added as subtree "sub" in $1)
+# - $1-clone (clone of $1)
+test_create_pre2_32_repo () {
+	subtree_test_create_repo "$1" &&
+	subtree_test_create_repo "$1-sub" &&
+	test_commit -C "$1" main1 &&
+	test_commit -C "$1-sub" --annotate sub1 &&
+	git -C "$1" subtree add --prefix="sub" --squash "../$1-sub" sub1 &&
+	tag=$(git -C "$1" rev-parse FETCH_HEAD) &&
+	commit=$(git -C "$1" rev-parse FETCH_HEAD^{commit}) &&
+	git -C "$1" log -1 --format=%B HEAD^2 >msg &&
+	test_commit -C "$1-sub" --annotate sub2 &&
+	git clone --no-local "$1" "$1-clone" &&
+	new_commit=$(cat msg | sed -e "s/$commit/$tag/" | git -C "$1-clone" commit-tree HEAD^2^{tree}) &&
+	git -C "$1-clone" replace HEAD^2 $new_commit
+}
+
 test_expect_success 'shows short help text for -h' '
 	test_expect_code 129 git subtree -h >out 2>err &&
 	test_must_be_empty err &&
@@ -264,6 +288,13 @@
 	)
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'merge with --squash after annotated tag was added/merged with --squash pre-v2.32.0 ' '
+	test_create_pre2_32_repo "$test_count" &&
+	git -C "$test_count-clone" fetch "../$test_count-sub" sub2  &&
+	test_must_fail git -C "$test_count-clone" subtree merge --prefix="sub" --squash FETCH_HEAD &&
+	git -C "$test_count-clone" subtree merge --prefix="sub" --squash FETCH_HEAD  "../$test_count-sub"
+'
+
 #
 # Tests for 'git subtree split'
 #
@@ -277,7 +308,7 @@
 		cd "$test_count" &&
 		git fetch ./"sub proj" HEAD &&
 		git subtree add --prefix="sub dir" FETCH_HEAD &&
-		echo "You must provide the --prefix option." >expected &&
+		echo "fatal: you must provide the --prefix option." >expected &&
 		test_must_fail git subtree split >actual 2>&1 &&
 		test_debug "printf '"expected: "'" &&
 		test_debug "cat expected" &&
@@ -296,7 +327,7 @@
 		cd "$test_count" &&
 		git fetch ./"sub proj" HEAD &&
 		git subtree add --prefix="sub dir" FETCH_HEAD &&
-		echo "'\''non-existent-directory'\'' does not exist; use '\''git subtree add'\''" >expected &&
+		echo "fatal: '\''non-existent-directory'\'' does not exist; use '\''git subtree add'\''" >expected &&
 		test_must_fail git subtree split --prefix=non-existent-directory >actual 2>&1 &&
 		test_debug "printf '"expected: "'" &&
 		test_debug "cat expected" &&
@@ -551,6 +582,12 @@
 	)
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'split after annotated tag was added/merged with --squash pre-v2.32.0' '
+	test_create_pre2_32_repo "$test_count" &&
+	test_must_fail git -C "$test_count-clone" subtree split --prefix="sub" HEAD &&
+	git -C "$test_count-clone" subtree split --prefix="sub" HEAD "../$test_count-sub"
+'
+
 #
 # Tests for 'git subtree pull'
 #
@@ -570,7 +607,7 @@
 		cd "$test_count" &&
 		test_must_fail git subtree pull ./"sub proj" HEAD >out 2>err &&
 
-		echo "You must provide the --prefix option." >expected &&
+		echo "fatal: you must provide the --prefix option." >expected &&
 		test_must_be_empty out &&
 		test_cmp expected err
 	)
@@ -584,7 +621,7 @@
 	(
 		test_must_fail git subtree pull --prefix="sub dir" ./"sub proj" HEAD >out 2>err &&
 
-		echo "'\''sub dir'\'' does not exist; use '\''git subtree add'\''" >expected &&
+		echo "fatal: '\''sub dir'\'' does not exist; use '\''git subtree add'\''" >expected &&
 		test_must_be_empty out &&
 		test_cmp expected err
 	)
@@ -630,6 +667,11 @@
 	)
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'pull with --squash after annotated tag was added/merged with --squash pre-v2.32.0 ' '
+	test_create_pre2_32_repo "$test_count" &&
+	git -C "$test_count-clone" subtree -d pull --prefix="sub" --squash "../$test_count-sub" sub2
+'
+
 #
 # Tests for 'git subtree push'
 #
@@ -643,7 +685,7 @@
 		cd "$test_count" &&
 		git fetch ./"sub proj" HEAD &&
 		git subtree add --prefix="sub dir" FETCH_HEAD &&
-		echo "You must provide the --prefix option." >expected &&
+		echo "fatal: you must provide the --prefix option." >expected &&
 		test_must_fail git subtree push "./sub proj" from-mainline >actual 2>&1 &&
 		test_debug "printf '"expected: "'" &&
 		test_debug "cat expected" &&
@@ -662,7 +704,7 @@
 		cd "$test_count" &&
 		git fetch ./"sub proj" HEAD &&
 		git subtree add --prefix="sub dir" FETCH_HEAD &&
-		echo "'\''non-existent-directory'\'' does not exist; use '\''git subtree add'\''" >expected &&
+		echo "fatal: '\''non-existent-directory'\'' does not exist; use '\''git subtree add'\''" >expected &&
 		test_must_fail git subtree push --prefix=non-existent-directory "./sub proj" from-mainline >actual 2>&1 &&
 		test_debug "printf '"expected: "'" &&
 		test_debug "cat expected" &&
@@ -953,6 +995,12 @@
 	)
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'push after annotated tag was added/merged with --squash pre-v2.32.0' '
+	test_create_pre2_32_repo "$test_count" &&
+	test_create_commit "$test_count-clone" sub/main-sub1 &&
+	git -C "$test_count-clone" subtree push --prefix="sub" "../$test_count-sub" from-mainline
+'
+
 #
 # Validity checking
 #
diff --git a/convert.c b/convert.c
index 95e6a52..9b67649 100644
--- a/convert.c
+++ b/convert.c
@@ -1549,7 +1549,7 @@ struct stream_filter {
 	struct stream_filter_vtbl *vtbl;
 };
 
-static int null_filter_fn(struct stream_filter *filter,
+static int null_filter_fn(struct stream_filter *filter UNUSED,
 			  const char *input, size_t *isize_p,
 			  char *output, size_t *osize_p)
 {
@@ -1568,7 +1568,7 @@ static int null_filter_fn(struct stream_filter *filter,
 	return 0;
 }
 
-static void null_free_fn(struct stream_filter *filter)
+static void null_free_fn(struct stream_filter *filter UNUSED)
 {
 	; /* nothing -- null instances are shared */
 }
diff --git a/date.c b/date.c
index 68a260c..53bd6a7 100644
--- a/date.c
+++ b/date.c
@@ -1101,7 +1101,7 @@ static void date_tea(struct tm *tm, struct tm *now, int *num)
 	date_time(tm, now, 17);
 }
 
-static void date_pm(struct tm *tm, struct tm *now, int *num)
+static void date_pm(struct tm *tm, struct tm *now UNUSED, int *num)
 {
 	int hour, n = *num;
 	*num = 0;
@@ -1115,7 +1115,7 @@ static void date_pm(struct tm *tm, struct tm *now, int *num)
 	tm->tm_hour = (hour % 12) + 12;
 }
 
-static void date_am(struct tm *tm, struct tm *now, int *num)
+static void date_am(struct tm *tm, struct tm *now UNUSED, int *num)
 {
 	int hour, n = *num;
 	*num = 0;
@@ -1129,7 +1129,7 @@ static void date_am(struct tm *tm, struct tm *now, int *num)
 	tm->tm_hour = (hour % 12);
 }
 
-static void date_never(struct tm *tm, struct tm *now, int *num)
+static void date_never(struct tm *tm, struct tm *now UNUSED, int *num)
 {
 	time_t n = 0;
 	localtime_r(&n, tm);
diff --git a/delta-islands.c b/delta-islands.c
index 26f9e99..90c0d69 100644
--- a/delta-islands.c
+++ b/delta-islands.c
@@ -26,8 +26,6 @@ static kh_oid_map_t *island_marks;
 static unsigned island_counter;
 static unsigned island_counter_core;
 
-static kh_str_t *remote_islands;
-
 struct remote_island {
 	uint64_t hash;
 	struct oid_array oids;
@@ -312,29 +310,55 @@ void resolve_tree_islands(struct repository *r,
 	free(todo);
 }
 
-static regex_t *island_regexes;
-static unsigned int island_regexes_alloc, island_regexes_nr;
+struct island_load_data {
+	kh_str_t *remote_islands;
+	regex_t *rx;
+	size_t nr;
+	size_t alloc;
+};
 static const char *core_island_name;
 
-static int island_config_callback(const char *k, const char *v, void *cb UNUSED)
+static void free_config_regexes(struct island_load_data *ild)
 {
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < ild->nr; i++)
+		regfree(&ild->rx[i]);
+	free(ild->rx);
+}
+
+static void free_remote_islands(kh_str_t *remote_islands)
+{
+	const char *island_name;
+	struct remote_island *rl;
+
+	kh_foreach(remote_islands, island_name, rl, {
+		free((void *)island_name);
+		oid_array_clear(&rl->oids);
+		free(rl);
+	});
+	kh_destroy_str(remote_islands);
+}
+
+static int island_config_callback(const char *k, const char *v, void *cb)
+{
+	struct island_load_data *ild = cb;
+
 	if (!strcmp(k, "pack.island")) {
 		struct strbuf re = STRBUF_INIT;
 
 		if (!v)
 			return config_error_nonbool(k);
 
-		ALLOC_GROW(island_regexes, island_regexes_nr + 1, island_regexes_alloc);
+		ALLOC_GROW(ild->rx, ild->nr + 1, ild->alloc);
 
 		if (*v != '^')
 			strbuf_addch(&re, '^');
 		strbuf_addstr(&re, v);
 
-		if (regcomp(&island_regexes[island_regexes_nr], re.buf, REG_EXTENDED))
+		if (regcomp(&ild->rx[ild->nr], re.buf, REG_EXTENDED))
 			die(_("failed to load island regex for '%s': %s"), k, re.buf);
 
 		strbuf_release(&re);
-		island_regexes_nr++;
+		ild->nr++;
 		return 0;
 	}
 
@@ -344,7 +368,8 @@ static int island_config_callback(const char *k, const char *v, void *cb UNUSED)
 	return 0;
 }
 
-static void add_ref_to_island(const char *island_name, const struct object_id *oid)
+static void add_ref_to_island(kh_str_t *remote_islands, const char *island_name,
+				const struct object_id *oid)
 {
 	uint64_t sha_core;
 	struct remote_island *rl = NULL;
@@ -365,8 +390,10 @@ static void add_ref_to_island(const char *island_name, const struct object_id *o
 }
 
 static int find_island_for_ref(const char *refname, const struct object_id *oid,
-			       int flags UNUSED, void *data UNUSED)
+			       int flags UNUSED, void *cb)
 {
+	struct island_load_data *ild = cb;
+
 	/*
 	 * We should advertise 'ARRAY_SIZE(matches) - 2' as the max,
 	 * so we can diagnose below a config with more capture groups
@@ -377,8 +404,8 @@ static int find_island_for_ref(const char *refname, const struct object_id *oid,
 	struct strbuf island_name = STRBUF_INIT;
 
 	/* walk backwards to get last-one-wins ordering */
-	for (i = island_regexes_nr - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
-		if (!regexec(&island_regexes[i], refname,
+	for (i = ild->nr - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+		if (!regexec(&ild->rx[i], refname,
 			     ARRAY_SIZE(matches), matches, 0))
 			break;
 	}
@@ -403,12 +430,12 @@ static int find_island_for_ref(const char *refname, const struct object_id *oid,
 		strbuf_add(&island_name, refname + match->rm_so, match->rm_eo - match->rm_so);
 	}
 
-	add_ref_to_island(island_name.buf, oid);
+	add_ref_to_island(ild->remote_islands, island_name.buf, oid);
 	strbuf_release(&island_name);
 	return 0;
 }
 
-static struct remote_island *get_core_island(void)
+static struct remote_island *get_core_island(kh_str_t *remote_islands)
 {
 	if (core_island_name) {
 		khiter_t pos = kh_get_str(remote_islands, core_island_name);
@@ -419,7 +446,7 @@ static struct remote_island *get_core_island(void)
 	return NULL;
 }
 
-static void deduplicate_islands(struct repository *r)
+static void deduplicate_islands(kh_str_t *remote_islands, struct repository *r)
 {
 	struct remote_island *island, *core = NULL, **list;
 	unsigned int island_count, dst, src, ref, i = 0;
@@ -445,7 +472,7 @@ static void deduplicate_islands(struct repository *r)
 	}
 
 	island_bitmap_size = (island_count / 32) + 1;
-	core = get_core_island();
+	core = get_core_island(remote_islands);
 
 	for (i = 0; i < island_count; ++i) {
 		mark_remote_island_1(r, list[i], core && list[i]->hash == core->hash);
@@ -456,12 +483,16 @@ static void deduplicate_islands(struct repository *r)
 
 void load_delta_islands(struct repository *r, int progress)
 {
-	island_marks = kh_init_oid_map();
-	remote_islands = kh_init_str();
+	struct island_load_data ild = { 0 };
 
-	git_config(island_config_callback, NULL);
-	for_each_ref(find_island_for_ref, NULL);
-	deduplicate_islands(r);
+	island_marks = kh_init_oid_map();
+
+	git_config(island_config_callback, &ild);
+	ild.remote_islands = kh_init_str();
+	for_each_ref(find_island_for_ref, &ild);
+	free_config_regexes(&ild);
+	deduplicate_islands(ild.remote_islands, r);
+	free_remote_islands(ild.remote_islands);
 
 	if (progress)
 		fprintf(stderr, _("Marked %d islands, done.\n"), island_counter);
diff --git a/diff.c b/diff.c
index 648f671..1054a4b 100644
--- a/diff.c
+++ b/diff.c
@@ -2488,6 +2488,9 @@ static int diffstat_consume(void *priv, char *line, unsigned long len)
 	struct diffstat_t *diffstat = priv;
 	struct diffstat_file *x = diffstat->files[diffstat->nr - 1];
 
+	if (!len)
+		BUG("xdiff fed us an empty line");
+
 	if (line[0] == '+')
 		x->added++;
 	else if (line[0] == '-')
@@ -2621,7 +2624,7 @@ static void show_stats(struct diffstat_t *data, struct diff_options *options)
 			continue;
 		}
 		fill_print_name(file);
-		len = strlen(file->print_name);
+		len = utf8_strwidth(file->print_name);
 		if (max_len < len)
 			max_len = len;
 
@@ -2674,6 +2677,11 @@ static void show_stats(struct diffstat_t *data, struct diff_options *options)
 	 * making the line longer than the maximum width.
 	 */
 
+	/*
+	 * NEEDSWORK: line_prefix is often used for "log --graph" output
+	 * and contains ANSI-colored string.  utf8_strnwidth() should be
+	 * used to correctly count the display width instead of strlen().
+	 */
 	if (options->stat_width == -1)
 		width = term_columns() - strlen(line_prefix);
 	else
@@ -2735,7 +2743,7 @@ static void show_stats(struct diffstat_t *data, struct diff_options *options)
 		char *name = file->print_name;
 		uintmax_t added = file->added;
 		uintmax_t deleted = file->deleted;
-		int name_len;
+		int name_len, padding;
 
 		if (!file->is_interesting && (added + deleted == 0))
 			continue;
@@ -2744,20 +2752,34 @@ static void show_stats(struct diffstat_t *data, struct diff_options *options)
 		 * "scale" the filename
 		 */
 		len = name_width;
-		name_len = strlen(name);
+		name_len = utf8_strwidth(name);
 		if (name_width < name_len) {
 			char *slash;
 			prefix = "...";
 			len -= 3;
+			/*
+			 * NEEDSWORK: (name_len - len) counts the display
+			 * width, which would be shorter than the byte
+			 * length of the corresponding substring.
+			 * Advancing "name" by that number of bytes does
+			 * *NOT* skip over that many columns, so it is
+			 * very likely that chomping the pathname at the
+			 * slash we will find starting from "name" will
+			 * leave the resulting string still too long.
+			 */
 			name += name_len - len;
 			slash = strchr(name, '/');
 			if (slash)
 				name = slash;
 		}
+		padding = len - utf8_strwidth(name);
+		if (padding < 0)
+			padding = 0;
 
 		if (file->is_binary) {
-			strbuf_addf(&out, " %s%-*s |", prefix, len, name);
-			strbuf_addf(&out, " %*s", number_width, "Bin");
+			strbuf_addf(&out, " %s%s%*s | %*s",
+				    prefix, name, padding, "",
+				    number_width, "Bin");
 			if (!added && !deleted) {
 				strbuf_addch(&out, '\n');
 				emit_diff_symbol(options, DIFF_SYMBOL_STATS_LINE,
@@ -2777,8 +2799,9 @@ static void show_stats(struct diffstat_t *data, struct diff_options *options)
 			continue;
 		}
 		else if (file->is_unmerged) {
-			strbuf_addf(&out, " %s%-*s |", prefix, len, name);
-			strbuf_addstr(&out, " Unmerged\n");
+			strbuf_addf(&out, " %s%s%*s | %*s",
+				    prefix, name, padding, "",
+				    number_width, "Unmerged");
 			emit_diff_symbol(options, DIFF_SYMBOL_STATS_LINE,
 					 out.buf, out.len, 0);
 			strbuf_reset(&out);
@@ -2804,10 +2827,10 @@ static void show_stats(struct diffstat_t *data, struct diff_options *options)
 				add = total - del;
 			}
 		}
-		strbuf_addf(&out, " %s%-*s |", prefix, len, name);
-		strbuf_addf(&out, " %*"PRIuMAX"%s",
-			number_width, added + deleted,
-			added + deleted ? " " : "");
+		strbuf_addf(&out, " %s%s%*s | %*"PRIuMAX"%s",
+			    prefix, name, padding, "",
+			    number_width, added + deleted,
+			    added + deleted ? " " : "");
 		show_graph(&out, '+', add, add_c, reset);
 		show_graph(&out, '-', del, del_c, reset);
 		strbuf_addch(&out, '\n');
@@ -4278,35 +4301,34 @@ static void run_external_diff(const char *pgm,
 			      const char *xfrm_msg,
 			      struct diff_options *o)
 {
-	struct strvec argv = STRVEC_INIT;
-	struct strvec env = STRVEC_INIT;
+	struct child_process cmd = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
 	struct diff_queue_struct *q = &diff_queued_diff;
 
-	strvec_push(&argv, pgm);
-	strvec_push(&argv, name);
+	strvec_push(&cmd.args, pgm);
+	strvec_push(&cmd.args, name);
 
 	if (one && two) {
-		add_external_diff_name(o->repo, &argv, name, one);
+		add_external_diff_name(o->repo, &cmd.args, name, one);
 		if (!other)
-			add_external_diff_name(o->repo, &argv, name, two);
+			add_external_diff_name(o->repo, &cmd.args, name, two);
 		else {
-			add_external_diff_name(o->repo, &argv, other, two);
-			strvec_push(&argv, other);
-			strvec_push(&argv, xfrm_msg);
+			add_external_diff_name(o->repo, &cmd.args, other, two);
+			strvec_push(&cmd.args, other);
+			strvec_push(&cmd.args, xfrm_msg);
 		}
 	}
 
-	strvec_pushf(&env, "GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER=%d", ++o->diff_path_counter);
-	strvec_pushf(&env, "GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL=%d", q->nr);
+	strvec_pushf(&cmd.env, "GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER=%d",
+		     ++o->diff_path_counter);
+	strvec_pushf(&cmd.env, "GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL=%d", q->nr);
 
 	diff_free_filespec_data(one);
 	diff_free_filespec_data(two);
-	if (run_command_v_opt_cd_env(argv.v, RUN_USING_SHELL, NULL, env.v))
+	cmd.use_shell = 1;
+	if (run_command(&cmd))
 		die(_("external diff died, stopping at %s"), name);
 
 	remove_tempfile();
-	strvec_clear(&argv);
-	strvec_clear(&env);
 }
 
 static int similarity_index(struct diff_filepair *p)
@@ -5750,6 +5772,13 @@ void diff_free_filepair(struct diff_filepair *p)
 	free(p);
 }
 
+void diff_free_queue(struct diff_queue_struct *q)
+{
+	for (int i = 0; i < q->nr; i++)
+		diff_free_filepair(q->queue[i]);
+	free(q->queue);
+}
+
 const char *diff_aligned_abbrev(const struct object_id *oid, int len)
 {
 	int abblen;
@@ -6206,7 +6235,7 @@ static void patch_id_add_mode(git_hash_ctx *ctx, unsigned mode)
 }
 
 /* returns 0 upon success, and writes result into oid */
-static int diff_get_patch_id(struct diff_options *options, struct object_id *oid, int diff_header_only, int stable)
+static int diff_get_patch_id(struct diff_options *options, struct object_id *oid, int diff_header_only)
 {
 	struct diff_queue_struct *q = &diff_queued_diff;
 	int i;
@@ -6253,66 +6282,63 @@ static int diff_get_patch_id(struct diff_options *options, struct object_id *oid
 		if (p->one->mode == 0) {
 			patch_id_add_string(&ctx, "newfilemode");
 			patch_id_add_mode(&ctx, p->two->mode);
-			patch_id_add_string(&ctx, "---/dev/null");
-			patch_id_add_string(&ctx, "+++b/");
-			the_hash_algo->update_fn(&ctx, p->two->path, len2);
 		} else if (p->two->mode == 0) {
 			patch_id_add_string(&ctx, "deletedfilemode");
 			patch_id_add_mode(&ctx, p->one->mode);
-			patch_id_add_string(&ctx, "---a/");
-			the_hash_algo->update_fn(&ctx, p->one->path, len1);
-			patch_id_add_string(&ctx, "+++/dev/null");
-		} else {
-			patch_id_add_string(&ctx, "---a/");
-			the_hash_algo->update_fn(&ctx, p->one->path, len1);
-			patch_id_add_string(&ctx, "+++b/");
-			the_hash_algo->update_fn(&ctx, p->two->path, len2);
+		} else if (p->one->mode != p->two->mode) {
+			patch_id_add_string(&ctx, "oldmode");
+			patch_id_add_mode(&ctx, p->one->mode);
+			patch_id_add_string(&ctx, "newmode");
+			patch_id_add_mode(&ctx, p->two->mode);
 		}
 
-		if (diff_header_only)
-			continue;
-
-		if (fill_mmfile(options->repo, &mf1, p->one) < 0 ||
-		    fill_mmfile(options->repo, &mf2, p->two) < 0)
-			return error("unable to read files to diff");
-
-		if (diff_filespec_is_binary(options->repo, p->one) ||
+		if (diff_header_only) {
+			/* don't do anything since we're only populating header info */
+		} else if (diff_filespec_is_binary(options->repo, p->one) ||
 		    diff_filespec_is_binary(options->repo, p->two)) {
 			the_hash_algo->update_fn(&ctx, oid_to_hex(&p->one->oid),
 					the_hash_algo->hexsz);
 			the_hash_algo->update_fn(&ctx, oid_to_hex(&p->two->oid),
 					the_hash_algo->hexsz);
-			continue;
+		} else {
+			if (p->one->mode == 0) {
+				patch_id_add_string(&ctx, "---/dev/null");
+				patch_id_add_string(&ctx, "+++b/");
+				the_hash_algo->update_fn(&ctx, p->two->path, len2);
+			} else if (p->two->mode == 0) {
+				patch_id_add_string(&ctx, "---a/");
+				the_hash_algo->update_fn(&ctx, p->one->path, len1);
+				patch_id_add_string(&ctx, "+++/dev/null");
+			} else {
+				patch_id_add_string(&ctx, "---a/");
+				the_hash_algo->update_fn(&ctx, p->one->path, len1);
+				patch_id_add_string(&ctx, "+++b/");
+				the_hash_algo->update_fn(&ctx, p->two->path, len2);
+			}
+
+			if (fill_mmfile(options->repo, &mf1, p->one) < 0 ||
+			    fill_mmfile(options->repo, &mf2, p->two) < 0)
+				return error("unable to read files to diff");
+			xpp.flags = 0;
+			xecfg.ctxlen = 3;
+			xecfg.flags = XDL_EMIT_NO_HUNK_HDR;
+			if (xdi_diff_outf(&mf1, &mf2, NULL,
+					  patch_id_consume, &data, &xpp, &xecfg))
+				return error("unable to generate patch-id diff for %s",
+					     p->one->path);
 		}
-
-		xpp.flags = 0;
-		xecfg.ctxlen = 3;
-		xecfg.flags = XDL_EMIT_NO_HUNK_HDR;
-		if (xdi_diff_outf(&mf1, &mf2, NULL,
-				  patch_id_consume, &data, &xpp, &xecfg))
-			return error("unable to generate patch-id diff for %s",
-				     p->one->path);
-
-		if (stable)
-			flush_one_hunk(oid, &ctx);
+		flush_one_hunk(oid, &ctx);
 	}
 
-	if (!stable)
-		the_hash_algo->final_oid_fn(oid, &ctx);
-
 	return 0;
 }
 
-int diff_flush_patch_id(struct diff_options *options, struct object_id *oid, int diff_header_only, int stable)
+int diff_flush_patch_id(struct diff_options *options, struct object_id *oid, int diff_header_only)
 {
 	struct diff_queue_struct *q = &diff_queued_diff;
-	int i;
-	int result = diff_get_patch_id(options, oid, diff_header_only, stable);
+	int result = diff_get_patch_id(options, oid, diff_header_only);
 
-	for (i = 0; i < q->nr; i++)
-		diff_free_filepair(q->queue[i]);
-
-	free(q->queue);
+	diff_free_queue(q);
 	DIFF_QUEUE_CLEAR(q);
 
 	return result;
@@ -6581,10 +6607,8 @@ void diff_flush(struct diff_options *options)
 	if (output_format & DIFF_FORMAT_CALLBACK)
 		options->format_callback(q, options, options->format_callback_data);
 
-	for (i = 0; i < q->nr; i++)
-		diff_free_filepair(q->queue[i]);
 free_queue:
-	free(q->queue);
+	diff_free_queue(q);
 	DIFF_QUEUE_CLEAR(q);
 	diff_free(options);
 
diff --git a/diff.h b/diff.h
index 8ae18e5..fd33cae 100644
--- a/diff.h
+++ b/diff.h
@@ -634,7 +634,7 @@ int run_diff_files(struct rev_info *revs, unsigned int option);
 int run_diff_index(struct rev_info *revs, unsigned int option);
 
 int do_diff_cache(const struct object_id *, struct diff_options *);
-int diff_flush_patch_id(struct diff_options *, struct object_id *, int, int);
+int diff_flush_patch_id(struct diff_options *, struct object_id *, int);
 void flush_one_hunk(struct object_id *result, git_hash_ctx *ctx);
 
 int diff_result_code(struct diff_options *, int);
diff --git a/diffcore-pickaxe.c b/diffcore-pickaxe.c
index c88e50c..03fcbcb 100644
--- a/diffcore-pickaxe.c
+++ b/diffcore-pickaxe.c
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ static int diffgrep_consume(void *priv, char *line, unsigned long len)
 
 static int diff_grep(mmfile_t *one, mmfile_t *two,
 		     struct diff_options *o,
-		     regex_t *regexp, kwset_t kws)
+		     regex_t *regexp, kwset_t kws UNUSED)
 {
 	struct diffgrep_cb ecbdata;
 	xpparam_t xpp;
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ static unsigned int contains(mmfile_t *mf, regex_t *regexp, kwset_t kws,
 }
 
 static int has_changes(mmfile_t *one, mmfile_t *two,
-		       struct diff_options *o,
+		       struct diff_options *o UNUSED,
 		       regex_t *regexp, kwset_t kws)
 {
 	unsigned int c1 = one ? contains(one, regexp, kws, 0) : 0;
diff --git a/diffcore.h b/diffcore.h
index badc226..9b588a1 100644
--- a/diffcore.h
+++ b/diffcore.h
@@ -162,6 +162,7 @@ struct diff_filepair *diff_queue(struct diff_queue_struct *,
 				 struct diff_filespec *,
 				 struct diff_filespec *);
 void diff_q(struct diff_queue_struct *, struct diff_filepair *);
+void diff_free_queue(struct diff_queue_struct *q);
 
 /* dir_rename_relevance: the reason we want rename information for a dir */
 enum dir_rename_relevance {
diff --git a/exec-cmd.c b/exec-cmd.c
index eeb2ee5..0232bbc 100644
--- a/exec-cmd.c
+++ b/exec-cmd.c
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ static const char *system_prefix(void)
  * This is called during initialization, but No work needs to be done here when
  * runtime prefix is not being used.
  */
-void git_resolve_executable_dir(const char *argv0)
+void git_resolve_executable_dir(const char *argv0 UNUSED)
 {
 }
 
diff --git a/fsck.h b/fsck.h
index 121b831..fcecf41 100644
--- a/fsck.h
+++ b/fsck.h
@@ -13,6 +13,12 @@ enum fsck_msg_type {
 	FSCK_WARN,
 };
 
+/*
+ * Documentation/fsck-msgids.txt documents these; when
+ * modifying this list in any way, make sure to keep the
+ * two in sync.
+ */
+
 #define FOREACH_FSCK_MSG_ID(FUNC) \
 	/* fatal errors */ \
 	FUNC(NUL_IN_HEADER, FATAL) \
@@ -24,7 +30,6 @@ enum fsck_msg_type {
 	FUNC(BAD_NAME, ERROR) \
 	FUNC(BAD_OBJECT_SHA1, ERROR) \
 	FUNC(BAD_PARENT_SHA1, ERROR) \
-	FUNC(BAD_TAG_OBJECT, ERROR) \
 	FUNC(BAD_TIMEZONE, ERROR) \
 	FUNC(BAD_TREE, ERROR) \
 	FUNC(BAD_TREE_SHA1, ERROR) \
@@ -40,7 +45,6 @@ enum fsck_msg_type {
 	FUNC(MISSING_TAG, ERROR) \
 	FUNC(MISSING_TAG_ENTRY, ERROR) \
 	FUNC(MISSING_TREE, ERROR) \
-	FUNC(MISSING_TREE_OBJECT, ERROR) \
 	FUNC(MISSING_TYPE, ERROR) \
 	FUNC(MISSING_TYPE_ENTRY, ERROR) \
 	FUNC(MULTIPLE_AUTHORS, ERROR) \
diff --git a/fsmonitor--daemon.h b/fsmonitor--daemon.h
index 2102a5c..e24838f 100644
--- a/fsmonitor--daemon.h
+++ b/fsmonitor--daemon.h
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 #include "run-command.h"
 #include "simple-ipc.h"
 #include "thread-utils.h"
+#include "fsmonitor-path-utils.h"
 
 struct fsmonitor_batch;
 struct fsmonitor_token_data;
@@ -43,6 +44,7 @@ struct fsmonitor_daemon_state {
 
 	struct strbuf path_worktree_watch;
 	struct strbuf path_gitdir_watch;
+	struct alias_info alias;
 	int nr_paths_watching;
 
 	struct fsmonitor_token_data *current_token_data;
@@ -59,6 +61,7 @@ struct fsmonitor_daemon_state {
 
 	struct ipc_server_data *ipc_server_data;
 	struct strbuf path_ipc;
+
 };
 
 /*
diff --git a/fsmonitor-ipc.c b/fsmonitor-ipc.c
index 789e739..19d772f 100644
--- a/fsmonitor-ipc.c
+++ b/fsmonitor-ipc.c
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ int fsmonitor_ipc__is_supported(void)
 	return 0;
 }
 
-const char *fsmonitor_ipc__get_path(void)
+const char *fsmonitor_ipc__get_path(struct repository *r)
 {
 	return NULL;
 }
@@ -47,19 +47,21 @@ int fsmonitor_ipc__is_supported(void)
 	return 1;
 }
 
-GIT_PATH_FUNC(fsmonitor_ipc__get_path, "fsmonitor--daemon.ipc")
-
 enum ipc_active_state fsmonitor_ipc__get_state(void)
 {
-	return ipc_get_active_state(fsmonitor_ipc__get_path());
+	return ipc_get_active_state(fsmonitor_ipc__get_path(the_repository));
 }
 
 static int spawn_daemon(void)
 {
-	const char *args[] = { "fsmonitor--daemon", "start", NULL };
+	struct child_process cmd = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
 
-	return run_command_v_opt_tr2(args, RUN_COMMAND_NO_STDIN | RUN_GIT_CMD,
-				    "fsmonitor");
+	cmd.git_cmd = 1;
+	cmd.no_stdin = 1;
+	cmd.trace2_child_class = "fsmonitor";
+	strvec_pushl(&cmd.args, "fsmonitor--daemon", "start", NULL);
+
+	return run_command(&cmd);
 }
 
 int fsmonitor_ipc__send_query(const char *since_token,
@@ -81,8 +83,8 @@ int fsmonitor_ipc__send_query(const char *since_token,
 	trace2_data_string("fsm_client", NULL, "query/command", tok);
 
 try_again:
-	state = ipc_client_try_connect(fsmonitor_ipc__get_path(), &options,
-				       &connection);
+	state = ipc_client_try_connect(fsmonitor_ipc__get_path(the_repository),
+						&options, &connection);
 
 	switch (state) {
 	case IPC_STATE__LISTENING:
@@ -117,13 +119,13 @@ int fsmonitor_ipc__send_query(const char *since_token,
 
 	case IPC_STATE__INVALID_PATH:
 		ret = error(_("fsmonitor_ipc__send_query: invalid path '%s'"),
-			    fsmonitor_ipc__get_path());
+			    fsmonitor_ipc__get_path(the_repository));
 		goto done;
 
 	case IPC_STATE__OTHER_ERROR:
 	default:
 		ret = error(_("fsmonitor_ipc__send_query: unspecified error on '%s'"),
-			    fsmonitor_ipc__get_path());
+			    fsmonitor_ipc__get_path(the_repository));
 		goto done;
 	}
 
@@ -149,8 +151,8 @@ int fsmonitor_ipc__send_command(const char *command,
 	options.wait_if_busy = 1;
 	options.wait_if_not_found = 0;
 
-	state = ipc_client_try_connect(fsmonitor_ipc__get_path(), &options,
-				       &connection);
+	state = ipc_client_try_connect(fsmonitor_ipc__get_path(the_repository),
+						&options, &connection);
 	if (state != IPC_STATE__LISTENING) {
 		die(_("fsmonitor--daemon is not running"));
 		return -1;
diff --git a/fsmonitor-ipc.h b/fsmonitor-ipc.h
index b6a7067..8b489da 100644
--- a/fsmonitor-ipc.h
+++ b/fsmonitor-ipc.h
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@
 
 #include "simple-ipc.h"
 
+struct repository;
+
 /*
  * Returns true if built-in file system monitor daemon is defined
  * for this platform.
@@ -16,7 +18,7 @@ int fsmonitor_ipc__is_supported(void);
  *
  * Returns NULL if the daemon is not supported on this platform.
  */
-const char *fsmonitor_ipc__get_path(void);
+const char *fsmonitor_ipc__get_path(struct repository *r);
 
 /*
  * Try to determine whether there is a `git-fsmonitor--daemon` process
diff --git a/fsmonitor-path-utils.h b/fsmonitor-path-utils.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5bfdfb8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fsmonitor-path-utils.h
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+#ifndef FSM_PATH_UTILS_H
+#define FSM_PATH_UTILS_H
+
+#include "strbuf.h"
+
+struct alias_info
+{
+	struct strbuf alias;
+	struct strbuf points_to;
+};
+
+struct fs_info {
+	int is_remote;
+	char *typename;
+};
+
+/*
+ * Get some basic filesystem information for the given path
+ *
+ * The caller owns the storage that is occupied by fs_info and
+ * is responsible for releasing it.
+ *
+ * Returns -1 on error, zero otherwise.
+ */
+int fsmonitor__get_fs_info(const char *path, struct fs_info *fs_info);
+
+/*
+ * Determines if the filesystem that path resides on is remote.
+ *
+ * Returns -1 on error, 0 if not remote, 1 if remote.
+ */
+int fsmonitor__is_fs_remote(const char *path);
+
+/*
+ * Get the alias in given path, if any.
+ *
+ * Sets alias to the first alias that matches any part of the path.
+ *
+ * If an alias is found, info.alias and info.points_to are set to the
+ * found mapping.
+ *
+ * Returns -1 on error, 0 otherwise.
+ *
+ * The caller owns the storage that is occupied by info.alias and
+ * info.points_to and is responsible for releasing it.
+ */
+int fsmonitor__get_alias(const char *path, struct alias_info *info);
+
+/*
+ * Resolve the path against the given alias.
+ *
+ * Returns the resolved path if there is one, NULL otherwise.
+ *
+ * The caller owns the storage that the returned string occupies and
+ * is responsible for releasing it.
+ */
+char *fsmonitor__resolve_alias(const char *path,
+	const struct alias_info *info);
+
+#endif
diff --git a/fsmonitor-settings.c b/fsmonitor-settings.c
index 464424a..ee63a97 100644
--- a/fsmonitor-settings.c
+++ b/fsmonitor-settings.c
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 #include "cache.h"
 #include "config.h"
 #include "repository.h"
+#include "fsmonitor-ipc.h"
 #include "fsmonitor-settings.h"
+#include "fsmonitor-path-utils.h"
 
 /*
  * We keep this structure defintion private and have getters
@@ -13,7 +15,53 @@ struct fsmonitor_settings {
 	char *hook_path;
 };
 
-static enum fsmonitor_reason check_for_incompatible(struct repository *r)
+/*
+ * Remote working directories are problematic for FSMonitor.
+ *
+ * The underlying file system on the server machine and/or the remote
+ * mount type dictates whether notification events are available at
+ * all to remote client machines.
+ *
+ * Kernel differences between the server and client machines also
+ * dictate the how (buffering, frequency, de-dup) the events are
+ * delivered to client machine processes.
+ *
+ * A client machine (such as a laptop) may choose to suspend/resume
+ * and it is unclear (without lots of testing) whether the watcher can
+ * resync after a resume.  We might be able to treat this as a normal
+ * "events were dropped by the kernel" event and do our normal "flush
+ * and resync" --or-- we might need to close the existing (zombie?)
+ * notification fd and create a new one.
+ *
+ * In theory, the above issues need to be addressed whether we are
+ * using the Hook or IPC API.
+ *
+ * So (for now at least), mark remote working directories as
+ * incompatible unless 'fsmonitor.allowRemote' is true.
+ *
+ */
+#ifdef HAVE_FSMONITOR_OS_SETTINGS
+static enum fsmonitor_reason check_remote(struct repository *r)
+{
+	int allow_remote = -1; /* -1 unset, 0 not allowed, 1 allowed */
+	int is_remote = fsmonitor__is_fs_remote(r->worktree);
+
+	switch (is_remote) {
+		case 0:
+			return FSMONITOR_REASON_OK;
+		case 1:
+			repo_config_get_bool(r, "fsmonitor.allowremote", &allow_remote);
+			if (allow_remote < 1)
+				return FSMONITOR_REASON_REMOTE;
+			else
+				return FSMONITOR_REASON_OK;
+		default:
+			return FSMONITOR_REASON_ERROR;
+	}
+}
+#endif
+
+static enum fsmonitor_reason check_for_incompatible(struct repository *r, int ipc)
 {
 	if (!r->worktree) {
 		/*
@@ -27,7 +75,10 @@ static enum fsmonitor_reason check_for_incompatible(struct repository *r)
 	{
 		enum fsmonitor_reason reason;
 
-		reason = fsm_os__incompatible(r);
+		reason = check_remote(r);
+		if (reason != FSMONITOR_REASON_OK)
+			return reason;
+		reason = fsm_os__incompatible(r, ipc);
 		if (reason != FSMONITOR_REASON_OK)
 			return reason;
 	}
@@ -112,7 +163,7 @@ const char *fsm_settings__get_hook_path(struct repository *r)
 
 void fsm_settings__set_ipc(struct repository *r)
 {
-	enum fsmonitor_reason reason = check_for_incompatible(r);
+	enum fsmonitor_reason reason = check_for_incompatible(r, 1);
 
 	if (reason != FSMONITOR_REASON_OK) {
 		fsm_settings__set_incompatible(r, reason);
@@ -135,7 +186,7 @@ void fsm_settings__set_ipc(struct repository *r)
 
 void fsm_settings__set_hook(struct repository *r, const char *path)
 {
-	enum fsmonitor_reason reason = check_for_incompatible(r);
+	enum fsmonitor_reason reason = check_for_incompatible(r, 0);
 
 	if (reason != FSMONITOR_REASON_OK) {
 		fsm_settings__set_incompatible(r, reason);
@@ -192,10 +243,11 @@ enum fsmonitor_reason fsm_settings__get_reason(struct repository *r)
 	return r->settings.fsmonitor->reason;
 }
 
-char *fsm_settings__get_incompatible_msg(const struct repository *r,
+char *fsm_settings__get_incompatible_msg(struct repository *r,
 					 enum fsmonitor_reason reason)
 {
 	struct strbuf msg = STRBUF_INIT;
+	const char *socket_dir;
 
 	switch (reason) {
 	case FSMONITOR_REASON_UNTESTED:
@@ -231,9 +283,11 @@ char *fsm_settings__get_incompatible_msg(const struct repository *r,
 		goto done;
 
 	case FSMONITOR_REASON_NOSOCKETS:
+		socket_dir = dirname((char *)fsmonitor_ipc__get_path(r));
 		strbuf_addf(&msg,
-			    _("repository '%s' is incompatible with fsmonitor due to lack of Unix sockets"),
-			    r->worktree);
+			    _("socket directory '%s' is incompatible with fsmonitor due"
+			      " to lack of Unix sockets support"),
+			    socket_dir);
 		goto done;
 	}
 
diff --git a/fsmonitor-settings.h b/fsmonitor-settings.h
index d9c2605..ab02e39 100644
--- a/fsmonitor-settings.h
+++ b/fsmonitor-settings.h
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ enum fsmonitor_mode fsm_settings__get_mode(struct repository *r);
 const char *fsm_settings__get_hook_path(struct repository *r);
 
 enum fsmonitor_reason fsm_settings__get_reason(struct repository *r);
-char *fsm_settings__get_incompatible_msg(const struct repository *r,
+char *fsm_settings__get_incompatible_msg(struct repository *r,
 					 enum fsmonitor_reason reason);
 
 struct fsmonitor_settings;
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ struct fsmonitor_settings;
  * fsm_os__* routines should considered private to fsm_settings__
  * routines.
  */
-enum fsmonitor_reason fsm_os__incompatible(struct repository *r);
+enum fsmonitor_reason fsm_os__incompatible(struct repository *r, int ipc);
 #endif /* HAVE_FSMONITOR_OS_SETTINGS */
 
 #endif /* FSMONITOR_SETTINGS_H */
diff --git a/fsmonitor.c b/fsmonitor.c
index 57d6a48..08af00c 100644
--- a/fsmonitor.c
+++ b/fsmonitor.c
@@ -295,6 +295,7 @@ static int fsmonitor_force_update_threshold = 100;
 
 void refresh_fsmonitor(struct index_state *istate)
 {
+	static int warn_once = 0;
 	struct strbuf query_result = STRBUF_INIT;
 	int query_success = 0, hook_version = -1;
 	size_t bol = 0; /* beginning of line */
@@ -305,6 +306,14 @@ void refresh_fsmonitor(struct index_state *istate)
 	int is_trivial = 0;
 	struct repository *r = istate->repo ? istate->repo : the_repository;
 	enum fsmonitor_mode fsm_mode = fsm_settings__get_mode(r);
+	enum fsmonitor_reason reason = fsm_settings__get_reason(r);
+
+	if (!warn_once && reason > FSMONITOR_REASON_OK) {
+		char *msg = fsm_settings__get_incompatible_msg(r, reason);
+		warn_once = 1;
+		warning("%s", msg);
+		free(msg);
+	}
 
 	if (fsm_mode <= FSMONITOR_MODE_DISABLED ||
 	    istate->fsmonitor_has_run_once)
diff --git a/gettext.c b/gettext.c
index bb5ba1f..f139008 100644
--- a/gettext.c
+++ b/gettext.c
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@
 #include "config.h"
 
 #ifndef NO_GETTEXT
-#	include <locale.h>
 #	include <libintl.h>
 #	ifdef GIT_WINDOWS_NATIVE
 
@@ -80,7 +79,6 @@ static int test_vsnprintf(const char *fmt, ...)
 
 static void init_gettext_charset(const char *domain)
 {
-	setlocale(LC_CTYPE, "");
 	charset = locale_charset();
 	bind_textdomain_codeset(domain, charset);
 
diff --git a/git-bisect.sh b/git-bisect.sh
index 405cf76..dfce4b4 100755
--- a/git-bisect.sh
+++ b/git-bisect.sh
@@ -57,28 +57,11 @@
 	case "$cmd" in
 	help)
 		git bisect -h ;;
-	start)
-		git bisect--helper --bisect-start "$@" ;;
 	bad|good|new|old|"$TERM_BAD"|"$TERM_GOOD")
-		git bisect--helper --bisect-state "$cmd" "$@" ;;
-	skip)
-		git bisect--helper --bisect-skip "$@" || exit;;
-	next)
-		# Not sure we want "next" at the UI level anymore.
-		git bisect--helper --bisect-next "$@" || exit ;;
-	visualize|view)
-		git bisect--helper --bisect-visualize "$@" || exit;;
-	reset)
-		git bisect--helper --bisect-reset "$@" ;;
-	replay)
-		git bisect--helper --bisect-replay "$@" || exit;;
+		git bisect--helper state "$cmd" "$@" ;;
 	log)
-		git bisect--helper --bisect-log || exit ;;
-	run)
-		git bisect--helper --bisect-run "$@" || exit;;
-	terms)
-		git bisect--helper --bisect-terms "$@" || exit;;
+		git bisect--helper log || exit ;;
 	*)
-		usage ;;
+		git bisect--helper "$cmd" "$@" ;;
 	esac
 esac
diff --git a/git-compat-util.h b/git-compat-util.h
index 9bfd7ce..af05077 100644
--- a/git-compat-util.h
+++ b/git-compat-util.h
@@ -225,6 +225,7 @@ struct strbuf;
 #endif
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <limits.h>
+#include <locale.h>
 #ifdef NEEDS_SYS_PARAM_H
 #include <sys/param.h>
 #endif
@@ -313,7 +314,9 @@ typedef unsigned long uintptr_t;
 #ifdef PRECOMPOSE_UNICODE
 #include "compat/precompose_utf8.h"
 #else
-static inline const char *precompose_argv_prefix(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
+static inline const char *precompose_argv_prefix(int argc UNUSED,
+						 const char **argv UNUSED,
+						 const char *prefix)
 {
 	return prefix;
 }
@@ -338,7 +341,9 @@ struct itimerval {
 #endif
 
 #ifdef NO_SETITIMER
-static inline int setitimer(int which, const struct itimerval *value, struct itimerval *newvalue) {
+static inline int setitimer(int which UNUSED,
+			    const struct itimerval *value UNUSED,
+			    struct itimerval *newvalue UNUSED) {
 	return 0; /* pretend success */
 }
 #endif
@@ -423,7 +428,7 @@ int lstat_cache_aware_rmdir(const char *path);
 #endif
 
 #ifndef has_dos_drive_prefix
-static inline int git_has_dos_drive_prefix(const char *path)
+static inline int git_has_dos_drive_prefix(const char *path UNUSED)
 {
 	return 0;
 }
@@ -431,7 +436,7 @@ static inline int git_has_dos_drive_prefix(const char *path)
 #endif
 
 #ifndef skip_dos_drive_prefix
-static inline int git_skip_dos_drive_prefix(char **path)
+static inline int git_skip_dos_drive_prefix(char **path UNUSED)
 {
 	return 0;
 }
@@ -1474,11 +1479,11 @@ int open_nofollow(const char *path, int flags);
 #endif
 
 #ifndef _POSIX_THREAD_SAFE_FUNCTIONS
-static inline void flockfile(FILE *fh)
+static inline void flockfile(FILE *fh UNUSED)
 {
 	; /* nothing */
 }
-static inline void funlockfile(FILE *fh)
+static inline void funlockfile(FILE *fh UNUSED)
 {
 	; /* nothing */
 }
diff --git a/git-gui/Makefile b/git-gui/Makefile
index 56c85a8..a0d5a4b 100644
--- a/git-gui/Makefile
+++ b/git-gui/Makefile
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@
 	TKEXECUTABLE = $(shell basename "$(TKFRAMEWORK)" .app)
 endif
 
-ifeq ($(findstring $(MAKEFLAGS),s),s)
+ifeq ($(findstring $(firstword -$(MAKEFLAGS)),s),s)
 QUIET_GEN =
 endif
 
diff --git a/git-submodule.sh b/git-submodule.sh
index 5e5d21c..9a50f2e 100755
--- a/git-submodule.sh
+++ b/git-submodule.sh
@@ -343,7 +343,6 @@
 		${recursive:+--recursive} \
 		${init:+--init} \
 		${nofetch:+--no-fetch} \
-		${wt_prefix:+--prefix "$wt_prefix"} \
 		${rebase:+--rebase} \
 		${merge:+--merge} \
 		${checkout:+--checkout} \
@@ -557,7 +556,7 @@
 
 cmd_absorbgitdirs()
 {
-	git submodule--helper absorbgitdirs --prefix "$wt_prefix" "$@"
+	git ${wt_prefix:+-C "$wt_prefix"} submodule--helper absorbgitdirs "$@"
 }
 
 # This loop parses the command line arguments to find the
diff --git a/git.c b/git.c
index da411c5..10202a7 100644
--- a/git.c
+++ b/git.c
@@ -610,7 +610,7 @@ static struct cmd_struct commands[] = {
 	{ "stash", cmd_stash, RUN_SETUP | NEED_WORK_TREE },
 	{ "status", cmd_status, RUN_SETUP | NEED_WORK_TREE },
 	{ "stripspace", cmd_stripspace },
-	{ "submodule--helper", cmd_submodule__helper, RUN_SETUP | SUPPORT_SUPER_PREFIX | NO_PARSEOPT },
+	{ "submodule--helper", cmd_submodule__helper, RUN_SETUP | SUPPORT_SUPER_PREFIX },
 	{ "switch", cmd_switch, RUN_SETUP | NEED_WORK_TREE },
 	{ "symbolic-ref", cmd_symbolic_ref, RUN_SETUP },
 	{ "tag", cmd_tag, RUN_SETUP | DELAY_PAGER_CONFIG },
@@ -787,7 +787,7 @@ static int run_argv(int *argcp, const char ***argv)
 		if (!done_alias)
 			handle_builtin(*argcp, *argv);
 		else if (get_builtin(**argv)) {
-			struct strvec args = STRVEC_INIT;
+			struct child_process cmd = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
 			int i;
 
 			/*
@@ -804,18 +804,21 @@ static int run_argv(int *argcp, const char ***argv)
 
 			commit_pager_choice();
 
-			strvec_push(&args, "git");
+			strvec_push(&cmd.args, "git");
 			for (i = 0; i < *argcp; i++)
-				strvec_push(&args, (*argv)[i]);
+				strvec_push(&cmd.args, (*argv)[i]);
 
-			trace_argv_printf(args.v, "trace: exec:");
+			trace_argv_printf(cmd.args.v, "trace: exec:");
 
 			/*
 			 * if we fail because the command is not found, it is
 			 * OK to return. Otherwise, we just pass along the status code.
 			 */
-			i = run_command_v_opt_tr2(args.v, RUN_SILENT_EXEC_FAILURE |
-						  RUN_CLEAN_ON_EXIT | RUN_WAIT_AFTER_CLEAN, "git_alias");
+			cmd.silent_exec_failure = 1;
+			cmd.clean_on_exit = 1;
+			cmd.wait_after_clean = 1;
+			cmd.trace2_child_class = "git_alias";
+			i = run_command(&cmd);
 			if (i >= 0 || errno != ENOENT)
 				exit(i);
 			die("could not execute builtin %s", **argv);
@@ -894,12 +897,8 @@ int cmd_main(int argc, const char **argv)
 	argv++;
 	argc--;
 	handle_options(&argv, &argc, NULL);
-	if (argc > 0) {
-		if (!strcmp("--version", argv[0]) || !strcmp("-v", argv[0]))
-			argv[0] = "version";
-		else if (!strcmp("--help", argv[0]) || !strcmp("-h", argv[0]))
-			argv[0] = "help";
-	} else {
+
+	if (!argc) {
 		/* The user didn't specify a command; give them help */
 		commit_pager_choice();
 		printf(_("usage: %s\n\n"), git_usage_string);
@@ -907,6 +906,12 @@ int cmd_main(int argc, const char **argv)
 		printf("\n%s\n", _(git_more_info_string));
 		exit(1);
 	}
+
+	if (!strcmp("--version", argv[0]) || !strcmp("-v", argv[0]))
+		argv[0] = "version";
+	else if (!strcmp("--help", argv[0]) || !strcmp("-h", argv[0]))
+		argv[0] = "help";
+
 	cmd = argv[0];
 
 	/*
diff --git a/grep.c b/grep.c
index 52a894c..06eed69 100644
--- a/grep.c
+++ b/grep.c
@@ -708,6 +708,7 @@ void compile_grep_patterns(struct grep_opt *opt)
 {
 	struct grep_pat *p;
 	struct grep_expr *header_expr = prep_header_patterns(opt);
+	int extended = 0;
 
 	for (p = opt->pattern_list; p; p = p->next) {
 		switch (p->token) {
@@ -717,14 +718,14 @@ void compile_grep_patterns(struct grep_opt *opt)
 			compile_regexp(p, opt);
 			break;
 		default:
-			opt->extended = 1;
+			extended = 1;
 			break;
 		}
 	}
 
 	if (opt->all_match || opt->no_body_match || header_expr)
-		opt->extended = 1;
-	else if (!opt->extended)
+		extended = 1;
+	else if (!extended)
 		return;
 
 	p = opt->pattern_list;
@@ -790,7 +791,7 @@ void free_grep_patterns(struct grep_opt *opt)
 		free(p);
 	}
 
-	if (!opt->extended)
+	if (!opt->pattern_expression)
 		return;
 	free_pattern_expr(opt->pattern_expression);
 }
@@ -971,8 +972,6 @@ static int match_expr_eval(struct grep_opt *opt, struct grep_expr *x,
 {
 	int h = 0;
 
-	if (!x)
-		die("Not a valid grep expression");
 	switch (x->node) {
 	case GREP_NODE_TRUE:
 		h = 1;
@@ -1052,7 +1051,7 @@ static int match_line(struct grep_opt *opt,
 	struct grep_pat *p;
 	int hit = 0;
 
-	if (opt->extended)
+	if (opt->pattern_expression)
 		return match_expr(opt, bol, eol, ctx, col, icol,
 				  collect_hits);
 
@@ -1370,7 +1369,7 @@ static int should_lookahead(struct grep_opt *opt)
 {
 	struct grep_pat *p;
 
-	if (opt->extended)
+	if (opt->pattern_expression)
 		return 0; /* punt for too complex stuff */
 	if (opt->invert)
 		return 0;
diff --git a/grep.h b/grep.h
index bdcadce..6075f99 100644
--- a/grep.h
+++ b/grep.h
@@ -151,7 +151,6 @@ struct grep_opt {
 #define GREP_BINARY_TEXT	2
 	int binary;
 	int allow_textconv;
-	int extended;
 	int use_reflog_filter;
 	int relative;
 	int pathname;
diff --git a/help.c b/help.c
index d04542d..f1e090a 100644
--- a/help.c
+++ b/help.c
@@ -757,7 +757,7 @@ int cmd_version(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
 	int build_options = 0;
 	const char * const usage[] = {
-		N_("git version [<options>]"),
+		N_("git version [--build-options]"),
 		NULL
 	};
 	struct option options[] = {
diff --git a/hook.c b/hook.c
index a493939..a4fa103 100644
--- a/hook.c
+++ b/hook.c
@@ -114,8 +114,20 @@ int run_hooks_opt(const char *hook_name, struct run_hooks_opt *options)
 		.options = options,
 	};
 	const char *const hook_path = find_hook(hook_name);
-	int jobs = 1;
 	int ret = 0;
+	const struct run_process_parallel_opts opts = {
+		.tr2_category = "hook",
+		.tr2_label = hook_name,
+
+		.processes = 1,
+		.ungroup = 1,
+
+		.get_next_task = pick_next_hook,
+		.start_failure = notify_start_failure,
+		.task_finished = notify_hook_finished,
+
+		.data = &cb_data,
+	};
 
 	if (!options)
 		BUG("a struct run_hooks_opt must be provided to run_hooks");
@@ -137,14 +149,7 @@ int run_hooks_opt(const char *hook_name, struct run_hooks_opt *options)
 		cb_data.hook_path = abs_path.buf;
 	}
 
-	run_processes_parallel_ungroup = 1;
-	run_processes_parallel_tr2(jobs,
-				   pick_next_hook,
-				   notify_start_failure,
-				   notify_hook_finished,
-				   &cb_data,
-				   "hook",
-				   hook_name);
+	run_processes_parallel(&opts);
 	ret = cb_data.rc;
 cleanup:
 	strbuf_release(&abs_path);
diff --git a/http.c b/http.c
index 5d0502f..8a5ba3f 100644
--- a/http.c
+++ b/http.c
@@ -560,13 +560,15 @@ static void set_curl_keepalive(CURL *c)
 }
 #endif
 
-static void redact_sensitive_header(struct strbuf *header)
+/* Return 1 if redactions have been made, 0 otherwise. */
+static int redact_sensitive_header(struct strbuf *header, size_t offset)
 {
+	int ret = 0;
 	const char *sensitive_header;
 
 	if (trace_curl_redact &&
-	    (skip_iprefix(header->buf, "Authorization:", &sensitive_header) ||
-	     skip_iprefix(header->buf, "Proxy-Authorization:", &sensitive_header))) {
+	    (skip_iprefix(header->buf + offset, "Authorization:", &sensitive_header) ||
+	     skip_iprefix(header->buf + offset, "Proxy-Authorization:", &sensitive_header))) {
 		/* The first token is the type, which is OK to log */
 		while (isspace(*sensitive_header))
 			sensitive_header++;
@@ -575,8 +577,9 @@ static void redact_sensitive_header(struct strbuf *header)
 		/* Everything else is opaque and possibly sensitive */
 		strbuf_setlen(header,  sensitive_header - header->buf);
 		strbuf_addstr(header, " <redacted>");
+		ret = 1;
 	} else if (trace_curl_redact &&
-		   skip_iprefix(header->buf, "Cookie:", &sensitive_header)) {
+		   skip_iprefix(header->buf + offset, "Cookie:", &sensitive_header)) {
 		struct strbuf redacted_header = STRBUF_INIT;
 		const char *cookie;
 
@@ -612,6 +615,26 @@ static void redact_sensitive_header(struct strbuf *header)
 
 		strbuf_setlen(header, sensitive_header - header->buf);
 		strbuf_addbuf(header, &redacted_header);
+		ret = 1;
+	}
+	return ret;
+}
+
+/* Redact headers in info */
+static void redact_sensitive_info_header(struct strbuf *header)
+{
+	const char *sensitive_header;
+
+	/*
+	 * curl's h2h3 prints headers in info, e.g.:
+	 *   h2h3 [<header-name>: <header-val>]
+	 */
+	if (trace_curl_redact &&
+	    skip_iprefix(header->buf, "h2h3 [", &sensitive_header)) {
+		if (redact_sensitive_header(header, sensitive_header - header->buf)) {
+			/* redaction ate our closing bracket */
+			strbuf_addch(header, ']');
+		}
 	}
 }
 
@@ -629,7 +652,7 @@ static void curl_dump_header(const char *text, unsigned char *ptr, size_t size,
 
 	for (header = headers; *header; header++) {
 		if (hide_sensitive_header)
-			redact_sensitive_header(*header);
+			redact_sensitive_header(*header, 0);
 		strbuf_insertstr((*header), 0, text);
 		strbuf_insertstr((*header), strlen(text), ": ");
 		strbuf_rtrim((*header));
@@ -668,6 +691,18 @@ static void curl_dump_data(const char *text, unsigned char *ptr, size_t size)
 	strbuf_release(&out);
 }
 
+static void curl_dump_info(char *data, size_t size)
+{
+	struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
+
+	strbuf_add(&buf, data, size);
+
+	redact_sensitive_info_header(&buf);
+	trace_printf_key(&trace_curl, "== Info: %s", buf.buf);
+
+	strbuf_release(&buf);
+}
+
 static int curl_trace(CURL *handle, curl_infotype type, char *data, size_t size, void *userp)
 {
 	const char *text;
@@ -675,7 +710,7 @@ static int curl_trace(CURL *handle, curl_infotype type, char *data, size_t size,
 
 	switch (type) {
 	case CURLINFO_TEXT:
-		trace_printf_key(&trace_curl, "== Info: %s", data);
+		curl_dump_info(data, size);
 		break;
 	case CURLINFO_HEADER_OUT:
 		text = "=> Send header";
diff --git a/line-log.c b/line-log.c
index 51d9331..a7f3e7f 100644
--- a/line-log.c
+++ b/line-log.c
@@ -1089,10 +1089,8 @@ static struct diff_filepair *diff_filepair_dup(struct diff_filepair *pair)
 
 static void free_diffqueues(int n, struct diff_queue_struct *dq)
 {
-	int i, j;
-	for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
-		for (j = 0; j < dq[i].nr; j++)
-			diff_free_filepair(dq[i].queue[j]);
+	for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
+		diff_free_queue(&dq[i]);
 	free(dq);
 }
 
@@ -1195,6 +1193,7 @@ static int process_ranges_ordinary_commit(struct rev_info *rev, struct commit *c
 	if (parent)
 		add_line_range(rev, parent, parent_range);
 	free_line_log_data(parent_range);
+	diff_free_queue(&queue);
 	return changed;
 }
 
diff --git a/list-objects-filter.c b/list-objects-filter.c
index 1c1ee3d..b954354 100644
--- a/list-objects-filter.c
+++ b/list-objects-filter.c
@@ -709,6 +709,7 @@ static void filter_combine__free(void *filter_data)
 			BUG("expected oidset to be cleared already");
 	}
 	free(d->sub);
+	free(d);
 }
 
 static void add_all(struct oidset *dest, struct oidset *src) {
diff --git a/ll-merge.c b/ll-merge.c
index 8955d7e..22a603e 100644
--- a/ll-merge.c
+++ b/ll-merge.c
@@ -49,14 +49,14 @@ void reset_merge_attributes(void)
 /*
  * Built-in low-levels
  */
-static enum ll_merge_result ll_binary_merge(const struct ll_merge_driver *drv_unused,
+static enum ll_merge_result ll_binary_merge(const struct ll_merge_driver *drv UNUSED,
 			   mmbuffer_t *result,
-			   const char *path,
-			   mmfile_t *orig, const char *orig_name,
-			   mmfile_t *src1, const char *name1,
-			   mmfile_t *src2, const char *name2,
+			   const char *path UNUSED,
+			   mmfile_t *orig, const char *orig_name UNUSED,
+			   mmfile_t *src1, const char *name1 UNUSED,
+			   mmfile_t *src2, const char *name2 UNUSED,
 			   const struct ll_merge_options *opts,
-			   int marker_size)
+			   int marker_size UNUSED)
 {
 	enum ll_merge_result ret;
 	mmfile_t *stolen;
@@ -183,9 +183,9 @@ static void create_temp(mmfile_t *src, char *path, size_t len)
 static enum ll_merge_result ll_ext_merge(const struct ll_merge_driver *fn,
 			mmbuffer_t *result,
 			const char *path,
-			mmfile_t *orig, const char *orig_name,
-			mmfile_t *src1, const char *name1,
-			mmfile_t *src2, const char *name2,
+			mmfile_t *orig, const char *orig_name UNUSED,
+			mmfile_t *src1, const char *name1 UNUSED,
+			mmfile_t *src2, const char *name2 UNUSED,
 			const struct ll_merge_options *opts,
 			int marker_size)
 {
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ static enum ll_merge_result ll_ext_merge(const struct ll_merge_driver *fn,
 	struct strbuf cmd = STRBUF_INIT;
 	struct strbuf_expand_dict_entry dict[6];
 	struct strbuf path_sq = STRBUF_INIT;
-	const char *args[] = { NULL, NULL };
+	struct child_process child = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
 	int status, fd, i;
 	struct stat st;
 	enum ll_merge_result ret;
@@ -219,8 +219,9 @@ static enum ll_merge_result ll_ext_merge(const struct ll_merge_driver *fn,
 
 	strbuf_expand(&cmd, fn->cmdline, strbuf_expand_dict_cb, &dict);
 
-	args[0] = cmd.buf;
-	status = run_command_v_opt(args, RUN_USING_SHELL);
+	child.use_shell = 1;
+	strvec_push(&child.args, cmd.buf);
+	status = run_command(&child);
 	fd = open(temp[1], O_RDONLY);
 	if (fd < 0)
 		goto bad;
diff --git a/ls-refs.c b/ls-refs.c
index fa0d01b..fb67697 100644
--- a/ls-refs.c
+++ b/ls-refs.c
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 #include "ls-refs.h"
 #include "pkt-line.h"
 #include "config.h"
+#include "string-list.h"
 
 static int config_read;
 static int advertise_unborn;
@@ -73,6 +74,7 @@ struct ls_refs_data {
 	unsigned symrefs;
 	struct strvec prefixes;
 	struct strbuf buf;
+	struct string_list hidden_refs;
 	unsigned unborn : 1;
 };
 
@@ -84,7 +86,7 @@ static int send_ref(const char *refname, const struct object_id *oid,
 
 	strbuf_reset(&data->buf);
 
-	if (ref_is_hidden(refname_nons, refname))
+	if (ref_is_hidden(refname_nons, refname, &data->hidden_refs))
 		return 0;
 
 	if (!ref_match(&data->prefixes, refname_nons))
@@ -137,14 +139,15 @@ static void send_possibly_unborn_head(struct ls_refs_data *data)
 }
 
 static int ls_refs_config(const char *var, const char *value,
-			  void *data UNUSED)
+			  void *cb_data)
 {
+	struct ls_refs_data *data = cb_data;
 	/*
 	 * We only serve fetches over v2 for now, so respect only "uploadpack"
 	 * config. This may need to eventually be expanded to "receive", but we
 	 * don't yet know how that information will be passed to ls-refs.
 	 */
-	return parse_hide_refs_config(var, value, "uploadpack");
+	return parse_hide_refs_config(var, value, "uploadpack", &data->hidden_refs);
 }
 
 int ls_refs(struct repository *r, struct packet_reader *request)
@@ -154,9 +157,10 @@ int ls_refs(struct repository *r, struct packet_reader *request)
 	memset(&data, 0, sizeof(data));
 	strvec_init(&data.prefixes);
 	strbuf_init(&data.buf, 0);
+	string_list_init_dup(&data.hidden_refs);
 
 	ensure_config_read();
-	git_config(ls_refs_config, NULL);
+	git_config(ls_refs_config, &data);
 
 	while (packet_reader_read(request) == PACKET_READ_NORMAL) {
 		const char *arg = request->line;
@@ -195,6 +199,7 @@ int ls_refs(struct repository *r, struct packet_reader *request)
 	packet_fflush(stdout);
 	strvec_clear(&data.prefixes);
 	strbuf_release(&data.buf);
+	string_list_clear(&data.hidden_refs, 0);
 	return 0;
 }
 
diff --git a/merge-ort.c b/merge-ort.c
index e5f41cc..d1611ca 100644
--- a/merge-ort.c
+++ b/merge-ort.c
@@ -397,7 +397,7 @@ struct conflicted_submodule_item {
 	int flag;
 };
 
-static void conflicted_submodule_item_free(void *util, const char *str)
+static void conflicted_submodule_item_free(void *util, const char *str UNUSED)
 {
 	struct conflicted_submodule_item *item = util;
 
@@ -2619,8 +2619,40 @@ static void apply_directory_rename_modifications(struct merge_options *opt,
 	}
 
 	assert(ci->filemask == 2 || ci->filemask == 4);
-	assert(ci->dirmask == 0);
-	strmap_remove(&opt->priv->paths, old_path, 0);
+	assert(ci->dirmask == 0 || ci->dirmask == 1);
+	if (ci->dirmask == 0)
+		strmap_remove(&opt->priv->paths, old_path, 0);
+	else {
+		/*
+		 * This file exists on one side, but we still had a directory
+		 * at the old location that we can't remove until after
+		 * processing all paths below it.  So, make a copy of ci in
+		 * new_ci and only put the file information into it.
+		 */
+		new_ci = mem_pool_calloc(&opt->priv->pool, 1, sizeof(*new_ci));
+		memcpy(new_ci, ci, sizeof(*ci));
+		assert(!new_ci->match_mask);
+		new_ci->dirmask = 0;
+		new_ci->stages[1].mode = 0;
+		oidcpy(&new_ci->stages[1].oid, null_oid());
+
+		/*
+		 * Now that we have the file information in new_ci, make sure
+		 * ci only has the directory information.
+		 */
+		ci->filemask = 0;
+		ci->merged.clean = 1;
+		for (i = MERGE_BASE; i <= MERGE_SIDE2; i++) {
+			if (ci->dirmask & (1 << i))
+				continue;
+			/* zero out any entries related to files */
+			ci->stages[i].mode = 0;
+			oidcpy(&ci->stages[i].oid, null_oid());
+		}
+
+		// Now we want to focus on new_ci, so reassign ci to it
+		ci = new_ci;
+	}
 
 	branch_with_new_path   = (ci->filemask == 2) ? opt->branch1 : opt->branch2;
 	branch_with_dir_rename = (ci->filemask == 2) ? opt->branch2 : opt->branch1;
diff --git a/merge-recursive.c b/merge-recursive.c
index 4ddd3ad..2fd0aa9 100644
--- a/merge-recursive.c
+++ b/merge-recursive.c
@@ -2100,7 +2100,7 @@ static char *handle_path_level_conflicts(struct merge_options *opt,
 	if (!new_path) {
 		/* This should only happen when entry->non_unique_new_dir set */
 		if (!entry->non_unique_new_dir)
-			BUG("entry->non_unqiue_dir not set and !new_path");
+			BUG("entry->non_unique_new_dir not set and !new_path");
 		output(opt, 1, _("CONFLICT (directory rename split): "
 			       "Unclear where to place %s because directory "
 			       "%s was renamed to multiple other directories, "
diff --git a/merge.c b/merge.c
index 2382ff6..445b4f1 100644
--- a/merge.c
+++ b/merge.c
@@ -19,22 +19,22 @@ int try_merge_command(struct repository *r,
 		      const char **xopts, struct commit_list *common,
 		      const char *head_arg, struct commit_list *remotes)
 {
-	struct strvec args = STRVEC_INIT;
+	struct child_process cmd = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
 	int i, ret;
 	struct commit_list *j;
 
-	strvec_pushf(&args, "merge-%s", strategy);
+	strvec_pushf(&cmd.args, "merge-%s", strategy);
 	for (i = 0; i < xopts_nr; i++)
-		strvec_pushf(&args, "--%s", xopts[i]);
+		strvec_pushf(&cmd.args, "--%s", xopts[i]);
 	for (j = common; j; j = j->next)
-		strvec_push(&args, merge_argument(j->item));
-	strvec_push(&args, "--");
-	strvec_push(&args, head_arg);
+		strvec_push(&cmd.args, merge_argument(j->item));
+	strvec_push(&cmd.args, "--");
+	strvec_push(&cmd.args, head_arg);
 	for (j = remotes; j; j = j->next)
-		strvec_push(&args, merge_argument(j->item));
+		strvec_push(&cmd.args, merge_argument(j->item));
 
-	ret = run_command_v_opt(args.v, RUN_GIT_CMD);
-	strvec_clear(&args);
+	cmd.git_cmd = 1;
+	ret = run_command(&cmd);
 
 	discard_index(r->index);
 	if (repo_read_index(r) < 0)
diff --git a/midx.c b/midx.c
index 3a8dcfe..7cfad04 100644
--- a/midx.c
+++ b/midx.c
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ uint32_t nth_midxed_pack_int_id(struct multi_pack_index *m, uint32_t pos)
 			(off_t)pos * MIDX_CHUNK_OFFSET_WIDTH);
 }
 
-int fill_midx_entry(struct repository * r,
+int fill_midx_entry(struct repository *r,
 		    const struct object_id *oid,
 		    struct pack_entry *e,
 		    struct multi_pack_index *m)
@@ -913,6 +913,8 @@ static uint32_t *midx_pack_order(struct write_midx_context *ctx)
 	uint32_t *pack_order;
 	uint32_t i;
 
+	trace2_region_enter("midx", "midx_pack_order", the_repository);
+
 	ALLOC_ARRAY(data, ctx->entries_nr);
 	for (i = 0; i < ctx->entries_nr; i++) {
 		struct pack_midx_entry *e = &ctx->entries[i];
@@ -930,6 +932,8 @@ static uint32_t *midx_pack_order(struct write_midx_context *ctx)
 		pack_order[i] = data[i].nr;
 	free(data);
 
+	trace2_region_leave("midx", "midx_pack_order", the_repository);
+
 	return pack_order;
 }
 
@@ -939,6 +943,8 @@ static void write_midx_reverse_index(char *midx_name, unsigned char *midx_hash,
 	struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
 	const char *tmp_file;
 
+	trace2_region_enter("midx", "write_midx_reverse_index", the_repository);
+
 	strbuf_addf(&buf, "%s-%s.rev", midx_name, hash_to_hex(midx_hash));
 
 	tmp_file = write_rev_file_order(NULL, ctx->pack_order, ctx->entries_nr,
@@ -948,6 +954,8 @@ static void write_midx_reverse_index(char *midx_name, unsigned char *midx_hash,
 		die(_("cannot store reverse index file"));
 
 	strbuf_release(&buf);
+
+	trace2_region_leave("midx", "write_midx_reverse_index", the_repository);
 }
 
 static void clear_midx_files_ext(const char *object_dir, const char *ext,
@@ -963,6 +971,8 @@ static void prepare_midx_packing_data(struct packing_data *pdata,
 {
 	uint32_t i;
 
+	trace2_region_enter("midx", "prepare_midx_packing_data", the_repository);
+
 	memset(pdata, 0, sizeof(struct packing_data));
 	prepare_packing_data(the_repository, pdata);
 
@@ -973,6 +983,8 @@ static void prepare_midx_packing_data(struct packing_data *pdata,
 		oe_set_in_pack(pdata, to,
 			       ctx->info[ctx->pack_perm[from->pack_int_id]].p);
 	}
+
+	trace2_region_leave("midx", "prepare_midx_packing_data", the_repository);
 }
 
 static int add_ref_to_pending(const char *refname,
@@ -980,6 +992,7 @@ static int add_ref_to_pending(const char *refname,
 			      int flag, void *cb_data)
 {
 	struct rev_info *revs = (struct rev_info*)cb_data;
+	struct object_id peeled;
 	struct object *object;
 
 	if ((flag & REF_ISSYMREF) && (flag & REF_ISBROKEN)) {
@@ -987,6 +1000,9 @@ static int add_ref_to_pending(const char *refname,
 		return 0;
 	}
 
+	if (!peel_iterated_oid(oid, &peeled))
+		oid = &peeled;
+
 	object = parse_object_or_die(oid, refname);
 	if (object->type != OBJ_COMMIT)
 		return 0;
@@ -1066,6 +1082,9 @@ static struct commit **find_commits_for_midx_bitmap(uint32_t *indexed_commits_nr
 	struct rev_info revs;
 	struct bitmap_commit_cb cb = {0};
 
+	trace2_region_enter("midx", "find_commits_for_midx_bitmap",
+			    the_repository);
+
 	cb.ctx = ctx;
 
 	repo_init_revisions(the_repository, &revs, NULL);
@@ -1099,6 +1118,10 @@ static struct commit **find_commits_for_midx_bitmap(uint32_t *indexed_commits_nr
 		*indexed_commits_nr_p = cb.commits_nr;
 
 	release_revisions(&revs);
+
+	trace2_region_leave("midx", "find_commits_for_midx_bitmap",
+			    the_repository);
+
 	return cb.commits;
 }
 
@@ -1116,6 +1139,8 @@ static int write_midx_bitmap(const char *midx_name,
 	char *bitmap_name = xstrfmt("%s-%s.bitmap", midx_name,
 					hash_to_hex(midx_hash));
 
+	trace2_region_enter("midx", "write_midx_bitmap", the_repository);
+
 	if (flags & MIDX_WRITE_BITMAP_HASH_CACHE)
 		options |= BITMAP_OPT_HASH_CACHE;
 
@@ -1161,6 +1186,9 @@ static int write_midx_bitmap(const char *midx_name,
 cleanup:
 	free(index);
 	free(bitmap_name);
+
+	trace2_region_leave("midx", "write_midx_bitmap", the_repository);
+
 	return ret;
 }
 
@@ -1207,6 +1235,8 @@ static int write_midx_internal(const char *object_dir,
 	int result = 0;
 	struct chunkfile *cf;
 
+	trace2_region_enter("midx", "write_midx_internal", the_repository);
+
 	get_midx_filename(&midx_name, object_dir);
 	if (safe_create_leading_directories(midx_name.buf))
 		die_errno(_("unable to create leading directories of %s"),
@@ -1548,6 +1578,8 @@ static int write_midx_internal(const char *object_dir,
 	free(ctx.pack_order);
 	strbuf_release(&midx_name);
 
+	trace2_region_leave("midx", "write_midx_internal", the_repository);
+
 	return result;
 }
 
diff --git a/negotiator/skipping.c b/negotiator/skipping.c
index c4398f5..0f5ac48 100644
--- a/negotiator/skipping.c
+++ b/negotiator/skipping.c
@@ -86,21 +86,26 @@ static int clear_marks(const char *refname, const struct object_id *oid,
 /*
  * Mark this SEEN commit and all its SEEN ancestors as COMMON.
  */
-static void mark_common(struct data *data, struct commit *c)
+static void mark_common(struct data *data, struct commit *seen_commit)
 {
-	struct commit_list *p;
+	struct prio_queue queue = { NULL };
+	struct commit *c;
 
-	if (c->object.flags & COMMON)
-		return;
-	c->object.flags |= COMMON;
-	if (!(c->object.flags & POPPED))
-		data->non_common_revs--;
+	prio_queue_put(&queue, seen_commit);
+	while ((c = prio_queue_get(&queue))) {
+		struct commit_list *p;
+		if (c->object.flags & COMMON)
+			return;
+		c->object.flags |= COMMON;
+		if (!(c->object.flags & POPPED))
+			data->non_common_revs--;
 
-	if (!c->object.parsed)
-		return;
-	for (p = c->parents; p; p = p->next) {
-		if (p->item->object.flags & SEEN)
-			mark_common(data, p->item);
+		if (!c->object.parsed)
+			return;
+		for (p = c->parents; p; p = p->next) {
+			if (p->item->object.flags & SEEN)
+				prio_queue_put(&queue, p->item);
+		}
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/object-file.c b/object-file.c
index 5b270f0..2629055 100644
--- a/object-file.c
+++ b/object-file.c
@@ -140,27 +140,32 @@ static void git_hash_sha256_final_oid(struct object_id *oid, git_hash_ctx *ctx)
 	oid->algo = GIT_HASH_SHA256;
 }
 
-static void git_hash_unknown_init(git_hash_ctx *ctx)
+static void git_hash_unknown_init(git_hash_ctx *ctx UNUSED)
 {
 	BUG("trying to init unknown hash");
 }
 
-static void git_hash_unknown_clone(git_hash_ctx *dst, const git_hash_ctx *src)
+static void git_hash_unknown_clone(git_hash_ctx *dst UNUSED,
+				   const git_hash_ctx *src UNUSED)
 {
 	BUG("trying to clone unknown hash");
 }
 
-static void git_hash_unknown_update(git_hash_ctx *ctx, const void *data, size_t len)
+static void git_hash_unknown_update(git_hash_ctx *ctx UNUSED,
+				    const void *data UNUSED,
+				    size_t len UNUSED)
 {
 	BUG("trying to update unknown hash");
 }
 
-static void git_hash_unknown_final(unsigned char *hash, git_hash_ctx *ctx)
+static void git_hash_unknown_final(unsigned char *hash UNUSED,
+				   git_hash_ctx *ctx UNUSED)
 {
 	BUG("trying to finalize unknown hash");
 }
 
-static void git_hash_unknown_final_oid(struct object_id *oid, git_hash_ctx *ctx)
+static void git_hash_unknown_final_oid(struct object_id *oid UNUSED,
+				       git_hash_ctx *ctx UNUSED)
 {
 	BUG("trying to finalize unknown hash");
 }
@@ -503,7 +508,9 @@ static int link_alt_odb_entry(struct repository *r, const struct strbuf *entry,
 {
 	struct object_directory *ent;
 	struct strbuf pathbuf = STRBUF_INIT;
+	struct strbuf tmp = STRBUF_INIT;
 	khiter_t pos;
+	int ret = -1;
 
 	if (!is_absolute_path(entry->buf) && relative_base) {
 		strbuf_realpath(&pathbuf, relative_base, 1);
@@ -511,12 +518,12 @@ static int link_alt_odb_entry(struct repository *r, const struct strbuf *entry,
 	}
 	strbuf_addbuf(&pathbuf, entry);
 
-	if (strbuf_normalize_path(&pathbuf) < 0 && relative_base) {
+	if (!strbuf_realpath(&tmp, pathbuf.buf, 0)) {
 		error(_("unable to normalize alternate object path: %s"),
 		      pathbuf.buf);
-		strbuf_release(&pathbuf);
-		return -1;
+		goto error;
 	}
+	strbuf_swap(&pathbuf, &tmp);
 
 	/*
 	 * The trailing slash after the directory name is given by
@@ -525,10 +532,8 @@ static int link_alt_odb_entry(struct repository *r, const struct strbuf *entry,
 	while (pathbuf.len && pathbuf.buf[pathbuf.len - 1] == '/')
 		strbuf_setlen(&pathbuf, pathbuf.len - 1);
 
-	if (!alt_odb_usable(r->objects, &pathbuf, normalized_objdir, &pos)) {
-		strbuf_release(&pathbuf);
-		return -1;
-	}
+	if (!alt_odb_usable(r->objects, &pathbuf, normalized_objdir, &pos))
+		goto error;
 
 	CALLOC_ARRAY(ent, 1);
 	/* pathbuf.buf is already in r->objects->odb_by_path */
@@ -543,8 +548,11 @@ static int link_alt_odb_entry(struct repository *r, const struct strbuf *entry,
 
 	/* recursively add alternates */
 	read_info_alternates(r, ent->path, depth + 1);
-
-	return 0;
+	ret = 0;
+ error:
+	strbuf_release(&tmp);
+	strbuf_release(&pathbuf);
+	return ret;
 }
 
 static const char *parse_alt_odb_entry(const char *string,
@@ -591,10 +599,7 @@ static void link_alt_odb_entries(struct repository *r, const char *alt,
 		return;
 	}
 
-	strbuf_add_absolute_path(&objdirbuf, r->objects->odb->path);
-	if (strbuf_normalize_path(&objdirbuf) < 0)
-		die(_("unable to normalize object directory: %s"),
-		    objdirbuf.buf);
+	strbuf_realpath(&objdirbuf, r->objects->odb->path, 1);
 
 	while (*alt) {
 		alt = parse_alt_odb_entry(alt, sep, &entry);
@@ -1599,10 +1604,6 @@ static int do_oid_object_info_extended(struct repository *r,
 		if (fetch_if_missing && repo_has_promisor_remote(r) &&
 		    !already_retried &&
 		    !(flags & OBJECT_INFO_SKIP_FETCH_OBJECT)) {
-			/*
-			 * TODO Investigate checking promisor_remote_get_direct()
-			 * TODO return value and stopping on error here.
-			 */
 			promisor_remote_get_direct(r, real, 1);
 			already_retried = 1;
 			continue;
diff --git a/object.c b/object.c
index 8a74eb8..682b852 100644
--- a/object.c
+++ b/object.c
@@ -286,9 +286,8 @@ struct object *parse_object_with_flags(struct repository *r,
 			return &commit->object;
 	}
 
-	if ((obj && obj->type == OBJ_BLOB && repo_has_object_file(r, oid)) ||
-	    (!obj && repo_has_object_file(r, oid) &&
-	     oid_object_info(r, oid, NULL) == OBJ_BLOB)) {
+	if ((!obj || obj->type == OBJ_BLOB) &&
+	    oid_object_info(r, oid, NULL) == OBJ_BLOB) {
 		if (!skip_hash && stream_object_signature(r, repl) < 0) {
 			error(_("hash mismatch %s"), oid_to_hex(oid));
 			return NULL;
diff --git a/oss-fuzz/.gitignore b/oss-fuzz/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9acb744
--- /dev/null
+++ b/oss-fuzz/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+fuzz-commit-graph
+fuzz-pack-headers
+fuzz-pack-idx
diff --git a/fuzz-commit-graph.c b/oss-fuzz/fuzz-commit-graph.c
similarity index 100%
rename from fuzz-commit-graph.c
rename to oss-fuzz/fuzz-commit-graph.c
diff --git a/fuzz-pack-headers.c b/oss-fuzz/fuzz-pack-headers.c
similarity index 100%
rename from fuzz-pack-headers.c
rename to oss-fuzz/fuzz-pack-headers.c
diff --git a/fuzz-pack-idx.c b/oss-fuzz/fuzz-pack-idx.c
similarity index 100%
rename from fuzz-pack-idx.c
rename to oss-fuzz/fuzz-pack-idx.c
diff --git a/pack-bitmap-write.c b/pack-bitmap-write.c
index a213f5e..cfa67a5 100644
--- a/pack-bitmap-write.c
+++ b/pack-bitmap-write.c
@@ -384,6 +384,8 @@ static int fill_bitmap_tree(struct bitmap *bitmap,
 	return 0;
 }
 
+static int reused_bitmaps_nr;
+
 static int fill_bitmap_commit(struct bb_commit *ent,
 			      struct commit *commit,
 			      struct prio_queue *queue,
@@ -409,8 +411,10 @@ static int fill_bitmap_commit(struct bb_commit *ent,
 			 * bitmap and add its bits to this one. No need to walk
 			 * parents or the tree for this commit.
 			 */
-			if (old && !rebuild_bitmap(mapping, old, ent->bitmap))
+			if (old && !rebuild_bitmap(mapping, old, ent->bitmap)) {
+				reused_bitmaps_nr++;
 				continue;
+			}
 		}
 
 		/*
@@ -526,6 +530,8 @@ int bitmap_writer_build(struct packing_data *to_pack)
 
 	trace2_region_leave("pack-bitmap-write", "building_bitmaps_total",
 			    the_repository);
+	trace2_data_intmax("pack-bitmap-write", the_repository,
+			   "building_bitmaps_reused", reused_bitmaps_nr);
 
 	stop_progress(&writer.progress);
 
diff --git a/patch-ids.c b/patch-ids.c
index 46c6a8f..3153446 100644
--- a/patch-ids.c
+++ b/patch-ids.c
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ static int patch_id_defined(struct commit *commit)
 }
 
 int commit_patch_id(struct commit *commit, struct diff_options *options,
-		    struct object_id *oid, int diff_header_only, int stable)
+		    struct object_id *oid, int diff_header_only)
 {
 	if (!patch_id_defined(commit))
 		return -1;
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ int commit_patch_id(struct commit *commit, struct diff_options *options,
 	else
 		diff_root_tree_oid(&commit->object.oid, "", options);
 	diffcore_std(options);
-	return diff_flush_patch_id(options, oid, diff_header_only, stable);
+	return diff_flush_patch_id(options, oid, diff_header_only);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -48,11 +48,11 @@ static int patch_id_neq(const void *cmpfn_data,
 	b = container_of(entry_or_key, struct patch_id, ent);
 
 	if (is_null_oid(&a->patch_id) &&
-	    commit_patch_id(a->commit, opt, &a->patch_id, 0, 0))
+	    commit_patch_id(a->commit, opt, &a->patch_id, 0))
 		return error("Could not get patch ID for %s",
 			oid_to_hex(&a->commit->object.oid));
 	if (is_null_oid(&b->patch_id) &&
-	    commit_patch_id(b->commit, opt, &b->patch_id, 0, 0))
+	    commit_patch_id(b->commit, opt, &b->patch_id, 0))
 		return error("Could not get patch ID for %s",
 			oid_to_hex(&b->commit->object.oid));
 	return !oideq(&a->patch_id, &b->patch_id);
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ static int init_patch_id_entry(struct patch_id *patch,
 	struct object_id header_only_patch_id;
 
 	patch->commit = commit;
-	if (commit_patch_id(commit, &ids->diffopts, &header_only_patch_id, 1, 0))
+	if (commit_patch_id(commit, &ids->diffopts, &header_only_patch_id, 1))
 		return -1;
 
 	hashmap_entry_init(&patch->ent, oidhash(&header_only_patch_id));
diff --git a/patch-ids.h b/patch-ids.h
index ab6c6a6..490d739 100644
--- a/patch-ids.h
+++ b/patch-ids.h
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ struct patch_ids {
 };
 
 int commit_patch_id(struct commit *commit, struct diff_options *options,
-		    struct object_id *oid, int, int);
+		    struct object_id *oid, int);
 int init_patch_ids(struct repository *, struct patch_ids *);
 int free_patch_ids(struct patch_ids *);
 
diff --git a/path.c b/path.c
index a3cfcd8..492e17a 100644
--- a/path.c
+++ b/path.c
@@ -901,7 +901,13 @@ int adjust_shared_perm(const char *path)
 	if (S_ISDIR(old_mode)) {
 		/* Copy read bits to execute bits */
 		new_mode |= (new_mode & 0444) >> 2;
-		new_mode |= FORCE_DIR_SET_GID;
+
+		/*
+		 * g+s matters only if any extra access is granted
+		 * based on group membership.
+		 */
+		if (FORCE_DIR_SET_GID && (new_mode & 060))
+			new_mode |= FORCE_DIR_SET_GID;
 	}
 
 	if (((old_mode ^ new_mode) & ~S_IFMT) &&
diff --git a/perl/Git.pm b/perl/Git.pm
index 080cdc2..117765d 100644
--- a/perl/Git.pm
+++ b/perl/Git.pm
@@ -177,16 +177,27 @@
 		-d $opts{Directory} or throw Error::Simple("Directory not found: $opts{Directory} $!");
 
 		my $search = Git->repository(WorkingCopy => $opts{Directory});
-		my $dir;
+
+		# This rev-parse will throw an exception if we're not in a
+		# repository, which is what we want, but it's kind of noisy.
+		# Ideally we'd capture stderr and relay it, but doing so is
+		# awkward without depending on it fitting in a pipe buffer. So
+		# we just reproduce a plausible error message ourselves.
+		my $out;
 		try {
-			$dir = $search->command_oneline(['rev-parse', '--git-dir'],
-			                                STDERR => 0);
+		  # Note that "--is-bare-repository" must come first, as
+		  # --git-dir output could contain newlines.
+		  $out = $search->command([qw(rev-parse --is-bare-repository --git-dir)],
+			                  STDERR => 0);
 		} catch Git::Error::Command with {
-			$dir = undef;
+			throw Error::Simple("fatal: not a git repository: $opts{Directory}");
 		};
 
+		chomp $out;
+		my ($bare, $dir) = split /\n/, $out, 2;
+
 		require Cwd;
-		if ($dir) {
+		if ($bare ne 'true') {
 			require File::Spec;
 			File::Spec->file_name_is_absolute($dir) or $dir = $opts{Directory} . '/' . $dir;
 			$opts{Repository} = Cwd::abs_path($dir);
@@ -204,21 +215,6 @@
 			$opts{WorkingSubdir} = $prefix;
 
 		} else {
-			# A bare repository? Let's see...
-			$dir = $opts{Directory};
-
-			unless (-d "$dir/refs" and -d "$dir/objects" and -e "$dir/HEAD") {
-				# Mimic git-rev-parse --git-dir error message:
-				throw Error::Simple("fatal: Not a git repository: $dir");
-			}
-			my $search = Git->repository(Repository => $dir);
-			try {
-				$search->command('symbolic-ref', 'HEAD');
-			} catch Git::Error::Command with {
-				# Mimic git-rev-parse --git-dir error message:
-				throw Error::Simple("fatal: Not a git repository: $dir");
-			}
-
 			$opts{Repository} = Cwd::abs_path($dir);
 		}
 
diff --git a/po/bg.po b/po/bg.po
index 8b2a936..a2cd8a0 100644
--- a/po/bg.po
+++ b/po/bg.po
@@ -193,6 +193,9 @@
 # out of range извън диапазона
 # checksum сума за проверка
 # superproject обхващащ проект
+# scalar repo скаларно хранилище
+# unclean завършвам работа/задача с грешка
+# cache tree кеш за обекти-дървета
 # ------------------------
 # „$var“ - може да не сработва за shell има gettext и eval_gettext - проверка - намират се лесно по „$
 # ------------------------
@@ -209,10 +212,10 @@
 # for i in `sort -u FILES`; do cnt=`grep $i FILES | wc -l`; echo $cnt $i ;done | sort -n
 msgid ""
 msgstr ""
-"Project-Id-Version: git 2.38\n"
+"Project-Id-Version: git 2.39\n"
 "Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: Git Mailing List <git@vger.kernel.org>\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2022-09-28 10:59+0200\n"
-"PO-Revision-Date: 2022-09-28 10:59+0200\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2022-12-06 15:52+0100\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2022-12-06 16:55+0200\n"
 "Last-Translator: Alexander Shopov <ash@kambanaria.org>\n"
 "Language-Team: Bulgarian <dict@fsa-bg.org>\n"
 "Language: bg\n"
@@ -376,7 +379,7 @@
 
 #, c-format, perl-format
 msgid "Stage mode change [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
-msgstr "Добавяне на промяната на правата за достъп [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
+msgstr "Добавяне на промяната на права̀та за достъп [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
 
 #, c-format, perl-format
 msgid "Stage deletion [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
@@ -412,7 +415,7 @@
 
 #, c-format, perl-format
 msgid "Stash mode change [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
-msgstr "Скатаване на промяната на правата за достъп [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
+msgstr "Скатаване на промяната на права̀та за достъп [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
 
 #, c-format, perl-format
 msgid "Stash deletion [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
@@ -448,7 +451,7 @@
 
 #, c-format, perl-format
 msgid "Unstage mode change [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
-msgstr "Изваждане на промяната на правата за достъп [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
+msgstr "Изваждане на промяната на права̀та за достъп [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
 
 #, c-format, perl-format
 msgid "Unstage deletion [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
@@ -485,7 +488,7 @@
 #, c-format, perl-format
 msgid "Apply mode change to index [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
 msgstr ""
-"Прилагане на промяната на правата за достъп към индекса [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
+"Прилагане на промяната на права̀та за достъп към индекса [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
 
 #, c-format, perl-format
 msgid "Apply deletion to index [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
@@ -522,8 +525,8 @@
 #, c-format, perl-format
 msgid "Discard mode change from worktree [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
 msgstr ""
-"Премахване на промяната в правата за достъп от работното дърво [y,n,q,a,d"
-"%s,?]? "
+"Премахване на промяната в права̀та за достъп от работното дърво [y,n,q,a,"
+"d%s,?]? "
 
 #, c-format, perl-format
 msgid "Discard deletion from worktree [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
@@ -563,7 +566,7 @@
 #, c-format, perl-format
 msgid "Discard mode change from index and worktree [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
 msgstr ""
-"Премахване на промяната в правата за достъп от индекса и работното дърво [y,"
+"Премахване на промяната в права̀та за достъп от индекса и работното дърво [y,"
 "n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
 
 #, c-format, perl-format
@@ -599,7 +602,7 @@
 #, c-format, perl-format
 msgid "Apply mode change to index and worktree [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
 msgstr ""
-"Прилагане на промяната в правата за достъп от индекса и работното дърво [y,n,"
+"Прилагане на промяната в права̀та за достъп от индекса и работното дърво [y,n,"
 "q,a,d%s,?]? "
 
 #, c-format, perl-format
@@ -634,8 +637,8 @@
 #, c-format, perl-format
 msgid "Apply mode change to worktree [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
 msgstr ""
-"Прилагане на промяната в правата за достъп към работното дърво [y,n,q,a,d"
-"%s,?]? "
+"Прилагане на промяната в права̀та за достъп към работното дърво [y,n,q,a,"
+"d%s,?]? "
 
 #, c-format, perl-format
 msgid "Apply deletion to worktree [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
@@ -985,6 +988,9 @@
 msgid "unclosed quote"
 msgstr "кавичка без еш"
 
+msgid "too many arguments"
+msgstr "прекалено много аргументи"
+
 #, c-format
 msgid "unrecognized whitespace option '%s'"
 msgstr "непозната опция за знаците за интервали „%s“"
@@ -1258,12 +1264,12 @@
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "new mode (%o) of %s does not match old mode (%o)"
-msgstr "новите права за достъп (%o) на „%s“ не съвпадат със старите (%o)"
+msgstr "новите права̀ за достъп (%o) на „%s“ не съвпадат със старите (%o)"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "new mode (%o) of %s does not match old mode (%o) of %s"
 msgstr ""
-"новите права за достъп (%o) на „%s“ не съвпадат със старите (%o) на „%s“"
+"новите права̀ за достъп (%o) на „%s“ не съвпадат със старите (%o) на „%s“"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "affected file '%s' is beyond a symbolic link"
@@ -1501,7 +1507,7 @@
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "unsupported file mode: 0%o (SHA1: %s)"
-msgstr "неподдържани права за достъп до файл: 0%o (SHA1: %s)"
+msgstr "неподдържани права̀ за достъп до файл: 0%o (SHA1: %s)"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "deflate error (%d)"
@@ -1969,7 +1975,7 @@
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "cannot chmod %cx '%s'"
-msgstr "правата на „%2$s“ не може да се зададат да са %1$cx"
+msgstr "права̀та на „%2$s“ не може да се зададат да са %1$cx"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "unexpected diff status %c"
@@ -2385,7 +2391,7 @@
 msgstr "опциите „%s=%s“ и „%s=%s“ са несъвместими"
 
 msgid "git am [<options>] [(<mbox> | <Maildir>)...]"
-msgstr "git am [ОПЦИЯ…] [(ФАЙЛ_С_ПОЩА|ДИРЕКТОРИЯ_С_ПОЩА)…]"
+msgstr "git am [ОПЦИЯ…] [(ФАЙЛ_С_ПОЩА | ДИРЕКТОРИЯ_С_ПОЩА)…]"
 
 msgid "git am [<options>] (--continue | --skip | --abort)"
 msgstr "git am [ОПЦИЯ…] (--continue | --skip | --abort)"
@@ -2811,42 +2817,6 @@
 "неуспешно двоично търсене: „git bisect--helper --bisect-state %s“ завърши с "
 "код за грешка: %d"
 
-msgid "reset the bisection state"
-msgstr "изчистване на състоянието на двоичното търсене"
-
-msgid "check whether bad or good terms exist"
-msgstr "проверка дали съществуват одобряващи/отхвърлящи управляващи думи"
-
-msgid "print out the bisect terms"
-msgstr "извеждане на управляващите думи"
-
-msgid "start the bisect session"
-msgstr "начало на двоично търсене"
-
-msgid "find the next bisection commit"
-msgstr "откриване на следващото подаване при двоично търсене"
-
-msgid "mark the state of ref (or refs)"
-msgstr "задаване на състоянието на указателя/ите"
-
-msgid "list the bisection steps so far"
-msgstr "извеждане на стъпките на двоичното търсене досега"
-
-msgid "replay the bisection process from the given file"
-msgstr "наново изпълнение на двоичното търсене чрез дадения файл"
-
-msgid "skip some commits for checkout"
-msgstr "прескачане на някои подавания при изтегляне"
-
-msgid "visualize the bisection"
-msgstr "визуализиране на двоичното търсене"
-
-msgid "use <cmd>... to automatically bisect"
-msgstr "за автоматично двоично търсене да се ползва тази КОМАНДА…"
-
-msgid "no log for BISECT_WRITE"
-msgstr "липсва запис за „BISECT_WRITE“"
-
 msgid "--bisect-reset requires either no argument or a commit"
 msgstr "опцията „--bisect-reset“ изисква или 0 аргументи, или 1 — подаване"
 
@@ -2865,6 +2835,9 @@
 msgid "git blame [<options>] [<rev-opts>] [<rev>] [--] <file>"
 msgstr "git blame [ОПЦИЯ…] [ОПЦИЯ_ЗА_ВЕРСИЯТА…] [ВЕРСИЯ] [--] ФАЙЛ"
 
+msgid "git annotate [<options>] [<rev-opts>] [<rev>] [--] <file>"
+msgstr "git annotate [ОПЦИЯ…] [ОПЦИЯ_ЗА_ВЕРСИЯТА…] [ВЕРСИЯ] [--] ФАЙЛ"
+
 msgid "<rev-opts> are documented in git-rev-list(1)"
 msgstr "ОПЦИИте_ЗА_ВЕРСИЯТА са документирани в ръководството git-rev-list(1)"
 
@@ -3071,9 +3044,6 @@
 msgid "cannot use -a with -d"
 msgstr "опциите „-a“ и „-d“ са несъвместими"
 
-msgid "Couldn't look up commit object for HEAD"
-msgstr "Обектът-подаване, сочен от указателя „HEAD“, не може да бъде открит"
-
 #, c-format
 msgid "Cannot delete branch '%s' checked out at '%s'"
 msgstr "Не може да изтриете клона „%s“, който е изтеглен в пътя „%s“"
@@ -3112,17 +3082,18 @@
 msgid "Branch %s is being bisected at %s"
 msgstr "Търси се двоично в клона „%s“ при „%s“"
 
-msgid "cannot copy the current branch while not on any."
-msgstr "не може да копирате текущия клон, защото сте извън който и да е клон"
-
-msgid "cannot rename the current branch while not on any."
-msgstr ""
-"не може да преименувате текущия клон, защото сте извън който и да е клон"
-
 #, c-format
 msgid "Invalid branch name: '%s'"
 msgstr "Неправилно име на клон: „%s“"
 
+#, c-format
+msgid "No commit on branch '%s' yet."
+msgstr "В клона „%s“ все още няма подавания."
+
+#, c-format
+msgid "No branch named '%s'."
+msgstr "Липсва клон на име „%s“."
+
 msgid "Branch rename failed"
 msgstr "Неуспешно преименуване на клон"
 
@@ -3285,13 +3256,12 @@
 msgid "cannot edit description of more than one branch"
 msgstr "Не може да редактирате описанието на повече от един клон едновременно"
 
-#, c-format
-msgid "No commit on branch '%s' yet."
-msgstr "В клона „%s“ все още няма подавания."
+msgid "cannot copy the current branch while not on any."
+msgstr "не може да копирате текущия клон, защото сте извън който и да е клон"
 
-#, c-format
-msgid "No branch named '%s'."
-msgstr "Липсва клон на име „%s“."
+msgid "cannot rename the current branch while not on any."
+msgstr ""
+"не може да преименувате текущия клон, защото сте извън който и да е клон"
 
 msgid "too many branches for a copy operation"
 msgstr "прекалено много клони за копиране"
@@ -3358,13 +3328,12 @@
 msgid "not run from a git repository - no hooks to show\n"
 msgstr "командата е стартирана извън хранилище на Git, затова няма куки\n"
 
-# FIXME
 msgid ""
-"git bugreport [-o|--output-directory <file>] [-s|--suffix <format>] [--"
-"diagnose[=<mode>]"
+"git bugreport [(-o | --output-directory) <path>] [(-s | --suffix) <format>]\n"
+"              [--diagnose[=<mode>]]"
 msgstr ""
-"git bugreport [-o|--output-directory ФАЙЛ] [-s|--suffix ФОРМАТ] [--"
-"diagnose[=РЕЖИМ]]"
+"git bugreport [(-o | --output-directory) ПЪТ] [(-s | --suffix) ФОРМАТ]\n"
+"              [--diagnose[=РЕЖИМ]]"
 
 msgid ""
 "Thank you for filling out a Git bug report!\n"
@@ -3438,17 +3407,23 @@
 msgid "Created new report at '%s'.\n"
 msgstr "Новият доклад е създаден в „%s“.\n"
 
-msgid "git bundle create [<options>] <file> <git-rev-list args>"
-msgstr "git bundle create [ОПЦИЯ…] ФАЙЛ АРГУМЕНТ_ЗА_git_rev-list…"
+msgid ""
+"git bundle create [-q | --quiet | --progress | --all-progress] [--all-"
+"progress-implied]\n"
+"                  [--version=<version>] <file> <git-rev-list-args>"
+msgstr ""
+"git bundle create [-q | --quiet | --progress | --all-progress] [--all-"
+"progress-implied]\n"
+"                  [--version=ВЕРСИЯ] ФАЙЛ ОПЦИЯ_ЗА_git-rev-list…"
 
-msgid "git bundle verify [<options>] <file>"
-msgstr "git bundle verify [ОПЦИЯ…] ФАЙЛ…"
+msgid "git bundle verify [-q | --quiet] <file>"
+msgstr "git bundle verify [-q | --quiet] ФАЙЛ"
 
 msgid "git bundle list-heads <file> [<refname>...]"
 msgstr "git bundle list-heads ФАЙЛ [ИМЕ_НА_УКАЗАТЕЛ…]"
 
-msgid "git bundle unbundle <file> [<refname>...]"
-msgstr "git bundle unbundle ФАЙЛ [ИМЕ_НА_УКАЗАТЕЛ…]"
+msgid "git bundle unbundle [--progress] <file> [<refname>...]"
+msgstr "git bundle unbundle [--progress] ФАЙЛ [ИМЕ_НА_УКАЗАТЕЛ…]"
 
 msgid "do not show progress meter"
 msgstr "без извеждане на напредъка"
@@ -3524,12 +3499,12 @@
 "git cat-file (--batch | --batch-check | --batch-command) [--batch-all-"
 "objects]\n"
 "             [--buffer] [--follow-symlinks] [--unordered]\n"
-"             [--textconv | --filters]"
+"             [--textconv | --filters] [-z]"
 msgstr ""
 "git cat-file (--batch | --batch-check | --batch-command) [--batch-all-"
 "objects]\n"
 "             [--buffer] [--follow-symlinks] [--unordered]\n"
-"             [--textconv | --filters]"
+"             [--textconv | --filters] [-z]"
 
 msgid ""
 "git cat-file (--textconv | --filters)\n"
@@ -3646,9 +3621,6 @@
 msgid "<object> required with '-%c'"
 msgstr "опцията „-%c“ изисква обект"
 
-msgid "too many arguments"
-msgstr "прекалено много аргументи"
-
 #, c-format
 msgid "only two arguments allowed in <type> <object> mode, not %d"
 msgstr "в режим с посочен ВИД ОБЕКТ се изискват точно два аргумента, а не %d"
@@ -4193,8 +4165,9 @@
 msgstr "използване на припокриващ режим"
 
 msgid ""
-"git clean [-d] [-f] [-i] [-n] [-q] [-e <pattern>] [-x | -X] [--] <paths>..."
-msgstr "git clean [-d] [-f] [-i] [-n] [-q] [-e ШАБЛОН] [-x | -X] [--] ПЪТ…"
+"git clean [-d] [-f] [-i] [-n] [-q] [-e <pattern>] [-x | -X] [--] "
+"[<pathspec>...]"
+msgstr "git clean [-d] [-f] [-i] [-n] [-q] [-e ШАБЛОН] [-x | -X] [--] [ПЪТ…]"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "Removing %s\n"
@@ -4493,6 +4466,11 @@
 msgstr "неуспешно итериране по „%s“"
 
 #, c-format
+msgid "symlink '%s' exists, refusing to clone with --local"
+msgstr ""
+"символната връзка „%s“ съществува, не може да се клонира с опцията „--local“"
+
+#, c-format
 msgid "failed to unlink '%s'"
 msgstr "неуспешно изтриване на „%s“"
 
@@ -4563,10 +4541,6 @@
 msgid "You must specify a repository to clone."
 msgstr "Трябва да укажете кое хранилище искате да клонирате."
 
-#, c-format
-msgid "options '%s' and '%s %s' cannot be used together"
-msgstr "опциите „%s“ и „%s %s“ са несъвместими"
-
 msgid ""
 "--bundle-uri is incompatible with --depth, --shallow-since, and --shallow-"
 "exclude"
@@ -4696,19 +4670,25 @@
 msgstr "опцията „--command“ трябва да е първият аргумент"
 
 msgid ""
-"git commit-graph verify [--object-dir <objdir>] [--shallow] [--[no-]progress]"
+"git commit-graph verify [--object-dir <dir>] [--shallow] [--[no-]progress]"
 msgstr ""
-"git commit-graph verify [--object-dir ДИР_ОБЕКТИ] [--shallow] [--"
+"git commit-graph verify [--object-dir ДИРЕКТОРИЯ] [--shallow] [--"
 "[no-]progress]"
 
 msgid ""
-"git commit-graph write [--object-dir <objdir>] [--append] [--"
-"split[=<strategy>]] [--reachable|--stdin-packs|--stdin-commits] [--changed-"
-"paths] [--[no-]max-new-filters <n>] [--[no-]progress] <split options>"
+"git commit-graph write [--object-dir <dir>] [--append]\n"
+"                       [--split[=<strategy>]] [--reachable | --stdin-packs | "
+"--stdin-commits]\n"
+"                       [--changed-paths] [--[no-]max-new-filters <n>] [--"
+"[no-]progress]\n"
+"                       <split options>"
 msgstr ""
-"git commit-graph write [--object-dir ДИР_ОБЕКТИ] [--append] [--"
-"split[=СТРАТЕГИЯ]] [--reachable|--stdin-packs|--stdin-commits] [--changed-"
-"paths] [--[no-]max-new-filters <n>] [--[no-]progress] ОПЦИИ_ЗА_РАЗДЕЛЯНЕ"
+"git commit-graph write [--object-dir ДИРЕКТОРИЯ] [--append]\n"
+"                       [--split[=СТРАТЕГИЯ]] [--reachable | --stdin-packs | "
+"--stdin-commits]\n"
+"                       [--changed-paths] [--[no-]max-new-filters БРОЙ] [--"
+"[no-]progress]\n"
+"                       ОПЦИИ_ЗА_РАЗДЕЛЯНЕ"
 
 msgid "dir"
 msgstr "директория"
@@ -4781,12 +4761,16 @@
 msgid "Collecting commits from input"
 msgstr "Получаване на подаванията от входа"
 
+msgid "git commit-tree <tree> [(-p <parent>)...]"
+msgstr "git commit-tree ДЪРВО [(-p РОДИТЕЛ)…]"
+
 msgid ""
-"git commit-tree [(-p <parent>)...] [-S[<keyid>]] [(-m <message>)...] [(-F "
-"<file>)...] <tree>"
+"git commit-tree [(-p <parent>)...] [-S[<keyid>]] [(-m <message>)...]\n"
+"                [(-F <file>)...] <tree>"
 msgstr ""
-"git commit-tree [(-p РОДИТЕЛ)…] [-S[ИДЕНТИФИКАТОР]] [(-m СЪОБЩЕНИЕ)…] [(-F "
-"ФАЙЛ)…] ДЪРВО"
+"git commit-tree [(-p РОДИТЕЛ)…] [-S[ИДЕНТИФИКАТОР_НА_КЛЮЧ]] [(-m "
+"СЪОБЩЕНИЕ)…]\n"
+"                [(-F ФАЙЛ)…] ДЪРВО"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "duplicate parent %s ignored"
@@ -4828,11 +4812,30 @@
 msgid "git commit-tree: failed to read"
 msgstr "git commit-tree: не може да се прочете"
 
-msgid "git commit [<options>] [--] <pathspec>..."
-msgstr "git commit [ОПЦИЯ…] [--] ПЪТ…"
+msgid ""
+"git commit [-a | --interactive | --patch] [-s] [-v] [-u<mode>] [--amend]\n"
+"           [--dry-run] [(-c | -C | --squash) <commit> | --fixup [(amend|"
+"reword):]<commit>)]\n"
+"           [-F <file> | -m <msg>] [--reset-author] [--allow-empty]\n"
+"           [--allow-empty-message] [--no-verify] [-e] [--author=<author>]\n"
+"           [--date=<date>] [--cleanup=<mode>] [--[no-]status]\n"
+"           [-i | -o] [--pathspec-from-file=<file> [--pathspec-file-nul]]\n"
+"           [(--trailer <token>[(=|:)<value>])...] [-S[<keyid>]]\n"
+"           [--] [<pathspec>...]"
+msgstr ""
+"git commit [-a | --interactive | --patch] [-s] [-v] [-u РЕЖИМ] [--amend]\n"
+"           [--dry-run] [(-c | -C | --squash) ПОДАВАНЕ | --fixup [(amend|"
+"reword):]ПОДАВАНЕ)]\n"
+"           [-F ФАЙЛ | -m СЪОБЩЕНИЕ] [--reset-author] [--allow-empty]\n"
+"           [--allow-empty-message] [--no-verify] [-e] [--author=АВТОР]\n"
+"           [--date=ДАТА] [--cleanup=РЕЖИМ] [--[no-]status]\n"
+"           [-i | -o] [--pathspec-from-file=ФАЙЛ> [--pathspec-file-nul]]\n"
+"           [(--trailer ЛЕКСЕМА[(=|:)СТОЙНОСТ])…] [-"
+"S[ИДЕНТИФИКАТОР_НА_КЛЮЧ]]\n"
+"           [--] [ПЪТ…]"
 
-msgid "git status [<options>] [--] <pathspec>..."
-msgstr "git status [ОПЦИЯ…] [--] ПЪТ…"
+msgid "git status [<options>] [--] [<pathspec>...]"
+msgstr "git status [ОПЦИЯ…] [--] [ПЪТ…]"
 
 msgid ""
 "You asked to amend the most recent commit, but doing so would make\n"
@@ -4908,7 +4911,7 @@
 msgstr "временният индекс не може да бъде обновен"
 
 msgid "Failed to update main cache tree"
-msgstr "Дървото на основния кеш не може да бъде обновено"
+msgstr "Кешът за обектите-дървета не може да бъде обновен"
 
 msgid "unable to write new_index file"
 msgstr "новият индекс (new_index) не може да бъде записан"
@@ -5613,7 +5616,7 @@
 "\n"
 "\tchmod 0700 %s"
 msgstr ""
-"Правата за достъп до директорията за програмните гнезда са прекалено "
+"Права̀та за достъп до директорията за програмните гнезда са прекалено "
 "свободни —\n"
 "другите потребители може да получат достъп до кешираните ви пароли.  За да\n"
 "коригирате това, изпълнете:\n"
@@ -5638,11 +5641,19 @@
 "ключалката на хранилището на идентификациите не бе получена в рамките на %d "
 "ms"
 
-msgid "git describe [<options>] [<commit-ish>...]"
-msgstr "git describe [ОПЦИЯ…] [УКАЗАТЕЛ_КЪМ_ПОДАВАНЕ…]"
+msgid ""
+"git describe [--all] [--tags] [--contains] [--abbrev=<n>] [<commit-ish>...]"
+msgstr ""
+"git describe [--all] [--tags] [--contains] [--abbrev=БРОЙ] "
+"[УКАЗАТЕЛ_КЪМ_ПОДАВАНЕ…]"
 
-msgid "git describe [<options>] --dirty"
-msgstr "git describe [ОПЦИЯ…] --dirty"
+msgid ""
+"git describe [--all] [--tags] [--contains] [--abbrev=<n>] --dirty[=<mark>]"
+msgstr ""
+"git describe [--all] [--tags] [--contains] [--abbrev=БРОЙ] --dirty[=МАРКЕР]"
+
+msgid "git describe <blob>"
+msgstr "git describe обект-BLOB"
 
 msgid "head"
 msgstr "основно"
@@ -5766,11 +5777,11 @@
 msgstr "опциите „%s“ и указателите към обекти са несъвместими"
 
 msgid ""
-"git diagnose [-o|--output-directory <path>] [-s|--suffix <format>] [--"
-"mode=<mode>]"
+"git diagnose [(-o | --output-directory) <path>] [(-s | --suffix) <format>]\n"
+"             [--mode=<mode>]"
 msgstr ""
-"git diagnose [-o|--output-directory ФАЙЛ] [-s|--suffix ФОРМАТ] [--"
-"diagnose[=РЕЖИМ]]"
+"git diagnose [(-o | --output-directory) ПЪТ] [(-s | --suffix) ФОРМАТ]\n"
+"             [--diagnose[=РЕЖИМ]]"
 
 msgid "specify a destination for the diagnostics archive"
 msgstr "укажете местоположение на архива с диагностичната информация"
@@ -5788,6 +5799,9 @@
 msgid "'%s': not a regular file or symlink"
 msgstr "„%s“: не е нито обикновен файл, нито символна връзка"
 
+msgid "no merge given, only parents."
+msgstr "липсва сливане, зададени са само родителски подавания."
+
 #, c-format
 msgid "invalid option: %s"
 msgstr "неправилна опция: %s"
@@ -5921,8 +5935,8 @@
 
 #, c-format
 msgid ""
-"option `--default' expects an unsigned long value with `--type=ulong`, not `"
-"%s`"
+"option `--default' expects an unsigned long value with `--type=ulong`, not "
+"`%s`"
 msgstr ""
 "опцията „--default“ изисква целочислена стойност без знак при „--"
 "type=ulong“, а не „%s“"
@@ -6438,8 +6452,8 @@
 msgid "print only refs which don't contain the commit"
 msgstr "извеждане само на указателите, които не съдържат това ПОДАВАНЕ"
 
-msgid "git for-each-repo --config=<config> <command-args>"
-msgstr "git for-each-repo --config=НАСТРОЙКА АРГУМЕНТ…"
+msgid "git for-each-repo --config=<config> [--] <arguments>"
+msgstr "git for-each-repo --config=НАСТРОЙКА [--] АРГУМЕНТ…"
 
 msgid "config"
 msgstr "настройка"
@@ -6597,21 +6611,29 @@
 msgstr "предупреждение: „%s“ сочи към все още несъществуващ клон (%s)"
 
 msgid "Checking cache tree"
-msgstr "Проверка на дървото на кеша"
+msgstr "Проверка на кеша на обектите-дървета"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "%s: invalid sha1 pointer in cache-tree"
-msgstr "„%s“: неправилен указател за SHA1 в дървото на кеша"
+msgstr "„%s“: неправилен указател за SHA1 в кеша на обектите-дървета"
 
 msgid "non-tree in cache-tree"
-msgstr "в дървото на кеша има нещо, което не е дърво"
+msgstr "в кеша на обектите-дървета има нещо, което не е дърво"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "%s: invalid sha1 pointer in resolve-undo"
 msgstr "„%s“: неправилен указател за отмяна на разрешените подавания"
 
-msgid "git fsck [<options>] [<object>...]"
-msgstr "git fsck [ОПЦИЯ…] [ОБЕКТ…]"
+msgid ""
+"git fsck [--tags] [--root] [--unreachable] [--cache] [--no-reflogs]\n"
+"         [--[no-]full] [--strict] [--verbose] [--lost-found]\n"
+"         [--[no-]dangling] [--[no-]progress] [--connectivity-only]\n"
+"         [--[no-]name-objects] [<object>...]"
+msgstr ""
+"git fsck [--tags] [--root] [--unreachable] [--cache] [--no-reflogs]\n"
+"         [--[no-]full] [--strict] [--verbose] [--lost-found]\n"
+"         [--[no-]dangling] [--[no-]progress] [--connectivity-only]\n"
+"         [--[no-]name-objects] [ОБЕКТ…]"
 
 msgid "show unreachable objects"
 msgstr "показване на недостижимите обекти"
@@ -6666,12 +6688,6 @@
 msgid "git fsmonitor--daemon run [<options>]"
 msgstr "git fsmonitor--daemon run [ОПЦИЯ…]"
 
-msgid "git fsmonitor--daemon stop"
-msgstr "git fsmonitor--daemon stop"
-
-msgid "git fsmonitor--daemon status"
-msgstr "git fsmonitor--daemon status"
-
 #, c-format
 msgid "value of '%s' out of range: %d"
 msgstr "дължината на „%s“ e извън диапазона: %d"
@@ -6923,8 +6939,20 @@
 msgid "use at most one of --auto and --schedule=<frequency>"
 msgstr "опциите „--auto“ и „--schedule=ЧЕСТОТА“ са несъвместими"
 
-msgid "failed to run 'git config'"
-msgstr "неуспешно изпълнение на „git config“"
+#, c-format
+msgid "unable to add '%s' value of '%s'"
+msgstr "неуспешно добавяне на стойност на „%s“ за „%s“"
+
+msgid "return success even if repository was not registered"
+msgstr "успешно завършване, дори ако хранилището не бъде регистрирано"
+
+#, c-format
+msgid "unable to unset '%s' value of '%s'"
+msgstr "неуспешно изчистване на стойност на „%s“ за „%s“"
+
+#, c-format
+msgid "repository '%s' is not registered"
+msgstr "хранилището „%s“ не е регистрирано"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "failed to expand path '%s'"
@@ -7227,11 +7255,14 @@
 msgstr "опцията „--cached“ е несъвместима със задаване на дърво"
 
 msgid ""
-"git hash-object [-t <type>] [-w] [--path=<file> | --no-filters] [--stdin] "
-"[--] <file>..."
+"git hash-object [-t <type>] [-w] [--path=<file> | --no-filters]\n"
+"                [--stdin [--literally]] [--] <file>..."
 msgstr ""
-"git hash-object [-t ВИД] [-w] [--path=ФАЙЛ | --no-filters] [--stdin] [--] "
-"ФАЙЛ…"
+"git hash-object [-t ВИД] [-w] [--path=ФАЙЛ | --no-filters]\n"
+"                [--stdin [--literally]] [--] ФАЙЛ…"
+
+msgid "git hash-object [-t <type>] [-w] --stdin-paths [--no-filters]"
+msgstr "git hash-object [-t ВИД] [-w] --stdin-paths [--no-filters]"
 
 msgid "object type"
 msgstr "ВИД на обекта"
@@ -7662,14 +7693,18 @@
 msgstr "Инициализиране на празно хранилище на Git в „%s%s“\n"
 
 msgid ""
-"git init [-q | --quiet] [--bare] [--template=<template-directory>] [--"
-"shared[=<permissions>]] [<directory>]"
+"git init [-q | --quiet] [--bare] [--template=<template-directory>]\n"
+"         [--separate-git-dir <git-dir>] [--object-format=<format>]\n"
+"         [-b <branch-name> | --initial-branch=<branch-name>]\n"
+"         [--shared[=<permissions>]] [<directory>]"
 msgstr ""
-"git init [-q | --quiet] [--bare] [--template=ДИРЕКТОРИЯ_С_ШАБЛОНИ] [--"
-"shared[=ПРАВА]] [ДИРЕКТОРИЯ]"
+"git init [-q | --quiet] [--bare] [--template=ДИРЕКТОРИЯ_С_ШАБЛОНИ]\n"
+"         [--separate-git-dir ДИРЕКТОРИЯ_НА_GIT] [--object-format=ФОРМАТ]\n"
+"         [-b КЛОН | --initial-branch=КЛОН]\n"
+"         [--shared[=ПРАВА̀]] [ДИРЕКТОРИЯ]"
 
 msgid "permissions"
-msgstr "права"
+msgstr "права̀"
 
 msgid "specify that the git repository is to be shared amongst several users"
 msgstr ""
@@ -7709,11 +7744,13 @@
 msgstr "опцията „--separate-git-dir“ е несъвместима с голо хранилище"
 
 msgid ""
-"git interpret-trailers [--in-place] [--trim-empty] [(--trailer "
-"<token>[(=|:)<value>])...] [<file>...]"
+"git interpret-trailers [--in-place] [--trim-empty]\n"
+"                       [(--trailer <token>[(=|:)<value>])...]\n"
+"                       [--parse] [<file>...]"
 msgstr ""
-"git interpret-trailers [--in-place] [--trim-empty] [(--trailer "
-"ЛЕКСЕМА[(=|:)СТОЙНОСТ])…] [ФАЙЛ…]"
+"git interpret-trailers [--in-place] [--trim-empty]\n"
+"                       [(--trailer ЛЕКСЕМА[(=|:)СТОЙНОСТ])…]\n"
+"                       [--parse] [ФАЙЛ…]"
 
 msgid "edit files in place"
 msgstr "директно редактиране на файловете"
@@ -8213,11 +8250,11 @@
 
 msgid ""
 "git ls-remote [--heads] [--tags] [--refs] [--upload-pack=<exec>]\n"
-"              [-q | --quiet] [--exit-code] [--get-url]\n"
+"              [-q | --quiet] [--exit-code] [--get-url] [--sort=<key>]\n"
 "              [--symref] [<repository> [<refs>...]]"
 msgstr ""
-"git ls-remote [--heads] [--tags] [--refs] [--upload-pack=<exec>]\n"
-"              [-q | --quiet] [--exit-code] [--get-url]\n"
+"git ls-remote [--heads] [--tags] [--refs] [--upload-pack=КОМАНДА]\n"
+"              [-q | --quiet] [--exit-code] [--get-url] [--sort=КЛЮЧ]\n"
 "              [--symref] [ХРАНИЛИЩЕ [УКАЗАТЕЛ…]]"
 
 msgid "do not print remote URL"
@@ -8352,12 +8389,12 @@
 msgid "git merge-base [-a | --all] --octopus <commit>..."
 msgstr "git merge-base [-a | --all] --octopus ПОДАВАНЕ…"
 
-msgid "git merge-base --independent <commit>..."
-msgstr "git merge-base --independent ПОДАВАНЕ…"
-
 msgid "git merge-base --is-ancestor <commit> <commit>"
 msgstr "git merge-base --is-ancestor ПОДАВАНЕ_1 ПОДАВАНЕ_2"
 
+msgid "git merge-base --independent <commit>..."
+msgstr "git merge-base --independent ПОДАВАНЕ…"
+
 msgid "git merge-base --fork-point <ref> [<commit>]"
 msgstr "git merge-base --fork-point УКАЗАТЕЛ [ПОДАВАНЕ]"
 
@@ -8467,9 +8504,20 @@
 msgid "allow merging unrelated histories"
 msgstr "позволяване на сливане на независими истории"
 
+msgid "perform multiple merges, one per line of input"
+msgstr "извършване на множество сливания, по едно на ред"
+
 msgid "--trivial-merge is incompatible with all other options"
 msgstr "„--trivial-merge“ е несъвместима с другите опции"
 
+#, c-format
+msgid "malformed input line: '%s'."
+msgstr "входен ред с неправилен формат: „%s“."
+
+#, c-format
+msgid "merging cannot continue; got unclean result of %d"
+msgstr "сливането не може да продължи — %d-тото завърши с грешка"
+
 msgid "git merge [<options>] [<commit>...]"
 msgstr "git merge [ОПЦИЯ…] [ПОДАВАНЕ…]"
 
@@ -9105,10 +9153,6 @@
 "съдържанието на бележка не може да се вземе от обект, който не е BLOB: „%s“."
 
 #, c-format
-msgid "malformed input line: '%s'."
-msgstr "входен ред с неправилен формат: „%s“."
-
-#, c-format
 msgid "failed to copy notes from '%s' to '%s'"
 msgstr "бележката не може да се копира от „%s“ към „%s“"
 
@@ -9305,13 +9349,12 @@
 msgid "unknown subcommand: `%s'"
 msgstr "непозната подкоманда: „%s“"
 
-msgid ""
-"git pack-objects --stdout [<options>...] [< <ref-list> | < <object-list>]"
+msgid "git pack-objects --stdout [<options>] [< <ref-list> | < <object-list>]"
 msgstr ""
 "git pack-objects --stdout [ОПЦИЯ…] [< СПИСЪК_С_УКАЗАТЕЛИ | < СПИСЪК_С_ОБЕКТИ]"
 
 msgid ""
-"git pack-objects [<options>...] <base-name> [< <ref-list> | < <object-list>]"
+"git pack-objects [<options>] <base-name> [< <ref-list> | < <object-list>]"
 msgstr ""
 "git pack-objects [ОПЦИЯ…] ПРЕФИКС_НА_ИМЕТО [< СПИСЪК_С_УКАЗАТЕЛИ | < "
 "СПИСЪК_С_ОБЕКТИ]"
@@ -9712,8 +9755,8 @@
 "ни известите с е-писмо до пощенския списък:\n"
 "<git@vger.kernel.org>.\n"
 
-msgid "git pack-refs [<options>]"
-msgstr "git pack-refs [ОПЦИЯ…]"
+msgid "git pack-refs [--all] [--no-prune]"
+msgstr "git pack-refs [--all] [--no-prune]"
 
 msgid "pack everything"
 msgstr "пакетиране на всичко"
@@ -9721,6 +9764,18 @@
 msgid "prune loose refs (default)"
 msgstr "окастряне на недостижимите указатели (стандартно)"
 
+msgid "git patch-id [--stable | --unstable | --verbatim]"
+msgstr "git patch-id [--stable | --unstable | --verbatim]"
+
+msgid "use the unstable patch-id algorithm"
+msgstr "използване на нестабилен алгоритъм за идентифициране на кръпка"
+
+msgid "use the stable patch-id algorithm"
+msgstr "използване на стабилен алгоритъм за идентифициране на кръпка"
+
+msgid "don't strip whitespace from the patch"
+msgstr "без махане на празните знаци в кръпката"
+
 msgid "git prune [-n] [-v] [--progress] [--expire <time>] [--] [<head>...]"
 msgstr "git prune [-n] [-v] [--progress] [--expire ВРЕМЕ] [--] [ВРЪХ…]"
 
@@ -9938,14 +9993,13 @@
 
 msgid ""
 "\n"
-"To avoid automatically configuring upstream branches when their name\n"
-"doesn't match the local branch, see option 'simple' of branch."
-"autoSetupMerge\n"
+"To avoid automatically configuring an upstream branch when its name\n"
+"won't match the local branch, see option 'simple' of branch.autoSetupMerge\n"
 "in 'git help config'.\n"
 msgstr ""
 "\n"
-"За да избегнете автоматичното задаване на следени клони, когато името им не "
-"съвпада с това на локалния клон, погледнете документацията за стойността "
+"За да избегнете автоматичното задаване на следени клони, когато името им\n"
+"не съвпада с това на локалния клон, погледнете документацията за стойността\n"
 "„simple“ на настройката „branch.autoSetupMerge“ в „git help config“.\n"
 
 #, c-format
@@ -10109,6 +10163,13 @@
 msgid "failed to push some refs to '%s'"
 msgstr "част от указателите не бяха изтласкани към „%s“"
 
+msgid ""
+"recursing into submodule with push.recurseSubmodules=only; using on-demand "
+"instead"
+msgstr ""
+"рекурсивно обхождане на подмодулите чрез „push.recurseSubmodules=only“.  "
+"Вместо това се ползва ПРИ НУЖДА"
+
 #, c-format
 msgid "invalid value for '%s'"
 msgstr "Неправилна стойност за „%s“"
@@ -10247,13 +10308,15 @@
 msgstr "необходими са два диапазона с подавания"
 
 msgid ""
-"git read-tree [(-m [--trivial] [--aggressive] | --reset | --prefix=<prefix>) "
-"[-u | -i]] [--no-sparse-checkout] [--index-output=<file>] (--empty | <tree-"
-"ish1> [<tree-ish2> [<tree-ish3>]])"
+"git read-tree [(-m [--trivial] [--aggressive] | --reset | --"
+"prefix=<prefix>)\n"
+"              [-u | -i]] [--index-output=<file>] [--no-sparse-checkout]\n"
+"              (--empty | <tree-ish1> [<tree-ish2> [<tree-ish3>]])"
 msgstr ""
-"git read-tree [(-m [--trivial] [--aggressive] | --reset | --prefix=ПРЕФИКС) "
-"[-u | -i]] [--no-sparse-checkout] [--index-output=ФАЙЛ] (--empty | "
-"УКАЗАТЕЛ_КЪМ_ДЪРВО_1 [УКАЗАТЕЛ_КЪМ_ДЪРВО_2 [УКАЗАТЕЛ_КЪМ_ДЪРВО_3]])"
+"git read-tree [(-m [--trivial] [--aggressive] | --reset | --prefix=ПРЕФИКС)\n"
+"              [-u | -i]] [--index-output=ФАЙЛ] [--no-sparse-checkout]\n"
+"              (--empty | УКАЗАТЕЛ_КЪМ_ДЪРВО_1 [УКАЗАТЕЛ_КЪМ_ДЪРВО_2 "
+"[УКАЗАТЕЛ_КЪМ_ДЪРВО_3]])"
 
 msgid "write resulting index to <file>"
 msgstr "запазване на индекса в този ФАЙЛ"
@@ -10343,8 +10406,8 @@
 msgstr "„%s“ изисква пребазиране"
 
 #, c-format
-msgid "could not get 'onto': '%s'"
-msgstr "не може да се премине към новата база, зададена с „onto“: „%s“"
+msgid "invalid onto: '%s'"
+msgstr "неправилен указател върху какво да се пребазира: „%s“"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "invalid orig-head: '%s'"
@@ -10394,8 +10457,8 @@
 
 #, c-format
 msgid ""
-"unrecognized empty type '%s'; valid values are \"drop\", \"keep\", and \"ask"
-"\"."
+"unrecognized empty type '%s'; valid values are \"drop\", \"keep\", and "
+"\"ask\"."
 msgstr ""
 "неправилна стойност „%s“: вариантите са „drop“ (прескачане), "
 "„keep“ (запазване) и „ask“ (питане)"
@@ -10664,7 +10727,7 @@
 msgid "No such ref: %s"
 msgstr "Такъв указател няма: %s"
 
-msgid "Could not resolve HEAD to a revision"
+msgid "Could not resolve HEAD to a commit"
 msgstr "Подаването, сочено от указателя „HEAD“, не може да бъде открито"
 
 #, c-format
@@ -11346,6 +11409,10 @@
 msgid "could not close refs snapshot tempfile"
 msgstr "временният файл със снимка на указателите не може да се затвори"
 
+#, c-format
+msgid "could not remove stale bitmap: %s"
+msgstr "изтриването на остарялата битова маска „%s“ е невъзможно"
+
 msgid "pack everything in a single pack"
 msgstr "пакетиране на всичко в пакет"
 
@@ -11430,6 +11497,9 @@
 msgid "write a multi-pack index of the resulting packs"
 msgstr "запазване на многопакетен индекс за създадените пакети"
 
+msgid "pack prefix to store a pack containing pruned objects"
+msgstr "префикс на името на пакетния за пакети за окастрени обекти"
+
 msgid "cannot delete packs in a precious-objects repo"
 msgstr "пакетите в хранилище с важни обекти не може да се трият"
 
@@ -11441,8 +11511,12 @@
 msgstr "името на пакетния файл „%s“ не започва с директорията за обекти с „%s“"
 
 #, c-format
-msgid "missing required file: %s"
-msgstr "липсва задължителния файл „%s“"
+msgid "renaming pack to '%s' failed"
+msgstr "неуспешно преименуване на пакетния файл на „%s“"
+
+#, c-format
+msgid "pack-objects did not write a '%s' file for pack %s-%s"
+msgstr "Командата „git pack-objects“ не записа файл „%s“ за пакета „%s-%s“"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "could not unlink: %s"
@@ -11636,8 +11710,9 @@
 msgid "only one pattern can be given with -l"
 msgstr "опцията „-l“ приема точно един шаблон"
 
-msgid "git rerere [clear | forget <path>... | status | remaining | diff | gc]"
-msgstr "git rerere [clear | forget ПЪТ… | status | remaining | diff | gc]"
+msgid ""
+"git rerere [clear | forget <pathspec>... | diff | status | remaining | gc]"
+msgstr "git rerere [clear | forget ПЪТ… | diff | status | remaining | gc]"
 
 msgid "register clean resolutions in index"
 msgstr "регистриране на чисти корекции на конфликти в индекса"
@@ -11843,6 +11918,15 @@
 msgid "unknown mode for --abbrev-ref: %s"
 msgstr "непознат режим за „--abbrev-ref“: „%s“"
 
+msgid "--exclude-hidden cannot be used together with --branches"
+msgstr "опциите „--exclude-hidden“ и „--branches“ са несъвместими"
+
+msgid "--exclude-hidden cannot be used together with --tags"
+msgstr "опциите „--exclude-hidden“ и „--tags“ са несъвместими"
+
+msgid "--exclude-hidden cannot be used together with --remotes"
+msgstr "опциите „--exclude-hidden“ и „--remotes“ са несъвместими"
+
 msgid "this operation must be run in a work tree"
 msgstr "тази команда трябва да се изпълни в работно дърво"
 
@@ -11850,17 +11934,25 @@
 msgid "unknown mode for --show-object-format: %s"
 msgstr "непознат режим за „--show-object-format“: „%s“"
 
-msgid "git revert [<options>] <commit-ish>..."
-msgstr "git revert [ОПЦИЯ…] УКАЗАТЕЛ_КЪМ_ПОДАВАНЕ…"
+msgid ""
+"git revert [--[no-]edit] [-n] [-m <parent-number>] [-s] [-S[<keyid>]] "
+"<commit>..."
+msgstr ""
+"git revert [--[no-]edit] [-n] [-m НОМЕР_НА_РОДИТЕЛ] [-s]\n"
+"           [-S[ИДЕНТИФИКАТОР_НА_КЛЮЧ]] ПОДАВАНЕ…"
 
-msgid "git revert <subcommand>"
-msgstr "git revert ПОДКОМАНДА"
+msgid "git revert (--continue | --skip | --abort | --quit)"
+msgstr "git revert (--continue | --skip | --abort | --quit)"
 
-msgid "git cherry-pick [<options>] <commit-ish>..."
-msgstr "git cherry-pick [ОПЦИЯ…] УКАЗАТЕЛ_КЪМ_ПОДАВАНЕ…"
+msgid ""
+"git cherry-pick [--edit] [-n] [-m <parent-number>] [-s] [-x] [--ff]\n"
+"                [-S[<keyid>]] <commit>..."
+msgstr ""
+"git cherry-pick [--edit] [-n] [-m НОМЕР_НА_РОДИТЕЛ] [-s] [-x] [--ff]\n"
+"                [-S[ИДЕНТИФИКАТОР_НА_КЛЮЧ]] ПОДАВАНЕ…"
 
-msgid "git cherry-pick <subcommand>"
-msgstr "git cherry-pick ПОДКОМАНДА"
+msgid "git cherry-pick (--continue | --skip | --abort | --quit)"
+msgstr "git cherry-pick (--continue | --skip | --abort | --quit)"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "option `%s' expects a number greater than zero"
@@ -11889,7 +11981,7 @@
 msgstr "редактиране на съобщението при подаване"
 
 msgid "parent-number"
-msgstr "номер на родителя"
+msgstr "номер на родител"
 
 msgid "select mainline parent"
 msgstr "избор на основния родител"
@@ -11921,8 +12013,14 @@
 msgid "cherry-pick failed"
 msgstr "неуспешно отбиране"
 
-msgid "git rm [<options>] [--] <file>..."
-msgstr "git rm [ОПЦИЯ…] [--] ФАЙЛ…"
+msgid ""
+"git rm [-f | --force] [-n] [-r] [--cached] [--ignore-unmatch]\n"
+"       [--quiet] [--pathspec-from-file=<file> [--pathspec-file-nul]]\n"
+"       [--] [<pathspec>...]"
+msgstr ""
+"git rm [-f | --force] [-n] [-r] [--cached] [--ignore-unmatch]\n"
+"       [--quiet] [--pathspec-from-file=ФАЙЛ [--pathspec-file-nul]]\n"
+"       [--] [ПЪТ…]"
 
 msgid ""
 "the following file has staged content different from both the\n"
@@ -12001,12 +12099,14 @@
 "git send-pack [--mirror] [--dry-run] [--force]\n"
 "              [--receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>]\n"
 "              [--verbose] [--thin] [--atomic]\n"
+"              [--[no-]signed | --signed=(true|false|if-asked)]\n"
 "              [<host>:]<directory> (--all | <ref>...)"
 msgstr ""
 "git send-pack [--mirror] [--dry-run] [--force]\n"
 "              [--receive-pack=ПАКЕТ]\n"
 "              [--verbose] [--thin] [--atomic]\n"
-"              [ХОСТ:]ДИРЕКТОРИЯ (--all | УКАЗАТЕЛ…])"
+"              [--[no-]signed | --signed=(true|false|if-asked)]\n"
+"              [ХОСТ:]ДИРЕКТОРИЯ (--all | УКАЗАТЕЛ…)"
 
 msgid "remote name"
 msgstr "име на отдалечено хранилище"
@@ -12029,8 +12129,9 @@
 msgid "using multiple --group options with stdin is not supported"
 msgstr "повече от една опции „--group“ са несъвместими със стандартния вход"
 
-msgid "using --group=trailer with stdin is not supported"
-msgstr "опцията „--group=trailer“ е несъвместима със стандартния вход"
+#, c-format
+msgid "using %s with stdin is not supported"
+msgstr "„%s“ не поддържа стандартния вход"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "unknown group type: %s"
@@ -12067,12 +12168,14 @@
 "git show-branch [-a | --all] [-r | --remotes] [--topo-order | --date-order]\n"
 "                [--current] [--color[=<when>] | --no-color] [--sparse]\n"
 "                [--more=<n> | --list | --independent | --merge-base]\n"
-"                [--no-name | --sha1-name] [--topics] [(<rev> | <glob>)...]"
+"                [--no-name | --sha1-name] [--topics]\n"
+"                [(<rev> | <glob>)...]"
 msgstr ""
 "git show-branch [-a | --all] [-r | --remotes] [--topo-order | --date-order]\n"
 "                [--current] [--color[=КОГА] | --no-color] [--sparse]\n"
-"                [--more=БРОЙ | --list | --independent | --merge-base]\n"
-"                [--no-name | --sha1-name] [--topics] [(РЕВИЗИЯ | УКАЗАТЕЛ)…]"
+"                [--more=<n> | --list | --independent | --merge-base]\n"
+"                [--no-name | --sha1-name] [--topics]\n"
+"                [(РЕВИЗИЯ | УКАЗАТЕЛ)…]"
 
 msgid "git show-branch (-g | --reflog)[=<n>[,<base>]] [--list] [<ref>]"
 msgstr "git show-branch (-g | --reflog)[=БРОЙ[,БАЗА]] [--list] [УКАЗАТЕЛ]"
@@ -12174,11 +12277,13 @@
 msgstr "Непознат алгоритъм за контролни суми"
 
 msgid ""
-"git show-ref [-q | --quiet] [--verify] [--head] [-d | --dereference] [-s | --"
-"hash[=<n>]] [--abbrev[=<n>]] [--tags] [--heads] [--] [<pattern>...]"
+"git show-ref [-q | --quiet] [--verify] [--head] [-d | --dereference]\n"
+"             [-s | --hash[=<n>]] [--abbrev[=<n>]] [--tags]\n"
+"             [--heads] [--] [<pattern>...]"
 msgstr ""
-"git show-ref [-q | --quiet] [--verify] [--head] [-d | --dereference] [-s | --"
-"hash[=ЧИСЛО]] [--abbrev[=ЧИСЛО]] [--tags] [--heads] [--] [ШАБЛОН…]"
+"git show-ref [-q | --quiet] [--verify] [--head] [-d | --dereference]\n"
+"             [-s | --hash[=БРОЙ]] [--abbrev[=БРОЙ]] [--tags]\n"
+"             [--heads] [--] [ШАБЛОН…]"
 
 msgid "git show-ref --exclude-existing[=<pattern>]"
 msgstr "git show-ref --exclude-existing[=ШАБЛОН]"
@@ -12211,8 +12316,10 @@
 "извеждане на указателите приети от стандартния вход, които липсват в "
 "локалното хранилище"
 
-msgid "git sparse-checkout (init|list|set|add|reapply|disable) <options>"
-msgstr "git sparse-checkout (init|list|set|add|reapply|disable) ОПЦИЯ…"
+msgid ""
+"git sparse-checkout (init | list | set | add | reapply | disable) [<options>]"
+msgstr ""
+"git sparse-checkout (init | list | set | add | reapply | disable) ОПЦИЯ…"
 
 msgid "this worktree is not sparse"
 msgstr "това работно дърво не е частично"
@@ -12338,67 +12445,57 @@
 msgid "error while refreshing working directory"
 msgstr "грешка при обновяване на работната директория"
 
-msgid "git stash list [<options>]"
-msgstr "git stash list [ОПЦИЯ…]"
+msgid "git stash list [<log-options>]"
+msgstr "git stash list [ОПЦИЯ_ЗА_ЖУРНАЛ…]"
 
-msgid "git stash show [<options>] [<stash>]"
-msgstr "git stash show [ОПЦИЯ…] [СКАТАНО]"
+msgid ""
+"git stash show [-u | --include-untracked | --only-untracked] [<diff-"
+"options>] [<stash>]"
+msgstr ""
+"git stash show [-u | --include-untracked | --only-untracked] "
+"[ОПЦИЯ_ЗА_РАЗЛИКА…] [СКАТАНО]"
 
-msgid "git stash drop [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]"
-msgstr "git stash drop [-q|--quiet] [СКАТАНО]"
+msgid "git stash drop [-q | --quiet] [<stash>]"
+msgstr "git stash drop [-q | --quiet] [СКАТАНО]"
 
-msgid "git stash ( pop | apply ) [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]"
-msgstr "git stash ( pop | apply ) [--index] [-q|--quiet] [СКАТАНО]"
+msgid "git stash pop [--index] [-q | --quiet] [<stash>]"
+msgstr "git stash pop [--index] [-q | --quiet] [СКАТАНО]"
+
+msgid "git stash apply [--index] [-q | --quiet] [<stash>]"
+msgstr "git stash apply [--index] [-q | --quiet] [СКАТАНО]"
 
 msgid "git stash branch <branchname> [<stash>]"
 msgstr "git stash branch КЛОН [СКАТАНО]"
 
+msgid "git stash store [(-m | --message) <message>] [-q | --quiet] <commit>"
+msgstr "git stash store [-m | --message СЪОБЩЕНИЕ] [-q | --quiet] ПОДАВАНЕ"
+
 msgid ""
-"git stash [push [-p|--patch] [-S|--staged] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--"
-"quiet]\n"
-"          [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-m|--message <message>]\n"
+"git stash [push [-p | --patch] [-S | --staged] [-k | --[no-]keep-index] [-q "
+"| --quiet]\n"
+"          [-u | --include-untracked] [-a | --all] [(-m | --message) "
+"<message>]\n"
 "          [--pathspec-from-file=<file> [--pathspec-file-nul]]\n"
 "          [--] [<pathspec>...]]"
 msgstr ""
-"git stash [push [-p|--patch] [-S|--staged] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--"
-"quiet]\n"
-"          [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-m|--message СЪОБЩЕНИЕ]\n"
+"git stash [push [-p | --patch] [-S | --staged] [-k | --[no-]keep-index] [-q "
+"| --quiet]\n"
+"          [-u | --include-untracked] [-a | --all] [(-m | --message) "
+"СЪОБЩЕНИЕ]\n"
 "          [--pathspec-from-file=ФАЙЛ [--pathspec-file-nul]]\n"
 "          [--] [ПЪТ…]]"
 
 msgid ""
-"git stash save [-p|--patch] [-S|--staged] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--"
-"quiet]\n"
-"          [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [<message>]"
+"git stash save [-p | --patch] [-S | --staged] [-k | --[no-]keep-index] [-q | "
+"--quiet]\n"
+"          [-u | --include-untracked] [-a | --all] [<message>]"
 msgstr ""
-"git stash save [-p|--patch] [-S|--staged] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--"
-"quiet]\n"
-"          [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [СЪОБЩЕНИЕ]"
+"git stash save [-p | --patch] [-S | --staged] [-k | --[no-]keep-index] [-q | "
+"--quiet]\n"
+"          [-u | --include-untracked] [-a | --all] [СЪОБЩЕНИЕ]"
 
-msgid "git stash pop [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]"
-msgstr "git stash pop [--index] [-q|--quiet] [СКАТАНО]"
-
-msgid "git stash apply [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]"
-msgstr "git stash apply [--index] [-q|--quiet] [СКАТАНО]"
-
-msgid "git stash store [-m|--message <message>] [-q|--quiet] <commit>"
-msgstr "git stash store [-m|--message СЪОБЩЕНИЕ] [-q|--quiet] ПОДАВАНЕ"
-
-msgid ""
-"git stash [push [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet]\n"
-"          [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-m|--message <message>]\n"
-"          [--] [<pathspec>...]]"
-msgstr ""
-"git stash [push [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet]\n"
-"          [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-m|--message СЪОБЩЕНИЕ]\n"
-"          [--] [ПЪТ…]]"
-
-msgid ""
-"git stash save [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet]\n"
-"               [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [<message>]"
-msgstr ""
-"git stash save [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet]\n"
-"               [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [СЪОБЩЕНИЕ]]"
+msgid "git stash create [<message>]"
+msgstr "git stash create [СЪОБЩЕНИЕ]"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "'%s' is not a stash-like commit"
@@ -12973,9 +13070,6 @@
 msgid "don't fetch new objects from the remote site"
 msgstr "без доставяне на новите обекти от отдалеченото хранилище"
 
-msgid "path into the working tree"
-msgstr "път към работното дърво"
-
 msgid "use the 'checkout' update strategy (default)"
 msgstr ""
 "използване на стратегията за обновяване „checkout“ (изтегляне — стандартно)"
@@ -13012,27 +13106,9 @@
 "shallow] [--reference <repository>] [--recursive] [--[no-]single-branch] "
 "[--] [ПЪТ…]"
 
-msgid "recurse into submodules"
-msgstr "рекурсивно обхождане подмодулите"
-
 msgid "git submodule absorbgitdirs [<options>] [<path>...]"
 msgstr "git submodule absorbgitdirs [ОПЦИЯ…] [ПЪТ…]"
 
-msgid "check if it is safe to write to the .gitmodules file"
-msgstr "проверка дали писането във файла „.gitmodules“ е безопасно"
-
-msgid "unset the config in the .gitmodules file"
-msgstr "изтриване на настройка във файла „.gitmodules“"
-
-msgid "git submodule--helper config <name> [<value>]"
-msgstr "git submodule--helper config ИМЕ [СТОЙНОСТ]"
-
-msgid "git submodule--helper config --unset <name>"
-msgstr "git submodule--helper config --unset ИМЕ"
-
-msgid "please make sure that the .gitmodules file is in the working tree"
-msgstr "файлът „.gitmodules“ трябва да е в работното дърво"
-
 msgid "suppress output for setting url of a submodule"
 msgstr "без извеждане на информация при задаването на адреса на подмодул"
 
@@ -13112,6 +13188,9 @@
 msgid "unable to checkout submodule '%s'"
 msgstr "Подмодулът „%s“ не може да бъде изтеглен"
 
+msgid "please make sure that the .gitmodules file is in the working tree"
+msgstr "файлът „.gitmodules“ трябва да е в работното дърво"
+
 #, c-format
 msgid "Failed to add submodule '%s'"
 msgstr "Неуспешно добавяне на подмодула „%s“"
@@ -13165,19 +13244,21 @@
 msgid "'%s' is not a valid submodule name"
 msgstr "„%s“ е неправилно име за подмодул"
 
+msgid "git submodule--helper <command>"
+msgstr "git submodule--helper КОМАНДА"
+
 #, c-format
 msgid "%s doesn't support --super-prefix"
 msgstr "„%s“ не поддържа опцията „--super-prefix“"
 
-#, c-format
-msgid "'%s' is not a valid submodule--helper subcommand"
-msgstr "„%s“ не е подкоманда на „submodule--helper“"
+msgid "git symbolic-ref [-m <reason>] <name> <ref>"
+msgstr "git symbolic-ref [-m ПРИЧИНА] ИМЕ УКАЗАТЕЛ"
 
-msgid "git symbolic-ref [<options>] <name> [<ref>]"
-msgstr "git symbolic-ref [ОПЦИЯ…] ИМЕ [УКАЗАТЕЛ]"
+msgid "git symbolic-ref [-q] [--short] [--no-recurse] <name>"
+msgstr "git symbolic-ref [-q] [--short] [--no-recurse] ИМЕ"
 
-msgid "git symbolic-ref -d [-q] <name>"
-msgstr "git symbolic-ref -d [-q] ИМЕ"
+msgid "git symbolic-ref --delete [-q] <name>"
+msgstr "git symbolic-ref --delete [-q] ИМЕ"
 
 msgid "suppress error message for non-symbolic (detached) refs"
 msgstr "без извеждане на грешка за несвързани (несимволни) указатели"
@@ -13188,6 +13269,9 @@
 msgid "shorten ref output"
 msgstr "кратка информация за указателя"
 
+msgid "recursively dereference (default)"
+msgstr "рекурсивно извеждане на идентификатори (стандартно)"
+
 msgid "reason"
 msgstr "причина"
 
@@ -13195,24 +13279,26 @@
 msgstr "причина за обновяването"
 
 msgid ""
-"git tag [-a | -s | -u <key-id>] [-f] [-m <msg> | -F <file>]\n"
-"        <tagname> [<head>]"
+"git tag [-a | -s | -u <key-id>] [-f] [-m <msg> | -F <file>] [-e]\n"
+"        <tagname> [<commit> | <object>]"
 msgstr ""
-"git tag [-a | -s | -u ИДЕНТИФИКАТОР_НА_КЛЮЧ] [-f] [-m СЪОБЩЕНИЕ | -F ФАЙЛ]\n"
-"        ЕТИКЕТ [ВРЪХ]"
+"git tag [-a | -s | -u ИДЕНТИФИКАТОР_НА_КЛЮЧ] [-f] [-m СЪОБЩЕНИЕ | -F ФАЙЛ] [-"
+"e]\n"
+"        ЕТИКЕТ [ПОДАВАНЕ | ОБЕКТ]"
 
 msgid "git tag -d <tagname>..."
 msgstr "git tag -d ЕТИКЕТ…"
 
 msgid ""
-"git tag -l [-n[<num>]] [--contains <commit>] [--no-contains <commit>] [--"
-"points-at <object>]\n"
-"        [--format=<format>] [--merged <commit>] [--no-merged <commit>] "
-"[<pattern>...]"
+"git tag [-n[<num>]] -l [--contains <commit>] [--no-contains <commit>]\n"
+"        [--points-at <object>] [--column[=<options>] | --no-column]\n"
+"        [--create-reflog] [--sort=<key>] [--format=<format>]\n"
+"        [--merged <commit>] [--no-merged <commit>] [<pattern>...]"
 msgstr ""
-"git tag -l [-n[БРОЙ]] [--contains ПОДАВАНЕ] [--no-contains ПОДАВАНЕ]\n"
-"           [--points-at ОБЕКТ] [--format=ФОРМАТ] [--merged ПОДАВАНЕ]\n"
-"           [--no-merged ПОДАВАНЕ] [ШАБЛОН…]"
+"git tag [-n[БРОЙ]] -l [--contains ПОДАВАНЕ] [--no-contains ПОДАВАНЕ]\n"
+"        [--points-at ОБЕКТ] [--column[=ОПЦИЯ…] | --no-column]\n"
+"        [--create-reflog] [--sort=<key>] [--format=ФОРМАТ]\n"
+"        [--merged ПОДАВАНЕ] [--no-merged ПОДАВАНЕ] [ШАБЛОН…]"
 
 msgid "git tag -v [--format=<format>] <tagname>..."
 msgstr "git tag -v [--format=ФОРМАТ] ЕТИКЕТ…"
@@ -13614,8 +13700,12 @@
 msgid "update the info files from scratch"
 msgstr "обновяване на информационните файлове от нулата"
 
-msgid "git upload-pack [<options>] <dir>"
-msgstr "git upload-pack [ОПЦИЯ…] ДИРЕКТОРИЯ"
+msgid ""
+"git-upload-pack [--[no-]strict] [--timeout=<n>] [--stateless-rpc]\n"
+"                [--advertise-refs] <directory>"
+msgstr ""
+"git-upload-pack [--[no-]strict] [--timeout=БРОЙ] [--stateless-rpc]\n"
+"                [--advertise-refs] ДИРЕКТОРИЯ"
 
 msgid "quit after a single request/response exchange"
 msgstr "изход след първоначалната размяна на заявка и отговор"
@@ -13630,8 +13720,8 @@
 msgid "interrupt transfer after <n> seconds of inactivity"
 msgstr "трансферът да се преустанови след този БРОЙ секунди"
 
-msgid "git verify-commit [-v | --verbose] <commit>..."
-msgstr "git verify-commit [-v | --verbose] ПОДАВАНЕ…"
+msgid "git verify-commit [-v | --verbose] [--raw] <commit>..."
+msgstr "git verify-commit [-v | --verbose] [--raw] ПОДАВАНЕ…"
 
 msgid "print commit contents"
 msgstr "извеждане на съдържанието на подаването"
@@ -13639,8 +13729,8 @@
 msgid "print raw gpg status output"
 msgstr "извеждане на необработения изход от състоянието на „gpg“"
 
-msgid "git verify-pack [-v | --verbose] [-s | --stat-only] <pack>..."
-msgstr "git verify-pack [-v | --verbose] [-s | --stat-only] ПАКЕТ…"
+msgid "git verify-pack [-v | --verbose] [-s | --stat-only] [--] <pack>.idx..."
+msgstr "git verify-pack [-v | --verbose] [-s | --stat-only] [--] ПАКЕТ.idx…"
 
 msgid "verbose"
 msgstr "извеждане на подробна информация"
@@ -13648,35 +13738,39 @@
 msgid "show statistics only"
 msgstr "извеждане само на статистиката"
 
-msgid "git verify-tag [-v | --verbose] [--format=<format>] <tag>..."
-msgstr "git verify-tag [-v | --verbose] [--format=ФОРМАТ] ЕТИКЕТ…"
+msgid "git verify-tag [-v | --verbose] [--format=<format>] [--raw] <tag>..."
+msgstr "git verify-tag [-v | --verbose] [--format=ФОРМАТ] [--raw] ЕТИКЕТ…"
 
 msgid "print tag contents"
 msgstr "извеждане на съдържанието на ЕТИКЕТи"
 
-msgid "git worktree add [<options>] <path> [<commit-ish>]"
-msgstr "git worktree add [ОПЦИЯ…] ПЪТ [УКАЗАТЕЛ_КЪМ_ПОДАВАНЕ]"
+msgid ""
+"git worktree add [-f] [--detach] [--checkout] [--lock [--reason <string>]]\n"
+"                 [-b <new-branch>] <path> [<commit-ish>]"
+msgstr ""
+"git worktree add [-f] [--detach] [--checkout] [--lock [--reason НИЗ]]\n"
+"                 [-b НОВ_КЛОН] ПЪТ [УКАЗАТЕЛ_КЪМ_ПОДАВАНЕ]"
 
-msgid "git worktree list [<options>]"
-msgstr "git worktree list [ОПЦИЯ…]"
+msgid "git worktree list [-v | --porcelain [-z]]"
+msgstr "git worktree list [-v | --porcelain [-z]]"
 
-msgid "git worktree lock [<options>] <path>"
-msgstr "git worktree lock [ОПЦИЯ…] [ПЪТ]"
+msgid "git worktree lock [--reason <string>] <worktree>"
+msgstr "git worktree lock [--reason ПРИЧИНА] ФОРМАТ"
 
 msgid "git worktree move <worktree> <new-path>"
 msgstr "git worktree move [ДЪРВО] [НОВ_ПЪТ]"
 
-msgid "git worktree prune [<options>]"
-msgstr "git worktree prune [ОПЦИЯ…]"
+msgid "git worktree prune [-n] [-v] [--expire <expire>]"
+msgstr "git worktree prune [-n] [-v] [--expire ВРЕМЕ]"
 
-msgid "git worktree remove [<options>] <worktree>"
-msgstr "git worktree remove [ОПЦИЯ…] [ДЪРВО]"
+msgid "git worktree remove [-f] <worktree>"
+msgstr "git worktree remove [-f] ДЪРВО"
 
 msgid "git worktree repair [<path>...]"
 msgstr "git worktree repair [ПЪТ…]"
 
-msgid "git worktree unlock <path>"
-msgstr "git worktree unlock [ПЪТ]"
+msgid "git worktree unlock <worktree>"
+msgstr "git worktree unlock ДЪРВО"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "Removing %s/%s: %s"
@@ -13918,6 +14012,10 @@
 msgid "core.fsyncMethod = batch is unsupported on this platform"
 msgstr "„core.fsyncMethod = batch“ не се поддържа на тази платформа"
 
+#, c-format
+msgid "bundle list at '%s' has no mode"
+msgstr "липсва режим в списъка от пратки „%s“"
+
 msgid "failed to create temporary file"
 msgstr "не може да се създаде временен файл"
 
@@ -13925,16 +14023,30 @@
 msgstr "недостатъчно възможности"
 
 #, c-format
+msgid "unrecognized bundle mode from URI '%s'"
+msgstr "непознат режим на пратки от адрес „%s“"
+
+#, c-format
+msgid "exceeded bundle URI recursion limit (%d)"
+msgstr ""
+"преминато е ограничениeто за рекурсивно обхождане на адреси на пратки (%d)"
+
+#, c-format
 msgid "failed to download bundle from URI '%s'"
 msgstr "неуспешно изтегляне на пратка от адрес: „%s“"
 
 #, c-format
-msgid "file at URI '%s' is not a bundle"
-msgstr "файлът на адрес „%s“ не е пратка"
+msgid "file at URI '%s' is not a bundle or bundle list"
+msgstr "файлът на адрес „%s“ не е нито пратка, нито списък с пратки"
 
-#, c-format
-msgid "failed to unbundle bundle from URI '%s'"
-msgstr "неуспешно разпакетиране на пратка от адрес „%s“"
+msgid "bundle-uri: got an empty line"
+msgstr "bundle-uri: получен е празен ред"
+
+msgid "bundle-uri: line is not of the form 'key=value'"
+msgstr "bundle-uri: редът не е във формат „КЛЮЧ=СТОЙНОСТ“"
+
+msgid "bundle-uri: line has empty key or value"
+msgstr "bundle-uri: редът съдържа празен ключ или стойност"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "unrecognized bundle hash algorithm: %s"
@@ -14163,7 +14275,7 @@
 
 msgid "Compares the content and mode of blobs found via two tree objects"
 msgstr ""
-"Сравняване на съдържанието и правата за достъп на обектите-BLOB чрез два "
+"Сравняване на съдържанието и права̀та за достъп на обектите-BLOB чрез два "
 "обекта-дърво"
 
 msgid "Show changes using common diff tools"
@@ -14521,7 +14633,7 @@
 msgid "Chunk-based file formats"
 msgstr "Формати на откъсите"
 
-msgid "Git commit graph format"
+msgid "Git commit-graph format"
 msgstr "Формат на гра̀фа с подаванията"
 
 msgid "Git index format"
@@ -14691,7 +14803,7 @@
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "unable to adjust shared permissions for '%s'"
-msgstr "правата за споделен достъп до „%s“ не може да бъдат зададени"
+msgstr "права̀та за споделен достъп до „%s“ не може да бъдат зададени"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "Writing out commit graph in %d pass"
@@ -14888,8 +15000,12 @@
 #, c-format
 msgid "health thread wait failed [GLE %ld]"
 msgstr ""
-"грешка в нишката за следене на състоянието [последна грешка в нишката: GLE="
-"%1$ld]"
+"грешка в нишката за следене на състоянието [последна грешка в нишката: "
+"GLE=%1$ld]"
+
+#, c-format
+msgid "Invalid path: %s"
+msgstr "Неправилен път: „%s“"
 
 msgid "Unable to create FSEventStream."
 msgstr "Неуспешно създаване на „FSEventStream“."
@@ -14911,8 +15027,8 @@
 #, c-format
 msgid "[GLE %ld] could not get longname of '%s'"
 msgstr ""
-"дългото име на „%2$s“ те може да се получи [последна грешка в нишката: GLE="
-"%1$ld]"
+"дългото име на „%2$s“ те може да се получи [последна грешка в нишката: "
+"GLE=%1$ld]"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "ReadDirectoryChangedW failed on '%s' [GLE %ld]"
@@ -14933,6 +15049,22 @@
 "нишката: GLE=%ld]"
 
 #, c-format
+msgid "opendir('%s') failed"
+msgstr "неуспешно изпълнение на opendir(„%s“)"
+
+#, c-format
+msgid "lstat('%s') failed"
+msgstr "неуспешно изпълнение на lstat(„%s“)"
+
+#, c-format
+msgid "strbuf_readlink('%s') failed"
+msgstr "неуспешно изпълнение на strbuf_readlink(„%s“)"
+
+#, c-format
+msgid "closedir('%s') failed"
+msgstr "неуспешно изпълнение на closedir(„%s“)"
+
+#, c-format
 msgid "[GLE %ld] unable to open for read '%ls'"
 msgstr ""
 "файлът „%2$ls“ не може да бъде отворен за четене [последна грешка в нишката: "
@@ -15324,7 +15456,7 @@
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "chmod on %s failed"
-msgstr "неуспешна смяна на права с „chmod“ върху „%s“"
+msgstr "неуспешна смяна на права̀ с „chmod“ върху „%s“"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "could not write config file %s"
@@ -15353,7 +15485,7 @@
 msgstr ""
 "Не може да се чете от отдалеченото хранилище.\n"
 "\n"
-"Проверете дали то съществува и дали имате права\n"
+"Проверете дали то съществува и дали имате права̀\n"
 "за достъп."
 
 #, c-format
@@ -16576,9 +16708,11 @@
 
 #, c-format
 msgid ""
-"repository '%s' is incompatible with fsmonitor due to lack of Unix sockets"
+"socket directory '%s' is incompatible with fsmonitor due to lack of Unix "
+"sockets support"
 msgstr ""
-"хранилището „%s“ е несъвместимо с fsmonitor заради липсата на гнезда на unix"
+"директорията за гнезда „%s“ е несъвместима с fsmonitor заради липсата на "
+"гнезда на Unix"
 
 msgid ""
 "git [-v | --version] [-h | --help] [-C <path>] [-c <name>=<value>]\n"
@@ -16915,8 +17049,8 @@
 "\n"
 "Най-близките команди са"
 
-msgid "git version [<options>]"
-msgstr "git version [ОПЦИЯ…]"
+msgid "git version [--build-options]"
+msgstr "git version [--build-options]"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "%s: %s - %s"
@@ -16940,7 +17074,7 @@
 "The '%s' hook was ignored because it's not set as executable.\n"
 "You can disable this warning with `git config advice.ignoredHook false`."
 msgstr ""
-"Куката „%s“ се прескача, защото липсват права за изпълнение.\n"
+"Куката „%s“ се прескача, защото липсват права̀ за изпълнение.\n"
 "За да изключите това предупреждение, изпълнете:\n"
 "    git config advice.ignoredHook false"
 
@@ -17420,7 +17554,7 @@
 #, c-format
 msgid "do not know what to do with %06o %s '%s'"
 msgstr ""
-"не е ясно какво да се прави с обекта „%2$s“ (%3$s) с права за достъп „%1$06o“"
+"не е ясно какво да се прави с обекта „%2$s“ (%3$s) с права̀ за достъп „%1$06o“"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "Fast-forwarding submodule %s to the following commit:"
@@ -17533,8 +17667,8 @@
 
 #, c-format
 msgid ""
-"CONFLICT (rename/rename): Rename \"%s\"->\"%s\" in branch \"%s\" rename \"%s"
-"\"->\"%s\" in \"%s\"%s"
+"CONFLICT (rename/rename): Rename \"%s\"->\"%s\" in branch \"%s\" rename "
+"\"%s\"->\"%s\" in \"%s\"%s"
 msgstr ""
 "КОНФЛИКТ (преименуване/преименуване): „%s“ е преименуван на „%s“ в клон "
 "„%s“, а „%s“ е преименуван на „%s“ в „%s“/%s."
@@ -17877,10 +18011,6 @@
 "%s: алтернативните хранилища за обекти се пренебрегват поради прекалено "
 "дълбоко влагане"
 
-#, c-format
-msgid "unable to normalize object directory: %s"
-msgstr "директорията за обекти „%s“ не може да бъде нормализирана"
-
 msgid "unable to fdopen alternates lockfile"
 msgstr "заключващият файл за алтернативите не може да се отвори с „fdopen“"
 
@@ -17976,7 +18106,7 @@
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "unable to set permission to '%s'"
-msgstr "правата за достъп до „%s“ не може да бъдат зададени"
+msgstr "права̀та за достъп до „%s“ не може да бъдат зададени"
 
 msgid "file write error"
 msgstr "грешка при запис на файл"
@@ -17987,7 +18117,7 @@
 #, c-format
 msgid "insufficient permission for adding an object to repository database %s"
 msgstr ""
-"няма права за добавяне на обект към базата от данни на хранилището „%s“"
+"няма права̀ за добавяне на обект към базата от данни на хранилището „%s“"
 
 msgid "unable to create temporary file"
 msgstr "не може да бъде създаден временен файл"
@@ -18436,7 +18566,7 @@
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "failed to make %s readable"
-msgstr "не може да се дадат права за четене на „%s“"
+msgstr "не може да се дадат права̀ за четене на „%s“"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "could not write '%s' promisor file"
@@ -18605,7 +18735,7 @@
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "Could not make %s writable by group"
-msgstr "Не може да се дадат права за запис в директорията „%s“ на групата"
+msgstr "Не може да се дадат права̀ за запис в директорията „%s“ на групата"
 
 msgid "Escape character '\\' not allowed as last character in attr value"
 msgstr ""
@@ -18741,6 +18871,10 @@
 msgstr ""
 "името отдалеченото хранилище-гарант не може за започва със знака „/“: %s"
 
+#, c-format
+msgid "could not fetch %s from promisor remote"
+msgstr "„%s“ не може да се достави от гарантиращото хранилище"
+
 msgid "object-info: expected flush after arguments"
 msgstr "object-info: след аргументите се очаква изчистване на буферите"
 
@@ -18934,7 +19068,7 @@
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "cannot fix permission bits on '%s'"
-msgstr "правата за достъп до „%s“ не може да бъдат поправени"
+msgstr "права̀та за достъп до „%s“ не може да бъдат поправени"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "%s: cannot drop to stage #0"
@@ -19838,6 +19972,13 @@
 msgstr "дървото, сочено от „%s“, не може да бъде открито"
 
 #, c-format
+msgid "unsupported section for hidden refs: %s"
+msgstr "неподдържан раздел за скрити указатели: „%s“"
+
+msgid "--exclude-hidden= passed more than once"
+msgstr "опцията „--exclude-hidden=“ не може да се подава повече от веднъж"
+
+#, c-format
 msgid "resolve-undo records `%s` which is missing"
 msgstr ""
 "в информацията за отмяна на разрешените подавания присъства „%s“, който "
@@ -19986,6 +20127,14 @@
 msgstr "опцията „--all“ и указването на зачислена директория не са съвместими"
 
 #, c-format
+msgid "could not remove stale scalar.repo '%s'"
+msgstr "остарялото скаларно хранилище (scalar.repo) „%s“ не може да се изтрие"
+
+#, c-format
+msgid "removing stale scalar.repo '%s'"
+msgstr "изтриване на остарялото скаларно хранилище (scalar.repo) „%s“"
+
+#, c-format
 msgid "git repository gone in '%s'"
 msgstr "вече няма хранилище на git в „%s“"
 
@@ -20194,7 +20343,7 @@
 msgstr "%s: новият индекс не може да бъде запазен"
 
 msgid "unable to update cache tree"
-msgstr "дървото на кеша не може да бъде обновено"
+msgstr "кешът на обектите-дървета не може да бъде обновен"
 
 msgid "could not resolve HEAD commit"
 msgstr "подаването, сочено от указателя „HEAD“, не може да бъде открито"
@@ -20652,16 +20801,16 @@
 msgid "illegal label name: '%.*s'"
 msgstr "неправилно име на етикет: „%.*s“"
 
+#, c-format
+msgid "could not resolve '%s'"
+msgstr "„%s“ не може да бъде открит"
+
 msgid "writing fake root commit"
 msgstr "запазване на фалшиво начално подаване"
 
 msgid "writing squash-onto"
 msgstr "запазване на подаването, в което другите да се вкарат"
 
-#, c-format
-msgid "could not resolve '%s'"
-msgstr "„%s“ не може да бъде открит"
-
 msgid "cannot merge without a current revision"
 msgstr "без текущо подаване не може да се слива"
 
@@ -21032,7 +21181,7 @@
 msgstr ""
 "зададеният в „core.sharedRepository“ режим за достъп до файлове е неправилен "
 "(0%.3o).\n"
-"Собственикът на файла трябва да има права за писане и четене."
+"Собственикът на файла трябва да има права̀ за писане и четене."
 
 msgid "fork failed"
 msgstr "неуспешно създаване на процес чрез „fork“"
@@ -21277,6 +21426,17 @@
 msgid "failed to lstat '%s'"
 msgstr "не може да бъде получена информация чрез „lstat“ за „%s“"
 
+msgid "test-tool cache-tree <options> (control|prime|update)"
+msgstr "test-tool cache-tree ОПЦИЯ… (control|prime|update)"
+
+msgid "clear the cache tree before each iteration"
+msgstr "изчистване на кеша на обектите-дървета преди всяка итерация"
+
+msgid "number of entries in the cache tree to invalidate (default 0)"
+msgstr ""
+"какъв брой записи в кеша на обектите-дървета да се отбележат като невалидни "
+"(стандартно е 0)"
+
 msgid "unhandled options"
 msgstr "неподдържани опции"
 
@@ -21377,7 +21537,7 @@
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "file %s is not writable by user"
-msgstr "„%s“: няма права за записване на файла"
+msgstr "„%s“: няма права̀ за записване на файла"
 
 msgid "could not open temporary file"
 msgstr "временният файл не може да се отвори"
@@ -21629,7 +21789,7 @@
 msgstr "прекалено кратък обект-дърво"
 
 msgid "malformed mode in tree entry"
-msgstr "неправилни права за достъп в запис в дърво"
+msgstr "неправилни права̀ за достъп в запис в дърво"
 
 msgid "empty filename in tree entry"
 msgstr "празно име на файл в запис в дърво"
diff --git a/po/ca.po b/po/ca.po
index 7a17ed5..9141148 100644
--- a/po/ca.po
+++ b/po/ca.po
@@ -68,8 +68,8 @@
 msgstr ""
 "Project-Id-Version: Git\n"
 "Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: Git Mailing List <git@vger.kernel.org>\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2022-09-28 18:55+0200\n"
-"PO-Revision-Date: 2022-09-28 19:00-0600\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2022-12-07 07:33+0100\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2022-12-07 19:00-0600\n"
 "Last-Translator: Jordi Mas i Hernàndez <jmas@softcatala.org>\n"
 "Language-Team: Catalan\n"
 "Language: ca\n"
@@ -818,7 +818,10 @@
 msgstr "la línia d'ordres acaba amb \\"
 
 msgid "unclosed quote"
-msgstr "commetes no tancades"
+msgstr "cometes no tancades"
+
+msgid "too many arguments"
+msgstr "hi ha massa arguments"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "unrecognized whitespace option '%s'"
@@ -1878,7 +1881,7 @@
 "comprova si els fitxers, fins i tot els absents, s'ignoren en fer una prova"
 
 msgid "allow updating entries outside of the sparse-checkout cone"
-msgstr "permet actualitzar entrada fora del con del «sparse-checkout»"
+msgstr "permet actualitzar les entrades fora del con del «sparse-checkout»"
 
 msgid "override the executable bit of the listed files"
 msgstr "sobreescriu el bit executable dels fitxers llistats"
@@ -2408,7 +2411,7 @@
 "could not check out original HEAD '%s'. Try 'git bisect reset <commit>'."
 msgstr ""
 "no s'ha pogut agafar la HEAD original «%s». Proveu «git bisect reset "
-"<commit>»."
+"<comissió>»."
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "Bad bisect_write argument: %s"
@@ -2606,42 +2609,6 @@
 "l'execució de la bisecció ha fallat: «git bisect--helper --bisect-state %s» "
 "ha sortit amb el codi d'error %d"
 
-msgid "reset the bisection state"
-msgstr "restableix l'estat de la bisecció"
-
-msgid "check whether bad or good terms exist"
-msgstr "comprova si existeixen termes correctes o incorrectes"
-
-msgid "print out the bisect terms"
-msgstr "imprimeix els termes de la bisecció"
-
-msgid "start the bisect session"
-msgstr "inicia la sessió bisecció"
-
-msgid "find the next bisection commit"
-msgstr "troba la comissió de bisecció següent"
-
-msgid "mark the state of ref (or refs)"
-msgstr "marca l'estat de la referència o referències"
-
-msgid "list the bisection steps so far"
-msgstr "mostra les passes de la bisecció fins ara"
-
-msgid "replay the bisection process from the given file"
-msgstr "torna a reproduir el procés de bisecció des del fitxer donat"
-
-msgid "skip some commits for checkout"
-msgstr "omet algunes comissions en agafar"
-
-msgid "visualize the bisection"
-msgstr "visualitza la bisecció"
-
-msgid "use <cmd>... to automatically bisect"
-msgstr "useu <cmd>... per a fer una bisecció automàticament"
-
-msgid "no log for BISECT_WRITE"
-msgstr "no hi ha registre per a BISECT_WRITE"
-
 msgid "--bisect-reset requires either no argument or a commit"
 msgstr "--bisect-reset no requereix cap argument ni comissió"
 
@@ -2660,6 +2627,9 @@
 msgid "git blame [<options>] [<rev-opts>] [<rev>] [--] <file>"
 msgstr "git blame [<opcions>] [<opcions-de-revisió>] [<revisió>] [--] fitxer"
 
+msgid "git annotate [<options>] [<rev-opts>] [<rev>] [--] <file>"
+msgstr "git annotate [<opcions>] [<rev-opts>] [<rev>] [--] <fitxer>"
+
 msgid "<rev-opts> are documented in git-rev-list(1)"
 msgstr "es documenten les <opcions-de-revisió> en git-rev-list(1)"
 
@@ -2799,11 +2769,11 @@
 "git branch [<options>] [-f] [--recurse-submodules] <branch-name> [<start-"
 "point>]"
 msgstr ""
-"git branch [<options>] [-f] [--recurse-submodules] <branch-name> [<start-"
+"git branch [<opcions>] [-f] [--recurse-submodules] <branch-name> [<start-"
 "point>]"
 
 msgid "git branch [<options>] [-l] [<pattern>...]"
-msgstr "git branch [<options>] [-l] [<pattern>...]"
+msgstr "git branch [<opcions>] [-l] [<patró>...]"
 
 msgid "git branch [<options>] [-r] (-d | -D) <branch-name>..."
 msgstr "git branch [<opcions>] [-r] (-d | -D) <nom-de-branca>..."
@@ -2856,9 +2826,6 @@
 msgid "cannot use -a with -d"
 msgstr "no es pot usar -a amb -d"
 
-msgid "Couldn't look up commit object for HEAD"
-msgstr "No s'ha pogut trobar l'objecte de comissió de HEAD"
-
 #, c-format
 msgid "Cannot delete branch '%s' checked out at '%s'"
 msgstr "No es pot suprimir la branca «%s» agafada a «%s»"
@@ -2897,16 +2864,18 @@
 msgid "Branch %s is being bisected at %s"
 msgstr "La branca %s s'està bisecant a %s"
 
-msgid "cannot copy the current branch while not on any."
-msgstr "no es pot copiar branca actual mentre no s'és a cap."
-
-msgid "cannot rename the current branch while not on any."
-msgstr "no es pot canviar el nom de la branca actual mentre no s'és a cap."
-
 #, c-format
 msgid "Invalid branch name: '%s'"
 msgstr "Nom de branca no vàlid: «%s»"
 
+#, c-format
+msgid "No commit on branch '%s' yet."
+msgstr "Encara no hi ha cap comissió en la branca «%s»."
+
+#, c-format
+msgid "No branch named '%s'."
+msgstr "No hi ha cap branca amb nom «%s»."
+
 msgid "Branch rename failed"
 msgstr "El canvi de nom de branca ha fallat"
 
@@ -3039,7 +3008,7 @@
 msgstr "ordenació i filtratge distingeixen entre majúscules i minúscules"
 
 msgid "recurse through submodules"
-msgstr "inclou recursivament als submòduls"
+msgstr "inclou recursivament els submòduls"
 
 msgid "format to use for the output"
 msgstr "format a usar en la sortida"
@@ -3069,13 +3038,11 @@
 msgid "cannot edit description of more than one branch"
 msgstr "no es pot editar la descripció de més d'una branca"
 
-#, c-format
-msgid "No commit on branch '%s' yet."
-msgstr "Encara no hi ha cap comissió en la branca «%s»."
+msgid "cannot copy the current branch while not on any."
+msgstr "no es pot copiar branca actual mentre no s'és a cap."
 
-#, c-format
-msgid "No branch named '%s'."
-msgstr "No hi ha cap branca amb nom «%s»."
+msgid "cannot rename the current branch while not on any."
+msgstr "no es pot canviar el nom de la branca actual mentre no s'és a cap."
 
 msgid "too many branches for a copy operation"
 msgstr "hi ha massa branques per a una operació de còpia"
@@ -3116,7 +3083,7 @@
 "Did you mean to use: -a|-r --list <pattern>?"
 msgstr ""
 "Les opcions -a i -r a «git branch» no prenen un nom de branca.\n"
-"Volíeu usar -a|-r --list <pattern>?"
+"Volíeu usar -a|-r --list <patró>?"
 
 msgid ""
 "the '--set-upstream' option is no longer supported. Please use '--track' or "
@@ -3143,11 +3110,11 @@
 "no s'està executant en un repositori de git - no hi ha lligams a mostrar\n"
 
 msgid ""
-"git bugreport [-o|--output-directory <file>] [-s|--suffix <format>] [--"
-"diagnose[=<mode>]"
+"git bugreport [(-o | --output-directory) <path>] [(-s | --suffix) <format>]\n"
+"              [--diagnose[=<mode>]]"
 msgstr ""
-"git bugreport [-o|--output-directory <file>] [-s|--suffix <format>] [--"
-"diagnose[=<mode>]"
+"git bugreport [(-o | --output-directory) <camí>] [(-s | --suffix) <format>]\n"
+"              [--diagnose[=<mode>]]"
 
 msgid ""
 "Thank you for filling out a Git bug report!\n"
@@ -3218,17 +3185,23 @@
 msgid "Created new report at '%s'.\n"
 msgstr "S'ha creat un nou informe a «%s».\n"
 
-msgid "git bundle create [<options>] <file> <git-rev-list args>"
-msgstr "git bundle create [<opcions>] <fitxer> <git-rev-list args>"
+msgid ""
+"git bundle create [-q | --quiet | --progress | --all-progress] [--all-"
+"progress-implied]\n"
+"                  [--version=<version>] <file> <git-rev-list-args>"
+msgstr ""
+"git bundle create [-q | --quiet | --progress | --all-progress] [--all-"
+"progress-implied]\n"
+"                  [--version=<versió>] <fitxer> <git-rev-list-args>"
 
-msgid "git bundle verify [<options>] <file>"
-msgstr "git bundle verify [<opcions>] <fitxer>"
+msgid "git bundle verify [-q | --quiet] <file>"
+msgstr "git bundle verify [-q | --quiet] <fitxer>"
 
 msgid "git bundle list-heads <file> [<refname>...]"
 msgstr "git bundle list-heads <fitxer> [<refname>...]"
 
-msgid "git bundle unbundle <file> [<refname>...]"
-msgstr "git bundle unbundle <fitxer> [<refname>...]"
+msgid "git bundle unbundle [--progress] <file> [<refname>...]"
+msgstr "git bundle unbundle [--progress] <fitxer> [<refname>...]"
 
 msgid "do not show progress meter"
 msgstr "no mostris l'indicador de progrés"
@@ -3291,24 +3264,24 @@
 msgstr "només es pot especificar una opció per lots"
 
 msgid "git cat-file <type> <object>"
-msgstr "git cat-file <type> <object>"
+msgstr "git cat-file <tipus> <objecte>"
 
 msgid "git cat-file (-e | -p) <object>"
-msgstr "git cat-file (-e | -p) <object>"
+msgstr "git cat-file (-e | -p) <objecte>"
 
 msgid "git cat-file (-t | -s) [--allow-unknown-type] <object>"
-msgstr "git cat-file (-t | -s) [--allow-unknown-type] <object>"
+msgstr "git cat-file (-t | -s) [--allow-unknown-type] <objecte>"
 
 msgid ""
 "git cat-file (--batch | --batch-check | --batch-command) [--batch-all-"
 "objects]\n"
 "             [--buffer] [--follow-symlinks] [--unordered]\n"
-"             [--textconv | --filters]"
+"             [--textconv | --filters] [-z]"
 msgstr ""
 "git cat-file (--batch | --batch-check | --batch-command) [--batch-all-"
 "objects]\n"
 "             [--buffer] [--follow-symlinks] [--unordered]\n"
-"             [--textconv | --filters]"
+"             [--textconv | --filters] [-z]"
 
 msgid ""
 "git cat-file (--textconv | --filters)\n"
@@ -3321,7 +3294,7 @@
 msgstr "Comprova l'existència de l'objecte o emet el contingut de l'objecte"
 
 msgid "check if <object> exists"
-msgstr "comprova si <object> existeix"
+msgstr "comprova si <objecte> existeix"
 
 msgid "pretty-print <object> content"
 msgstr "impressió embellida del contingut de l'<objecte>"
@@ -3390,7 +3363,7 @@
 msgstr "blob|tree"
 
 msgid "use a <path> for (--textconv | --filters); Not with 'batch'"
-msgstr "useu un <path> per a (--textconv | --filters); no amb «batch»"
+msgstr "useu un <camí> per a (--textconv | --filters); no amb «batch»"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "'%s=<%s>' needs '%s' or '%s'"
@@ -3416,14 +3389,11 @@
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "<object> required with '-%c'"
-msgstr "<object> requerit amb «-%c»"
-
-msgid "too many arguments"
-msgstr "hi ha massa arguments"
+msgstr "<objecte> requerit amb «-%c»"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "only two arguments allowed in <type> <object> mode, not %d"
-msgstr "només es permeten dos arguments en el mode <type> <object>, no %d"
+msgstr "només es permeten dos arguments en el mode <tipus> <objecte>, no %d"
 
 msgid "git check-attr [-a | --all | <attr>...] [--] <pathname>..."
 msgstr "git check-attr [-a | --all | <atribut>...] [--] <nom-de-camí>..."
@@ -3533,7 +3503,7 @@
 msgstr "git checkout [<opcions>] [<branca>] -- <fitxer>..."
 
 msgid "git switch [<options>] [<branch>]"
-msgstr "git switch [<options>] [<branch>]"
+msgstr "git switch [<opcions>] [<branca>]"
 
 msgid "git restore [<options>] [--source=<branch>] <file>..."
 msgstr "git restore [<opcions>] [--source=<branca>] <fitxer>..."
@@ -3955,9 +3925,11 @@
 msgstr "utilitza el mode de superposició"
 
 msgid ""
-"git clean [-d] [-f] [-i] [-n] [-q] [-e <pattern>] [-x | -X] [--] <paths>..."
+"git clean [-d] [-f] [-i] [-n] [-q] [-e <pattern>] [-x | -X] [--] "
+"[<pathspec>...]"
 msgstr ""
-"git clean [-d] [-f] [-i] [-n] [-q] [-e <patró>] [-x | -X] [--] <camins>..."
+"git clean [-d] [-f] [-i] [-n] [-q] [-e <patró>] [-x | -X] [--] "
+"[<pathspec>...]"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "Removing %s\n"
@@ -4250,6 +4222,10 @@
 msgstr "no s'ha pogut iniciar l'iterador sobre «%s»"
 
 #, c-format
+msgid "symlink '%s' exists, refusing to clone with --local"
+msgstr "l'enllaç simbòlic «%s» existeix, es nega a clonar amb --local"
+
+#, c-format
 msgid "failed to unlink '%s'"
 msgstr "s'ha produït un error en desenllaçar «%s»"
 
@@ -4315,10 +4291,6 @@
 msgid "You must specify a repository to clone."
 msgstr "Heu d'especificar un repositori per a clonar."
 
-#, c-format
-msgid "options '%s' and '%s %s' cannot be used together"
-msgstr "les opcions «%s» i «%s %s» no es poden usar juntes"
-
 msgid ""
 "--bundle-uri is incompatible with --depth, --shallow-since, and --shallow-"
 "exclude"
@@ -4440,18 +4412,24 @@
 msgstr "--command ha de ser el primer argument"
 
 msgid ""
-"git commit-graph verify [--object-dir <objdir>] [--shallow] [--[no-]progress]"
+"git commit-graph verify [--object-dir <dir>] [--shallow] [--[no-]progress]"
 msgstr ""
-"git commit-graph verify [--object-dir <objdir>] [--shallow] [--[no-]progress]"
+"git commit-graph verify [--object-dir <dir>] [--shallow] [--[no-]progress]"
 
 msgid ""
-"git commit-graph write [--object-dir <objdir>] [--append] [--"
-"split[=<strategy>]] [--reachable|--stdin-packs|--stdin-commits] [--changed-"
-"paths] [--[no-]max-new-filters <n>] [--[no-]progress] <split options>"
+"git commit-graph write [--object-dir <dir>] [--append]\n"
+"                       [--split[=<strategy>]] [--reachable | --stdin-packs | "
+"--stdin-commits]\n"
+"                       [--changed-paths] [--[no-]max-new-filters <n>] [--"
+"[no-]progress]\n"
+"                       <split options>"
 msgstr ""
-"git commit-graph write [--object-dir <objdir>] [--append] [--"
-"split[=<strategy>]] [--reachable|--stdin-packs|--stdin-commits] [--changed-"
-"paths] [--[no-]max-new-filters <n>] [--[no-]progress] <split options>"
+"git commit-graph write [--object-dir <dir>] [--append]\n"
+"                       [--split[=<strategy>]] [--reachable | --stdin-packs | "
+"--stdin-commits]\n"
+"                       [--changed-paths] [--[no-]max-new-filters <n>] [--"
+"[no-]progress]\n"
+"                       <split options>"
 
 msgid "dir"
 msgstr "directori"
@@ -4520,12 +4498,15 @@
 msgid "Collecting commits from input"
 msgstr "S'estan recollint les comissions de l'entrada"
 
+msgid "git commit-tree <tree> [(-p <parent>)...]"
+msgstr "git commit-tree <tree> [(-p <pare>)...]"
+
 msgid ""
-"git commit-tree [(-p <parent>)...] [-S[<keyid>]] [(-m <message>)...] [(-F "
-"<file>)...] <tree>"
+"git commit-tree [(-p <parent>)...] [-S[<keyid>]] [(-m <message>)...]\n"
+"                [(-F <file>)...] <tree>"
 msgstr ""
-"git commit-tree [(-p <parent>)...] [-S[<keyid>]] [(-m <message>)...] [(-F "
-"<file>)...] <tree>"
+"git commit-tree [(-p <pare>)...] [-S[<keyid>]] [(-m <missatge>)...]\n"
+"                [(-F <fitxer>)...] <tree>"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "duplicate parent %s ignored"
@@ -4567,11 +4548,29 @@
 msgid "git commit-tree: failed to read"
 msgstr "git commit-tree: ha fallat en llegir"
 
-msgid "git commit [<options>] [--] <pathspec>..."
-msgstr "git commit [<opcions>] [--] <especificació-de-camí>..."
+msgid ""
+"git commit [-a | --interactive | --patch] [-s] [-v] [-u<mode>] [--amend]\n"
+"           [--dry-run] [(-c | -C | --squash) <commit> | --fixup [(amend|"
+"reword):]<commit>)]\n"
+"           [-F <file> | -m <msg>] [--reset-author] [--allow-empty]\n"
+"           [--allow-empty-message] [--no-verify] [-e] [--author=<author>]\n"
+"           [--date=<date>] [--cleanup=<mode>] [--[no-]status]\n"
+"           [-i | -o] [--pathspec-from-file=<file> [--pathspec-file-nul]]\n"
+"           [(--trailer <token>[(=|:)<value>])...] [-S[<keyid>]]\n"
+"           [--] [<pathspec>...]"
+msgstr ""
+"git commit [-a | --interactive | --patch] [-s] [-v] [-u<mode>] [--amend]\n"
+"           [--dry-run] [(-c | -C | --squash) <comissió> | --fixup [(amend|"
+"reword):]<comissió>)]\n"
+"           [-F <fitxer> | -m <msg>] [--reset-author] [--allow-empty]\n"
+"           [--allow-empty-message] [--no-verify] [-e] [--author=<author>]\n"
+"           [--date=<date>] [--cleanup=<mode>] [--[no-]status]\n"
+"           [-i | -o] [--pathspec-from-file=<fitxer> [--pathspec-file-nul]]\n"
+"           [(--trailer <token>[(=|:)<value>])...] [-S[<keyid>]]\n"
+"           [--] [<pathspec>...]"
 
-msgid "git status [<options>] [--] <pathspec>..."
-msgstr "git status [<opcions>] [--] <especificació-de-camí>..."
+msgid "git status [<options>] [--] [<pathspec>...]"
+msgstr "git status [<opcions>] [--] [<pathspec>...]"
 
 msgid ""
 "You asked to amend the most recent commit, but doing so would make\n"
@@ -5352,11 +5351,18 @@
 msgstr ""
 "no s'ha pogut obtenir el bloqueig de l'emmagatzematge de credencials en %d ms"
 
-msgid "git describe [<options>] [<commit-ish>...]"
-msgstr "git describe [<opcions>] [<comissió>...]"
+msgid ""
+"git describe [--all] [--tags] [--contains] [--abbrev=<n>] [<commit-ish>...]"
+msgstr ""
+"git describe [--all] [--tags] [--contains] [--abbrev=<n>] [<commit-ish>...]"
 
-msgid "git describe [<options>] --dirty"
-msgstr "git describe [<opcions>] --dirty"
+msgid ""
+"git describe [--all] [--tags] [--contains] [--abbrev=<n>] --dirty[=<mark>]"
+msgstr ""
+"git describe [--all] [--tags] [--contains] [--abbrev=<n>] --dirty[=<mark>]"
+
+msgid "git describe <blob>"
+msgstr "git describe <blob>"
 
 msgid "head"
 msgstr "davant per"
@@ -5479,11 +5485,11 @@
 msgstr "les opcions «%s» i de comissió no es poden usar juntes"
 
 msgid ""
-"git diagnose [-o|--output-directory <path>] [-s|--suffix <format>] [--"
-"mode=<mode>]"
+"git diagnose [(-o | --output-directory) <path>] [(-s | --suffix) <format>]\n"
+"             [--mode=<mode>]"
 msgstr ""
-"git diagnose [-o|--output-directory <path>] [-s|--suffix <format>] [--"
-"mode=<mode>]"
+"git diagnose [(-o | --output-directory) <camí>] [(-s | --suffix) <format>]\n"
+"             [--mode=<mode>]"
 
 msgid "specify a destination for the diagnostics archive"
 msgstr "especifiqueu una destinació per a l'arxiu de diagnòstic"
@@ -5501,6 +5507,9 @@
 msgid "'%s': not a regular file or symlink"
 msgstr "«%s»: no és ni fitxer regular ni enllaç simbòlic"
 
+msgid "no merge given, only parents."
+msgstr "no s'ha donat cap fusió, només els pares."
+
 #, c-format
 msgid "invalid option: %s"
 msgstr "opció no vàlida: %s"
@@ -5529,7 +5538,7 @@
 msgstr "%s...%s: múltiples bases de fusió, utilitzant %s"
 
 msgid "git difftool [<options>] [<commit> [<commit>]] [--] [<path>...]"
-msgstr "git difftool [<opcions>] [<commit> [<commit>]] [--] [<camí>...]"
+msgstr "git difftool [<opcions>] [<comissió> [<comissió>]] [--] [<camí>...]"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "could not read symlink %s"
@@ -6108,7 +6117,7 @@
 msgstr "git for-each-ref [--points-at <objecte>]"
 
 msgid "git for-each-ref [--merged [<commit>]] [--no-merged [<commit>]]"
-msgstr "git for-each-ref [--merged [<commit>]] [--no-merged [<commit>]]"
+msgstr "git for-each-ref [--merged [<comissió>]] [--no-merged [<comissió>]]"
 
 msgid "git for-each-ref [--contains [<commit>]] [--no-contains [<commit>]]"
 msgstr ""
@@ -6149,8 +6158,8 @@
 msgid "print only refs which don't contain the commit"
 msgstr "imprimeix només les referències que no continguin la comissió"
 
-msgid "git for-each-repo --config=<config> <command-args>"
-msgstr "git for-each-repo --config=<config> <command-args>"
+msgid "git for-each-repo --config=<config> [--] <arguments>"
+msgstr "git for-each-repo --config=<config> [--] <arguments>"
 
 msgid "config"
 msgstr "config"
@@ -6321,8 +6330,16 @@
 msgid "%s: invalid sha1 pointer in resolve-undo"
 msgstr "%s: el punter sha1 no és vàlid a «resolve-undo»"
 
-msgid "git fsck [<options>] [<object>...]"
-msgstr "git fsck [<opcions>] [<objecte>...]"
+msgid ""
+"git fsck [--tags] [--root] [--unreachable] [--cache] [--no-reflogs]\n"
+"         [--[no-]full] [--strict] [--verbose] [--lost-found]\n"
+"         [--[no-]dangling] [--[no-]progress] [--connectivity-only]\n"
+"         [--[no-]name-objects] [<object>...]"
+msgstr ""
+"git fsck [--tags] [--root] [--unreachable] [--cache] [--no-reflogs]\n"
+"         [--[no-]full] [--strict] [--verbose] [--lost-found]\n"
+"         [--[no-]dangling] [--[no-]progress] [--connectivity-only]\n"
+"         [--[no-]name-objects] [<objecte>...]"
 
 msgid "show unreachable objects"
 msgstr "mostra els objectes inabastables"
@@ -6372,16 +6389,10 @@
 msgstr "paràmetre no vàlid: s'esperava sha1, s'ha obtingut «%s»"
 
 msgid "git fsmonitor--daemon start [<options>]"
-msgstr "git fsmonitor--daemon start [<options>]"
+msgstr "git fsmonitor--daemon start [<opcions>]"
 
 msgid "git fsmonitor--daemon run [<options>]"
-msgstr "git fsmonitor--daemon run [<options>]"
-
-msgid "git fsmonitor--daemon stop"
-msgstr "git fsmonitor--daemon stop"
-
-msgid "git fsmonitor--daemon status"
-msgstr "git fsmonitor--daemon status"
+msgstr "git fsmonitor--daemon run [<opcions>]"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "value of '%s' out of range: %d"
@@ -6576,7 +6587,7 @@
 msgstr "no s'ha pogut finalitzar el procés «git pack-objects»"
 
 msgid "failed to write multi-pack-index"
-msgstr "no s'han pogut escriu l'índex del multipaquet"
+msgstr "no s'ha pogut escriure l'índex del multipaquet"
 
 msgid "'git multi-pack-index expire' failed"
 msgstr "ha fallat el venciment de «git multi-pack-index expire»"
@@ -6627,8 +6638,20 @@
 msgid "use at most one of --auto and --schedule=<frequency>"
 msgstr "usa com a màxim un entre --auto i --schedule=<frequency>"
 
-msgid "failed to run 'git config'"
-msgstr "no s'ha pogut executar «git config»"
+#, c-format
+msgid "unable to add '%s' value of '%s'"
+msgstr "no es pot afegir el valor «%s» de «%s»"
+
+msgid "return success even if repository was not registered"
+msgstr "retorna èxit encara que el repositori no estigui registrat"
+
+#, c-format
+msgid "unable to unset '%s' value of '%s'"
+msgstr "no es pot desassignar el valor «%s» de «%s»"
+
+#, c-format
+msgid "repository '%s' is not registered"
+msgstr "el repositori «%s» no està registrat"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "failed to expand path '%s'"
@@ -6710,7 +6733,7 @@
 msgstr "no s'ha pogut afegir un repositori a la configuració global"
 
 msgid "git maintenance <subcommand> [<options>]"
-msgstr "git maintenance <subcommand> [<options>]"
+msgstr "git maintenance <subcommand> [<opcions>]"
 
 msgid "git grep [<options>] [-e] <pattern> [<rev>...] [[--] <path>...]"
 msgstr "git grep [<opcions>] [-e] <patró> [<revisió>...] [[--] <camí>...]"
@@ -6922,11 +6945,14 @@
 msgstr "ambdós --cached i arbres venen donats"
 
 msgid ""
-"git hash-object [-t <type>] [-w] [--path=<file> | --no-filters] [--stdin] "
-"[--] <file>..."
+"git hash-object [-t <type>] [-w] [--path=<file> | --no-filters]\n"
+"                [--stdin [--literally]] [--] <file>..."
 msgstr ""
-"git hash-object [-t <tipus>] [-w] [--path=<fitxer> | --no-filters] [--stdin] "
-"[--] <fitxer>..."
+"git hash-object [-t <tipus>] [-w] [--path=<fitxer> | --no-filters]\n"
+"                [--stdin [--literally]] [--] <fitxer>..."
+
+msgid "git hash-object [-t <type>] [-w] --stdin-paths [--no-filters]"
+msgstr "git hash-object [-t <tipus>] [-w] --stdin-paths [--no-filters]"
 
 msgid "object type"
 msgstr "tipus d'objecte"
@@ -7357,11 +7383,15 @@
 msgstr "S'ha inicialitzat un repositori buit del Git en %s%s\n"
 
 msgid ""
-"git init [-q | --quiet] [--bare] [--template=<template-directory>] [--"
-"shared[=<permissions>]] [<directory>]"
+"git init [-q | --quiet] [--bare] [--template=<template-directory>]\n"
+"         [--separate-git-dir <git-dir>] [--object-format=<format>]\n"
+"         [-b <branch-name> | --initial-branch=<branch-name>]\n"
+"         [--shared[=<permissions>]] [<directory>]"
 msgstr ""
-"git init [-q | --quiet] [--bare] [--template=<directori-de-plantilla>] [--"
-"shared[=<permisos>]] [<directori>]"
+"git init [-q | --quiet] [--bare] [--template=<template-directory>]\n"
+"         [--separate-git-dir <git-dir>] [--object-format=<format>]\n"
+"         [-b <branch-name> | --initial-branch=<branch-name>]\n"
+"         [--shared[=<permissions>]] [<directory>]"
 
 msgid "permissions"
 msgstr "permisos"
@@ -7403,11 +7433,13 @@
 msgstr "--separate-git-dir és incompatible amb un repositori nu"
 
 msgid ""
-"git interpret-trailers [--in-place] [--trim-empty] [(--trailer "
-"<token>[(=|:)<value>])...] [<file>...]"
+"git interpret-trailers [--in-place] [--trim-empty]\n"
+"                       [(--trailer <token>[(=|:)<value>])...]\n"
+"                       [--parse] [<file>...]"
 msgstr ""
-"git interpret-trailers [--in-place] [--trim-empty] [(--trailer "
-"<testimoni>[(=|:)<valor>])...] [<fitxer>...]"
+"git interpret-trailers [--in-place] [--trim-empty]\n"
+"                       [(--trailer <token>[(=|:)<value>])...]\n"
+"                       [--parse] [<fitxer>...]"
 
 msgid "edit files in place"
 msgstr "edita els fitxers in situ"
@@ -7481,14 +7513,14 @@
 "<file>"
 msgstr ""
 "traça l'evolució del rang de línia <start>,<end> o funcions :<funcname> a "
-"<file>"
+"<fitxer>"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "unrecognized argument: %s"
 msgstr "argument no reconegut: %s"
 
 msgid "-L<range>:<file> cannot be used with pathspec"
-msgstr "-L<range>:<file> no es pot usar amb una especificació de camí"
+msgstr "-L<range>:<fitxer> no es pot usar amb una especificació de camí"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "Final output: %d %s\n"
@@ -7857,7 +7889,7 @@
 msgstr "omet els fitxers coincidents amb el patró"
 
 msgid "read exclude patterns from <file>"
-msgstr "llegeix els patrons des de <file>"
+msgstr "llegeix els patrons des de <fitxer>"
 
 msgid "read additional per-directory exclude patterns in <file>"
 msgstr "llegeix els patrons addicionals d'exclusió per directori en <fitxer>"
@@ -7896,11 +7928,11 @@
 
 msgid ""
 "git ls-remote [--heads] [--tags] [--refs] [--upload-pack=<exec>]\n"
-"              [-q | --quiet] [--exit-code] [--get-url]\n"
+"              [-q | --quiet] [--exit-code] [--get-url] [--sort=<key>]\n"
 "              [--symref] [<repository> [<refs>...]]"
 msgstr ""
 "git ls-remote [--heads] [--tags] [--refs] [--upload-pack=<exec>]\n"
-"              [-q | --quiet] [--exit-code] [--get-url]\n"
+"              [-q | --quiet] [--exit-code] [--get-url] [--sort=<key>]\n"
 "              [--symref] [<repository> [<refs>...]]"
 
 msgid "do not print remote URL"
@@ -7982,7 +8014,7 @@
 
 #. TRANSLATORS: keep <> in "<" mail ">" info.
 msgid "git mailinfo [<options>] <msg> <patch> < mail >info"
-msgstr "git mailinfo [<options>] <msg> <patch> < mail >info"
+msgstr "git mailinfo [<opcions>] <msg> <pedaç> < mail >info"
 
 msgid "keep subject"
 msgstr "mantén l'assumpte"
@@ -8030,12 +8062,12 @@
 msgid "git merge-base [-a | --all] --octopus <commit>..."
 msgstr "git merge-base [-a | --all] --octopus <comissió>..."
 
-msgid "git merge-base --independent <commit>..."
-msgstr "git merge-base --independent <comissió>..."
-
 msgid "git merge-base --is-ancestor <commit> <commit>"
 msgstr "git merge-base --is-ancestor <comissió> <comissió>"
 
+msgid "git merge-base --independent <commit>..."
+msgstr "git merge-base --independent <comissió>..."
+
 msgid "git merge-base --fork-point <ref> [<commit>]"
 msgstr "git merge-base --fork-point <referència> [<comissió>]"
 
@@ -8124,7 +8156,7 @@
 msgstr "s'ha produït un error en fusionar"
 
 msgid "git merge-tree [--write-tree] [<options>] <branch1> <branch2>"
-msgstr "git merge-tree [--write-tree] [<options>] <branch1> <branch2>"
+msgstr "git merge-tree [--write-tree] [<opcions>] <branch1> <branch2>"
 
 msgid "git merge-tree [--trivial-merge] <base-tree> <branch1> <branch2>"
 msgstr "git merge-tree [--trivial-merge] <base-tree> <branch1> <branch2>"
@@ -8144,9 +8176,20 @@
 msgid "allow merging unrelated histories"
 msgstr "permet fusionar històries no relacionades"
 
+msgid "perform multiple merges, one per line of input"
+msgstr "realitza múltiples fusions, una per línia d'entrada"
+
 msgid "--trivial-merge is incompatible with all other options"
 msgstr "--trivial-merge és incompatible amb totes les altres opcions"
 
+#, c-format
+msgid "malformed input line: '%s'."
+msgstr "línia d'entrada mal formada: «%s»."
+
+#, c-format
+msgid "merging cannot continue; got unclean result of %d"
+msgstr "la fusió no pot continuar; s'ha obtingut un resultat no net de %d"
+
 msgid "git merge [<options>] [<commit>...]"
 msgstr "git merge [<opcions>] [<comissió>...]"
 
@@ -8492,8 +8535,8 @@
 "git multi-pack-index [<options>] write [--preferred-pack=<pack>][--refs-"
 "snapshot=<path>]"
 msgstr ""
-"git multi-pack-index [<options>] write [--preferred-pack=<pack>][--refs-"
-"snapshot=<path>]"
+"git multi-pack-index [<opcions>] write [--preferred-pack=<pack>][--refs-"
+"snapshot=<camí>]"
 
 msgid "git multi-pack-index [<options>] verify"
 msgstr "git multi-pack-index [<opcions>] verify"
@@ -8622,7 +8665,7 @@
 msgstr "git name-rev [<opcions>] --all"
 
 msgid "git name-rev [<options>] --annotate-stdin"
-msgstr "git name-rev [<options>] --annotate-stdin"
+msgstr "git name-rev [<opcions>] --annotate-stdin"
 
 msgid "print only ref-based names (no object names)"
 msgstr "imprimeix només els noms basats en referències (no els noms d'objecte)"
@@ -8772,10 +8815,6 @@
 msgstr "no es poden llegir les dades de node de l'objecte no de blob «%s»."
 
 #, c-format
-msgid "malformed input line: '%s'."
-msgstr "línia d'entrada mal formada: «%s»."
-
-#, c-format
 msgid "failed to copy notes from '%s' to '%s'"
 msgstr "s'ha produït un error en copiar les notes de «%s» a «%s»"
 
@@ -8968,17 +9007,13 @@
 msgid "unknown subcommand: `%s'"
 msgstr "subordre desconeguda: «%s»"
 
-msgid ""
-"git pack-objects --stdout [<options>...] [< <ref-list> | < <object-list>]"
-msgstr ""
-"git pack-objects --stdout [<opcions>...] [< <llista-de-referències> | < "
-"<llista-de-objectes>]"
+msgid "git pack-objects --stdout [<options>] [< <ref-list> | < <object-list>]"
+msgstr "git pack-objects --stdout [<opcions>] [< <ref-list> | < <object-list>]"
 
 msgid ""
-"git pack-objects [<options>...] <base-name> [< <ref-list> | < <object-list>]"
+"git pack-objects [<options>] <base-name> [< <ref-list> | < <object-list>]"
 msgstr ""
-"git pack-objects [<opcions>...] <nom-base> [< <llista-de-referències> | < "
-"<llista-de-objectes>]"
+"git pack-objects [<opcions>] <base-name> [< <ref-list> | < <object-list>]"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid ""
@@ -9369,8 +9404,8 @@
 "i feu-nos saber que encara l'useu enviant un correu electrònic\n"
 "a <git@vger.kernel.org>.  Gràcies.\n"
 
-msgid "git pack-refs [<options>]"
-msgstr "git pack-refs [<opcions>]"
+msgid "git pack-refs [--all] [--no-prune]"
+msgstr "git pack-refs [--all] [--no-prune]"
 
 msgid "pack everything"
 msgstr "empaqueta-ho tot"
@@ -9378,6 +9413,18 @@
 msgid "prune loose refs (default)"
 msgstr "poda les referències soltes (per defecte)"
 
+msgid "git patch-id [--stable | --unstable | --verbatim]"
+msgstr "git patch-id [--stable | --unstable | --verbatim]"
+
+msgid "use the unstable patch-id algorithm"
+msgstr "utilitza l'algorisme inestable de patch-id"
+
+msgid "use the stable patch-id algorithm"
+msgstr "utilitza l'algorisme estable de patch-id"
+
+msgid "don't strip whitespace from the patch"
+msgstr "no eliminis els espais en blanc del pedaç"
+
 msgid "git prune [-n] [-v] [--progress] [--expire <time>] [--] [<head>...]"
 msgstr "git prune [-n] [-v] [--progress] [--expire <data>] [--] [<head>...]"
 
@@ -9597,16 +9644,14 @@
 
 msgid ""
 "\n"
-"To avoid automatically configuring upstream branches when their name\n"
-"doesn't match the local branch, see option 'simple' of branch."
-"autoSetupMerge\n"
+"To avoid automatically configuring an upstream branch when its name\n"
+"won't match the local branch, see option 'simple' of branch.autoSetupMerge\n"
 "in 'git help config'.\n"
 msgstr ""
 "\n"
 "Per a evitar configurar automàticament les branques font quan el seu nom\n"
-"no coincideix amb el de la branca local, vegeu l'opció «simple» de «branch."
-"autoSetupMerge»\n"
-"a «git help config».\n"
+"no coincideix amb el de la branca local, vegeu l'opció «simple» de\n"
+"«branch.autoSetupMerge» a «git help config».\n"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid ""
@@ -9764,6 +9809,13 @@
 msgid "failed to push some refs to '%s'"
 msgstr "s'ha produït un error en pujar algunes referències a «%s»"
 
+msgid ""
+"recursing into submodule with push.recurseSubmodules=only; using on-demand "
+"instead"
+msgstr ""
+"cerca recursivament en el submòdul amb push.recurseSubmodules=only; "
+"utilitzant «on-demand» en el seu lloc"
+
 #, c-format
 msgid "invalid value for '%s'"
 msgstr "valor no vàlid per a «%s»"
@@ -9899,13 +9951,15 @@
 msgstr "calen dos rangs de comissió"
 
 msgid ""
-"git read-tree [(-m [--trivial] [--aggressive] | --reset | --prefix=<prefix>) "
-"[-u | -i]] [--no-sparse-checkout] [--index-output=<file>] (--empty | <tree-"
-"ish1> [<tree-ish2> [<tree-ish3>]])"
+"git read-tree [(-m [--trivial] [--aggressive] | --reset | --"
+"prefix=<prefix>)\n"
+"              [-u | -i]] [--index-output=<file>] [--no-sparse-checkout]\n"
+"              (--empty | <tree-ish1> [<tree-ish2> [<tree-ish3>]])"
 msgstr ""
-"git read-tree [(-m [--trivial] [--aggressive] | --reset | --prefix=<prefix>) "
-"[-u | -i]] [--no-sparse-checkout] [--index-output=<file>] (--empty | <tree-"
-"ish1> [<tree-ish2> [<tree-ish3>]])"
+"git read-tree [(-m [--trivial] [--aggressive] | --reset | --"
+"prefix=<prefix>)\n"
+"              [-u | -i]] [--index-output=<fitxer>] [--no-sparse-checkout]\n"
+"              (--empty | <tree-ish1> [<tree-ish2> [<tree-ish3>]])"
 
 msgid "write resulting index to <file>"
 msgstr "escriu l'índex resultant al <fitxer>"
@@ -9965,13 +10019,14 @@
 "git rebase [-i] [options] [--exec <cmd>] [--onto <newbase> | --keep-base] "
 "[<upstream> [<branch>]]"
 msgstr ""
-"git rebase [-i] [options] [--exec <cmd>] [--onto <newbase> | --keep-base] "
-"[<upstream> [<branch>]]"
+"git rebase [-i] [options] [--exec <ordre>] [--onto <newbase> | --keep-base] "
+"[<upstream> [<branca>]]"
 
 msgid ""
 "git rebase [-i] [options] [--exec <cmd>] [--onto <newbase>] --root [<branch>]"
 msgstr ""
-"git rebase [-i] [options] [--exec <cmd>] [--onto <newbase>] --root [<branch>]"
+"git rebase [-i] [options] [--exec <ordre>] [--onto <newbase>] --root "
+"[<branca>]"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "could not read '%s'."
@@ -9995,8 +10050,8 @@
 msgstr "%s requereix un rerefons de fusió"
 
 #, c-format
-msgid "could not get 'onto': '%s'"
-msgstr "no s'ha pogut obtenir «onto»: «%s»"
+msgid "invalid onto: '%s'"
+msgstr "no vàlid a: «%s»"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "invalid orig-head: '%s'"
@@ -10300,8 +10355,8 @@
 msgid "No such ref: %s"
 msgstr "No hi ha tal referència: %s"
 
-msgid "Could not resolve HEAD to a revision"
-msgstr "No s'ha pogut resoldre HEAD a una revisió"
+msgid "Could not resolve HEAD to a commit"
+msgstr "No s'ha pogut resoldre HEAD com a una comissió"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "'%s': need exactly one merge base with branch"
@@ -10498,7 +10553,7 @@
 "git remote add [-t <branch>] [-m <master>] [-f] [--tags | --no-tags] [--"
 "mirror=<fetch|push>] <name> <url>"
 msgstr ""
-"git remote add [-t <branca>] [-m <mestra>] [-f] [--tags | --no-tags] [--"
+"git remote add [-t <branca>] [-m <master>] [-f] [--tags | --no-tags] [--"
 "mirror=<fetch|push>] <nom> <url>"
 
 msgid "git remote rename [--[no-]progress] <old> <new>"
@@ -10973,6 +11028,10 @@
 msgstr ""
 "no s'ha pogut tancar el fitxer temporal amb la instantània de referències"
 
+#, c-format
+msgid "could not remove stale bitmap: %s"
+msgstr "no s'ha pogut eliminar el mapa de bits estancat: %s"
+
 msgid "pack everything in a single pack"
 msgstr "empaqueta-ho tot en un únic paquet"
 
@@ -11049,6 +11108,10 @@
 msgid "write a multi-pack index of the resulting packs"
 msgstr "escriu un índex multipaquet dels paquets resultants"
 
+msgid "pack prefix to store a pack containing pruned objects"
+msgstr ""
+"prefix del paquet per a emmagatzemar un paquet que contingui objectes podats"
+
 msgid "cannot delete packs in a precious-objects repo"
 msgstr "no es poden suprimir paquets en un repositori d'objectes preciosos"
 
@@ -11060,8 +11123,13 @@
 msgstr "el prefix de paquet %s no comença amb objdir %s"
 
 #, c-format
-msgid "missing required file: %s"
-msgstr "falta el fitxer requerit: %s"
+msgid "renaming pack to '%s' failed"
+msgstr "el canvi del nom a «%s» ha fallat"
+
+#, c-format
+msgid "pack-objects did not write a '%s' file for pack %s-%s"
+msgstr ""
+"els objectes de paquet no han escrit a un fitxer «%s» per al paquet %s-%s"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "could not unlink: %s"
@@ -11074,7 +11142,7 @@
 msgstr "git replace [-f] --edit <objecte>"
 
 msgid "git replace [-f] --graft <commit> [<parent>...]"
-msgstr "git replace [-f] --graft <comissió> [<parent>...]"
+msgstr "git replace [-f] --graft <comissió> [<pare>...]"
 
 msgid "git replace -d <object>..."
 msgstr "git replace -d <objecte>..."
@@ -11255,8 +11323,10 @@
 msgid "only one pattern can be given with -l"
 msgstr "només es pot especificar un patró amb -l"
 
-msgid "git rerere [clear | forget <path>... | status | remaining | diff | gc]"
-msgstr "git rerere [clear | forget <camí>... | status | remaining | diff | gc]"
+msgid ""
+"git rerere [clear | forget <pathspec>... | diff | status | remaining | gc]"
+msgstr ""
+"git rerere [clear | forget <pathspec>... | diff | status | remaining | gc]"
 
 msgid "register clean resolutions in index"
 msgstr "registra les resolucions netes en l'índex"
@@ -11424,9 +11494,9 @@
 "\n"
 "Run \"git rev-parse --parseopt -h\" for more information on the first usage."
 msgstr ""
-"git rev-parse --parseopt [<options>] -- [<args>...]\n"
+"git rev-parse --parseopt [<opcions>] -- [<args>...]\n"
 "   o bé: git rev-parse --sq-quote [<arg>...]\n"
-"   o bé: git rev-parse [<options>] [<arg>...]\n"
+"   o bé: git rev-parse [<opcions>] [<arg>...]\n"
 "\n"
 "Executeu «git rev-parse --parseopt -h» per a més informació sobre el primer "
 "ús."
@@ -11461,6 +11531,15 @@
 msgid "unknown mode for --abbrev-ref: %s"
 msgstr "mode desconegut per a --abbrev-ref: %s"
 
+msgid "--exclude-hidden cannot be used together with --branches"
+msgstr "--exclude-hidden no es pot utilitzar juntament amb --branches"
+
+msgid "--exclude-hidden cannot be used together with --tags"
+msgstr "--exclude-hidden no es pot utilitzar juntament amb --tags"
+
+msgid "--exclude-hidden cannot be used together with --remotes"
+msgstr "--exclude-hidden no es pot utilitzar juntament amb --remotes"
+
 msgid "this operation must be run in a work tree"
 msgstr "aquesta operació s'ha d'executar en un arbre de treball"
 
@@ -11468,17 +11547,25 @@
 msgid "unknown mode for --show-object-format: %s"
 msgstr "mode desconegut per a --show-object-format: %s"
 
-msgid "git revert [<options>] <commit-ish>..."
-msgstr "git revert [<opcions>] <comissió>..."
+msgid ""
+"git revert [--[no-]edit] [-n] [-m <parent-number>] [-s] [-S[<keyid>]] "
+"<commit>..."
+msgstr ""
+"git revert [--[no-]edit] [-n] [-m <parent-number>] [-s] [-S[<keyid>]] "
+"<comissió>..."
 
-msgid "git revert <subcommand>"
-msgstr "git revert <subordre>"
+msgid "git revert (--continue | --skip | --abort | --quit)"
+msgstr "git revert (--continue | --skip | --abort | --quit)"
 
-msgid "git cherry-pick [<options>] <commit-ish>..."
-msgstr "git cherry-pick [<opcions>] <comissió>..."
+msgid ""
+"git cherry-pick [--edit] [-n] [-m <parent-number>] [-s] [-x] [--ff]\n"
+"                [-S[<keyid>]] <commit>..."
+msgstr ""
+"git cherry-pick [--edit] [-n] [-m <parent-number>] [-s] [-x] [--ff]\n"
+"                [-S[<keyid>]] <comissió>..."
 
-msgid "git cherry-pick <subcommand>"
-msgstr "git cherry-pick <subordre>"
+msgid "git cherry-pick (--continue | --skip | --abort | --quit)"
+msgstr "git cherry-pick (--continue | --skip | --abort | --quit)"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "option `%s' expects a number greater than zero"
@@ -11539,8 +11626,14 @@
 msgid "cherry-pick failed"
 msgstr "el «cherry pick» ha fallat"
 
-msgid "git rm [<options>] [--] <file>..."
-msgstr "git rm [<opcions>] [--] <fitxer>..."
+msgid ""
+"git rm [-f | --force] [-n] [-r] [--cached] [--ignore-unmatch]\n"
+"       [--quiet] [--pathspec-from-file=<file> [--pathspec-file-nul]]\n"
+"       [--] [<pathspec>...]"
+msgstr ""
+"git rm [-f | --force] [-n] [-r] [--cached] [--ignore-unmatch]\n"
+"       [--quiet] [--pathspec-from-file=<fitxer> [--pathspec-file-nul]]\n"
+"       [--] [<pathspec>...]"
 
 msgid ""
 "the following file has staged content different from both the\n"
@@ -11614,11 +11707,13 @@
 "git send-pack [--mirror] [--dry-run] [--force]\n"
 "              [--receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>]\n"
 "              [--verbose] [--thin] [--atomic]\n"
+"              [--[no-]signed | --signed=(true|false|if-asked)]\n"
 "              [<host>:]<directory> (--all | <ref>...)"
 msgstr ""
 "git send-pack [--mirror] [--dry-run] [--force]\n"
 "              [--receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>]\n"
 "              [--verbose] [--thin] [--atomic]\n"
+"              [--[no-]signed | --signed=(true|false|if-asked)]\n"
 "              [<host>:]<directory> (--all | <ref>...)"
 
 msgid "remote name"
@@ -11642,8 +11737,9 @@
 msgid "using multiple --group options with stdin is not supported"
 msgstr "no s'admet l'ús de múltiples opcions --group amb stdin"
 
-msgid "using --group=trailer with stdin is not supported"
-msgstr "no s'admet l'ús de --group=trailer amb stdin"
+#, c-format
+msgid "using %s with stdin is not supported"
+msgstr "no s'admet l'ús de %s amb stdin"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "unknown group type: %s"
@@ -11682,12 +11778,14 @@
 "git show-branch [-a | --all] [-r | --remotes] [--topo-order | --date-order]\n"
 "                [--current] [--color[=<when>] | --no-color] [--sparse]\n"
 "                [--more=<n> | --list | --independent | --merge-base]\n"
-"                [--no-name | --sha1-name] [--topics] [(<rev> | <glob>)...]"
+"                [--no-name | --sha1-name] [--topics]\n"
+"                [(<rev> | <glob>)...]"
 msgstr ""
 "git show-branch [-a | --all] [-r | --remotes] [--topo-order | --date-order]\n"
 "                [--current] [--color[=<when>] | --no-color] [--sparse]\n"
 "                [--more=<n> | --list | --independent | --merge-base]\n"
-"                [--no-name | --sha1-name] [--topics] [(<rev> | <glob>)...]"
+"                [--no-name | --sha1-name] [--topics]\n"
+"                [(<rev> | <glob>)...]"
 
 msgid "git show-branch (-g | --reflog)[=<n>[,<base>]] [--list] [<ref>]"
 msgstr "git show-branch (-g | --reflog)[=<n>[,<base>]] [--list] [<referència>]"
@@ -11787,11 +11885,13 @@
 msgstr "Algorisme de resum desconegut"
 
 msgid ""
-"git show-ref [-q | --quiet] [--verify] [--head] [-d | --dereference] [-s | --"
-"hash[=<n>]] [--abbrev[=<n>]] [--tags] [--heads] [--] [<pattern>...]"
+"git show-ref [-q | --quiet] [--verify] [--head] [-d | --dereference]\n"
+"             [-s | --hash[=<n>]] [--abbrev[=<n>]] [--tags]\n"
+"             [--heads] [--] [<pattern>...]"
 msgstr ""
-"git show-ref [-q | --quiet] [--verify] [--head] [-d | --dereference] [-s | --"
-"hash[=<n>]] [--abbrev[=<n>]] [--tags] [--heads] [--] [<patró>...]"
+"git show-ref [-q | --quiet] [--verify] [--head] [-d | --dereference]\n"
+"             [-s | --hash[=<n>]] [--abbrev[=<n>]] [--tags]\n"
+"             [--heads] [--] [<patró>...]"
 
 msgid "git show-ref --exclude-existing[=<pattern>]"
 msgstr "git show-ref --exclude-existing[=<patró>]"
@@ -11822,8 +11922,10 @@
 msgid "show refs from stdin that aren't in local repository"
 msgstr "mostra les referències de stdin que no siguin en el repositori local"
 
-msgid "git sparse-checkout (init|list|set|add|reapply|disable) <options>"
-msgstr "git sparse-checkout (init|list|set|add|reapply|disable) <opcions>"
+msgid ""
+"git sparse-checkout (init | list | set | add | reapply | disable) [<options>]"
+msgstr ""
+"git sparse-checkout (init | list | set | add | reapply | disable) [<opcions>]"
 
 msgid "this worktree is not sparse"
 msgstr "aquest arbre de treball no és dispers"
@@ -11947,67 +12049,58 @@
 msgid "error while refreshing working directory"
 msgstr "s'ha produït un error en actualitzar el directori de treball"
 
-msgid "git stash list [<options>]"
-msgstr "git stash list [<opcions>]"
+msgid "git stash list [<log-options>]"
+msgstr "git stash list [<log-options>]"
 
-msgid "git stash show [<options>] [<stash>]"
-msgstr "git stash show [<opcions>] [<stash>]"
+msgid ""
+"git stash show [-u | --include-untracked | --only-untracked] [<diff-"
+"options>] [<stash>]"
+msgstr ""
+"git stash show [-u | --include-untracked | --only-untracked] [<diff-"
+"options>] [<stash>]"
 
-msgid "git stash drop [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]"
-msgstr "git stash drop [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]"
+msgid "git stash drop [-q | --quiet] [<stash>]"
+msgstr "git stash drop [-q | --quiet] [<stash>]"
 
-msgid "git stash ( pop | apply ) [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]"
-msgstr "git stash ( pop | apply ) [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]"
+msgid "git stash pop [--index] [-q | --quiet] [<stash>]"
+msgstr "git stash pop [--index] [-q | --quiet] [<stash>]"
+
+msgid "git stash apply [--index] [-q | --quiet] [<stash>]"
+msgstr "git stash apply [--index] [-q | --quiet] [<stash>]"
 
 msgid "git stash branch <branchname> [<stash>]"
 msgstr "git stash branch <nom-de-branca> [<stash>]"
 
+msgid "git stash store [(-m | --message) <message>] [-q | --quiet] <commit>"
+msgstr ""
+"git stash store [(-m | --message) <missatge>] [-q | --quiet] <comissió>"
+
 msgid ""
-"git stash [push [-p|--patch] [-S|--staged] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--"
-"quiet]\n"
-"          [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-m|--message <message>]\n"
+"git stash [push [-p | --patch] [-S | --staged] [-k | --[no-]keep-index] [-q "
+"| --quiet]\n"
+"          [-u | --include-untracked] [-a | --all] [(-m | --message) "
+"<message>]\n"
 "          [--pathspec-from-file=<file> [--pathspec-file-nul]]\n"
 "          [--] [<pathspec>...]]"
 msgstr ""
-"git stash [push [-p|--patch] [-S|--staged] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--"
-"quiet]\n"
-"          [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-m|--message <missatge>]\n"
+"git stash [push [-p | --patch] [-S | --staged] [-k | --[no-]keep-index] [-q "
+"| --quiet]\n"
+"          [-u | --include-untracked] [-a | --all] [(-m | --message) "
+"<missatge>]\n"
 "          [--pathspec-from-file=<fitxer> [--pathspec-file-nul]]\n"
 "          [--] [<pathspec>...]]"
 
 msgid ""
-"git stash save [-p|--patch] [-S|--staged] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--"
-"quiet]\n"
-"          [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [<message>]"
+"git stash save [-p | --patch] [-S | --staged] [-k | --[no-]keep-index] [-q | "
+"--quiet]\n"
+"          [-u | --include-untracked] [-a | --all] [<message>]"
 msgstr ""
-"git stash save [-p|--patch] [-S|--staged] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--"
-"quiet]\n"
-"          [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [<missatge>]"
+"git stash save [-p | --patch] [-S | --staged] [-k | --[no-]keep-index] [-q | "
+"--quiet]\n"
+"          [-u | --include-untracked] [-a | --all] [<missatge>]"
 
-msgid "git stash pop [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]"
-msgstr "git stash pop [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]"
-
-msgid "git stash apply [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]"
-msgstr "git stash apply [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]"
-
-msgid "git stash store [-m|--message <message>] [-q|--quiet] <commit>"
-msgstr "git stash store [-m|--message <missatge>] [-q|--quiet] <commit>"
-
-msgid ""
-"git stash [push [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet]\n"
-"          [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-m|--message <message>]\n"
-"          [--] [<pathspec>...]]"
-msgstr ""
-"git stash [push [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet]\n"
-"          [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-m|--message <missatge>]\n"
-"          [--] [<pathspec>...]]"
-
-msgid ""
-"git stash save [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet]\n"
-"               [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [<message>]"
-msgstr ""
-"git stash save [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet]\n"
-"               [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [<missatge>]"
+msgid "git stash create [<message>]"
+msgstr "git stash create [<missatge>]"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "'%s' is not a stash-like commit"
@@ -12223,7 +12316,7 @@
 msgstr "omet la sortida en entrar a cada ordre del submòdul"
 
 msgid "recurse into nested submodules"
-msgstr "inclou recursivament els submòduls imbricats"
+msgstr "cerca recursivament als submòduls imbricats"
 
 msgid "git submodule foreach [--quiet] [--recursive] [--] <command>"
 msgstr "git submodule foreach [--quiet] [--recursive] [--] <ordre>"
@@ -12316,7 +12409,7 @@
 msgstr "limita la mida del resum"
 
 msgid "git submodule summary [<options>] [<commit>] [--] [<path>]"
-msgstr "git submodule summary [<options>] [<commit>] [--] [<path>]"
+msgstr "git submodule summary [<opcions>] [<comissió>] [--] [<camí>]"
 
 msgid "could not fetch a revision for HEAD"
 msgstr "no s'ha pogut obtenir una revisió per a HEAD"
@@ -12337,7 +12430,7 @@
 msgstr "omet la sortida de la sincronització de l'URL del submòdul"
 
 msgid "git submodule sync [--quiet] [--recursive] [<path>]"
-msgstr "git submodule sync [--quiet] [--recursive] [<path>]"
+msgstr "git submodule sync [--quiet] [--recursive] [<camí>]"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid ""
@@ -12457,9 +12550,9 @@
 "<repository>] [--name <name>] [--depth <depth>] [--single-branch] [--filter "
 "<filter-spec>] --url <url> --path <path>"
 msgstr ""
-"git submodule--helper clone [--prefix=<path>] [--quiet] [--reference "
+"git submodule--helper clone [--prefix=<camí>] [--quiet] [--reference "
 "<repository>] [--name <name>] [--depth <depth>] [--single-branch] [--filter "
-"<filter-spec>] --url <url> --path <path>"
+"<filter-spec>] --url <url> --path <camí>"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "Invalid update mode '%s' configured for submodule path '%s'"
@@ -12579,9 +12672,6 @@
 msgid "don't fetch new objects from the remote site"
 msgstr "no obtinguis els objectes nous del lloc remot"
 
-msgid "path into the working tree"
-msgstr "camí a l'arbre de treball"
-
 msgid "use the 'checkout' update strategy (default)"
 msgstr "utilitza l'estratègia d'actualització «checkout» (predeterminada)"
 
@@ -12615,34 +12705,16 @@
 "git submodule [--quiet] update [--init [--filter=<filter-spec>]] [--remote] "
 "[-N|--no-fetch] [-f|--force] [--checkout|--merge|--rebase] [--[no-]recommend-"
 "shallow] [--reference <repository>] [--recursive] [--[no-]single-branch] "
-"[--] [<path>...]"
-
-msgid "recurse into submodules"
-msgstr "inclou recursivament als submòduls"
+"[--] [<camí>...]"
 
 msgid "git submodule absorbgitdirs [<options>] [<path>...]"
-msgstr "git submodule absorbgitdirs [<options>] [<path>...]"
-
-msgid "check if it is safe to write to the .gitmodules file"
-msgstr "comprova si és segur escriure al fitxer .gitmodules"
-
-msgid "unset the config in the .gitmodules file"
-msgstr "desconfigura l'opció de configuració al fitxer .gitmodules"
-
-msgid "git submodule--helper config <name> [<value>]"
-msgstr "git submodule--helper config <nom> [<valor>]"
-
-msgid "git submodule--helper config --unset <name>"
-msgstr "git submodule--helper config --unset <nom>"
-
-msgid "please make sure that the .gitmodules file is in the working tree"
-msgstr "assegureu-vos que el fitxer .gitmodules és a l'arbre de treball"
+msgstr "git submodule absorbgitdirs [<opcions>] [<camí>...]"
 
 msgid "suppress output for setting url of a submodule"
 msgstr "omet la sortida en configurar un URL d'un submòdul"
 
 msgid "git submodule set-url [--quiet] <path> <newurl>"
-msgstr "git submodule set-url [--quiet] <path> <newurl>"
+msgstr "git submodule set-url [--quiet] <camí> <newurl>"
 
 msgid "set the default tracking branch to master"
 msgstr "estableix la branca de seguiment per defecte a «master»"
@@ -12651,10 +12723,10 @@
 msgstr "estableix la branca de seguiment per defecte"
 
 msgid "git submodule set-branch [-q|--quiet] (-d|--default) <path>"
-msgstr "git submodule set-branch [-q|--quiet] (-d|--default) <path>"
+msgstr "git submodule set-branch [-q|--quiet] (-d|--default) <camí>"
 
 msgid "git submodule set-branch [-q|--quiet] (-b|--branch) <branch> <path>"
-msgstr "git submodule set-branch [-q|--quiet] (-b|--branch) <branch> <path>"
+msgstr "git submodule set-branch [-q|--quiet] (-b|--branch) <branca> <camí>"
 
 msgid "--branch or --default required"
 msgstr "cal --branch o --default"
@@ -12716,6 +12788,9 @@
 msgid "unable to checkout submodule '%s'"
 msgstr "no s'ha pogut agafar el submòdul «%s»"
 
+msgid "please make sure that the .gitmodules file is in the working tree"
+msgstr "assegureu-vos que el fitxer .gitmodules és a l'arbre de treball"
+
 #, c-format
 msgid "Failed to add submodule '%s'"
 msgstr "S'ha produït un error en afegir el submòdul «%s»"
@@ -12753,7 +12828,7 @@
 "seu camí"
 
 msgid "git submodule add [<options>] [--] <repository> [<path>]"
-msgstr "git submodule add [<options>] [--] <repository> [<path>]"
+msgstr "git submodule add [<opcions>] [--] <repository> [<camí>]"
 
 msgid "Relative path can only be used from the toplevel of the working tree"
 msgstr ""
@@ -12768,19 +12843,21 @@
 msgid "'%s' is not a valid submodule name"
 msgstr "«%s» no és un nom de submòdul vàlid"
 
+msgid "git submodule--helper <command>"
+msgstr "git submodule--helper <command>"
+
 #, c-format
 msgid "%s doesn't support --super-prefix"
 msgstr "%s no admet --super-prefix"
 
-#, c-format
-msgid "'%s' is not a valid submodule--helper subcommand"
-msgstr "«%s» no és una subordre vàlida de submodule--helper"
+msgid "git symbolic-ref [-m <reason>] <name> <ref>"
+msgstr "git symbolic-ref [-m <reason>] <name> <ref>"
 
-msgid "git symbolic-ref [<options>] <name> [<ref>]"
-msgstr "git symbolic-ref [<opcions>] <nom> [<referència>]"
+msgid "git symbolic-ref [-q] [--short] [--no-recurse] <name>"
+msgstr "git symbolic-ref [-q] [--short] [--no-recurse] <name>"
 
-msgid "git symbolic-ref -d [-q] <name>"
-msgstr "git symbolic-ref -d [-q] <nom>"
+msgid "git symbolic-ref --delete [-q] <name>"
+msgstr "git symbolic-ref --delete [-q] <name>"
 
 msgid "suppress error message for non-symbolic (detached) refs"
 msgstr "omet el missatge d'error de referències no simbòliques (separades)"
@@ -12791,6 +12868,9 @@
 msgid "shorten ref output"
 msgstr "escurça la sortida de referències"
 
+msgid "recursively dereference (default)"
+msgstr "desreferencia recursivament (per defecte)"
+
 msgid "reason"
 msgstr "raó"
 
@@ -12798,25 +12878,25 @@
 msgstr "raó de l'actualització"
 
 msgid ""
-"git tag [-a | -s | -u <key-id>] [-f] [-m <msg> | -F <file>]\n"
-"        <tagname> [<head>]"
+"git tag [-a | -s | -u <key-id>] [-f] [-m <msg> | -F <file>] [-e]\n"
+"        <tagname> [<commit> | <object>]"
 msgstr ""
-"git tag [-a | -s | -u <key-id>] [-f] [-m <msg> | -F <fitxer>]\n"
-"        <tagname> [<head>]"
+"git tag [-a | -s | -u <key-id>] [-f] [-m <msg> | -F <fitxer>] [-e]\n"
+"        <tagname> [<comissió> | <objecte>]"
 
 msgid "git tag -d <tagname>..."
 msgstr "git tag -d <nom-d'etiqueta>..."
 
 msgid ""
-"git tag -l [-n[<num>]] [--contains <commit>] [--no-contains <commit>] [--"
-"points-at <object>]\n"
-"        [--format=<format>] [--merged <commit>] [--no-merged <commit>] "
-"[<pattern>...]"
+"git tag [-n[<num>]] -l [--contains <commit>] [--no-contains <commit>]\n"
+"        [--points-at <object>] [--column[=<options>] | --no-column]\n"
+"        [--create-reflog] [--sort=<key>] [--format=<format>]\n"
+"        [--merged <commit>] [--no-merged <commit>] [<pattern>...]"
 msgstr ""
-"git tag -l [-n[<num>]] [--contains <commit>] [--no-contains <commit>] [--"
-"points-at <object>]\n"
-"        [--format=<format>] [--merged <comissió>] [--no-merged <comissió>] "
-"[<patró>...]"
+"git tag [-n[<num>]] -l [--contains <comissió>] [--no-contains <comissió>]\n"
+"        [--points-at <objecte>] [--column[=<opcions>] | --no-column]\n"
+"        [--create-reflog] [--sort=<key>] [--format=<format>]\n"
+"        [--merged <comissió>] [--no-merged <comissió>] [<patró>...]"
 
 msgid "git tag -v [--format=<format>] <tagname>..."
 msgstr "git tag -v [--format=<format>] <nom-d'etiqueta>..."
@@ -13206,8 +13286,12 @@
 msgid "update the info files from scratch"
 msgstr "actualitza els fitxers d'informació des de zero"
 
-msgid "git upload-pack [<options>] <dir>"
-msgstr "git upload-pack [<opcions>] <directori>"
+msgid ""
+"git-upload-pack [--[no-]strict] [--timeout=<n>] [--stateless-rpc]\n"
+"                [--advertise-refs] <directory>"
+msgstr ""
+"git-upload-pack [--[no-]strict] [--timeout=<n>] [--stateless-rpc]\n"
+"                [--advertise-refs] <directory>"
 
 msgid "quit after a single request/response exchange"
 msgstr "surt després d'un sol intercanvi de sol·licitud/resposta"
@@ -13222,8 +13306,8 @@
 msgid "interrupt transfer after <n> seconds of inactivity"
 msgstr "interromp la transferència després de <n> segons d'inactivitat"
 
-msgid "git verify-commit [-v | --verbose] <commit>..."
-msgstr "git verify-commit [-v | --verbose] <comissió>..."
+msgid "git verify-commit [-v | --verbose] [--raw] <commit>..."
+msgstr "git verify-commit [-v | --verbose] [--raw] <comissió>..."
 
 msgid "print commit contents"
 msgstr "imprimeix els continguts de la comissió"
@@ -13231,8 +13315,8 @@
 msgid "print raw gpg status output"
 msgstr "imprimeix la sortida crua de l'estat gpg"
 
-msgid "git verify-pack [-v | --verbose] [-s | --stat-only] <pack>..."
-msgstr "git verify-pack [-v | --verbose] [-s | --stat-only] <paquet>..."
+msgid "git verify-pack [-v | --verbose] [-s | --stat-only] [--] <pack>.idx..."
+msgstr "git verify-pack [-v | --verbose] [-s | --stat-only] [--] <pack>.idx..."
 
 msgid "verbose"
 msgstr "detallat"
@@ -13240,35 +13324,39 @@
 msgid "show statistics only"
 msgstr "mostra només estadístiques"
 
-msgid "git verify-tag [-v | --verbose] [--format=<format>] <tag>..."
-msgstr "git verify-tag [-v | --verbose] [--format=<format>] <etiqueta>..."
+msgid "git verify-tag [-v | --verbose] [--format=<format>] [--raw] <tag>..."
+msgstr "git verify-tag [-v | --verbose] [--format=<format>] [--raw] <tag>..."
 
 msgid "print tag contents"
 msgstr "imprimeix els continguts de l'etiqueta"
 
-msgid "git worktree add [<options>] <path> [<commit-ish>]"
-msgstr "git worktree add [<opcions>] <camí> [<commit-ish>]"
+msgid ""
+"git worktree add [-f] [--detach] [--checkout] [--lock [--reason <string>]]\n"
+"                 [-b <new-branch>] <path> [<commit-ish>]"
+msgstr ""
+"git worktree add [-f] [--detach] [--checkout] [--lock [--reason <string>]]\n"
+"                 [-b <new-branch>] <camí> [<commit-ish>]"
 
-msgid "git worktree list [<options>]"
-msgstr "git worktree list [<opcions>]"
+msgid "git worktree list [-v | --porcelain [-z]]"
+msgstr "git worktree list [-v | --porcelain [-z]]"
 
-msgid "git worktree lock [<options>] <path>"
-msgstr "git worktree lock [<opcions>] <camí>"
+msgid "git worktree lock [--reason <string>] <worktree>"
+msgstr "git worktree lock [--reason <string>] <worktree>"
 
 msgid "git worktree move <worktree> <new-path>"
 msgstr "git worktree move <arbre de treball> <camí-nou>"
 
-msgid "git worktree prune [<options>]"
-msgstr "git worktree prune [<opcions>]"
+msgid "git worktree prune [-n] [-v] [--expire <expire>]"
+msgstr "git worktree prune [-n] [-v] [--expire <expire>]"
 
-msgid "git worktree remove [<options>] <worktree>"
-msgstr "git worktree remove [<opcions>] <arbre de treball>"
+msgid "git worktree remove [-f] <worktree>"
+msgstr "git worktree remove [-f] <worktree>"
 
 msgid "git worktree repair [<path>...]"
-msgstr "git worktree repair [<path>...]"
+msgstr "git worktree repair [<camí>...]"
 
-msgid "git worktree unlock <path>"
-msgstr "git worktree unlock <camí>"
+msgid "git worktree unlock <worktree>"
+msgstr "git worktree unlock <worktree>"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "Removing %s/%s: %s"
@@ -13508,6 +13596,10 @@
 msgid "core.fsyncMethod = batch is unsupported on this platform"
 msgstr "core.fsyncMethod = batch no és compatible amb aquesta plataforma"
 
+#, c-format
+msgid "bundle list at '%s' has no mode"
+msgstr "la llista de farcells a «%s» no té mode"
+
 msgid "failed to create temporary file"
 msgstr "no s'ha pogut crear un fitxer temporal"
 
@@ -13515,16 +13607,29 @@
 msgstr "capacitats insuficients"
 
 #, c-format
+msgid "unrecognized bundle mode from URI '%s'"
+msgstr "no s'ha reconegut el model del farcell de l'URI «%s»"
+
+#, c-format
+msgid "exceeded bundle URI recursion limit (%d)"
+msgstr "s'ha excedit el límit de recursió URI del paquet (%d)"
+
+#, c-format
 msgid "failed to download bundle from URI '%s'"
 msgstr "no s'ha pogut baixar el paquet de l'URI «%s»"
 
 #, c-format
-msgid "file at URI '%s' is not a bundle"
-msgstr "el fitxer a l'URI «%s» no és farcell"
+msgid "file at URI '%s' is not a bundle or bundle list"
+msgstr "el fitxer a l'URI «%s» no és farcell o una llista de farcells"
 
-#, c-format
-msgid "failed to unbundle bundle from URI '%s'"
-msgstr "s'ha produït un error en desempaquetar el farcell de l'URI «%s»"
+msgid "bundle-uri: got an empty line"
+msgstr "bundle-uri: té una línia buida"
+
+msgid "bundle-uri: line is not of the form 'key=value'"
+msgstr "bundle-uri: la línia no és de la forma «key=value»"
+
+msgid "bundle-uri: line has empty key or value"
+msgstr "bundle-uri: la línia té una clau o un valor buit"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "unrecognized bundle hash algorithm: %s"
@@ -14112,7 +14217,7 @@
 msgid "Chunk-based file formats"
 msgstr "Formats de fitxer basats en blocs"
 
-msgid "Git commit graph format"
+msgid "Git commit-graph format"
 msgstr "Format de graf de comissions del Git"
 
 msgid "Git index format"
@@ -14485,6 +14590,10 @@
 msgid "health thread wait failed [GLE %ld]"
 msgstr "ha fallat l'espera del fil de salut [GLE %ld]"
 
+#, c-format
+msgid "Invalid path: %s"
+msgstr "Camí no vàlid: «%s»"
+
 msgid "Unable to create FSEventStream."
 msgstr "No s'ha pogut crear el FSEventStream."
 
@@ -14516,6 +14625,22 @@
 msgstr "no s'han pogut llegir els canvis de directori [GLE %ld]"
 
 #, c-format
+msgid "opendir('%s') failed"
+msgstr "ha fallat opendir(«%s»)"
+
+#, c-format
+msgid "lstat('%s') failed"
+msgstr "ha fallat lstat(«%s»)"
+
+#, c-format
+msgid "strbuf_readlink('%s') failed"
+msgstr "ha fallat strbuf_readlink(«%s»)"
+
+#, c-format
+msgid "closedir('%s') failed"
+msgstr "ha fallat closedir(«%s»)"
+
+#, c-format
 msgid "[GLE %ld] unable to open for read '%ls'"
 msgstr "[GLE %ld] no s'ha pogut obrir per a llegir «%ls»"
 
@@ -16147,10 +16272,11 @@
 
 #, c-format
 msgid ""
-"repository '%s' is incompatible with fsmonitor due to lack of Unix sockets"
+"socket directory '%s' is incompatible with fsmonitor due to lack of Unix "
+"sockets support"
 msgstr ""
-"el repositori «%s» és incompatible amb fsmonitor a causa de la manca de "
-"sòcols Unix"
+"el directori del sòcol «%s» és incompatible amb fsmonitor a causa de la "
+"manca de compatibilitat amb els sòcols Unix"
 
 msgid ""
 "git [-v | --version] [-h | --help] [-C <path>] [-c <name>=<value>]\n"
@@ -16161,12 +16287,12 @@
 "           [--super-prefix=<path>] [--config-env=<name>=<envvar>]\n"
 "           <command> [<args>]"
 msgstr ""
-"git [-v | --version] [-h | --help] [-C <path>] [-c <name>=<value>]\n"
-"           [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path]\n"
+"git [-v | --version] [-h | --help] [-C <camí>] [-c <name>=<value>]\n"
+"           [--exec-path[=<camí>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path]\n"
 "           [-p | --paginate | -P | --no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--"
 "bare]\n"
-"           [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>]\n"
-"           [--super-prefix=<path>] [--config-env=<name>=<envvar>]\n"
+"           [--git-dir=<camí>] [--work-tree=<camí>] [--namespace=<name>]\n"
+"           [--super-prefix=<camí>] [--config-env=<name>=<envvar>]\n"
 "           <command> [<args>]"
 
 msgid ""
@@ -16471,8 +16597,8 @@
 "\n"
 "Les ordres més similars són"
 
-msgid "git version [<options>]"
-msgstr "git version [<opcions>]"
+msgid "git version [--build-options]"
+msgstr "git version [--build-options]"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "%s: %s - %s"
@@ -16608,7 +16734,7 @@
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "'%s' for 'object:type=<type>' is not a valid object type"
-msgstr "«%s» per a «object:type=<type>» no és un tipus d'objecte vàlid"
+msgstr "«%s» per a «object:type=<tipus>» no és un tipus d'objecte vàlid"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "invalid filter-spec '%s'"
@@ -17419,10 +17545,6 @@
 "%s: s'estan ignorant els emmagatzematges alternatius d'objectes, imbricació "
 "massa profunda"
 
-#, c-format
-msgid "unable to normalize object directory: %s"
-msgstr "no s'ha pogut normalitzar el directori de l'objecte: %s"
-
 msgid "unable to fdopen alternates lockfile"
 msgstr "no s'ha pogut fer «fdopen» al fitxer de bloqueig alternatiu"
 
@@ -17770,7 +17892,7 @@
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "<object>:<path> required, only <object> '%s' given"
-msgstr "<object>:<path> requerit, només s'ha donat <object> «%s»"
+msgstr "<objecte>:<camí> requerit, només s'ha donat <objecte> «%s»"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "invalid object name '%.*s'."
@@ -18269,6 +18391,10 @@
 msgid "promisor remote name cannot begin with '/': %s"
 msgstr "el nom remot «promisor» no pot començar amb «/»: %s"
 
+#, c-format
+msgid "could not fetch %s from promisor remote"
+msgstr "no s'ha pogut obtenir «%s» del «promisor» remot"
+
 msgid "object-info: expected flush after arguments"
 msgstr "object-info: s'esperava una neteja després dels arguments"
 
@@ -19005,7 +19131,7 @@
 
 msgid "protocol error: expected '<url> <path>', missing space"
 msgstr ""
-"s'ha produït un error de protocol: s'esperava «<url> <path>», falta espai"
+"s'ha produït un error de protocol: s'esperava «<url> <camí>», falta espai"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "failed to download file at URL '%s'"
@@ -19355,6 +19481,13 @@
 msgstr "s'ha produït un error en cercar l'arbre de %s"
 
 #, c-format
+msgid "unsupported section for hidden refs: %s"
+msgstr "secció d'índex no compatible per a les referències ocultes: %s"
+
+msgid "--exclude-hidden= passed more than once"
+msgstr "--exclude-hidden= passat més d'una vegada"
+
+#, c-format
 msgid "resolve-undo records `%s` which is missing"
 msgstr "resolve-undo indica «%s» que manquen"
 
@@ -19452,7 +19585,7 @@
 msgstr "només baixa les metadades per a la branca que s'agafarà"
 
 msgid "scalar clone [<options>] [--] <repo> [<dir>]"
-msgstr "scalar clone [<opcions>] [--] <repo> [<dir>]"
+msgstr "scalar clone [<opcions>] [--] <repositori> [<dir>]"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "cannot deduce worktree name from '%s'"
@@ -19499,6 +19632,14 @@
 msgstr "--all o <enlistment>, però no ambdós"
 
 #, c-format
+msgid "could not remove stale scalar.repo '%s'"
+msgstr "no s'ha pogut suprimir el scalar.repo «%s» estancat"
+
+#, c-format
+msgid "removing stale scalar.repo '%s'"
+msgstr "s'està eliminant el scalar.repo «%s» estancat"
+
+#, c-format
 msgid "git repository gone in '%s'"
 msgstr "no existeix un repositori de git a: «%s»"
 
@@ -19546,7 +19687,7 @@
 "\n"
 "Commands:\n"
 msgstr ""
-"scalar [-C <directory>] [-c <key>=<value>] <command> [<options>]\n"
+"scalar [-C <directory>] [-c <key>=<value>] <command> [<opcions>]\n"
 "\n"
 "Ordres:\n"
 
@@ -19853,7 +19994,7 @@
 msgstr "ordre desconeguda: %d"
 
 msgid "This is the 1st commit message:"
-msgstr "Aquest és el missatge de la 1ra comissió:"
+msgstr "Aquest és el missatge de la 1a comissió:"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "This is the commit message #%d:"
@@ -20124,16 +20265,16 @@
 msgid "illegal label name: '%.*s'"
 msgstr "nom d'etiqueta no permès: «%.*s»"
 
+#, c-format
+msgid "could not resolve '%s'"
+msgstr "no s'ha pogut resoldre «%s»"
+
 msgid "writing fake root commit"
 msgstr "s'està escrivint una comissió arrel falsa"
 
 msgid "writing squash-onto"
 msgstr "s'està escrivint «squash-onto»"
 
-#, c-format
-msgid "could not resolve '%s'"
-msgstr "no s'ha pogut resoldre «%s»"
-
 msgid "cannot merge without a current revision"
 msgstr "no es pot fusionar sense una revisió actual"
 
@@ -20741,6 +20882,16 @@
 msgid "failed to lstat '%s'"
 msgstr "s'ha produït un error en fer lstat a «%s»"
 
+msgid "test-tool cache-tree <options> (control|prime|update)"
+msgstr "test-tool cache-tree <opcions> (control|prime|update)"
+
+msgid "clear the cache tree before each iteration"
+msgstr "neteja l'arbre de la memòria cau abans de cada iteració"
+
+msgid "number of entries in the cache tree to invalidate (default 0)"
+msgstr ""
+"nombre d'entrades a l'arbre de la memòria cau a invalidar (per defecte 0)"
+
 msgid "unhandled options"
 msgstr "opcions no gestionades"
 
@@ -21520,7 +21671,7 @@
 msgid ""
 "  (use \"git restore <file>...\" to discard changes in working directory)"
 msgstr ""
-"  (useu «git restore <file>...» per a descartar canvis en el directori de "
+"  (useu «git restore <fitxer>...» per a descartar canvis en el directori de "
 "treball)"
 
 msgid "  (commit or discard the untracked or modified content in submodules)"
@@ -22577,83 +22728,6 @@
 msgid "Do you really want to send %s? [y|N]: "
 msgstr "Esteu segur que voleu enviar %s? [y|N]: "
 
-#~ msgid "(stats|all)"
-#~ msgstr "(stats|all)"
-
-#~ msgid "git maintenance register"
-#~ msgstr "git maintenance register"
-
-#~ msgid "git maintenance unregister"
-#~ msgstr "git maintenance unregister"
-
-#~ msgid "git maintenance stop"
-#~ msgstr "git maintenance stop"
-
 #, c-format
-#~ msgid "could not parse colored hunk header '%.*s'"
-#~ msgstr "no s'ha pogut analitzar la capçalera del tros acolorida «%.*s»"
-
-#, c-format
-#~ msgid "Unknown subcommand: %s"
-#~ msgstr "Subordre desconeguda: %s"
-
-#~ msgid "checked out in another worktree"
-#~ msgstr "s'ha agafat en un altre arbre de treball"
-
-#~ msgid "failed to open stdin of 'crontab'"
-#~ msgstr "s'ha produït un error en obrir stdin de «crontab»"
-
-#, c-format
-#~ msgid "invalid subcommand: %s"
-#~ msgstr "subordre no vàlida: %s"
-
-#~ msgid "single arg format must be symmetric range"
-#~ msgstr "el format de l'argument únic ha de ser de rang simètric"
-
-#~ msgid "git submodule--helper list [--prefix=<path>] [<path>...]"
-#~ msgstr "git submodule--helper list [--prefix=<camí>] [<camí>...]"
-
-#~ msgid "git submodule--helper name <path>"
-#~ msgstr "git submodule--helper name <camí>"
-
-#, c-format
-#~ msgid "failed to get the default remote for submodule '%s'"
-#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "s'ha produït un error en obtenir el remot per defecte pel submòdul «%s»"
-
-#, c-format
-#~ msgid "Invalid update mode '%s' for submodule path '%s'"
-#~ msgstr "Mode d'actualització «%s» no vàlid per al camí de submòdul «%s»"
-
-#~ msgid "path into the working tree, across nested submodule boundaries"
-#~ msgstr "camí a l'arbre de treball, a través de fronteres de submòduls niats"
-
-#~ msgid "rebase, merge, checkout or none"
-#~ msgstr "rebase, merge, checkout o none"
-
-#~ msgid "bad value for update parameter"
-#~ msgstr "valor incorrecte per al paràmetre update"
-
-#~ msgid "Show three-way merge without touching index"
-#~ msgstr "Mostra la fusió de tres vies sense tocar l'índex"
-
-# c-format
-#, c-format
-#~ msgid "could not create directory for '%s'"
-#~ msgstr "no s'ha pogut crear el directori per a «%s»"
-
-#, c-format
-#~ msgid "Couldn't start hook '%s'\n"
-#~ msgstr "No s'ha pogut iniciar el lligam «%s»'\n"
-
-#, c-format
-#~ msgid ""
-#~ "Note: %s not up to date and in way of checking out conflicted version; "
-#~ "old copy renamed to %s"
-#~ msgstr ""
-#~ "Nota: %s no està actualitzat i en forma de comprovar la versió en "
-#~ "conflicte; còpia antiga reanomenada a %s"
-
-#, c-format
-#~ msgid "%s: fast-forward"
-#~ msgstr "%s: avanç ràpid"
+#~ msgid "unable to normalize object directory: %s"
+#~ msgstr "no s'ha pogut normalitzar el directori de l'objecte: %s"
diff --git a/po/de.po b/po/de.po
index f5c9c29..45c7a41 100644
--- a/po/de.po
+++ b/po/de.po
@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@
 msgstr ""
 "Project-Id-Version: Git\n"
 "Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: Git Mailing List <git@vger.kernel.org>\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2022-09-28 17:09+0200\n"
-"PO-Revision-Date: 2022-09-28 17:10+0200\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2022-12-02 17:16+0100\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2022-12-02 17:19+0100\n"
 "Last-Translator: Ralf Thielow <ralf.thielow@gmail.com>\n"
 "Language-Team: German\n"
 "Language: de\n"
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
 "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
 "Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n!=1);\n"
-"X-Generator: Poedit 3.1.1\n"
+"X-Generator: Poedit 3.2\n"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "Huh (%s)?"
@@ -379,8 +379,8 @@
 #, c-format, perl-format
 msgid "Discard this hunk from index and worktree [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
 msgstr ""
-"Diesen Patch-Block vom Index und Arbeitsverzeichnis verwerfen [y,n,q,a,d"
-"%s,?]? "
+"Diesen Patch-Block vom Index und Arbeitsverzeichnis verwerfen [y,n,q,a,"
+"d%s,?]? "
 
 msgid ""
 "y - discard this hunk from index and worktree\n"
@@ -411,8 +411,8 @@
 #, c-format, perl-format
 msgid "Apply this hunk to index and worktree [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
 msgstr ""
-"Diesen Patch-Block auf Index und Arbeitsverzeichnis anwenden [y,n,q,a,d"
-"%s,?]? "
+"Diesen Patch-Block auf Index und Arbeitsverzeichnis anwenden [y,n,q,a,"
+"d%s,?]? "
 
 msgid ""
 "y - apply this hunk to index and worktree\n"
@@ -786,6 +786,9 @@
 msgid "unclosed quote"
 msgstr "nicht geschlossene Anführungszeichen"
 
+msgid "too many arguments"
+msgstr "zu viele Argumente"
+
 #, c-format
 msgid "unrecognized whitespace option '%s'"
 msgstr "Nicht erkannte Whitespace-Option: '%s'"
@@ -2018,8 +2021,8 @@
 #, c-format
 msgid "If you prefer to skip this patch, run \"%s --skip\" instead."
 msgstr ""
-"Falls Sie diesen Patch auslassen möchten, führen Sie stattdessen \"%s --skip"
-"\" aus."
+"Falls Sie diesen Patch auslassen möchten, führen Sie stattdessen \"%s --"
+"skip\" aus."
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "To record the empty patch as an empty commit, run \"%s --allow-empty\"."
@@ -2593,42 +2596,6 @@
 "'bisect run' fehlgeschlagen: 'git bisect--helper --bisect-state %s' mit "
 "Fehlercode %d beendet"
 
-msgid "reset the bisection state"
-msgstr "den Zustand der binären Suche zurücksetzen"
-
-msgid "check whether bad or good terms exist"
-msgstr "prüfen, ob Begriffe für gute und schlechte Commits existieren"
-
-msgid "print out the bisect terms"
-msgstr "die Begriffe für die binäre Suche ausgeben"
-
-msgid "start the bisect session"
-msgstr "Sitzung für binäre Suche starten"
-
-msgid "find the next bisection commit"
-msgstr "nächsten Commit für die binäre Suche finden"
-
-msgid "mark the state of ref (or refs)"
-msgstr "den Status der Referenz(en) markieren"
-
-msgid "list the bisection steps so far"
-msgstr "die bisherigen Schritte der binären Suche auflisten"
-
-msgid "replay the bisection process from the given file"
-msgstr "binäre Suche aus der angegebenen Datei wiederholen"
-
-msgid "skip some commits for checkout"
-msgstr "einige Commits für das Auschecken überspringen"
-
-msgid "visualize the bisection"
-msgstr "binäre Suche visualisieren"
-
-msgid "use <cmd>... to automatically bisect"
-msgstr "verwende <Programm>... für die automatische binäre Suche"
-
-msgid "no log for BISECT_WRITE"
-msgstr "kein Log für BISECT_WRITE"
-
 msgid "--bisect-reset requires either no argument or a commit"
 msgstr "--bisect-reset benötigt entweder kein Argument oder ein Commit"
 
@@ -2647,6 +2614,9 @@
 msgid "git blame [<options>] [<rev-opts>] [<rev>] [--] <file>"
 msgstr "git blame [<Optionen>] [<rev-opts>] [<Commit>] [--] <Datei>"
 
+msgid "git annotate [<options>] [<rev-opts>] [<rev>] [--] <file>"
+msgstr "git annotate [<Optionen>] [<rev-opts>] [<Commit>] [--] <Datei>"
+
 msgid "<rev-opts> are documented in git-rev-list(1)"
 msgstr "<rev-opts> sind dokumentiert in git-rev-list(1)"
 
@@ -2842,9 +2812,6 @@
 msgid "cannot use -a with -d"
 msgstr "kann -a nicht mit -d benutzen"
 
-msgid "Couldn't look up commit object for HEAD"
-msgstr "Konnte Commit-Objekt für HEAD nicht nachschlagen."
-
 #, c-format
 msgid "Cannot delete branch '%s' checked out at '%s'"
 msgstr "Kann Branch '%s' nicht entfernen, ausgecheckt in '%s'."
@@ -2883,19 +2850,18 @@
 msgid "Branch %s is being bisected at %s"
 msgstr "Binäre Suche von Branch %s zu %s im Gange"
 
-msgid "cannot copy the current branch while not on any."
-msgstr ""
-"Kann den aktuellen Branch nicht kopieren, solange Sie sich auf keinem "
-"befinden."
-
-msgid "cannot rename the current branch while not on any."
-msgstr ""
-"Kann aktuellen Branch nicht umbenennen, solange Sie sich auf keinem befinden."
-
 #, c-format
 msgid "Invalid branch name: '%s'"
 msgstr "Ungültiger Branchname: '%s'"
 
+#, c-format
+msgid "No commit on branch '%s' yet."
+msgstr "Noch kein Commit in Branch '%s'."
+
+#, c-format
+msgid "No branch named '%s'."
+msgstr "Branch '%s' nicht vorhanden."
+
 msgid "Branch rename failed"
 msgstr "Umbenennung des Branches fehlgeschlagen"
 
@@ -3059,13 +3025,14 @@
 msgid "cannot edit description of more than one branch"
 msgstr "Beschreibung von mehr als einem Branch kann nicht bearbeitet werden"
 
-#, c-format
-msgid "No commit on branch '%s' yet."
-msgstr "Noch kein Commit in Branch '%s'."
+msgid "cannot copy the current branch while not on any."
+msgstr ""
+"Kann den aktuellen Branch nicht kopieren, solange Sie sich auf keinem "
+"befinden."
 
-#, c-format
-msgid "No branch named '%s'."
-msgstr "Branch '%s' nicht vorhanden."
+msgid "cannot rename the current branch while not on any."
+msgstr ""
+"Kann aktuellen Branch nicht umbenennen, solange Sie sich auf keinem befinden."
 
 msgid "too many branches for a copy operation"
 msgstr "zu viele Branches für eine Kopieroperation angegeben"
@@ -3137,11 +3104,11 @@
 msgstr "nicht in einem Git-Repository ausgeführt - keine Hooks zum Anzeigen\n"
 
 msgid ""
-"git bugreport [-o|--output-directory <file>] [-s|--suffix <format>] [--"
-"diagnose[=<mode>]"
+"git bugreport [(-o | --output-directory) <path>] [(-s | --suffix) <format>]\n"
+"              [--diagnose[=<mode>]]"
 msgstr ""
-"git bugreport [-o|--output-directory <Datei>] [-s|--suffix <Format>] [--"
-"diagnose[=<Modus>]"
+"git bugreport [(-o | --output-directory) <Pfad>] [(-s | --suffix) <Format>]\n"
+"              [--diagnose[=<Modus>]]"
 
 msgid ""
 "Thank you for filling out a Git bug report!\n"
@@ -3216,17 +3183,23 @@
 msgid "Created new report at '%s'.\n"
 msgstr "Neuer Bericht unter '%s' erstellt.\n"
 
-msgid "git bundle create [<options>] <file> <git-rev-list args>"
-msgstr "git bundle create [<Optionen>] <Datei> <git-rev-list Argumente>"
+msgid ""
+"git bundle create [-q | --quiet | --progress | --all-progress] [--all-"
+"progress-implied]\n"
+"                  [--version=<version>] <file> <git-rev-list-args>"
+msgstr ""
+"git bundle create [-q | --quiet | --progress | --all-progress] [--all-"
+"progress-implied]\n"
+"                  [--version=<Version>] <Datei> <git-rev-list-Argumente>"
 
-msgid "git bundle verify [<options>] <file>"
-msgstr "git bundle verify [<Optionen>] <Datei>"
+msgid "git bundle verify [-q | --quiet] <file>"
+msgstr "git bundle verify [-q | --quiet] <Datei>"
 
 msgid "git bundle list-heads <file> [<refname>...]"
 msgstr "git bundle list-heads <Datei> [<Referenzname>...]"
 
-msgid "git bundle unbundle <file> [<refname>...]"
-msgstr "git bundle unbundle <Datei> [<Referenzname>...]"
+msgid "git bundle unbundle [--progress] <file> [<refname>...]"
+msgstr "git bundle unbundle [--progress] <Datei> [<Referenzname>...]"
 
 msgid "do not show progress meter"
 msgstr "keine Fortschrittsanzeige anzeigen"
@@ -3301,12 +3274,12 @@
 "git cat-file (--batch | --batch-check | --batch-command) [--batch-all-"
 "objects]\n"
 "             [--buffer] [--follow-symlinks] [--unordered]\n"
-"             [--textconv | --filters]"
+"             [--textconv | --filters] [-z]"
 msgstr ""
 "git cat-file (--batch | --batch-check | --batch-command) [--batch-all-"
 "objects]\n"
 "             [--buffer] [--follow-symlinks] [--unordered]\n"
-"             [--textconv | --filters]"
+"             [--textconv | --filters] [-z]"
 
 msgid ""
 "git cat-file (--textconv | --filters)\n"
@@ -3419,9 +3392,6 @@
 msgid "<object> required with '-%c'"
 msgstr "<Objekt> benötigt mit '-%c'"
 
-msgid "too many arguments"
-msgstr "zu viele Argumente"
-
 #, c-format
 msgid "only two arguments allowed in <type> <object> mode, not %d"
 msgstr "nur zwei Argumente im <Typ> <Objekt> Modus erlaubt, nicht %d"
@@ -3968,9 +3938,11 @@
 msgstr "benutze Overlay-Modus"
 
 msgid ""
-"git clean [-d] [-f] [-i] [-n] [-q] [-e <pattern>] [-x | -X] [--] <paths>..."
+"git clean [-d] [-f] [-i] [-n] [-q] [-e <pattern>] [-x | -X] [--] "
+"[<pathspec>...]"
 msgstr ""
-"git clean [-d] [-f] [-i] [-n] [-q] [-e <Muster>] [-x | -X] [--] <Pfade>..."
+"git clean [-d] [-f] [-i] [-n] [-q] [-e <Muster>] [-x | -X] [--] "
+"[<Pfadspezifikation>...]"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "Removing %s\n"
@@ -4270,6 +4242,11 @@
 msgstr "Fehler beim Starten der Iteration über '%s'"
 
 #, c-format
+msgid "symlink '%s' exists, refusing to clone with --local"
+msgstr ""
+"symbolische Verknüpfung '%s' existiert, verweigere das Klonen mit --local"
+
+#, c-format
 msgid "failed to unlink '%s'"
 msgstr "Konnte '%s' nicht entfernen."
 
@@ -4335,10 +4312,6 @@
 msgid "You must specify a repository to clone."
 msgstr "Sie müssen ein Repository zum Klonen angeben."
 
-#, c-format
-msgid "options '%s' and '%s %s' cannot be used together"
-msgstr "die Optionen '%s' und '%s %s' können nicht gemeinsam verwendet werden"
-
 msgid ""
 "--bundle-uri is incompatible with --depth, --shallow-since, and --shallow-"
 "exclude"
@@ -4472,19 +4445,25 @@
 msgstr "--command muss an erster Stelle stehen"
 
 msgid ""
-"git commit-graph verify [--object-dir <objdir>] [--shallow] [--[no-]progress]"
+"git commit-graph verify [--object-dir <dir>] [--shallow] [--[no-]progress]"
 msgstr ""
-"git commit-graph verify [--object-dir <Objektverzeichnis>] [--shallow] [--"
+"git commit-graph verify [--object-dir <Verzeichnis>] [--shallow] [--"
 "[no-]progress]"
 
 msgid ""
-"git commit-graph write [--object-dir <objdir>] [--append] [--"
-"split[=<strategy>]] [--reachable|--stdin-packs|--stdin-commits] [--changed-"
-"paths] [--[no-]max-new-filters <n>] [--[no-]progress] <split options>"
+"git commit-graph write [--object-dir <dir>] [--append]\n"
+"                       [--split[=<strategy>]] [--reachable | --stdin-packs | "
+"--stdin-commits]\n"
+"                       [--changed-paths] [--[no-]max-new-filters <n>] [--"
+"[no-]progress]\n"
+"                       <split options>"
 msgstr ""
-"git commit-graph write [--object-dir <Objektverzeichnis>] [--append] [--"
-"split[=<Strategie>]] [--reachable|--stdin-packs|--stdin-commits] [--changed-"
-"paths] [--[no-]max-new-filters <Anzahl>] [--[no-]progress] <Split-Optionen>"
+"git commit-graph write [--object-dir <Verzeichnis>] [--append]\n"
+"                       [--split[=<Strategie>]] [--reachable | --stdin-packs "
+"| --stdin-commits]\n"
+"                       [--changed-paths] [--[no-]max-new-filters <n>] [--"
+"[no-]progress]\n"
+"                       <Split-Optionen>"
 
 msgid "dir"
 msgstr "Verzeichnis"
@@ -4558,12 +4537,15 @@
 msgid "Collecting commits from input"
 msgstr "Sammle Commits von der Standard-Eingabe"
 
+msgid "git commit-tree <tree> [(-p <parent>)...]"
+msgstr "git commit-tree <Tree-Objekt> [(-p <Elternteil>)...]"
+
 msgid ""
-"git commit-tree [(-p <parent>)...] [-S[<keyid>]] [(-m <message>)...] [(-F "
-"<file>)...] <tree>"
+"git commit-tree [(-p <parent>)...] [-S[<keyid>]] [(-m <message>)...]\n"
+"                [(-F <file>)...] <tree>"
 msgstr ""
-"git commit-tree [(-p <Eltern-Commit>)...] [-S[<Key-ID>]] [(-m "
-"<Nachricht>)...] [(-F <Datei>)...] <Tree-Objekt>"
+"git commit-tree [(-p <Elternteil>)...] [-S[<Key-ID>]] [(-m <Nachricht>)...]\n"
+"                [(-F <Datei>)...] <Tree-Objekt>"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "duplicate parent %s ignored"
@@ -4605,11 +4587,29 @@
 msgid "git commit-tree: failed to read"
 msgstr "git commit-tree: Fehler beim Lesen"
 
-msgid "git commit [<options>] [--] <pathspec>..."
-msgstr "git commit [<Optionen>] [--] <Pfadspezifikation>..."
+msgid ""
+"git commit [-a | --interactive | --patch] [-s] [-v] [-u<mode>] [--amend]\n"
+"           [--dry-run] [(-c | -C | --squash) <commit> | --fixup [(amend|"
+"reword):]<commit>)]\n"
+"           [-F <file> | -m <msg>] [--reset-author] [--allow-empty]\n"
+"           [--allow-empty-message] [--no-verify] [-e] [--author=<author>]\n"
+"           [--date=<date>] [--cleanup=<mode>] [--[no-]status]\n"
+"           [-i | -o] [--pathspec-from-file=<file> [--pathspec-file-nul]]\n"
+"           [(--trailer <token>[(=|:)<value>])...] [-S[<keyid>]]\n"
+"           [--] [<pathspec>...]"
+msgstr ""
+"git commit [-a | --interactive | --patch] [-s] [-v] [-u<Modus>] [--amend]\n"
+"           [--dry-run] [(-c | -C | --squash) <Commit> | --fixup [(amend|"
+"reword):]<Commit>)]\n"
+"           [-F <Datei> | -m <Nachricht>] [--reset-author] [--allow-empty]\n"
+"           [--allow-empty-message] [--no-verify] [-e] [--author=<Autor>]\n"
+"           [--date=<Datum>] [--cleanup=<Modus>] [--[no-]status]\n"
+"           [-i | -o] [--pathspec-from-file=<Datei> [--pathspec-file-nul]]\n"
+"           [(--trailer <Token>[(=|:)<Wert>])...] [-S[<Key-Id>]]\n"
+"           [--] [<Pfadspezifikation>...]"
 
-msgid "git status [<options>] [--] <pathspec>..."
-msgstr "git status [<Optionen>] [--] <Pfadspezifikation>..."
+msgid "git status [<options>] [--] [<pathspec>...]"
+msgstr "git status [<Optionen>] [--] [<Pfadspezifikation>...]"
 
 msgid ""
 "You asked to amend the most recent commit, but doing so would make\n"
@@ -5396,11 +5396,20 @@
 msgid "unable to get credential storage lock in %d ms"
 msgstr "konnte Sperre für Zugangsdatenspeicher nicht in %d ms bekommen"
 
-msgid "git describe [<options>] [<commit-ish>...]"
-msgstr "git describe [<Optionen>] [<Commit-Angabe>...]"
+msgid ""
+"git describe [--all] [--tags] [--contains] [--abbrev=<n>] [<commit-ish>...]"
+msgstr ""
+"git describe [--all] [--tags] [--contains] [--abbrev=<n>] [<Commit-"
+"Angabe>...]"
 
-msgid "git describe [<options>] --dirty"
-msgstr "git describe [<Optionen>] --dirty"
+msgid ""
+"git describe [--all] [--tags] [--contains] [--abbrev=<n>] --dirty[=<mark>]"
+msgstr ""
+"git describe [--all] [--tags] [--contains] [--abbrev=<n>] --"
+"dirty[=<Markierung>]"
+
+msgid "git describe <blob>"
+msgstr "git describe <Blob>"
 
 msgid "head"
 msgstr "Branch"
@@ -5511,8 +5520,8 @@
 
 msgid "append <mark> on dirty working tree (default: \"-dirty\")"
 msgstr ""
-"<Markierung> bei geändertem Arbeitsverzeichnis anhängen (Standard: \"-dirty"
-"\")"
+"<Markierung> bei geändertem Arbeitsverzeichnis anhängen (Standard: \"-"
+"dirty\")"
 
 msgid "append <mark> on broken working tree (default: \"-broken\")"
 msgstr ""
@@ -5526,11 +5535,11 @@
 msgstr "Option '%s' und Commit-Angaben können nicht gemeinsam verwendet werden"
 
 msgid ""
-"git diagnose [-o|--output-directory <path>] [-s|--suffix <format>] [--"
-"mode=<mode>]"
+"git diagnose [(-o | --output-directory) <path>] [(-s | --suffix) <format>]\n"
+"             [--mode=<mode>]"
 msgstr ""
-"git diagnose [-o|--output-directory <Pfad>] [-s|--suffix <Format>] [--"
-"mode=<Modus>]"
+"git diagnose [(-o | --output-directory) <Pfad>] [(-s | --suffix) <Format>]\n"
+"             [--mode=<Modus>]"
 
 msgid "specify a destination for the diagnostics archive"
 msgstr "einen Zielort für das Diagnosearchiv angeben"
@@ -5548,6 +5557,9 @@
 msgid "'%s': not a regular file or symlink"
 msgstr "'%s': keine reguläre Datei oder symbolische Verknüpfung"
 
+msgid "no merge given, only parents."
+msgstr "kein Merge gegeben, nur Eltern."
+
 #, c-format
 msgid "invalid option: %s"
 msgstr "Ungültige Option: %s"
@@ -5675,13 +5687,13 @@
 #, c-format
 msgid "option `--default' expects a boolean value with `--type=bool`, not `%s`"
 msgstr ""
-"Option `--default' erwartet einen booleschen Wert bei `--type=bool`, nicht `"
-"%s`"
+"Option `--default' erwartet einen booleschen Wert bei `--type=bool`, nicht "
+"`%s`"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid ""
-"option `--default' expects an unsigned long value with `--type=ulong`, not `"
-"%s`"
+"option `--default' expects an unsigned long value with `--type=ulong`, not "
+"`%s`"
 msgstr ""
 "Option `--default' erwartet einen vorzeichenlosen Long-Wert bei `--"
 "type=ulong`, nicht `%s`"
@@ -6206,8 +6218,8 @@
 msgid "print only refs which don't contain the commit"
 msgstr "nur Referenzen ausgeben, die diesen Commit nicht enthalten"
 
-msgid "git for-each-repo --config=<config> <command-args>"
-msgstr "git for-each-repo --config=<Konfiguration> <Befehlsargumente>"
+msgid "git for-each-repo --config=<config> [--] <arguments>"
+msgstr "git for-each-repo --config=<Konfiguration> [--] <Argumente>"
 
 msgid "config"
 msgstr "Konfiguration"
@@ -6378,8 +6390,16 @@
 msgid "%s: invalid sha1 pointer in resolve-undo"
 msgstr "%s: Ungültiger sha1-Zeiger in resolve-undo"
 
-msgid "git fsck [<options>] [<object>...]"
-msgstr "git fsck [<Optionen>] [<Objekt>...]"
+msgid ""
+"git fsck [--tags] [--root] [--unreachable] [--cache] [--no-reflogs]\n"
+"         [--[no-]full] [--strict] [--verbose] [--lost-found]\n"
+"         [--[no-]dangling] [--[no-]progress] [--connectivity-only]\n"
+"         [--[no-]name-objects] [<object>...]"
+msgstr ""
+"git fsck [--tags] [--root] [--unreachable] [--cache] [--no-reflogs]\n"
+"         [--[no-]full] [--strict] [--verbose] [--lost-found]\n"
+"         [--[no-]dangling] [--[no-]progress] [--connectivity-only]\n"
+"         [--[no-]name-objects] [<Objekt>...]"
 
 msgid "show unreachable objects"
 msgstr "unerreichbare Objekte anzeigen"
@@ -6434,12 +6454,6 @@
 msgid "git fsmonitor--daemon run [<options>]"
 msgstr "git fsmonitor--daemon run [<Optionen>]"
 
-msgid "git fsmonitor--daemon stop"
-msgstr "git fsmonitor--daemon stop"
-
-msgid "git fsmonitor--daemon status"
-msgstr "git fsmonitor--daemon status"
-
 #, c-format
 msgid "value of '%s' out of range: %d"
 msgstr "Wert von '%s' außerhalb des Bereichs: %d"
@@ -6689,8 +6703,20 @@
 msgstr ""
 "nutzen Sie höchstens eine der Optionen --auto oder --schedule=<Häufigkeit>"
 
-msgid "failed to run 'git config'"
-msgstr "Fehler beim Ausführen von 'git config'"
+#, c-format
+msgid "unable to add '%s' value of '%s'"
+msgstr "Wert '%s' von '%s' kann nicht hinzugefügt werden"
+
+msgid "return success even if repository was not registered"
+msgstr "Erfolg zurückgeben, auch wenn das Repository nicht registriert wurde"
+
+#, c-format
+msgid "unable to unset '%s' value of '%s'"
+msgstr "Wert '%s' von '%s' kann nicht zurückgesetzt werden"
+
+#, c-format
+msgid "repository '%s' is not registered"
+msgstr "Repository '%s' ist nicht registriert"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "failed to expand path '%s'"
@@ -6988,11 +7014,14 @@
 msgstr "--cached und \"Tree\"-Objekte angegeben"
 
 msgid ""
-"git hash-object [-t <type>] [-w] [--path=<file> | --no-filters] [--stdin] "
-"[--] <file>..."
+"git hash-object [-t <type>] [-w] [--path=<file> | --no-filters]\n"
+"                [--stdin [--literally]] [--] <file>..."
 msgstr ""
-"git hash-object [-t <Art>] [-w] [--path=<Datei> | --no-filters] [--stdin] "
-"[--] <Datei>..."
+"git hash-object [-t <Art>] [-w] [--path=<Datei> | --no-filters]\n"
+"                [--stdin [--literally]] [--] <Datei>..."
+
+msgid "git hash-object [-t <type>] [-w] --stdin-paths [--no-filters]"
+msgstr "git hash-object [-t <Art>] [-w] --stdin-paths [--no-filters]"
 
 msgid "object type"
 msgstr "Art des Objektes"
@@ -7422,11 +7451,15 @@
 msgstr "Leeres Git-Repository in %s%s initialisiert\n"
 
 msgid ""
-"git init [-q | --quiet] [--bare] [--template=<template-directory>] [--"
-"shared[=<permissions>]] [<directory>]"
+"git init [-q | --quiet] [--bare] [--template=<template-directory>]\n"
+"         [--separate-git-dir <git-dir>] [--object-format=<format>]\n"
+"         [-b <branch-name> | --initial-branch=<branch-name>]\n"
+"         [--shared[=<permissions>]] [<directory>]"
 msgstr ""
-"git init [-q | --quiet] [--bare] [--template=<Vorlagenverzeichnis>] [--"
-"shared[=<Berechtigungen>]] [<Verzeichnis>]"
+"git init [-q | --quiet] [--bare] [--template=<Vorlagenverzeichnis>]\n"
+"         [--separate-git-dir <Git-Verzeichnis>] [--object-format=<Format>]\n"
+"         [-b <Branchname> | --initial-branch=<Branchname>]\n"
+"         [--shared[=<Berechtigungen>]] [<Verzeichnis>]"
 
 msgid "permissions"
 msgstr "Berechtigungen"
@@ -7467,11 +7500,13 @@
 msgstr "--separate-git-dir nicht kompatibel mit Bare-Repository"
 
 msgid ""
-"git interpret-trailers [--in-place] [--trim-empty] [(--trailer "
-"<token>[(=|:)<value>])...] [<file>...]"
+"git interpret-trailers [--in-place] [--trim-empty]\n"
+"                       [(--trailer <token>[(=|:)<value>])...]\n"
+"                       [--parse] [<file>...]"
 msgstr ""
-"git interpret-trailers [--in-place] [--trim-empty] [(--trailer "
-"<Token>[(=|:)<Wert>])...] [<Datei>...]"
+"git interpret-trailers [--in-place] [--trim-empty]\n"
+"                       [(--trailer <Token>[(=|:)<Wert>])...]\n"
+"                       [--parse] [<Datei>...]"
 
 msgid "edit files in place"
 msgstr "vorhandene Dateien direkt bearbeiten"
@@ -7963,11 +7998,11 @@
 
 msgid ""
 "git ls-remote [--heads] [--tags] [--refs] [--upload-pack=<exec>]\n"
-"              [-q | --quiet] [--exit-code] [--get-url]\n"
+"              [-q | --quiet] [--exit-code] [--get-url] [--sort=<key>]\n"
 "              [--symref] [<repository> [<refs>...]]"
 msgstr ""
 "git ls-remote [--heads] [--tags] [--refs] [--upload-pack=<Programm>]\n"
-"              [-q | --quiet] [--exit-code] [--get-url]\n"
+"              [-q | --quiet] [--exit-code] [--get-url] [--sort=<Schlüssel>]\n"
 "              [--symref] [<Repository> [<Referenzen>...]]"
 
 msgid "do not print remote URL"
@@ -8101,12 +8136,12 @@
 msgid "git merge-base [-a | --all] --octopus <commit>..."
 msgstr "git merge-base [-a | --all] --octopus <Commit>..."
 
-msgid "git merge-base --independent <commit>..."
-msgstr "git merge-base --independent <Commit>..."
-
 msgid "git merge-base --is-ancestor <commit> <commit>"
 msgstr "git merge-base --is-ancestor <Commit> <Commit>"
 
+msgid "git merge-base --independent <commit>..."
+msgstr "git merge-base --independent <Commit>..."
+
 msgid "git merge-base --fork-point <ref> [<commit>]"
 msgstr "git merge-base --fork-point <Referenz> [<Commit>]"
 
@@ -8215,9 +8250,21 @@
 msgid "allow merging unrelated histories"
 msgstr "erlaube das Zusammenführen von nicht zusammenhängenden Historien"
 
+msgid "perform multiple merges, one per line of input"
+msgstr "mehrere Merges durchführen, eine pro Eingabezeile"
+
 msgid "--trivial-merge is incompatible with all other options"
 msgstr "--trivial-merge ist mit allen anderen Optionen inkompatibel"
 
+#, c-format
+msgid "malformed input line: '%s'."
+msgstr "Fehlerhafte Eingabezeile: '%s'."
+
+#, c-format
+msgid "merging cannot continue; got unclean result of %d"
+msgstr ""
+"Merge kann nicht fortgesetzt werden; unsauberes Ergebnis von %d erhalten"
+
 msgid "git merge [<options>] [<commit>...]"
 msgstr "git merge [<Optionen>] [<Commit>...]"
 
@@ -8849,10 +8896,6 @@
 msgstr "Kann Notiz-Daten nicht von Nicht-Blob Objekt '%s' lesen."
 
 #, c-format
-msgid "malformed input line: '%s'."
-msgstr "Fehlerhafte Eingabezeile: '%s'."
-
-#, c-format
 msgid "failed to copy notes from '%s' to '%s'"
 msgstr "Fehler beim Kopieren der Notizen von '%s' nach '%s'"
 
@@ -9049,16 +9092,14 @@
 msgid "unknown subcommand: `%s'"
 msgstr "unbekannter Unterbefehl: `%s'"
 
-msgid ""
-"git pack-objects --stdout [<options>...] [< <ref-list> | < <object-list>]"
+msgid "git pack-objects --stdout [<options>] [< <ref-list> | < <object-list>]"
 msgstr ""
-"git pack-objects --stdout [<Optionen>...] [< <Referenzliste> | < "
-"<Objektliste>]"
+"git pack-objects --stdout [<Optionen>] [< <Referenzliste> | < <Objektliste>]"
 
 msgid ""
-"git pack-objects [<options>...] <base-name> [< <ref-list> | < <object-list>]"
+"git pack-objects [<options>] <base-name> [< <ref-list> | < <object-list>]"
 msgstr ""
-"git pack-objects [<Optionen>...] <Basis-Name> [< <Referenzliste> | < "
+"git pack-objects [<Optionen>] <Basis-Name> [< <Referenzliste> | < "
 "<Objektliste>]"
 
 #, c-format
@@ -9454,8 +9495,8 @@
 "Sie es immer noch verwenden, indem Sie eine E-Mail an\n"
 "<git@vger.kernel.org> senden. Danke.\n"
 
-msgid "git pack-refs [<options>]"
-msgstr "git pack-refs [<Optionen>]"
+msgid "git pack-refs [--all] [--no-prune]"
+msgstr "git pack-refs [--all] [--no-prune]"
 
 msgid "pack everything"
 msgstr "alles packen"
@@ -9463,6 +9504,18 @@
 msgid "prune loose refs (default)"
 msgstr "lose Referenzen entfernen (Standard)"
 
+msgid "git patch-id [--stable | --unstable | --verbatim]"
+msgstr "git patch-id [--stable | --unstable | --verbatim]"
+
+msgid "use the unstable patch-id algorithm"
+msgstr "den instabilen Patch-ID-Algorithmus verwenden"
+
+msgid "use the stable patch-id algorithm"
+msgstr "den stabilen Patch-ID-Algorithmus verwenden"
+
+msgid "don't strip whitespace from the patch"
+msgstr "keine Leerzeichen aus dem Patch entfernen"
+
 msgid "git prune [-n] [-v] [--progress] [--expire <time>] [--] [<head>...]"
 msgstr "git prune [-n] [-v] [--progress] [--expire <Zeit>] [--] [<Branch>...]"
 
@@ -9690,13 +9743,12 @@
 
 msgid ""
 "\n"
-"To avoid automatically configuring upstream branches when their name\n"
-"doesn't match the local branch, see option 'simple' of branch."
-"autoSetupMerge\n"
+"To avoid automatically configuring an upstream branch when its name\n"
+"won't match the local branch, see option 'simple' of branch.autoSetupMerge\n"
 "in 'git help config'.\n"
 msgstr ""
 "\n"
-"Um das automatische Konfigurieren von Upstream-Branches zu verhindern,\n"
+"Um das automatische Konfigurieren eines Upstream-Branches zu verhindern,\n"
 "wenn deren Namen nicht mit dem lokalen Branch übereinstimmen, siehe\n"
 "Option 'simple' bei branch.autoSetupMerge in 'git help config'.\n"
 
@@ -9861,6 +9913,13 @@
 msgid "failed to push some refs to '%s'"
 msgstr "Fehler beim Versenden einiger Referenzen nach '%s'"
 
+msgid ""
+"recursing into submodule with push.recurseSubmodules=only; using on-demand "
+"instead"
+msgstr ""
+"Rekursion in Submodule mit push.recurseSubmodules=only; stattdessen "
+"Verwendung von on-demand"
+
 #, c-format
 msgid "invalid value for '%s'"
 msgstr "ungültiger Wert für '%s'"
@@ -9998,13 +10057,16 @@
 msgstr "Benötige zwei Commit-Bereiche."
 
 msgid ""
-"git read-tree [(-m [--trivial] [--aggressive] | --reset | --prefix=<prefix>) "
-"[-u | -i]] [--no-sparse-checkout] [--index-output=<file>] (--empty | <tree-"
-"ish1> [<tree-ish2> [<tree-ish3>]])"
+"git read-tree [(-m [--trivial] [--aggressive] | --reset | --"
+"prefix=<prefix>)\n"
+"              [-u | -i]] [--index-output=<file>] [--no-sparse-checkout]\n"
+"              (--empty | <tree-ish1> [<tree-ish2> [<tree-ish3>]])"
 msgstr ""
-"git read-tree [(-m [--trivial] [--aggressive] | --reset | --prefix=<Präfix>) "
-"[-u | -i]] [--no-sparse-checkout] [--index-output=<Datei>] (--empty | "
-"<Commit-Referenz1> [<Commit-Referenz2> [<Commit-Referenz3>]])"
+"git read-tree [(-m [--trivial] [--aggressive] | --reset | --"
+"prefix=<Präfix>)\n"
+"              [-u | -i]] [--index-output=<Datei>] [--no-sparse-checkout]\n"
+"              (--empty | <Commit-Referenz1> [<Commit-Referenz2> [<Commit-"
+"Referenz3>]])"
 
 msgid "write resulting index to <file>"
 msgstr "resultierenden Index nach <Datei> schreiben"
@@ -10095,8 +10157,8 @@
 msgstr "%s erfordert das Merge-Backend"
 
 #, c-format
-msgid "could not get 'onto': '%s'"
-msgstr "Konnte 'onto' nicht bestimmen: '%s'"
+msgid "invalid onto: '%s'"
+msgstr "ungültig auf: '%s'"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "invalid orig-head: '%s'"
@@ -10150,8 +10212,8 @@
 
 #, c-format
 msgid ""
-"unrecognized empty type '%s'; valid values are \"drop\", \"keep\", and \"ask"
-"\"."
+"unrecognized empty type '%s'; valid values are \"drop\", \"keep\", and "
+"\"ask\"."
 msgstr ""
 "nicht erkannter leerer Typ '%s'; gültige Werte sind \"drop\", \"keep\", und "
 "\"ask\"."
@@ -10415,8 +10477,8 @@
 msgid "No such ref: %s"
 msgstr "Referenz nicht gefunden: %s"
 
-msgid "Could not resolve HEAD to a revision"
-msgstr "Konnte HEAD zu keinem Commit auflösen."
+msgid "Could not resolve HEAD to a commit"
+msgstr "HEAD konnte nicht in einen Commit aufgelöst werden"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "'%s': need exactly one merge base with branch"
@@ -11094,6 +11156,10 @@
 msgid "could not close refs snapshot tempfile"
 msgstr "konnte temporäre Referenzen-Snapshot-Datei nicht schließen"
 
+#, c-format
+msgid "could not remove stale bitmap: %s"
+msgstr "konnte veraltete Bitmap nicht entfernen: %s"
+
 msgid "pack everything in a single pack"
 msgstr "alles in eine einzige Pack-Datei packen"
 
@@ -11169,6 +11235,9 @@
 msgid "write a multi-pack index of the resulting packs"
 msgstr "ein Multi-Pack-Index des resultierenden Pakets schreiben"
 
+msgid "pack prefix to store a pack containing pruned objects"
+msgstr "pack-Präfix zum Speichern eines Pakets mit gelöschten Objekten"
+
 msgid "cannot delete packs in a precious-objects repo"
 msgstr "kann Pack-Dateien in precious-objects Repository nicht löschen"
 
@@ -11180,8 +11249,12 @@
 msgstr "Pack-Präfix %s fängt nicht mit objdir %s an"
 
 #, c-format
-msgid "missing required file: %s"
-msgstr "benötigte Datei fehlt: %s"
+msgid "renaming pack to '%s' failed"
+msgstr "Umbenennung des Pakets in '%s' fehlgeschlagen"
+
+#, c-format
+msgid "pack-objects did not write a '%s' file for pack %s-%s"
+msgstr "pack-objects hat keine '%s' Datei für Paket %s-%s geschrieben"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "could not unlink: %s"
@@ -11376,8 +11449,11 @@
 msgid "only one pattern can be given with -l"
 msgstr "Mit -l kann nur ein Muster angegeben werden"
 
-msgid "git rerere [clear | forget <path>... | status | remaining | diff | gc]"
-msgstr "git rerere [clean | forget <Pfad>... | status | remaining | diff | gc]"
+msgid ""
+"git rerere [clear | forget <pathspec>... | diff | status | remaining | gc]"
+msgstr ""
+"git rerere [clear | forget <Pfadspezifikation>... | diff | status | "
+"remaining | gc]"
 
 msgid "register clean resolutions in index"
 msgstr "saubere Auflösungen im Index registrieren"
@@ -11584,6 +11660,15 @@
 msgid "unknown mode for --abbrev-ref: %s"
 msgstr "unbekannter Modus für --abbrev-ref: %s"
 
+msgid "--exclude-hidden cannot be used together with --branches"
+msgstr "--exclude-hidden kann nicht zusammen mit --branches verwendet werden"
+
+msgid "--exclude-hidden cannot be used together with --tags"
+msgstr "--exclude-hidden kann nicht zusammen mit --tags verwendet werden"
+
+msgid "--exclude-hidden cannot be used together with --remotes"
+msgstr "--exclude-hidden kann nicht zusammen mit --remotes verwendet werden"
+
 msgid "this operation must be run in a work tree"
 msgstr "Diese Operation muss in einem Arbeitsverzeichnis ausgeführt werden."
 
@@ -11591,17 +11676,26 @@
 msgid "unknown mode for --show-object-format: %s"
 msgstr "unbekannter Modus für --show-object-format: %s"
 
-msgid "git revert [<options>] <commit-ish>..."
-msgstr "git revert [<Optionen>] <Commit-Angabe>..."
+msgid ""
+"git revert [--[no-]edit] [-n] [-m <parent-number>] [-s] [-S[<keyid>]] "
+"<commit>..."
+msgstr ""
+"git revert [--[no-]edit] [-n] [-m <Nummer des Elterncommits>] [-s] [-S[<Key-"
+"ID>]] <Commit>…"
 
-msgid "git revert <subcommand>"
-msgstr "git revert <Unterbefehl>"
+msgid "git revert (--continue | --skip | --abort | --quit)"
+msgstr "git revert (--continue | --skip | --abort | --quit)"
 
-msgid "git cherry-pick [<options>] <commit-ish>..."
-msgstr "git cherry-pick [<Optionen>] <Commit-Angabe>..."
+msgid ""
+"git cherry-pick [--edit] [-n] [-m <parent-number>] [-s] [-x] [--ff]\n"
+"                [-S[<keyid>]] <commit>..."
+msgstr ""
+"git cherry-pick [--edit] [-n] [-m <Nummer des Elterncommits>] [-s] [-x] [--"
+"ff]\n"
+"                [-S[<Key-ID>]] <Commit>…"
 
-msgid "git cherry-pick <subcommand>"
-msgstr "git cherry-pick <Unterbefehl>"
+msgid "git cherry-pick (--continue | --skip | --abort | --quit)"
+msgstr "git cherry-pick (--continue | --skip | --abort | --quit)"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "option `%s' expects a number greater than zero"
@@ -11662,8 +11756,14 @@
 msgid "cherry-pick failed"
 msgstr "\"cherry-pick\" fehlgeschlagen"
 
-msgid "git rm [<options>] [--] <file>..."
-msgstr "git rm [<Optionen>] [--] <Datei>..."
+msgid ""
+"git rm [-f | --force] [-n] [-r] [--cached] [--ignore-unmatch]\n"
+"       [--quiet] [--pathspec-from-file=<file> [--pathspec-file-nul]]\n"
+"       [--] [<pathspec>...]"
+msgstr ""
+"git rm [-f | --force] [-n] [-r] [--cached] [--ignore-unmatch]\n"
+"       [--quiet] [--pathspec-from-file=<Datei> [--pathspec-file-nul]]\n"
+"       [--] [<Pfadspezifikation>...]"
 
 msgid ""
 "the following file has staged content different from both the\n"
@@ -11741,11 +11841,13 @@
 "git send-pack [--mirror] [--dry-run] [--force]\n"
 "              [--receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>]\n"
 "              [--verbose] [--thin] [--atomic]\n"
+"              [--[no-]signed | --signed=(true|false|if-asked)]\n"
 "              [<host>:]<directory> (--all | <ref>...)"
 msgstr ""
 "git send-pack [--mirror] [--dry-run] [--force]\n"
 "              [--receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>]\n"
 "              [--verbose] [--thin] [--atomic]\n"
+"              [--[no-]signed | --signed=(true|false|if-asked)]\n"
 "              [<Host>:]<Verzeichnis> (--all | <Referenz>...)"
 
 msgid "remote name"
@@ -11769,9 +11871,9 @@
 msgid "using multiple --group options with stdin is not supported"
 msgstr "mehrere Optionen --group mit Standard-Eingabe wird nicht unterstützt"
 
-msgid "using --group=trailer with stdin is not supported"
-msgstr ""
-"Nutzung von --group=trailer mit Standard-Eingabe wird nicht unterstützt"
+#, c-format
+msgid "using %s with stdin is not supported"
+msgstr "die Verwendung von %s mit stdin wird nicht unterstützt"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "unknown group type: %s"
@@ -11808,12 +11910,14 @@
 "git show-branch [-a | --all] [-r | --remotes] [--topo-order | --date-order]\n"
 "                [--current] [--color[=<when>] | --no-color] [--sparse]\n"
 "                [--more=<n> | --list | --independent | --merge-base]\n"
-"                [--no-name | --sha1-name] [--topics] [(<rev> | <glob>)...]"
+"                [--no-name | --sha1-name] [--topics]\n"
+"                [(<rev> | <glob>)...]"
 msgstr ""
 "git show-branch [-a | --all] [-r | --remotes] [--topo-order | --date-order]\n"
-"                [--current] [--color[=<Wann>] | --no-color] [--sparse]\n"
+"                [--current] [--color[=<wann>] | --no-color] [--sparse]\n"
 "                [--more=<n> | --list | --independent | --merge-base]\n"
-"                [--no-name | --sha1-name] [--topics] [(<Commit> | <glob>)...]"
+"                [--no-name | --sha1-name] [--topics]\n"
+"                [(<Commit> | <Glob>)...]"
 
 msgid "git show-branch (-g | --reflog)[=<n>[,<base>]] [--list] [<ref>]"
 msgstr "git show-branch (-g | --reflog)[=<n>[,<Basis>]] [--list] [<Referenz>]"
@@ -11914,11 +12018,13 @@
 msgstr "Unbekannter Hash-Algorithmus"
 
 msgid ""
-"git show-ref [-q | --quiet] [--verify] [--head] [-d | --dereference] [-s | --"
-"hash[=<n>]] [--abbrev[=<n>]] [--tags] [--heads] [--] [<pattern>...]"
+"git show-ref [-q | --quiet] [--verify] [--head] [-d | --dereference]\n"
+"             [-s | --hash[=<n>]] [--abbrev[=<n>]] [--tags]\n"
+"             [--heads] [--] [<pattern>...]"
 msgstr ""
-"git show-ref [-q | --quiet] [--verify] [--head] [-d | --dereference] [-s | --"
-"hash[=<n>]] [--abbrev[=<n>]] [--tags] [--heads] [--] [<Muster>...] "
+"git show-ref [-q | --quiet] [--verify] [--head] [-d | --dereference]\n"
+"             [-s | --hash[=<n>]] [--abbrev[=<n>]] [--tags]\n"
+"             [--heads] [--] [<Muster>...]"
 
 msgid "git show-ref --exclude-existing[=<pattern>]"
 msgstr "git show-ref --exclude-existing[=<Muster>]"
@@ -11951,8 +12057,11 @@
 "Referenzen von der Standard-Eingabe anzeigen, die sich nicht im lokalen "
 "Repository befinden"
 
-msgid "git sparse-checkout (init|list|set|add|reapply|disable) <options>"
-msgstr "git sparse-checkout (init|list|set|add|reapply|disable) <Optionen>"
+msgid ""
+"git sparse-checkout (init | list | set | add | reapply | disable) [<options>]"
+msgstr ""
+"git sparse-checkout (init | list | set | add | reapply | disable) "
+"[<Optionen>]"
 
 msgid "this worktree is not sparse"
 msgstr "dieses Arbeitsverzeichnis ist nicht partiell"
@@ -12083,67 +12192,58 @@
 msgid "error while refreshing working directory"
 msgstr "Fehler während der Aktualisierung des Arbeitsverzeichnisses."
 
-msgid "git stash list [<options>]"
-msgstr "git stash list [<Optionen>]"
+msgid "git stash list [<log-options>]"
+msgstr "git stash list [<log-Optionen>]"
 
-msgid "git stash show [<options>] [<stash>]"
-msgstr "git stash show [<Optionen>] [<Stash>]"
+msgid ""
+"git stash show [-u | --include-untracked | --only-untracked] [<diff-"
+"options>] [<stash>]"
+msgstr ""
+"git stash show [-u | --include-untracked | --only-untracked] [<Diff-"
+"Optionen>] [<Stash>]"
 
-msgid "git stash drop [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]"
-msgstr "git stash drop [-q|--quiet] [<Stash>]"
+msgid "git stash drop [-q | --quiet] [<stash>]"
+msgstr "git stash drop [-q | --quiet] [<Stash>]"
 
-msgid "git stash ( pop | apply ) [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]"
-msgstr "git stash ( pop | apply ) [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<Stash>]"
+msgid "git stash pop [--index] [-q | --quiet] [<stash>]"
+msgstr "git stash pop [--index] [-q | --quiet] [<Stash>]"
+
+msgid "git stash apply [--index] [-q | --quiet] [<stash>]"
+msgstr "git stash apply [--index] [-q | --quiet] [<Stash>]"
 
 msgid "git stash branch <branchname> [<stash>]"
 msgstr "git stash branch <Branch> [<Stash>]"
 
+msgid "git stash store [(-m | --message) <message>] [-q | --quiet] <commit>"
+msgstr ""
+"git stash store [(-m | --message) <Beschreibung>] [-q | --quiet] <Commit>"
+
 msgid ""
-"git stash [push [-p|--patch] [-S|--staged] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--"
-"quiet]\n"
-"          [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-m|--message <message>]\n"
+"git stash [push [-p | --patch] [-S | --staged] [-k | --[no-]keep-index] [-q "
+"| --quiet]\n"
+"          [-u | --include-untracked] [-a | --all] [(-m | --message) "
+"<message>]\n"
 "          [--pathspec-from-file=<file> [--pathspec-file-nul]]\n"
 "          [--] [<pathspec>...]]"
 msgstr ""
-"git stash [push [-p|--patch] [-S|--staged] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--"
-"quiet]\n"
-"          [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-m|--message <Nachricht>]\n"
+"git stash [push [-p | --patch] [-S | --staged] [-k | --[no-]keep-index] [-q "
+"| --quiet]\n"
+"          [-u | --include-untracked] [-a | --all] [(-m | --message) "
+"<Nachricht>]\n"
 "          [--pathspec-from-file=<Datei> [--pathspec-file-nul]]\n"
 "          [--] [<Pfadspezifikation>...]]"
 
 msgid ""
-"git stash save [-p|--patch] [-S|--staged] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--"
-"quiet]\n"
-"          [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [<message>]"
+"git stash save [-p | --patch] [-S | --staged] [-k | --[no-]keep-index] [-q | "
+"--quiet]\n"
+"          [-u | --include-untracked] [-a | --all] [<message>]"
 msgstr ""
-"git stash save [-p|--patch] [-S|--staged] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--"
-"quiet]\n"
-"          [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [<Nachricht>]"
+"git stash save [-p | --patch] [-S | --staged] [-k | --[no-]keep-index] [-q | "
+"--quiet]\n"
+"          [-u | --include-untracked] [-a | --all] [<Beschreibung>]"
 
-msgid "git stash pop [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]"
-msgstr "git stash pop [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<Stash>]"
-
-msgid "git stash apply [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]"
-msgstr "git stash apply [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<Stash>]"
-
-msgid "git stash store [-m|--message <message>] [-q|--quiet] <commit>"
-msgstr "git stash store [-m|--message <Nachricht>] [-q|--quiet] <Commit>"
-
-msgid ""
-"git stash [push [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet]\n"
-"          [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-m|--message <message>]\n"
-"          [--] [<pathspec>...]]"
-msgstr ""
-"git stash [push [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet]\n"
-"          [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-m|--message <Nachricht>]\n"
-"          [--] [<Pfadspezifikation>...]]"
-
-msgid ""
-"git stash save [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet]\n"
-"               [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [<message>]"
-msgstr ""
-"git stash save [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet]\n"
-"               [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [<Nachricht>]"
+msgid "git stash create [<message>]"
+msgstr "git stash create [<Beschreibung>]"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "'%s' is not a stash-like commit"
@@ -12721,9 +12821,6 @@
 msgid "don't fetch new objects from the remote site"
 msgstr "keine neuen Objekte von Remote abrufen"
 
-msgid "path into the working tree"
-msgstr "Pfad zum Arbeitsverzeichnis"
-
 msgid "use the 'checkout' update strategy (default)"
 msgstr "die Aktualisierungsstrategie \"checkout\" verwenden (Standard)"
 
@@ -12764,29 +12861,9 @@
 "shallow] [--reference <Repository>] [--recursive] [--[no-]single-branch] "
 "[--] [<Pfad>...]"
 
-msgid "recurse into submodules"
-msgstr "Rekursion in Submodule durchführen"
-
 msgid "git submodule absorbgitdirs [<options>] [<path>...]"
 msgstr "git submodule absorbgitdirs [<Optionen>] [<Pfad>...]"
 
-msgid "check if it is safe to write to the .gitmodules file"
-msgstr "prüfen, ob es sicher ist, in die Datei .gitmodules zu schreiben"
-
-msgid "unset the config in the .gitmodules file"
-msgstr "Konfiguration in der .gitmodules-Datei entfernen"
-
-msgid "git submodule--helper config <name> [<value>]"
-msgstr "git submodule--helper config <name> [<Wert>]"
-
-msgid "git submodule--helper config --unset <name>"
-msgstr "git submodule--helper config --unset <Name>"
-
-msgid "please make sure that the .gitmodules file is in the working tree"
-msgstr ""
-"Bitte stellen Sie sicher, dass sich die Datei .gitmodules im "
-"Arbeitsverzeichnis befindet."
-
 msgid "suppress output for setting url of a submodule"
 msgstr "Ausgaben beim Setzen der URL eines Submoduls unterdrücken"
 
@@ -12867,6 +12944,11 @@
 msgid "unable to checkout submodule '%s'"
 msgstr "kann Submodul '%s' nicht auschecken"
 
+msgid "please make sure that the .gitmodules file is in the working tree"
+msgstr ""
+"Bitte stellen Sie sicher, dass sich die Datei .gitmodules im "
+"Arbeitsverzeichnis befindet."
+
 #, c-format
 msgid "Failed to add submodule '%s'"
 msgstr "Hinzufügen von Submodul '%s' fehlgeschlagen"
@@ -12919,19 +13001,21 @@
 msgid "'%s' is not a valid submodule name"
 msgstr "'%s' ist kein gültiger Submodul-Name"
 
+msgid "git submodule--helper <command>"
+msgstr "git submodule--helper <Befehl>"
+
 #, c-format
 msgid "%s doesn't support --super-prefix"
 msgstr "%s unterstützt kein --super-prefix"
 
-#, c-format
-msgid "'%s' is not a valid submodule--helper subcommand"
-msgstr "'%s' ist kein gültiger Unterbefehl von submodule--helper"
+msgid "git symbolic-ref [-m <reason>] <name> <ref>"
+msgstr "git symbolic-ref [-m <Grund>] <Name> <Referenz>"
 
-msgid "git symbolic-ref [<options>] <name> [<ref>]"
-msgstr "git symbolic-ref [<Optionen>] <Name> [<Referenz>]"
+msgid "git symbolic-ref [-q] [--short] [--no-recurse] <name>"
+msgstr "git symbolic-ref [-q] [--short] [--no-recurse] <Name>"
 
-msgid "git symbolic-ref -d [-q] <name>"
-msgstr "git symbolic-ref -d [-q] <Name>"
+msgid "git symbolic-ref --delete [-q] <name>"
+msgstr "git symbolic-ref --delete [-q] <Name>"
 
 msgid "suppress error message for non-symbolic (detached) refs"
 msgstr ""
@@ -12943,6 +13027,9 @@
 msgid "shorten ref output"
 msgstr "verkürzte Ausgabe der Referenzen"
 
+msgid "recursively dereference (default)"
+msgstr "rekursives Dereferenzieren (Standard)"
+
 msgid "reason"
 msgstr "Grund"
 
@@ -12950,25 +13037,25 @@
 msgstr "Grund für die Aktualisierung"
 
 msgid ""
-"git tag [-a | -s | -u <key-id>] [-f] [-m <msg> | -F <file>]\n"
-"        <tagname> [<head>]"
+"git tag [-a | -s | -u <key-id>] [-f] [-m <msg> | -F <file>] [-e]\n"
+"        <tagname> [<commit> | <object>]"
 msgstr ""
-"git tag [-a | -s | -u <Schlüssel-ID>] [-f] [-m <Beschreibung> | -F <Datei>]\n"
-"        <Tagname> [<Commit>]"
+"git tag [-a | -s | -u <Key-ID>] [-f] [-m <Beschreibung> | -F <Datei>] [-e]\n"
+"        <Tagname> [<Commit> | <Objekt>]"
 
 msgid "git tag -d <tagname>..."
 msgstr "git tag -d <Tagname>..."
 
 msgid ""
-"git tag -l [-n[<num>]] [--contains <commit>] [--no-contains <commit>] [--"
-"points-at <object>]\n"
-"        [--format=<format>] [--merged <commit>] [--no-merged <commit>] "
-"[<pattern>...]"
+"git tag [-n[<num>]] -l [--contains <commit>] [--no-contains <commit>]\n"
+"        [--points-at <object>] [--column[=<options>] | --no-column]\n"
+"        [--create-reflog] [--sort=<key>] [--format=<format>]\n"
+"        [--merged <commit>] [--no-merged <commit>] [<pattern>...]"
 msgstr ""
-"git tag -l [-n[<Nummer>]] [--contains <Commit>] [--no-contains <Commit>] [--"
-"points-at <Objekt>]\n"
-"        [--format=<format>] [--merged <Commit>] [--no-merged <Commit>] "
-"[<Muster>...]"
+"git tag [-n[<Nummer>]] -l [--contains <Commit>] [--no-contains <Commit>]\n"
+"        [--points-at <Objekt>] [--column[=<Optionen>] | --no-column]\n"
+"        [--create-reflog] [--sort=<Schlüssel>] [--format=<Format>]\n"
+"        [--merged <Commit>] [--no-merged <Commit>] [<Muster>...]"
 
 msgid "git tag -v [--format=<format>] <tagname>..."
 msgstr "git tag -v [--format=<Format>] <Tagname>..."
@@ -13367,8 +13454,12 @@
 msgid "update the info files from scratch"
 msgstr "die Informationsdateien von Grund auf aktualisieren"
 
-msgid "git upload-pack [<options>] <dir>"
-msgstr "git upload-pack [<Optionen>] <Verzeichnis>"
+msgid ""
+"git-upload-pack [--[no-]strict] [--timeout=<n>] [--stateless-rpc]\n"
+"                [--advertise-refs] <directory>"
+msgstr ""
+"git-upload-pack [--[no-]strict] [--timeout=<n>] [--stateless-rpc]\n"
+"                [--advertise-refs] <directory>"
 
 msgid "quit after a single request/response exchange"
 msgstr "nach einem einzigen Request/Response-Austausch beenden"
@@ -13384,8 +13475,8 @@
 msgid "interrupt transfer after <n> seconds of inactivity"
 msgstr "Übertragung nach <n> Sekunden Inaktivität unterbrechen"
 
-msgid "git verify-commit [-v | --verbose] <commit>..."
-msgstr "git verify-commit [-v | --verbose] <Commit>..."
+msgid "git verify-commit [-v | --verbose] [--raw] <commit>..."
+msgstr "git verify-commit [-v | --verbose] [--raw] <Commit>..."
 
 msgid "print commit contents"
 msgstr "Commit-Inhalte ausgeben"
@@ -13393,8 +13484,9 @@
 msgid "print raw gpg status output"
 msgstr "unbearbeitete Ausgabe des Status von gpg ausgeben"
 
-msgid "git verify-pack [-v | --verbose] [-s | --stat-only] <pack>..."
-msgstr "git verify-pack [-v | --verbose] [-s | --stat-only] <Paket>..."
+msgid "git verify-pack [-v | --verbose] [-s | --stat-only] [--] <pack>.idx..."
+msgstr ""
+"git verify-pack [-v | --verbose] [-s | --stat-only] [--] <Paket>.idx..."
 
 msgid "verbose"
 msgstr "erweiterte Ausgaben"
@@ -13402,35 +13494,40 @@
 msgid "show statistics only"
 msgstr "nur Statistiken anzeigen"
 
-msgid "git verify-tag [-v | --verbose] [--format=<format>] <tag>..."
-msgstr "git verify-tag [-v | --verbose] [--format=<Format>] <Tag>..."
+msgid "git verify-tag [-v | --verbose] [--format=<format>] [--raw] <tag>..."
+msgstr "git verify-tag [-v | --verbose] [--format=<Format>] [--raw] <Tag>..."
 
 msgid "print tag contents"
 msgstr "Tag-Inhalte ausgeben"
 
-msgid "git worktree add [<options>] <path> [<commit-ish>]"
-msgstr "git worktree add [<Optionen>] <Pfad> [<Commit-Angabe>]"
+msgid ""
+"git worktree add [-f] [--detach] [--checkout] [--lock [--reason <string>]]\n"
+"                 [-b <new-branch>] <path> [<commit-ish>]"
+msgstr ""
+"git worktree add [-f] [--detach] [--checkout] [--lock [--reason "
+"<Zeichenkette>]]\n"
+"                 [-b <neuer-Branch>] <Pfad> [<Commit-Angabe>]"
 
-msgid "git worktree list [<options>]"
-msgstr "git worktree list [<Optionen>]"
+msgid "git worktree list [-v | --porcelain [-z]]"
+msgstr "git worktree list [-v | --porcelain [-z]]"
 
-msgid "git worktree lock [<options>] <path>"
-msgstr "git worktree lock [<Optionen>] <Pfad>"
+msgid "git worktree lock [--reason <string>] <worktree>"
+msgstr "git worktree lock [--reason <Zeichenkette>] <Arbeitsverzeichnis>"
 
 msgid "git worktree move <worktree> <new-path>"
 msgstr "git worktree move <Arbeitsverzeichnis> <neuer-Pfad>"
 
-msgid "git worktree prune [<options>]"
-msgstr "git worktree prune [<Optionen>]"
+msgid "git worktree prune [-n] [-v] [--expire <expire>]"
+msgstr "git worktree prune [-n] [-v] [--expire <Zeit>]"
 
-msgid "git worktree remove [<options>] <worktree>"
-msgstr "git worktree remove [<Optionen>] <Arbeitsverzeichnis>"
+msgid "git worktree remove [-f] <worktree>"
+msgstr "git worktree remove [-f] <Arbeitsverzeichnis>"
 
 msgid "git worktree repair [<path>...]"
 msgstr "git worktree repair [<Pfad>...]"
 
-msgid "git worktree unlock <path>"
-msgstr "git worktree unlock <Pfad>"
+msgid "git worktree unlock <worktree>"
+msgstr "git worktree unlock <Arbeitsverzeichnis>"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "Removing %s/%s: %s"
@@ -13681,6 +13778,10 @@
 msgid "core.fsyncMethod = batch is unsupported on this platform"
 msgstr "core.fsyncMethod = batch wird auf dieser Plattform nicht unterstützt"
 
+#, c-format
+msgid "bundle list at '%s' has no mode"
+msgstr "Paketliste bei '%s' hat keinen Modus"
+
 msgid "failed to create temporary file"
 msgstr "temporäre Datei kann nicht erstellt werden"
 
@@ -13688,16 +13789,29 @@
 msgstr "unzureichende Fähigkeiten"
 
 #, c-format
+msgid "unrecognized bundle mode from URI '%s'"
+msgstr "nicht erkannter Bundle-Modus von URI '%s'"
+
+#, c-format
+msgid "exceeded bundle URI recursion limit (%d)"
+msgstr "Rekursionsgrenze für Bundle-URI überschritten (%d)"
+
+#, c-format
 msgid "failed to download bundle from URI '%s'"
 msgstr "Download des Bundles von URI '%s' fehlgeschlagen"
 
 #, c-format
-msgid "file at URI '%s' is not a bundle"
-msgstr "Datei unter URI '%s' ist kein Bundle"
+msgid "file at URI '%s' is not a bundle or bundle list"
+msgstr "Datei unter URI '%s' ist kein Paket oder keine Paketliste"
 
-#, c-format
-msgid "failed to unbundle bundle from URI '%s'"
-msgstr "Bundle von URI '%s' konnte nicht entpackt werden"
+msgid "bundle-uri: got an empty line"
+msgstr "bundle-uri: erhielt eine leere Zeile"
+
+msgid "bundle-uri: line is not of the form 'key=value'"
+msgstr "bundle-uri: Zeile hat nicht die Form 'Schlüssel=Wert'"
+
+msgid "bundle-uri: line has empty key or value"
+msgstr "bundle-uri: Zeile hat leeren Schlüssel oder Wert"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "unrecognized bundle hash algorithm: %s"
@@ -14301,8 +14415,8 @@
 msgid "Chunk-based file formats"
 msgstr "Chunk-basierte Dateiformate"
 
-msgid "Git commit graph format"
-msgstr "Git Commit Graph Format"
+msgid "Git commit-graph format"
+msgstr "Git Commit-Graph Format"
 
 msgid "Git index format"
 msgstr "Git-Index-Format"
@@ -14653,6 +14767,10 @@
 msgid "health thread wait failed [GLE %ld]"
 msgstr "Warten des health Thread fehlgeschlagen [GLE %ld]"
 
+#, c-format
+msgid "Invalid path: %s"
+msgstr "Ungültiger Pfad: %s"
+
 msgid "Unable to create FSEventStream."
 msgstr "Konnte FSEventStream nicht erstellen."
 
@@ -14684,6 +14802,22 @@
 msgstr "konnte Verzeichnisveränderungen nicht lesen [GLE %ld]"
 
 #, c-format
+msgid "opendir('%s') failed"
+msgstr "opendir('%s') fehlgeschlagen"
+
+#, c-format
+msgid "lstat('%s') failed"
+msgstr "lstat('%s') fehlgeschlagen"
+
+#, c-format
+msgid "strbuf_readlink('%s') failed"
+msgstr "strbuf_readlink('%s') fehlgeschlagen"
+
+#, c-format
+msgid "closedir('%s') failed"
+msgstr "closedir('%s') fehlgeschlagen"
+
+#, c-format
 msgid "[GLE %ld] unable to open for read '%ls'"
 msgstr "[GLE %ld] '%ls' kann nicht zum Lesen geöffnet werden"
 
@@ -16326,9 +16460,11 @@
 
 #, c-format
 msgid ""
-"repository '%s' is incompatible with fsmonitor due to lack of Unix sockets"
+"socket directory '%s' is incompatible with fsmonitor due to lack of Unix "
+"sockets support"
 msgstr ""
-"Repository '%s' is inkompatibel mit fsmonitor wegen fehlender Unix sockets"
+"Socket-Verzeichnis '%s' ist mit fsmonitor inkompatibel, da es keine Unix-"
+"Sockets unterstützt"
 
 msgid ""
 "git [-v | --version] [-h | --help] [-C <path>] [-c <name>=<value>]\n"
@@ -16653,8 +16789,8 @@
 "\n"
 "Die ähnlichsten Befehle sind"
 
-msgid "git version [<options>]"
-msgstr "git version [<Optionen>]"
+msgid "git version [--build-options]"
+msgstr "git version [--build-options]"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "%s: %s - %s"
@@ -17272,8 +17408,8 @@
 
 #, c-format
 msgid ""
-"CONFLICT (rename/rename): Rename \"%s\"->\"%s\" in branch \"%s\" rename \"%s"
-"\"->\"%s\" in \"%s\"%s"
+"CONFLICT (rename/rename): Rename \"%s\"->\"%s\" in branch \"%s\" rename "
+"\"%s\"->\"%s\" in \"%s\"%s"
 msgstr ""
 "KONFLIKT (umbenennen/umbenennen): Benenne um \"%s\"->\"%s\" in Branch \"%s\" "
 "und \"%s\"->\"%s\" in Branch \"%s\"%s"
@@ -17601,10 +17737,6 @@
 msgid "%s: ignoring alternate object stores, nesting too deep"
 msgstr "%s: ignoriere alternative Objektspeicher - Verschachtelung zu tief"
 
-#, c-format
-msgid "unable to normalize object directory: %s"
-msgstr "Konnte Objektverzeichnis '%s' nicht normalisieren."
-
 msgid "unable to fdopen alternates lockfile"
 msgstr "Konnte fdopen nicht auf Lock-Datei für \"alternates\" aufrufen."
 
@@ -18450,6 +18582,10 @@
 msgid "promisor remote name cannot begin with '/': %s"
 msgstr "Promisor-Remote-Name kann nicht mit '/' beginnen: %s"
 
+#, c-format
+msgid "could not fetch %s from promisor remote"
+msgstr "konnte %s nicht von Promisor-Remote abrufen"
+
 msgid "object-info: expected flush after arguments"
 msgstr "object-info: erwartete Flush nach Argumenten"
 
@@ -19540,6 +19676,13 @@
 msgstr "Fehler beim Finden des \"Tree\"-Objektes von %s."
 
 #, c-format
+msgid "unsupported section for hidden refs: %s"
+msgstr "nicht unterstützter Abschnitt für versteckte Referenzen: %s"
+
+msgid "--exclude-hidden= passed more than once"
+msgstr "--exclude-hidden= mehr als einmal übergeben"
+
+#, c-format
 msgid "resolve-undo records `%s` which is missing"
 msgstr "resolve-undo zeichnet `%s` auf, das fehlt"
 
@@ -19684,6 +19827,14 @@
 msgstr "--all oder <Eintragung>, aber nicht beides"
 
 #, c-format
+msgid "could not remove stale scalar.repo '%s'"
+msgstr "konnte veraltetes scalar.repo '%s' nicht entfernen"
+
+#, c-format
+msgid "removing stale scalar.repo '%s'"
+msgstr "entferne veraltetes scalar.repo '%s'"
+
+#, c-format
 msgid "git repository gone in '%s'"
 msgstr "Git-Repository entfernt in '%s'"
 
@@ -20317,16 +20468,16 @@
 msgid "illegal label name: '%.*s'"
 msgstr "unerlaubter Beschriftungsname: '%.*s'"
 
+#, c-format
+msgid "could not resolve '%s'"
+msgstr "konnte '%s' nicht auflösen"
+
 msgid "writing fake root commit"
 msgstr "unechten Root-Commit schreiben"
 
 msgid "writing squash-onto"
 msgstr "squash-onto schreiben"
 
-#, c-format
-msgid "could not resolve '%s'"
-msgstr "konnte '%s' nicht auflösen"
-
 msgid "cannot merge without a current revision"
 msgstr "kann nicht ohne einen aktuellen Commit mergen"
 
@@ -20936,6 +21087,17 @@
 msgid "failed to lstat '%s'"
 msgstr "'lstat' für '%s' fehlgeschlagen"
 
+msgid "test-tool cache-tree <options> (control|prime|update)"
+msgstr "test-tool cache-tree <Optionen> (control|prime|update)"
+
+msgid "clear the cache tree before each iteration"
+msgstr "das Cache-Verzeichnis vor jeder Iteration löschen"
+
+msgid "number of entries in the cache tree to invalidate (default 0)"
+msgstr ""
+"Anzahl der Einträge im Cache-Verzeichnis, die ungültig gemacht werden sollen "
+"(Standardwert 0)"
+
 msgid "unhandled options"
 msgstr "unbehandelte Optionen"
 
@@ -21970,8 +22132,8 @@
 
 msgid "  (fix conflicts and run \"git cherry-pick --continue\")"
 msgstr ""
-"  (beheben Sie die Konflikte und führen Sie dann \"git cherry-pick --continue"
-"\" aus)"
+"  (beheben Sie die Konflikte und führen Sie dann \"git cherry-pick --"
+"continue\" aus)"
 
 msgid "  (run \"git cherry-pick --continue\" to continue)"
 msgstr "  (Führen Sie \"git cherry-pick --continue\" aus, um weiterzumachen)"
diff --git a/po/fr.po b/po/fr.po
index b29d341..67eab9f 100644
--- a/po/fr.po
+++ b/po/fr.po
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@
 #   pack             |  paquet
 #   patches          |  patchs
 #   pattern          |  motif
-#   to prune         |  éliminer
+#   to prune         |  élaguer
 #   to push          |  pousser
 #   to rebase        |  rebaser
 #   scheduler        |  planificateur
@@ -78,8 +78,8 @@
 msgstr ""
 "Project-Id-Version: git\n"
 "Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: Git Mailing List <git@vger.kernel.org>\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2022-09-28 21:43+0200\n"
-"PO-Revision-Date: 2022-09-28 21:45+0200\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2022-11-30 19:40+0100\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2022-11-30 19:42+0100\n"
 "Last-Translator: Cédric Malard <c.malard-git@valdun.net>\n"
 "Language-Team: Jean-Noël Avila <jn.avila@free.fr>\n"
 "Language: fr\n"
@@ -841,6 +841,9 @@
 msgid "unclosed quote"
 msgstr "citation non fermée"
 
+msgid "too many arguments"
+msgstr "trop d'arguments"
+
 #, c-format
 msgid "unrecognized whitespace option '%s'"
 msgstr "option d'espace non reconnue '%s'"
@@ -2633,42 +2636,6 @@
 "la bissection a échoué : 'git bisect--helper --bisect-state %s' a retourné "
 "le code erreur %d"
 
-msgid "reset the bisection state"
-msgstr "réinitialiser l'état de la bissection"
-
-msgid "check whether bad or good terms exist"
-msgstr "vérifier si les termes bons ou mauvais existent"
-
-msgid "print out the bisect terms"
-msgstr "afficher les termes de bissection"
-
-msgid "start the bisect session"
-msgstr "démarrer une session de bissection"
-
-msgid "find the next bisection commit"
-msgstr "trouver le prochain commit de bissection"
-
-msgid "mark the state of ref (or refs)"
-msgstr "marquer l'état d'une références (ou plusieurs)"
-
-msgid "list the bisection steps so far"
-msgstr "lister les étapes de bissection jusqu'ici"
-
-msgid "replay the bisection process from the given file"
-msgstr "rejouer le processus de bissection depuis le fichier fourni"
-
-msgid "skip some commits for checkout"
-msgstr "sauter certains commits pour l'extraction"
-
-msgid "visualize the bisection"
-msgstr "visualiser la bissection"
-
-msgid "use <cmd>... to automatically bisect"
-msgstr "utiliser <cmd>... pour bissecter automatiquement"
-
-msgid "no log for BISECT_WRITE"
-msgstr "pas de journal pour BISECT_WRITE"
-
 msgid "--bisect-reset requires either no argument or a commit"
 msgstr "--bisect-reset supporte soit aucun argument, soit un commit"
 
@@ -2687,6 +2654,9 @@
 msgid "git blame [<options>] [<rev-opts>] [<rev>] [--] <file>"
 msgstr "git blame [<options>] [<rev-opts>] [<rev>] [--] <fichier>"
 
+msgid "git annotate [<options>] [<rev-opts>] [<rev>] [--] <file>"
+msgstr "git annotate [<options>] [<options-de-rev>] [<rev>] [--] <fichier>"
+
 msgid "<rev-opts> are documented in git-rev-list(1)"
 msgstr "<options-de-révision> sont documentés dans git-rev-list(1)"
 
@@ -2887,9 +2857,6 @@
 msgid "cannot use -a with -d"
 msgstr "impossible d'utiliser -a avec -d"
 
-msgid "Couldn't look up commit object for HEAD"
-msgstr "Impossible de rechercher l'objet commit pour HEAD"
-
 #, c-format
 msgid "Cannot delete branch '%s' checked out at '%s'"
 msgstr "Impossible de supprimer la branche '%s' extraite dans '%s'"
@@ -2928,16 +2895,18 @@
 msgid "Branch %s is being bisected at %s"
 msgstr "La branche %s est en cours de bissection sur %s"
 
-msgid "cannot copy the current branch while not on any."
-msgstr "impossible de copier la branche actuelle, il n'y en a pas."
-
-msgid "cannot rename the current branch while not on any."
-msgstr "impossible de renommer la branche actuelle, il n'y en a pas."
-
 #, c-format
 msgid "Invalid branch name: '%s'"
 msgstr "Nom de branche invalide : '%s'"
 
+#, c-format
+msgid "No commit on branch '%s' yet."
+msgstr "Aucun commit sur la branche '%s'."
+
+#, c-format
+msgid "No branch named '%s'."
+msgstr "Aucune branche nommée '%s'."
+
 msgid "Branch rename failed"
 msgstr "Échec de renommage de la branche"
 
@@ -3100,13 +3069,11 @@
 msgid "cannot edit description of more than one branch"
 msgstr "impossible d'éditer la description de plus d'une branche"
 
-#, c-format
-msgid "No commit on branch '%s' yet."
-msgstr "Aucun commit sur la branche '%s'."
+msgid "cannot copy the current branch while not on any."
+msgstr "impossible de copier la branche actuelle, il n'y en a pas."
 
-#, c-format
-msgid "No branch named '%s'."
-msgstr "Aucune branche nommée '%s'."
+msgid "cannot rename the current branch while not on any."
+msgstr "impossible de renommer la branche actuelle, il n'y en a pas."
 
 msgid "too many branches for a copy operation"
 msgstr "trop de branches pour une opération de copie"
@@ -3176,11 +3143,12 @@
 msgstr "lancé hors d'un dépôt git - aucun crochet à montrer\n"
 
 msgid ""
-"git bugreport [-o|--output-directory <file>] [-s|--suffix <format>] [--"
-"diagnose[=<mode>]"
+"git bugreport [(-o | --output-directory) <path>] [(-s | --suffix) <format>]\n"
+"              [--diagnose[=<mode>]]"
 msgstr ""
-"git bugreport [-o|--output-directory <fichier>] [-s|--suffix <format>] [--"
-"diagnose[=<mode>]]"
+"git bugreport [(-o | --output-directory) <chemin>] [(-s | --suffix) "
+"<format>]\n"
+"              [--diagnose[=<mode>]]"
 
 msgid ""
 "Thank you for filling out a Git bug report!\n"
@@ -3255,17 +3223,23 @@
 msgid "Created new report at '%s'.\n"
 msgstr "Nouveau rapport créé à '%s'.\n"
 
-msgid "git bundle create [<options>] <file> <git-rev-list args>"
-msgstr "git bundle create [<options>] <fichier> <args git-rev-list>"
+msgid ""
+"git bundle create [-q | --quiet | --progress | --all-progress] [--all-"
+"progress-implied]\n"
+"                  [--version=<version>] <file> <git-rev-list-args>"
+msgstr ""
+"git bundle create [-q | --quiet | --progress | --all-progress] [--all-"
+"progress-implied]\n"
+"                  [--version=<version>] <file> <args-de-git-rev-list>"
 
-msgid "git bundle verify [<options>] <file>"
-msgstr "git bundle verify [<options>] <fichier>"
+msgid "git bundle verify [-q | --quiet] <file>"
+msgstr "git bundle verify [-q | --quiet] <fichier>"
 
 msgid "git bundle list-heads <file> [<refname>...]"
 msgstr "git bundle list-heads <fichier> [<nom-de-ref>...]"
 
-msgid "git bundle unbundle <file> [<refname>...]"
-msgstr "git bundle unbundle <fichier> [<nom-de-ref>...]"
+msgid "git bundle unbundle [--progress] <file> [<refname>...]"
+msgstr "git bundle unbundle [--progress] <fichier> [<nom-de-ref>...]"
 
 msgid "do not show progress meter"
 msgstr "ne pas afficher la barre de progression"
@@ -3340,12 +3314,12 @@
 "git cat-file (--batch | --batch-check | --batch-command) [--batch-all-"
 "objects]\n"
 "             [--buffer] [--follow-symlinks] [--unordered]\n"
-"             [--textconv | --filters]"
+"             [--textconv | --filters] [-z]"
 msgstr ""
 "git cat-file (--batch | --batch-check | --batch-command) [--batch-all-"
 "objects]\n"
 "             [--buffer] [--follow-symlinks] [--unordered]\n"
-"             [--textconv | --filters]"
+"             [--textconv | --filters] [-z]"
 
 msgid ""
 "git cat-file (--textconv | --filters)\n"
@@ -3456,9 +3430,6 @@
 msgid "<object> required with '-%c'"
 msgstr "<objet> nécessaire avec '-%c'"
 
-msgid "too many arguments"
-msgstr "trop d'arguments"
-
 #, c-format
 msgid "only two arguments allowed in <type> <object> mode, not %d"
 msgstr "deux arguments seulement permis dans le mode <type> <objet>, pas %d"
@@ -4001,9 +3972,11 @@
 msgstr "utiliser le mode de superposition"
 
 msgid ""
-"git clean [-d] [-f] [-i] [-n] [-q] [-e <pattern>] [-x | -X] [--] <paths>..."
+"git clean [-d] [-f] [-i] [-n] [-q] [-e <pattern>] [-x | -X] [--] "
+"[<pathspec>...]"
 msgstr ""
-"git clean [-d] [-f] [-i] [-n] [-q] [-e <motif>] [-x | -X] [--] <chemins>..."
+"git clean [-d] [-f] [-i] [-n] [-q] [-e <motif>] [-x | -X] [--] [<spec-de-"
+"chemins>...]"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "Removing %s\n"
@@ -4301,6 +4274,10 @@
 msgstr "échec du démarrage un itérateur sur '%s'"
 
 #, c-format
+msgid "symlink '%s' exists, refusing to clone with --local"
+msgstr "le lien symbolique '%s' existe, refus de cloner avec --local"
+
+#, c-format
 msgid "failed to unlink '%s'"
 msgstr "échec pour délier '%s'"
 
@@ -4366,10 +4343,6 @@
 msgid "You must specify a repository to clone."
 msgstr "Vous devez spécifier un dépôt à cloner."
 
-#, c-format
-msgid "options '%s' and '%s %s' cannot be used together"
-msgstr "les options '%s' et '%s %s' ne peuvent pas être utilisées ensemble"
-
 msgid ""
 "--bundle-uri is incompatible with --depth, --shallow-since, and --shallow-"
 "exclude"
@@ -4496,18 +4469,24 @@
 msgstr "--command doit être le premier argument"
 
 msgid ""
-"git commit-graph verify [--object-dir <objdir>] [--shallow] [--[no-]progress]"
+"git commit-graph verify [--object-dir <dir>] [--shallow] [--[no-]progress]"
 msgstr ""
-"git commit-graph verify [--object-dir <objdir>] [--shallow] [--[no-]progress]"
+"git commit-graph verify [--object-dir <rép>] [--shallow] [--[no-]progress]"
 
 msgid ""
-"git commit-graph write [--object-dir <objdir>] [--append] [--"
-"split[=<strategy>]] [--reachable|--stdin-packs|--stdin-commits] [--changed-"
-"paths] [--[no-]max-new-filters <n>] [--[no-]progress] <split options>"
+"git commit-graph write [--object-dir <dir>] [--append]\n"
+"                       [--split[=<strategy>]] [--reachable | --stdin-packs | "
+"--stdin-commits]\n"
+"                       [--changed-paths] [--[no-]max-new-filters <n>] [--"
+"[no-]progress]\n"
+"                       <split options>"
 msgstr ""
-"git commit-graph write [--object-dir <répertoire-d'objet>] [--append] [--"
-"split[=<stratégie>]] [--reachable|--stdin-packs|--stdin-commits] [--changed-"
-"paths] [--[no-]max-new-filters <n>] [--[no-]progress] <options de division>"
+"git commit-graph write [--object-dir <rép>] [--append]\n"
+"                       [--split[=<stratégie>]] [--reachable | --stdin-packs "
+"| --stdin-commits]\n"
+"                       [--changed-paths] [--[no-]max-new-filters <n>] [--"
+"[no-]progress]\n"
+"                       <options de division>"
 
 msgid "dir"
 msgstr "répertoire"
@@ -4577,12 +4556,15 @@
 msgid "Collecting commits from input"
 msgstr "Collecte des commits depuis l'entrée"
 
+msgid "git commit-tree <tree> [(-p <parent>)...]"
+msgstr "git commit-tree <arbre> [(-p <parent>)...]"
+
 msgid ""
-"git commit-tree [(-p <parent>)...] [-S[<keyid>]] [(-m <message>)...] [(-F "
-"<file>)...] <tree>"
+"git commit-tree [(-p <parent>)...] [-S[<keyid>]] [(-m <message>)...]\n"
+"                [(-F <file>)...] <tree>"
 msgstr ""
-"git commit-tree [(-p <parent>)...] [-S[<idclé>]] [(-m <message>)...] [(-F "
-"<fichier>)...] <arbre>"
+"git commit-tree [(-p <parent>)...] [-S[<idclé>]] [(-m <message>)...]\n"
+"                [(-F <fichier>)...] <arbre>"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "duplicate parent %s ignored"
@@ -4624,11 +4606,29 @@
 msgid "git commit-tree: failed to read"
 msgstr "git commit-tree : échec de la lecture"
 
-msgid "git commit [<options>] [--] <pathspec>..."
-msgstr "git commit [<options>] [--] <spécification-de-chemin>..."
+msgid ""
+"git commit [-a | --interactive | --patch] [-s] [-v] [-u<mode>] [--amend]\n"
+"           [--dry-run] [(-c | -C | --squash) <commit> | --fixup [(amend|"
+"reword):]<commit>)]\n"
+"           [-F <file> | -m <msg>] [--reset-author] [--allow-empty]\n"
+"           [--allow-empty-message] [--no-verify] [-e] [--author=<author>]\n"
+"           [--date=<date>] [--cleanup=<mode>] [--[no-]status]\n"
+"           [-i | -o] [--pathspec-from-file=<file> [--pathspec-file-nul]]\n"
+"           [(--trailer <token>[(=|:)<value>])...] [-S[<keyid>]]\n"
+"           [--] [<pathspec>...]"
+msgstr ""
+"git commit [-a | --interactive | --patch] [-s] [-v] [-u<mode>] [--amend]\n"
+"           [--dry-run] [(-c | -C | --squash) <commit> | --fixup [(amend|"
+"reword):]<commit>)]\n"
+"           [-F <file> | -m <msg>] [--reset-author] [--allow-empty]\n"
+"           [--allow-empty-message] [--no-verify] [-e] [--author=<auteur>]\n"
+"           [--date=<date>] [--cleanup=<mode>] [--[no-]status]\n"
+"           [-i | -o] [--pathspec-from-file=<fichier> [--pathspec-file-nul]]\n"
+"           [(--trailer <symbole>[(=|:)<valeur>])...] [-S[<id-clé>]]\n"
+"           [--] [<spéc-de-chemin>...]"
 
-msgid "git status [<options>] [--] <pathspec>..."
-msgstr "git status [<options>] [--] <spécification-de-chemin>..."
+msgid "git status [<options>] [--] [<pathspec>...]"
+msgstr "git status [<options>] [--] [<spécification-de-chemin>...]"
 
 msgid ""
 "You asked to amend the most recent commit, but doing so would make\n"
@@ -5412,11 +5412,18 @@
 msgid "unable to get credential storage lock in %d ms"
 msgstr "impossible d'accéder au verrou de stockage d'identification en %d ms"
 
-msgid "git describe [<options>] [<commit-ish>...]"
-msgstr "git describe [<options>] <commit ou apparenté>*"
+msgid ""
+"git describe [--all] [--tags] [--contains] [--abbrev=<n>] [<commit-ish>...]"
+msgstr ""
+"git describe [--all] [--tags] [--contains] [--abbrev=<n>] [<commit-esque>...]"
 
-msgid "git describe [<options>] --dirty"
-msgstr "git describe [<options>] --dirty"
+msgid ""
+"git describe [--all] [--tags] [--contains] [--abbrev=<n>] --dirty[=<mark>]"
+msgstr ""
+"git describe [--all] [--tags] [--contains] [--abbrev=<n>] --dirty[=<marque>]"
+
+msgid "git describe <blob>"
+msgstr "git describe <blob>"
 
 msgid "head"
 msgstr "tête"
@@ -5543,11 +5550,11 @@
 "l'option '%s' et des commit-esques ne peuvent pas être utilisées ensemble"
 
 msgid ""
-"git diagnose [-o|--output-directory <path>] [-s|--suffix <format>] [--"
-"mode=<mode>]"
+"git diagnose [(-o | --output-directory) <path>] [(-s | --suffix) <format>]\n"
+"             [--mode=<mode>]"
 msgstr ""
-"git diagnose [-o|--output-directory <fichier>] [-s|--suffix <format>] [--"
-"mode=<mode>]"
+"git diagnose [-o | --output-directory <fichier>] [(-s | --suffix) <format>]\n"
+"             [--mode=<mode>]"
 
 msgid "specify a destination for the diagnostics archive"
 msgstr "spécifier la destination de l'archive de diagnostique"
@@ -5565,6 +5572,9 @@
 msgid "'%s': not a regular file or symlink"
 msgstr "'%s' : n'est pas un fichier régulier ni un lien symbolique"
 
+msgid "no merge given, only parents."
+msgstr "pas de fusion fournie, seulement des parents."
+
 #, c-format
 msgid "invalid option: %s"
 msgstr "option invalide : %s"
@@ -5858,12 +5868,12 @@
 
 msgid "prune remote-tracking branches no longer on remote"
 msgstr ""
-"éliminer les branches de suivi distant si la branche n'existe plus dans le "
+"élaguer les branches de suivi distant si la branche n'existe plus dans le "
 "dépôt distant"
 
 msgid "prune local tags no longer on remote and clobber changed tags"
 msgstr ""
-"éliminer les étiquettes locales qui ont disparu du dépôt distant et qui "
+"élaguer les étiquettes locales qui ont disparu du dépôt distant et qui "
 "encombrent les étiquettes modifiées"
 
 msgid "on-demand"
@@ -6214,8 +6224,8 @@
 msgid "print only refs which don't contain the commit"
 msgstr "afficher seulement les références qui ne contiennent pas le commit"
 
-msgid "git for-each-repo --config=<config> <command-args>"
-msgstr "git for-each-repo --config=<config> <arguments-de-commande>"
+msgid "git for-each-repo --config=<config> [--] <arguments>"
+msgstr "git for-each-repo --config=<config> [--] <arguments>"
 
 msgid "config"
 msgstr "config"
@@ -6386,8 +6396,16 @@
 msgid "%s: invalid sha1 pointer in resolve-undo"
 msgstr "%s : pointeur sha1 invalide dans resolve-undo"
 
-msgid "git fsck [<options>] [<object>...]"
-msgstr "git fsck [<options>] [<objet>...]"
+msgid ""
+"git fsck [--tags] [--root] [--unreachable] [--cache] [--no-reflogs]\n"
+"         [--[no-]full] [--strict] [--verbose] [--lost-found]\n"
+"         [--[no-]dangling] [--[no-]progress] [--connectivity-only]\n"
+"         [--[no-]name-objects] [<object>...]"
+msgstr ""
+"git fsck [--tags] [--root] [--unreachable] [--cache] [--no-reflogs]\n"
+"         [--[no-]full] [--strict] [--verbose] [--lost-found]\n"
+"         [--[no-]dangling] [--[no-]progress] [--connectivity-only]\n"
+"         [--[no-]name-objects] [<objec>...]"
 
 msgid "show unreachable objects"
 msgstr "afficher les objets inaccessibles"
@@ -6443,12 +6461,6 @@
 msgid "git fsmonitor--daemon run [<options>]"
 msgstr "git fsmonitor--daemon run [<options>]"
 
-msgid "git fsmonitor--daemon stop"
-msgstr "git fsmonitor--daemon stop"
-
-msgid "git fsmonitor--daemon status"
-msgstr "git fsmonitor--daemon status"
-
 #, c-format
 msgid "value of '%s' out of range: %d"
 msgstr "valeur de '%s' hors de gamme : %d"
@@ -6565,7 +6577,7 @@
 "%s"
 
 msgid "prune unreferenced objects"
-msgstr "éliminer les objets non référencés"
+msgstr "élaguer les objets non référencés"
 
 msgid "pack unreferenced objects separately"
 msgstr "empaqueter les objets non référencés séparément"
@@ -6694,8 +6706,20 @@
 msgid "use at most one of --auto and --schedule=<frequency>"
 msgstr "--auto et --schedule=<fréquence> sont mutuellement exclusifs"
 
-msgid "failed to run 'git config'"
-msgstr "échec du lancement de 'git config'"
+#, c-format
+msgid "unable to add '%s' value of '%s'"
+msgstr "impossible d'ajouter la valeur '%s' de '%s'"
+
+msgid "return success even if repository was not registered"
+msgstr "renvoyer un succès même si le dépôt n'était pas enregistré"
+
+#, c-format
+msgid "unable to unset '%s' value of '%s'"
+msgstr "impossible de retirer la valeur '%s' de '%s'"
+
+#, c-format
+msgid "repository '%s' is not registered"
+msgstr "le dépôt '%s' n'est pas enregistré"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "failed to expand path '%s'"
@@ -6996,11 +7020,14 @@
 msgstr "--cached et des arbres sont fournis en même temps"
 
 msgid ""
-"git hash-object [-t <type>] [-w] [--path=<file> | --no-filters] [--stdin] "
-"[--] <file>..."
+"git hash-object [-t <type>] [-w] [--path=<file> | --no-filters]\n"
+"                [--stdin [--literally]] [--] <file>..."
 msgstr ""
-"git hash-object [-t <type>] [-w] [--path=<fichier> | --no-filters] [--stdin] "
-"[--] <fichier>..."
+"git hash-object [-t <type>] [-w] [--path=<fichier> | --no-filters]\n"
+"                [--stdin [--literally]] [--] <fichier>..."
+
+msgid "git hash-object [-t <type>] [-w] --stdin-paths [--no-filters]"
+msgstr "git hash-object [-t <type>] [-w] --stdin-paths [--no-filters]"
 
 msgid "object type"
 msgstr "type d'objet"
@@ -7429,11 +7456,15 @@
 msgstr "Dépôt Git vide initialisé dans %s%s\n"
 
 msgid ""
-"git init [-q | --quiet] [--bare] [--template=<template-directory>] [--"
-"shared[=<permissions>]] [<directory>]"
+"git init [-q | --quiet] [--bare] [--template=<template-directory>]\n"
+"         [--separate-git-dir <git-dir>] [--object-format=<format>]\n"
+"         [-b <branch-name> | --initial-branch=<branch-name>]\n"
+"         [--shared[=<permissions>]] [<directory>]"
 msgstr ""
-"git init [-q | --quiet] [--bare] [--template=<répertoire-modèle>] [--"
-"shared[=<permissions>]] [<répertoire>]"
+"git init [-q | --quiet] [--bare] [--template=<répertoire-modèle>]\n"
+"         [--separate-git-dir <rép-git>] [--object-format=<format>]\\n\"\n"
+"         [-b <nom-de-branche> | --initial-branch=<nom-de-branche>]\\n\"\n"
+"         [--shared[=<permissions>]] [<répertoire>]"
 
 msgid "permissions"
 msgstr "permissions"
@@ -7474,11 +7505,13 @@
 msgstr "--separate-git-dir est incompatible avec un dépôt nu"
 
 msgid ""
-"git interpret-trailers [--in-place] [--trim-empty] [(--trailer "
-"<token>[(=|:)<value>])...] [<file>...]"
+"git interpret-trailers [--in-place] [--trim-empty]\n"
+"                       [(--trailer <token>[(=|:)<value>])...]\n"
+"                       [--parse] [<file>...]"
 msgstr ""
-"git interpret-trailers [--in-place] [--trim-empty] [(--trailer "
-"<symbole>[(=|:)<valeur>])...] [<fichier>...]"
+"git interpret-trailers [--in-place] [--trim-empty]\n"
+"                       [(--trailer <symbole>[(=|:)<valeur>])...]\n"
+"                       [--parse] [<fichier>...]"
 
 msgid "edit files in place"
 msgstr "éditer les fichiers sur place"
@@ -7977,11 +8010,11 @@
 
 msgid ""
 "git ls-remote [--heads] [--tags] [--refs] [--upload-pack=<exec>]\n"
-"              [-q | --quiet] [--exit-code] [--get-url]\n"
+"              [-q | --quiet] [--exit-code] [--get-url] [--sort=<key>]\n"
 "              [--symref] [<repository> [<refs>...]]"
 msgstr ""
 "git ls-remote [--heads] [--tags] [--refs] [--upload-pack=<exec>]\n"
-"              [-q | --quiet] [--exit-code] [--get-url]\n"
+"              [-q | --quiet] [--exit-code] [--get-url] [--sort=<clé>]\n"
 "              [--symref] [<dépôt> [<réf>...]]"
 
 msgid "do not print remote URL"
@@ -8116,12 +8149,12 @@
 msgid "git merge-base [-a | --all] --octopus <commit>..."
 msgstr "git merge-base [-a | --all] --octopus <commit>..."
 
-msgid "git merge-base --independent <commit>..."
-msgstr "git merge-base --independent <validation>..."
-
 msgid "git merge-base --is-ancestor <commit> <commit>"
 msgstr "git merge-base --is-ancestor <validation> <validation>"
 
+msgid "git merge-base --independent <commit>..."
+msgstr "git merge-base --independent <validation>..."
+
 msgid "git merge-base --fork-point <ref> [<commit>]"
 msgstr "git merge-base --fork-point <référence> [<validation>]"
 
@@ -8229,9 +8262,20 @@
 msgid "allow merging unrelated histories"
 msgstr "permettre la fusion d'historiques sans rapport"
 
+msgid "perform multiple merges, one per line of input"
+msgstr "réaliser des fusions multiples, une par ligne d'entrée"
+
 msgid "--trivial-merge is incompatible with all other options"
 msgstr "--trivial-merge est incompatible avec d'autres options"
 
+#, c-format
+msgid "malformed input line: '%s'."
+msgstr "ligne en entrée malformée : '%s'."
+
+#, c-format
+msgid "merging cannot continue; got unclean result of %d"
+msgstr "la fusion ne peut pas continuer ; résultat non propre retourné %d"
+
 msgid "git merge [<options>] [<commit>...]"
 msgstr "git merge [<options>] [<commit>...]"
 
@@ -8860,10 +8904,6 @@
 msgstr "impossible de lire les informations de note d'un objet non-blob '%s'."
 
 #, c-format
-msgid "malformed input line: '%s'."
-msgstr "ligne en entrée malformée : '%s'."
-
-#, c-format
 msgid "failed to copy notes from '%s' to '%s'"
 msgstr "impossible de copier les notes de '%s' vers '%s'"
 
@@ -9055,16 +9095,15 @@
 msgid "unknown subcommand: `%s'"
 msgstr "sous-commande inconnue : `%s'"
 
-msgid ""
-"git pack-objects --stdout [<options>...] [< <ref-list> | < <object-list>]"
+msgid "git pack-objects --stdout [<options>] [< <ref-list> | < <object-list>]"
 msgstr ""
-"git pack-objects --stdout [options...] [< <liste-références> | < <liste-"
+"git pack-objects --stdout [<options>] [< <liste-références> | < <liste-"
 "objets>]"
 
 msgid ""
-"git pack-objects [<options>...] <base-name> [< <ref-list> | < <object-list>]"
+"git pack-objects [<options>] <base-name> [< <ref-list> | < <object-list>]"
 msgstr ""
-"git pack-objects [options...] base-name [< <liste-références> | < <liste-"
+"git pack-objects [<options>] <nom-de-base> [< <liste-références> | < <liste-"
 "objets>]"
 
 #, c-format
@@ -9453,20 +9492,32 @@
 "sur la ligne de commande pour nous avertir par\n"
 "un courriel à <git@vger.kernel.org>. Merci.\n"
 
-msgid "git pack-refs [<options>]"
-msgstr "git pack-refs [<options>]"
+msgid "git pack-refs [--all] [--no-prune]"
+msgstr "git pack-refs [--all] [--no-prune]"
 
 msgid "pack everything"
 msgstr "empaqueter tout"
 
 msgid "prune loose refs (default)"
-msgstr "éliminer les références perdues (défaut)"
+msgstr "élaguer les références perdues (défaut)"
+
+msgid "git patch-id [--stable | --unstable | --verbatim]"
+msgstr "git patch-id [--stable | --unstable | --verbatim]"
+
+msgid "use the unstable patch-id algorithm"
+msgstr "utiliser l'algorithme instable patch-id"
+
+msgid "use the stable patch-id algorithm"
+msgstr "utiliser l'algorithme stable patch-id"
+
+msgid "don't strip whitespace from the patch"
+msgstr "ne pas retirer les espaces blancs de la rustine"
 
 msgid "git prune [-n] [-v] [--progress] [--expire <time>] [--] [<head>...]"
 msgstr "git prune [-n] [-v] [--progress] [--expire <heure>] [--] [<head>…]"
 
 msgid "report pruned objects"
-msgstr "afficher les objets éliminés"
+msgstr "afficher les objets élagués"
 
 msgid "expire objects older than <time>"
 msgstr "faire expirer les objets plus vieux que <heure>"
@@ -9475,7 +9526,7 @@
 msgstr "limiter la traversée aux objets hors des fichiers paquets prometteurs"
 
 msgid "cannot prune in a precious-objects repo"
-msgstr "impossible de nettoyer dans un dépôt d'objets précieux"
+msgstr "impossible d'élaguer dans un dépôt d'objets précieux"
 
 msgid "git pull [<options>] [<repository> [<refspec>...]]"
 msgstr "git pull [<options>] [<dépôt> [<spécification-de-référence>...]]"
@@ -9682,9 +9733,8 @@
 
 msgid ""
 "\n"
-"To avoid automatically configuring upstream branches when their name\n"
-"doesn't match the local branch, see option 'simple' of branch."
-"autoSetupMerge\n"
+"To avoid automatically configuring an upstream branch when its name\n"
+"won't match the local branch, see option 'simple' of branch.autoSetupMerge\n"
 "in 'git help config'.\n"
 msgstr ""
 "\n"
@@ -9856,6 +9906,13 @@
 msgid "failed to push some refs to '%s'"
 msgstr "impossible de pousser des références vers '%s'"
 
+msgid ""
+"recursing into submodule with push.recurseSubmodules=only; using on-demand "
+"instead"
+msgstr ""
+"la récursion dans le sous-module avec push.recurseSubmodules=only ; "
+"utilisation de on-demande à la place"
+
 #, c-format
 msgid "invalid value for '%s'"
 msgstr "valeur invalide pour '%s'"
@@ -9901,7 +9958,7 @@
 msgstr "définir la branche amont pour git pull/status"
 
 msgid "prune locally removed refs"
-msgstr "éliminer les références locales supprimées"
+msgstr "élaguer les références locales supprimées"
 
 msgid "bypass pre-push hook"
 msgstr "éviter d'utiliser le crochet pre-push"
@@ -9996,14 +10053,15 @@
 msgstr "plage entre deux commits requise"
 
 msgid ""
-"git read-tree [(-m [--trivial] [--aggressive] | --reset | --prefix=<prefix>) "
-"[-u | -i]] [--no-sparse-checkout] [--index-output=<file>] (--empty | <tree-"
-"ish1> [<tree-ish2> [<tree-ish3>]])"
+"git read-tree [(-m [--trivial] [--aggressive] | --reset | --"
+"prefix=<prefix>)\n"
+"              [-u | -i]] [--index-output=<file>] [--no-sparse-checkout]\n"
+"              (--empty | <tree-ish1> [<tree-ish2> [<tree-ish3>]])"
 msgstr ""
 "git read-tree [(-m [--trivial] [--aggressive] | --reset | --"
-"prefix=<préfixe>) [-u | -i]] [--no-sparse-checkout] [--index-"
-"output=<fichier>] (--empty | <arbre-esque1> [<arbre-esque2> [<arbre-"
-"esque3>]])"
+"prefix=<préfixe>)\n"
+"              [-u | -i]] [--index-output=<fichier>] [--no-sparse-checkout]\n"
+"              (--empty | <arbre-esque1> [<arbre-esque2> [<arbre-esque3>]])"
 
 msgid "write resulting index to <file>"
 msgstr "écrire l'index résultant dans <fichier>"
@@ -10094,8 +10152,8 @@
 msgstr "%s requiert un moteur de fusion"
 
 #, c-format
-msgid "could not get 'onto': '%s'"
-msgstr "impossible d'accéder 'onto' : '%s'"
+msgid "invalid onto: '%s'"
+msgstr "destination invalide : '%s'"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "invalid orig-head: '%s'"
@@ -10405,8 +10463,8 @@
 msgid "No such ref: %s"
 msgstr "Référence inexistante : %s"
 
-msgid "Could not resolve HEAD to a revision"
-msgstr "Impossible de résoudre le commit HEAD vers un révision"
+msgid "Could not resolve HEAD to a commit"
+msgstr "impossible de résoudre HEAD en un commit"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "'%s': need exactly one merge base with branch"
@@ -10981,14 +11039,14 @@
 
 #, c-format
 msgid " * [would prune] %s"
-msgstr " * [serait éliminé] %s"
+msgstr " * [élaguerait] %s"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid " * [pruned] %s"
-msgstr " * [éliminé] %s"
+msgstr " * [élagué] %s"
 
 msgid "prune remotes after fetching"
-msgstr "éliminer les distants après le rapatriement"
+msgstr "élagué les distants après la récupération"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "No such remote '%s'"
@@ -11082,6 +11140,10 @@
 msgid "could not close refs snapshot tempfile"
 msgstr "impossible de fermer le fichier temporaire d'instantané des réfs"
 
+#, c-format
+msgid "could not remove stale bitmap: %s"
+msgstr "impossible de revenir la bitmap obsolète : %s"
+
 msgid "pack everything in a single pack"
 msgstr "empaqueter tout dans un seul paquet"
 
@@ -11156,6 +11218,9 @@
 msgid "write a multi-pack index of the resulting packs"
 msgstr "écrire un index de multi-paquet des paquets résultants"
 
+msgid "pack prefix to store a pack containing pruned objects"
+msgstr "préfixe de paquet pour stocker un paquet contenant les objets élagués"
+
 msgid "cannot delete packs in a precious-objects repo"
 msgstr "impossible de supprimer les paquets dans un dépôt d'objets précieux"
 
@@ -11167,8 +11232,12 @@
 msgstr "le préfixe %s ne commence pas avec objdir %s"
 
 #, c-format
-msgid "missing required file: %s"
-msgstr "fichier nécessaire manquant : %s"
+msgid "renaming pack to '%s' failed"
+msgstr "le renommage du paquet en '%s' a échoué"
+
+#, c-format
+msgid "pack-objects did not write a '%s' file for pack %s-%s"
+msgstr "pack-objects n'a pas écrit un fichier '%s' pour la paquet %s-%s"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "could not unlink: %s"
@@ -11362,9 +11431,10 @@
 msgid "only one pattern can be given with -l"
 msgstr "-l n'accepte qu'un motifs"
 
-msgid "git rerere [clear | forget <path>... | status | remaining | diff | gc]"
+msgid ""
+"git rerere [clear | forget <pathspec>... | diff | status | remaining | gc]"
 msgstr ""
-"git rerere [clear | forget <chemin>... | status | remaining | diff | gc]"
+"git rerere [clear | forget <chemin>... | diff | status | remaining | gc]"
 
 msgid "register clean resolutions in index"
 msgstr "enregistrer des résolutions propres dans l'index"
@@ -11572,6 +11642,15 @@
 msgid "unknown mode for --abbrev-ref: %s"
 msgstr "mode inconnu pour --abbrev-ref : %s"
 
+msgid "--exclude-hidden cannot be used together with --branches"
+msgstr "--exclude-hidden ne peut être utilisé avec --branches"
+
+msgid "--exclude-hidden cannot be used together with --tags"
+msgstr "--exclude-hidden ne peut pas être utilisé avec --tags"
+
+msgid "--exclude-hidden cannot be used together with --remotes"
+msgstr "--exclude-hidden ne peut pas être utilisé avec --remotes"
+
 msgid "this operation must be run in a work tree"
 msgstr "cette opération doit être effectuée dans un arbre de travail"
 
@@ -11579,17 +11658,25 @@
 msgid "unknown mode for --show-object-format: %s"
 msgstr "mode inconnu pour --show-object-format : %s"
 
-msgid "git revert [<options>] <commit-ish>..."
-msgstr "git revert [<options>] <commit ou apparenté>..."
+msgid ""
+"git revert [--[no-]edit] [-n] [-m <parent-number>] [-s] [-S[<keyid>]] "
+"<commit>..."
+msgstr ""
+"git revert [--[no-]edit] [-n] [-m <numéro-de-parent>] [-s] [-S[<id-clé>]] "
+"<commit>..."
 
-msgid "git revert <subcommand>"
-msgstr "git revert <sous-commande>"
+msgid "git revert (--continue | --skip | --abort | --quit)"
+msgstr "git revert (--continue | --skip | --abort | --quit)"
 
-msgid "git cherry-pick [<options>] <commit-ish>..."
-msgstr "git cherry-pick [<options>] <commit ou apparenté>..."
+msgid ""
+"git cherry-pick [--edit] [-n] [-m <parent-number>] [-s] [-x] [--ff]\n"
+"                [-S[<keyid>]] <commit>..."
+msgstr ""
+"git cherry-pick [--edit] [-n] [-m <numéro-de-parent>] [-s] [-x] [--ff]\n"
+"                [-S[<clé-id>]] <commit>..."
 
-msgid "git cherry-pick <subcommand>"
-msgstr "git cherry-pick <sous-commande>"
+msgid "git cherry-pick (--continue | --skip | --abort | --quit)"
+msgstr "git cherry-pick (--continue | --skip | --abort | --quit)"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "option `%s' expects a number greater than zero"
@@ -11650,8 +11737,14 @@
 msgid "cherry-pick failed"
 msgstr "le picorage a échoué"
 
-msgid "git rm [<options>] [--] <file>..."
-msgstr "git rm [<options>] [--] <fichier>..."
+msgid ""
+"git rm [-f | --force] [-n] [-r] [--cached] [--ignore-unmatch]\n"
+"       [--quiet] [--pathspec-from-file=<file> [--pathspec-file-nul]]\n"
+"       [--] [<pathspec>...]"
+msgstr ""
+"git rm [-f | --force] [-n] [-r] [--cached] [--ignore-unmatch]\n"
+"       [--quiet] [--pathspec-from-file=<fichier> [--pathspec-file-nul]]\n"
+"       [--] [<spéc-de-chemin>...]"
 
 msgid ""
 "the following file has staged content different from both the\n"
@@ -11726,11 +11819,13 @@
 "git send-pack [--mirror] [--dry-run] [--force]\n"
 "              [--receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>]\n"
 "              [--verbose] [--thin] [--atomic]\n"
+"              [--[no-]signed | --signed=(true|false|if-asked)]\n"
 "              [<host>:]<directory> (--all | <ref>...)"
 msgstr ""
 "git send-pack [--mirror] [--dry-run] [--force]\n"
 "              [--receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>]\n"
 "              [--verbose] [--thin] [--atomic]\n"
+"              [--[no-]signed | --signed=(true | false | if-asked)]\n"
 "              [<hôte>:]<répertoire> (--all | <réf>...)"
 
 msgid "remote name"
@@ -11755,8 +11850,9 @@
 msgstr ""
 "l'utilisation de plusieurs options --group avec stdin n'est pas supportée"
 
-msgid "using --group=trailer with stdin is not supported"
-msgstr "l'utilisation de --group=trailer avec stdin n'est pas supportée"
+#, c-format
+msgid "using %s with stdin is not supported"
+msgstr "l'utilisation de %s avec stdin n'est pas supportée"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "unknown group type: %s"
@@ -11795,12 +11891,14 @@
 "git show-branch [-a | --all] [-r | --remotes] [--topo-order | --date-order]\n"
 "                [--current] [--color[=<when>] | --no-color] [--sparse]\n"
 "                [--more=<n> | --list | --independent | --merge-base]\n"
-"                [--no-name | --sha1-name] [--topics] [(<rev> | <glob>)...]"
+"                [--no-name | --sha1-name] [--topics]\n"
+"                [(<rev> | <glob>)...]"
 msgstr ""
 "git show-branch [-a | --all] [-r | --remotes] [--topo-order | --date-order]\n"
 "                [--current] [--color[=<quand>] | --no-color] [--sparse]\n"
 "                [--more=<n> | --list | --independent | --merge-base]\n"
-"                [--no-name | --sha1-name] [--topics] [(<rév> | <glob>)...]"
+"                [--no-name | --sha1-name] [--topics]\n"
+"                [(<rév> | <glob>)...]"
 
 msgid "git show-branch (-g | --reflog)[=<n>[,<base>]] [--list] [<ref>]"
 msgstr "git show-branch (-g | --reflog)[=<n>[,<base>]] [--list] [<référence>]"
@@ -11902,11 +12000,13 @@
 msgstr "Algorithme d'empreinte inconnu"
 
 msgid ""
-"git show-ref [-q | --quiet] [--verify] [--head] [-d | --dereference] [-s | --"
-"hash[=<n>]] [--abbrev[=<n>]] [--tags] [--heads] [--] [<pattern>...]"
+"git show-ref [-q | --quiet] [--verify] [--head] [-d | --dereference]\n"
+"             [-s | --hash[=<n>]] [--abbrev[=<n>]] [--tags]\n"
+"             [--heads] [--] [<pattern>...]"
 msgstr ""
-"git show-ref [-q | --quiet] [--verify] [--head] [-d | --dereference] [-s | --"
-"hash[=<n>]] [--abbrev[=<n>]] [--tags] [--heads] [--] [<motif>...]"
+"git show-ref [-q | --quiet] [--verify] [--head] [-d | --dereference]\n"
+"             [-s | --hash[=<n>]] [--abbrev[=<n>]] [--tags]\n"
+"             [--heads] [--] [<motif>...]"
 
 msgid "git show-ref --exclude-existing[=<pattern>]"
 msgstr "git show-ref --exclude-existing[=<motif>]"
@@ -11940,8 +12040,10 @@
 "afficher les références de l'entrée standard qui ne sont pas dans le dépôt "
 "local"
 
-msgid "git sparse-checkout (init|list|set|add|reapply|disable) <options>"
-msgstr "git sparse-checkout (init|list|set|add|reapply|disable) <options>"
+msgid ""
+"git sparse-checkout (init | list | set | add | reapply | disable) [<options>]"
+msgstr ""
+"git sparse-checkout (init | list | set | add | reapply | disable) [<options>]"
 
 msgid "this worktree is not sparse"
 msgstr "cet arbre de travail n'est pas clairsemé"
@@ -12071,67 +12173,57 @@
 msgid "error while refreshing working directory"
 msgstr "erreur lors du rafraîchissement du répertoire de travail"
 
-msgid "git stash list [<options>]"
-msgstr "git stash list [<options>]"
+msgid "git stash list [<log-options>]"
+msgstr "git stash list [<options-de-log>]"
 
-msgid "git stash show [<options>] [<stash>]"
-msgstr "git stash show [<options>] [<remise>]"
+msgid ""
+"git stash show [-u | --include-untracked | --only-untracked] [<diff-"
+"options>] [<stash>]"
+msgstr ""
+"git stash show [-u | --include-untracked | --only-untracked] [<options-de-"
+"diff>] [<stash>]"
 
-msgid "git stash drop [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]"
-msgstr "git stash drop [-q|--quiet] [<remise>]"
+msgid "git stash drop [-q | --quiet] [<stash>]"
+msgstr "git stash drop [-q | --quiet] [<remise>]"
 
-msgid "git stash ( pop | apply ) [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]"
-msgstr "git stash ( pop | apply ) [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<remise>]"
+msgid "git stash pop [--index] [-q | --quiet] [<stash>]"
+msgstr "git stash pop [--index] [-q | --quiet] [<remise>]"
+
+msgid "git stash apply [--index] [-q | --quiet] [<stash>]"
+msgstr "git stash apply [--index] [-q | --quiet] [<remise>]"
 
 msgid "git stash branch <branchname> [<stash>]"
 msgstr "git stash branch <nom-de-branche> [<remise>]"
 
+msgid "git stash store [(-m | --message) <message>] [-q | --quiet] <commit>"
+msgstr "git stash store [(-m | --message) <message>] [-q | --quiet] <remise>"
+
 msgid ""
-"git stash [push [-p|--patch] [-S|--staged] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--"
-"quiet]\n"
-"          [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-m|--message <message>]\n"
+"git stash [push [-p | --patch] [-S | --staged] [-k | --[no-]keep-index] [-q "
+"| --quiet]\n"
+"          [-u | --include-untracked] [-a | --all] [(-m | --message) "
+"<message>]\n"
 "          [--pathspec-from-file=<file> [--pathspec-file-nul]]\n"
 "          [--] [<pathspec>...]]"
 msgstr ""
-"git stash [push [-p|--patch] [-S|--staged] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--"
-"quiet]\n"
-"          [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-m|--message <message>]\n"
+"git stash [push [-p | --patch] [-S | --staged] [-k | --[no-]keep-index] [-q "
+"| --quiet]\n"
+"          [-u | --include-untracked] [-a | --all] [(-m | --message) "
+"<message>]\n"
 "          [--pathspec-from-file=<fichier> [--pathspec-file-nul]]\n"
 "          [--] [<spécificateur-de-chemin>...]]"
 
 msgid ""
-"git stash save [-p|--patch] [-S|--staged] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--"
-"quiet]\n"
-"          [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [<message>]"
+"git stash save [-p | --patch] [-S | --staged] [-k | --[no-]keep-index] [-q | "
+"--quiet]\n"
+"          [-u | --include-untracked] [-a | --all] [<message>]"
 msgstr ""
-"git stash save [-p|--patch] [-S|--staged] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--"
-"quiet]\n"
-"          [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [<message>]"
+"git stash save [-p | --patch] [-S | --staged] [-k | --[no-]keep-index] [-q | "
+"--quiet]\n"
+"          [-u | --include-untracked] [-a | --all] [<message>]"
 
-msgid "git stash pop [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]"
-msgstr "git stash pop [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<remise>]"
-
-msgid "git stash apply [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]"
-msgstr "git stash apply [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<remise>]"
-
-msgid "git stash store [-m|--message <message>] [-q|--quiet] <commit>"
-msgstr "git stash store [-m|--message <message>] [-q|--quiet] <remise>"
-
-msgid ""
-"git stash [push [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet]\n"
-"          [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-m|--message <message>]\n"
-"          [--] [<pathspec>...]]"
-msgstr ""
-"git stash [push [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet]\n"
-"          [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-m|--message <message>]\n"
-"          [--] [<spécificateur-de-chemin>...]]"
-
-msgid ""
-"git stash save [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet]\n"
-"               [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [<message>]"
-msgstr ""
-"git stash save [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet]\n"
-"               [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [<message>]"
+msgid "git stash create [<message>]"
+msgstr "git stash create [<message>]"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "'%s' is not a stash-like commit"
@@ -12712,9 +12804,6 @@
 msgid "don't fetch new objects from the remote site"
 msgstr "ne pas récupérer les nouveaux objets depuis le site distant"
 
-msgid "path into the working tree"
-msgstr "chemin dans la copie de travail"
-
 msgid "use the 'checkout' update strategy (default)"
 msgstr "utiliser la stratégie de mise à jour 'checkout' (valeur par défaut)"
 
@@ -12750,28 +12839,9 @@
 "[no-]recommend-shallow] [--reference <dépôt>] [--recursive] [--[no-]single-"
 "branch] [--] [<chemin>...]"
 
-msgid "recurse into submodules"
-msgstr "parcourir récursivement les sous-modules"
-
 msgid "git submodule absorbgitdirs [<options>] [<path>...]"
 msgstr "git submodule absorbgitdirs [<options>] [<chemin>...]"
 
-msgid "check if it is safe to write to the .gitmodules file"
-msgstr "vérifier si écrire dans le fichier .gitmodules est sur"
-
-msgid "unset the config in the .gitmodules file"
-msgstr "désactiver la configuration dans le fichier .gitmodules"
-
-msgid "git submodule--helper config <name> [<value>]"
-msgstr "git submodule--helper config name [<valeur>]"
-
-msgid "git submodule--helper config --unset <name>"
-msgstr "git submodule--helper config --unset <nom>"
-
-msgid "please make sure that the .gitmodules file is in the working tree"
-msgstr ""
-"veuillez vous assurer que le fichier .gitmodules est dans l'arbre de travail"
-
 msgid "suppress output for setting url of a submodule"
 msgstr "supprimer la sortie lors du paramétrage de l'url d'un sous-module"
 
@@ -12851,6 +12921,10 @@
 msgid "unable to checkout submodule '%s'"
 msgstr "Impossible d'extraire le sous-module '%s'"
 
+msgid "please make sure that the .gitmodules file is in the working tree"
+msgstr ""
+"veuillez vous assurer que le fichier .gitmodules est dans l'arbre de travail"
+
 #, c-format
 msgid "Failed to add submodule '%s'"
 msgstr "Échec d'ajout du sous-module '%s'"
@@ -12903,19 +12977,21 @@
 msgid "'%s' is not a valid submodule name"
 msgstr "'%s' n'est pas un nom valide de sous-module"
 
+msgid "git submodule--helper <command>"
+msgstr "git submodule--helper <commande>"
+
 #, c-format
 msgid "%s doesn't support --super-prefix"
 msgstr "%s ne gère pas --super-prefix"
 
-#, c-format
-msgid "'%s' is not a valid submodule--helper subcommand"
-msgstr "'%s' n'est pas une sous-commande valide de submodule--helper"
+msgid "git symbolic-ref [-m <reason>] <name> <ref>"
+msgstr "git symbolic-ref [-m <raison>] <nom> <réf>"
 
-msgid "git symbolic-ref [<options>] <name> [<ref>]"
-msgstr "git symbolic-ref [<options>] <nom> [<référence>]"
+msgid "git symbolic-ref [-q] [--short] [--no-recurse] <name>"
+msgstr "git symbolic-ref [-q] [--short] [--no-recurse] <nom>"
 
-msgid "git symbolic-ref -d [-q] <name>"
-msgstr "git symbolic-ref -d [-q] <nom>"
+msgid "git symbolic-ref --delete [-q] <name>"
+msgstr "git symbolic-ref --delete [-q] <nom>"
 
 msgid "suppress error message for non-symbolic (detached) refs"
 msgstr ""
@@ -12927,6 +13003,9 @@
 msgid "shorten ref output"
 msgstr "raccourcir l'affichage de la référence"
 
+msgid "recursively dereference (default)"
+msgstr "déréférencer récursivement (défaut)"
+
 msgid "reason"
 msgstr "raison"
 
@@ -12934,25 +13013,25 @@
 msgstr "raison de la mise à jour"
 
 msgid ""
-"git tag [-a | -s | -u <key-id>] [-f] [-m <msg> | -F <file>]\n"
-"        <tagname> [<head>]"
+"git tag [-a | -s | -u <key-id>] [-f] [-m <msg> | -F <file>] [-e]\n"
+"        <tagname> [<commit> | <object>]"
 msgstr ""
-"git tag [-a | -s | -u <id-clé>] [-f] [-m <msg> | -F <fichier>]\n"
-"        <nom-d-étiquette> [<tête>]"
+"git tag [-a | -s | -u <id-clé>] [-f] [-m <msg> | -F <fichier>] [-e]\n"
+"        <nom-d-étiquette> [<commit> | <objet>]"
 
 msgid "git tag -d <tagname>..."
 msgstr "git tag -d <nom-d-étiquette>..."
 
 msgid ""
-"git tag -l [-n[<num>]] [--contains <commit>] [--no-contains <commit>] [--"
-"points-at <object>]\n"
-"        [--format=<format>] [--merged <commit>] [--no-merged <commit>] "
-"[<pattern>...]"
+"git tag [-n[<num>]] -l [--contains <commit>] [--no-contains <commit>]\n"
+"        [--points-at <object>] [--column[=<options>] | --no-column]\n"
+"        [--create-reflog] [--sort=<key>] [--format=<format>]\n"
+"        [--merged <commit>] [--no-merged <commit>] [<pattern>...]"
 msgstr ""
-"git tag -l [-n[<num>]] [--contains <commit>] [--no-contains <commit>] [--"
-"points-at <objet>]\n"
-"        [--format=<format>] [--merged <commit>] [--no-merged <commit>] "
-"[<motif>...]"
+"git tag [-n[<num>]] -l [--contains <commit>] [--no-contains <commit>]\n"
+"        [--points-at <objet>] [--column[=<options>] | --no-column]\n"
+"        [--create-reflog] [--sort=<clé>] [--format=<format>]\n"
+"        [--merged <commit>] [--no-merged <commit>] [<motif>...]"
 
 msgid "git tag -v [--format=<format>] <tagname>..."
 msgstr "git tag -v [--format=<format>] <nom-d-étiquette>..."
@@ -13345,8 +13424,12 @@
 msgid "update the info files from scratch"
 msgstr "mettre à jour les fichiers d'information à partir de zéro"
 
-msgid "git upload-pack [<options>] <dir>"
-msgstr "git upload-pack [<options>] <répertoire>"
+msgid ""
+"git-upload-pack [--[no-]strict] [--timeout=<n>] [--stateless-rpc]\n"
+"                [--advertise-refs] <directory>"
+msgstr ""
+"git-upload-pack [--[no-]strict] [--timeout=<n>] [--stateless-rpc]\n"
+"                [--advertise-refs] <répertoire>"
 
 msgid "quit after a single request/response exchange"
 msgstr "quitter après un unique échange requête/réponse"
@@ -13361,8 +13444,8 @@
 msgid "interrupt transfer after <n> seconds of inactivity"
 msgstr "interrompre le transfert après <n> secondes d'inactivité"
 
-msgid "git verify-commit [-v | --verbose] <commit>..."
-msgstr "git verify-commit [-v | --verbose] <commit>..."
+msgid "git verify-commit [-v | --verbose] [--raw] <commit>..."
+msgstr "git verify-commit [-v | --verbose] [--raw] <commit>..."
 
 msgid "print commit contents"
 msgstr "afficher le contenu du commit"
@@ -13370,8 +13453,9 @@
 msgid "print raw gpg status output"
 msgstr "afficher les messages bruts de gpg"
 
-msgid "git verify-pack [-v | --verbose] [-s | --stat-only] <pack>..."
-msgstr "git verify-pack [-v | --verbose] [-s | --stat-only] <pack>..."
+msgid "git verify-pack [-v | --verbose] [-s | --stat-only] [--] <pack>.idx..."
+msgstr ""
+"git verify-pack [-v | --verbose] [-s | --stat-only] [--] <paquet>.idx..."
 
 msgid "verbose"
 msgstr "verbeux"
@@ -13379,42 +13463,47 @@
 msgid "show statistics only"
 msgstr "afficher seulement les statistiques"
 
-msgid "git verify-tag [-v | --verbose] [--format=<format>] <tag>..."
-msgstr "git verify-tag [-v | --verbose] [--format=<format>] <étiquette>..."
+msgid "git verify-tag [-v | --verbose] [--format=<format>] [--raw] <tag>..."
+msgstr ""
+"git verify-tag [-v | --verbose] [--format=<format>] [--raw] <étiquette>..."
 
 msgid "print tag contents"
 msgstr "afficher le contenu de l'étiquette"
 
-msgid "git worktree add [<options>] <path> [<commit-ish>]"
-msgstr "git worktree add [<options>] <chemin> [<commit>]"
+msgid ""
+"git worktree add [-f] [--detach] [--checkout] [--lock [--reason <string>]]\n"
+"                 [-b <new-branch>] <path> [<commit-ish>]"
+msgstr ""
+"git worktree add [-f] [--detach] [--checkout] [--lock [--reason <chaîne>]]\n"
+"                 [-b <nouvelle-branche>] <chemin> [<commit-esque>]"
 
-msgid "git worktree list [<options>]"
-msgstr "git worktree list [<options>]"
+msgid "git worktree list [-v | --porcelain [-z]]"
+msgstr "git worktree list [-v | --porcelain [-z]]"
 
-msgid "git worktree lock [<options>] <path>"
-msgstr "git worktree lock [<options>] <chemin>"
+msgid "git worktree lock [--reason <string>] <worktree>"
+msgstr "git worktree lock [--reason <chaîne>] <arbre-de-travail>"
 
 msgid "git worktree move <worktree> <new-path>"
 msgstr "git worktree move <arbre-de-travail> <nouveau-chemin>"
 
-msgid "git worktree prune [<options>]"
-msgstr "git worktree prune [<options>]"
+msgid "git worktree prune [-n] [-v] [--expire <expire>]"
+msgstr "git worktree prune [-n] [-v] [--expire <date>]"
 
-msgid "git worktree remove [<options>] <worktree>"
-msgstr "git worktree remove [<options>] <arbre-de-travail>"
+msgid "git worktree remove [-f] <worktree>"
+msgstr "git worktree remove [-f] <arbre-de-travail>"
 
 msgid "git worktree repair [<path>...]"
 msgstr "git worktree repair [<chemin>...]"
 
-msgid "git worktree unlock <path>"
-msgstr "git worktree unlock <chemin>"
+msgid "git worktree unlock <worktree>"
+msgstr "git worktree unlock <arbre-de-travail>"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "Removing %s/%s: %s"
 msgstr "Suppression de %s/%s : %s"
 
 msgid "report pruned working trees"
-msgstr "afficher les arbres de travail éliminés"
+msgstr "afficher les arbres de travail élagués"
 
 msgid "expire working trees older than <time>"
 msgstr "faire expirer les arbres de travail plus vieux que <temps>"
@@ -13654,6 +13743,10 @@
 msgid "core.fsyncMethod = batch is unsupported on this platform"
 msgstr "core.fsyncMethod = batch non géré sur cette plateforme"
 
+#, c-format
+msgid "bundle list at '%s' has no mode"
+msgstr "la liste de colis n'a pas de mode à '%s'"
+
 msgid "failed to create temporary file"
 msgstr "impossible de créer un fichier temporaire"
 
@@ -13661,16 +13754,29 @@
 msgstr "capacités insuffisantes"
 
 #, c-format
+msgid "unrecognized bundle mode from URI '%s'"
+msgstr "mode de colisage non reconnu depuis l'URI '%s'"
+
+#, c-format
+msgid "exceeded bundle URI recursion limit (%d)"
+msgstr "limite de récursion d'URI de colis dépassée (%d)"
+
+#, c-format
 msgid "failed to download bundle from URI '%s'"
 msgstr "impossible de télécharger le colis depuis l'URI '%s'"
 
 #, c-format
-msgid "file at URI '%s' is not a bundle"
-msgstr "le fichier à l'URI '%s' n'est pas un colis"
+msgid "file at URI '%s' is not a bundle or bundle list"
+msgstr "le fichier à l'URI '%s' n'est pas un colis ou une liste de colis"
 
-#, c-format
-msgid "failed to unbundle bundle from URI '%s'"
-msgstr "échec pour ouvrir le colis de l'URI '%s'"
+msgid "bundle-uri: got an empty line"
+msgstr "bundle-uri : ligne vide rencontrée"
+
+msgid "bundle-uri: line is not of the form 'key=value'"
+msgstr "bundle-uri : la ligne n'est pas de la forme 'clé=valeur'"
+
+msgid "bundle-uri: line has empty key or value"
+msgstr "bundle-uri : la ligne a une clé ou une valeur vide"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "unrecognized bundle hash algorithm: %s"
@@ -14062,8 +14168,7 @@
 msgstr "Calculer l'ID unique d'un patch"
 
 msgid "Prune all unreachable objects from the object database"
-msgstr ""
-"Éliminer les objets inatteignables depuis la base de données des objets"
+msgstr "Élaguer les objets inatteignables depuis la base de données des objets"
 
 msgid "Remove extra objects that are already in pack files"
 msgstr "Éliminer les objets qui sont déjà présents dans les fichiers pack"
@@ -14265,8 +14370,8 @@
 msgid "Chunk-based file formats"
 msgstr "format de fichier avec des sections"
 
-msgid "Git commit graph format"
-msgstr "format de graphe de commit de Gti"
+msgid "Git commit-graph format"
+msgstr "format de graphe de commit de Git"
 
 msgid "Git index format"
 msgstr "format d'index Git"
@@ -14634,6 +14739,10 @@
 msgid "health thread wait failed [GLE %ld]"
 msgstr "l'attente du fil de santé a échoué [GLE %ld]"
 
+#, c-format
+msgid "Invalid path: %s"
+msgstr "chemin invalide : '%s'"
+
 msgid "Unable to create FSEventStream."
 msgstr "impossible de créer FSEVEntStream."
 
@@ -14665,6 +14774,22 @@
 msgstr "impossible de lire les modifications du répertoire [GLE %ld]"
 
 #, c-format
+msgid "opendir('%s') failed"
+msgstr "échec de opendir(%s)"
+
+#, c-format
+msgid "lstat('%s') failed"
+msgstr "échec de lstat('%s')"
+
+#, c-format
+msgid "strbuf_readlink('%s') failed"
+msgstr "échec de strbuf_readlink('%s')"
+
+#, c-format
+msgid "closedir('%s') failed"
+msgstr "échec de closedir('%s')"
+
+#, c-format
 msgid "[GLE %ld] unable to open for read '%ls'"
 msgstr "[GLE %ld] impossible d'ouvrir pour lire '%ls'"
 
@@ -16322,9 +16447,11 @@
 
 #, c-format
 msgid ""
-"repository '%s' is incompatible with fsmonitor due to lack of Unix sockets"
+"socket directory '%s' is incompatible with fsmonitor due to lack of Unix "
+"sockets support"
 msgstr ""
-"le dépôt '%s' est incompatible avec fsmonitor par manque de sockets Unix"
+"le répertoire de socket '%s' est incompatible avec fsmonitor par manque de "
+"sockets Unix"
 
 msgid ""
 "git [-v | --version] [-h | --help] [-C <path>] [-c <name>=<value>]\n"
@@ -16650,8 +16777,8 @@
 "\n"
 "Les commandes les plus ressemblantes sont"
 
-msgid "git version [<options>]"
-msgstr "git version [<options>]"
+msgid "git version [--build-options]"
+msgstr "git version [--build-options]"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "%s: %s - %s"
@@ -17584,10 +17711,6 @@
 msgid "%s: ignoring alternate object stores, nesting too deep"
 msgstr "%s : magasins d'objets alternatifs ignorés, récursion trop profonde"
 
-#, c-format
-msgid "unable to normalize object directory: %s"
-msgstr "impossible de normaliser le répertoire d'objet : %s"
-
 msgid "unable to fdopen alternates lockfile"
 msgstr "impossible d'ouvrir (fdopen) le fichier verrou des alternatives"
 
@@ -18433,6 +18556,10 @@
 msgid "promisor remote name cannot begin with '/': %s"
 msgstr "un nom de prometteur distant ne peut pas commencer par '/' : %s"
 
+#, c-format
+msgid "could not fetch %s from promisor remote"
+msgstr "impossible de récupérer %s depuis le distant de prometteur"
+
 msgid "object-info: expected flush after arguments"
 msgstr "object-info : vidage attendu après les arguments"
 
@@ -19519,6 +19646,13 @@
 msgstr "impossible de trouver l'arbre de %s"
 
 #, c-format
+msgid "unsupported section for hidden refs: %s"
+msgstr "section non géree pour les réfs cachées : %s"
+
+msgid "--exclude-hidden= passed more than once"
+msgstr "--exclude-hidden= présent plus d'une fois"
+
+#, c-format
 msgid "resolve-undo records `%s` which is missing"
 msgstr "resolve-undo enregistre `%s` qui manque"
 
@@ -19664,6 +19798,14 @@
 msgstr "--all ou <enrôlement>, mais pas les deux"
 
 #, c-format
+msgid "could not remove stale scalar.repo '%s'"
+msgstr "impossible de supprimé le scalar.repo obsolète '%s'"
+
+#, c-format
+msgid "removing stale scalar.repo '%s'"
+msgstr "suppression du scalar.repo obsolète '%s'"
+
+#, c-format
 msgid "git repository gone in '%s'"
 msgstr "dépôt git parti dans '%s'"
 
@@ -20291,16 +20433,16 @@
 msgid "illegal label name: '%.*s'"
 msgstr "nom de label illégal '%.*s'"
 
+#, c-format
+msgid "could not resolve '%s'"
+msgstr "impossible de résoudre '%s'"
+
 msgid "writing fake root commit"
 msgstr "écriture d'un commit racine bidon"
 
 msgid "writing squash-onto"
 msgstr "écriture de 'écraser-sur'"
 
-#, c-format
-msgid "could not resolve '%s'"
-msgstr "impossible de résoudre '%s'"
-
 msgid "cannot merge without a current revision"
 msgstr "impossible de fusionner avec une révision courante"
 
@@ -20911,6 +21053,15 @@
 msgid "failed to lstat '%s'"
 msgstr "échec du lstat de '%s'"
 
+msgid "test-tool cache-tree <options> (control|prime|update)"
+msgstr "test-tool cache-tree <options> (control|prime|update)"
+
+msgid "clear the cache tree before each iteration"
+msgstr "effacer l'arbre de cache avant chaque itération"
+
+msgid "number of entries in the cache tree to invalidate (default 0)"
+msgstr "nombre d'entrées dans l'arbre de cache à invalider (par défaut, 0)"
+
 msgid "unhandled options"
 msgstr "options non gérées"
 
@@ -22768,6 +22919,153 @@
 msgid "Do you really want to send %s? [y|N]: "
 msgstr "Souhaitez-vous réellement envoyer %s ?[y|N] : "
 
+#, c-format
+#~ msgid "unable to normalize object directory: %s"
+#~ msgstr "impossible de normaliser le répertoire d'objet : %s"
+
+#~ msgid "reset the bisection state"
+#~ msgstr "réinitialiser l'état de la bissection"
+
+#~ msgid "check whether bad or good terms exist"
+#~ msgstr "vérifier si les termes bons ou mauvais existent"
+
+#~ msgid "print out the bisect terms"
+#~ msgstr "afficher les termes de bissection"
+
+#~ msgid "start the bisect session"
+#~ msgstr "démarrer une session de bissection"
+
+#~ msgid "find the next bisection commit"
+#~ msgstr "trouver le prochain commit de bissection"
+
+#~ msgid "mark the state of ref (or refs)"
+#~ msgstr "marquer l'état d'une références (ou plusieurs)"
+
+#~ msgid "list the bisection steps so far"
+#~ msgstr "lister les étapes de bissection jusqu'ici"
+
+#~ msgid "replay the bisection process from the given file"
+#~ msgstr "rejouer le processus de bissection depuis le fichier fourni"
+
+#~ msgid "skip some commits for checkout"
+#~ msgstr "sauter certains commits pour l'extraction"
+
+#~ msgid "visualize the bisection"
+#~ msgstr "visualiser la bissection"
+
+#~ msgid "use <cmd>... to automatically bisect"
+#~ msgstr "utiliser <cmd>... pour bissecter automatiquement"
+
+#~ msgid "no log for BISECT_WRITE"
+#~ msgstr "pas de journal pour BISECT_WRITE"
+
+#~ msgid "Couldn't look up commit object for HEAD"
+#~ msgstr "Impossible de rechercher l'objet commit pour HEAD"
+
+#~ msgid "git bundle create [<options>] <file> <git-rev-list args>"
+#~ msgstr "git bundle create [<options>] <fichier> <args git-rev-list>"
+
+#, c-format
+#~ msgid "options '%s' and '%s %s' cannot be used together"
+#~ msgstr "les options '%s' et '%s %s' ne peuvent pas être utilisées ensemble"
+
+#~ msgid "git commit [<options>] [--] <pathspec>..."
+#~ msgstr "git commit [<options>] [--] <spécification-de-chemin>..."
+
+#~ msgid "git fsck [<options>] [<object>...]"
+#~ msgstr "git fsck [<options>] [<objet>...]"
+
+#~ msgid "git fsmonitor--daemon stop"
+#~ msgstr "git fsmonitor--daemon stop"
+
+#~ msgid "git fsmonitor--daemon status"
+#~ msgstr "git fsmonitor--daemon status"
+
+#~ msgid "failed to run 'git config'"
+#~ msgstr "échec du lancement de 'git config'"
+
+#, c-format
+#~ msgid "could not get 'onto': '%s'"
+#~ msgstr "impossible d'accéder 'onto' : '%s'"
+
+#~ msgid "Could not resolve HEAD to a revision"
+#~ msgstr "Impossible de résoudre le commit HEAD vers un révision"
+
+#, c-format
+#~ msgid "missing required file: %s"
+#~ msgstr "fichier nécessaire manquant : %s"
+
+#~ msgid "git revert [<options>] <commit-ish>..."
+#~ msgstr "git revert [<options>] <commit ou apparenté>..."
+
+#~ msgid "git revert <subcommand>"
+#~ msgstr "git revert <sous-commande>"
+
+#~ msgid "git cherry-pick [<options>] <commit-ish>..."
+#~ msgstr "git cherry-pick [<options>] <commit ou apparenté>..."
+
+#~ msgid "git cherry-pick <subcommand>"
+#~ msgstr "git cherry-pick <sous-commande>"
+
+#~ msgid "git rm [<options>] [--] <file>..."
+#~ msgstr "git rm [<options>] [--] <fichier>..."
+
+#~ msgid "using --group=trailer with stdin is not supported"
+#~ msgstr "l'utilisation de --group=trailer avec stdin n'est pas supportée"
+
+#~ msgid "git stash show [<options>] [<stash>]"
+#~ msgstr "git stash show [<options>] [<remise>]"
+
+#~ msgid "git stash ( pop | apply ) [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]"
+#~ msgstr "git stash ( pop | apply ) [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<remise>]"
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "git stash [push [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet]\n"
+#~ "          [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-m|--message <message>]\n"
+#~ "          [--] [<pathspec>...]]"
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "git stash [push [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet]\n"
+#~ "          [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-m|--message <message>]\n"
+#~ "          [--] [<spécificateur-de-chemin>...]]"
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "git stash save [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet]\n"
+#~ "               [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [<message>]"
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "git stash save [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet]\n"
+#~ "               [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [<message>]"
+
+#~ msgid "path into the working tree"
+#~ msgstr "chemin dans la copie de travail"
+
+#~ msgid "recurse into submodules"
+#~ msgstr "parcourir récursivement les sous-modules"
+
+#~ msgid "check if it is safe to write to the .gitmodules file"
+#~ msgstr "vérifier si écrire dans le fichier .gitmodules est sur"
+
+#~ msgid "unset the config in the .gitmodules file"
+#~ msgstr "désactiver la configuration dans le fichier .gitmodules"
+
+#~ msgid "git submodule--helper config <name> [<value>]"
+#~ msgstr "git submodule--helper config name [<valeur>]"
+
+#~ msgid "git submodule--helper config --unset <name>"
+#~ msgstr "git submodule--helper config --unset <nom>"
+
+#, c-format
+#~ msgid "'%s' is not a valid submodule--helper subcommand"
+#~ msgstr "'%s' n'est pas une sous-commande valide de submodule--helper"
+
+#~ msgid "git upload-pack [<options>] <dir>"
+#~ msgstr "git upload-pack [<options>] <répertoire>"
+
+#~ msgid "git worktree add [<options>] <path> [<commit-ish>]"
+#~ msgstr "git worktree add [<options>] <chemin> [<commit>]"
+
+#~ msgid "git worktree lock [<options>] <path>"
+#~ msgstr "git worktree lock [<options>] <chemin>"
+
 #~ msgid "(stats|all)"
 #~ msgstr "(stats|all)"
 
@@ -22804,9 +23102,6 @@
 #~ msgid "git submodule--helper list [--prefix=<path>] [<path>...]"
 #~ msgstr "git submodule--helper list [--prefix=<chemin>] [<chemin>...]"
 
-#~ msgid "git submodule--helper name <path>"
-#~ msgstr "git submodule--helper <nom> <chemin>"
-
 #, c-format
 #~ msgid "failed to get the default remote for submodule '%s'"
 #~ msgstr ""
diff --git a/po/id.po b/po/id.po
index 7ce5acb..41465ee 100644
--- a/po/id.po
+++ b/po/id.po
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@
 msgstr ""
 "Project-Id-Version: Git\n"
 "Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: Git Mailing List <git@vger.kernel.org>\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2022-09-28 14:31+0700\n"
-"PO-Revision-Date: 2022-09-28 14:50+0700\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2022-11-30 11:05+0700\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2022-11-30 20:45+0700\n"
 "Last-Translator: Bagas Sanjaya <bagasdotme@gmail.com>\n"
 "Language-Team: Indonesian\n"
 "Language: id\n"
@@ -900,6 +900,11 @@
 msgid "unclosed quote"
 msgstr "tanda kutip tak ditutup"
 
+#: alias.c builtin/cat-file.c builtin/notes.c builtin/prune-packed.c
+#: builtin/receive-pack.c builtin/tag.c
+msgid "too many arguments"
+msgstr "terlalu banyak argumen"
+
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "unrecognized whitespace option '%s'"
@@ -1364,7 +1369,7 @@
 msgstr ""
 "Tidak ada tambalan valid dalam masukan (perbolehkan dengan \"--allow-empty\")"
 
-#: apply.c
+#: apply.c t/helper/test-cache-tree.c
 msgid "unable to read index file"
 msgstr "tidak dapa membaca berkas indeks"
 
@@ -1599,7 +1604,7 @@
 msgid "not a valid object name: %s"
 msgstr "bukan nama objek valid: %s"
 
-#: archive.c
+#: archive.c t/helper/test-cache-tree.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "not a tree object: %s"
 msgstr "bukan objek pohon: %s"
@@ -1650,7 +1655,7 @@
 msgstr "tambahkan prefiks di depan setiap nama jalur dalam arsip"
 
 #: archive.c builtin/blame.c builtin/commit-tree.c builtin/config.c
-#: builtin/fast-export.c builtin/grep.c builtin/hash-object.c
+#: builtin/fast-export.c builtin/gc.c builtin/grep.c builtin/hash-object.c
 #: builtin/ls-files.c builtin/notes.c builtin/read-tree.c parse-options.h
 msgid "file"
 msgstr "berkas"
@@ -3116,54 +3121,6 @@
 "keluar %d"
 
 #: builtin/bisect--helper.c
-msgid "reset the bisection state"
-msgstr "setel ulang keadaan pembagian dua"
-
-#: builtin/bisect--helper.c
-msgid "check whether bad or good terms exist"
-msgstr "periksa apakah ada istilah jelek atau bagus"
-
-#: builtin/bisect--helper.c
-msgid "print out the bisect terms"
-msgstr "cetak istilah pembagian dua"
-
-#: builtin/bisect--helper.c
-msgid "start the bisect session"
-msgstr "mulai sesi pembagian dua"
-
-#: builtin/bisect--helper.c
-msgid "find the next bisection commit"
-msgstr "temukan komit pembagian dua berikutnya"
-
-#: builtin/bisect--helper.c
-msgid "mark the state of ref (or refs)"
-msgstr "tandai keadaan referensi"
-
-#: builtin/bisect--helper.c
-msgid "list the bisection steps so far"
-msgstr "daftar langkah pembagian dua sejauh ini"
-
-#: builtin/bisect--helper.c
-msgid "replay the bisection process from the given file"
-msgstr "mainkan ulang proses pembagian dua dari berkas yang diberikan"
-
-#: builtin/bisect--helper.c
-msgid "skip some commits for checkout"
-msgstr "lewati beberapa komit untuk checkout"
-
-#: builtin/bisect--helper.c
-msgid "visualize the bisection"
-msgstr "visualisasikan pembagian dua"
-
-#: builtin/bisect--helper.c
-msgid "use <cmd>... to automatically bisect"
-msgstr "gunakan <cmd>... untuk bagi dua otomatis."
-
-#: builtin/bisect--helper.c
-msgid "no log for BISECT_WRITE"
-msgstr "tidak ada log untuk BISECT_WRITE"
-
-#: builtin/bisect--helper.c
 msgid "--bisect-reset requires either no argument or a commit"
 msgstr "--bisect-reset butuh baik tanpa argumen atau sebuah komit"
 
@@ -3188,6 +3145,10 @@
 msgstr "git blame [<opsi>] [<opsi revisi>] [<revisi>] [--] <berkas>"
 
 #: builtin/blame.c
+msgid "git annotate [<options>] [<rev-opts>] [<rev>] [--] <file>"
+msgstr "git annotate [<opsi>] [<opsi revisi>] [<revisi>] [--] <berkas>"
+
+#: builtin/blame.c
 msgid "<rev-opts> are documented in git-rev-list(1)"
 msgstr "<opsi revisi> didokumentasikan dalam git-rev-list(1)"
 
@@ -3427,10 +3388,6 @@
 msgstr "tidak dapat gunakan -a dengan -d"
 
 #: builtin/branch.c
-msgid "Couldn't look up commit object for HEAD"
-msgstr "Tidak dapat mencari objek komit untuk HEAD"
-
-#: builtin/branch.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "Cannot delete branch '%s' checked out at '%s'"
 msgstr "Tidak dapat menghapus cabang '%s' yang ter-checkout pada '%s'"
@@ -3479,19 +3436,21 @@
 msgstr "Cabang %s sedang dibagi dua pada %s"
 
 #: builtin/branch.c
-msgid "cannot copy the current branch while not on any."
-msgstr "tidak dapat menyalin cabang saat ini ketika tidak ada."
-
-#: builtin/branch.c
-msgid "cannot rename the current branch while not on any."
-msgstr "tidak dapat mengganti nama cabang saat ini ketika tidak ada."
-
-#: builtin/branch.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "Invalid branch name: '%s'"
 msgstr "Nama cabang tidak valid: '%s'"
 
 #: builtin/branch.c
+#, c-format
+msgid "No commit on branch '%s' yet."
+msgstr "Belum ada komit pada cabang '%s'."
+
+#: builtin/branch.c
+#, c-format
+msgid "No branch named '%s'."
+msgstr "Tidak ada cabang bernama '%s'."
+
+#: builtin/branch.c
 msgid "Branch rename failed"
 msgstr "Penggantian nama cabang gagal"
 
@@ -3699,14 +3658,12 @@
 msgstr "tidak dapat menyunting deskripsi lebih dari satu cabang"
 
 #: builtin/branch.c
-#, c-format
-msgid "No commit on branch '%s' yet."
-msgstr "Belum ada komit pada cabang '%s'."
+msgid "cannot copy the current branch while not on any."
+msgstr "tidak dapat menyalin cabang saat ini ketika tidak ada."
 
 #: builtin/branch.c
-#, c-format
-msgid "No branch named '%s'."
-msgstr "Tidak ada cabang bernama '%s'."
+msgid "cannot rename the current branch while not on any."
+msgstr "tidak dapat mengganti nama cabang saat ini ketika tidak ada."
 
 #: builtin/branch.c
 msgid "too many branches for a copy operation"
@@ -3794,11 +3751,12 @@
 
 #: builtin/bugreport.c
 msgid ""
-"git bugreport [-o|--output-directory <file>] [-s|--suffix <format>] [--"
-"diagnose[=<mode>]"
+"git bugreport [(-o | --output-directory) <path>] [(-s | --suffix) <format>]\n"
+"              [--diagnose[=<mode>]]"
 msgstr ""
-"git bugreport [-o|--output-directory <berkas>] [-s|--suffix <format>] [--"
-"diagnose[=<mode>]]"
+"git bugreport [(-o | --output-directory) <berkas>] [(-s |-- suffix) "
+"<format>]\n"
+"              [--diagnose[=<mode>]]"
 
 #: builtin/bugreport.c
 msgid ""
@@ -3881,20 +3839,26 @@
 msgstr "Laporan baru dibuat pada '%s'.\n"
 
 #: builtin/bundle.c
-msgid "git bundle create [<options>] <file> <git-rev-list args>"
-msgstr "git bundle create [<opsi>] <berkas> <argumen git-rev-list>"
+msgid ""
+"git bundle create [-q | --quiet | --progress | --all-progress] [--all-"
+"progress-implied]\n"
+"                  [--version=<version>] <file> <git-rev-list-args>"
+msgstr ""
+"git bundle create [-q | --quiet | --progress | --all-progress] [-all-"
+"progress-implied]\n"
+"                  [--version=<versi>] <berkas> <argumen git-rev-list>"
 
 #: builtin/bundle.c
-msgid "git bundle verify [<options>] <file>"
-msgstr "git bundle verify [<opsi>] <berkas>"
+msgid "git bundle verify [-q | --quiet] <file>"
+msgstr "git bundle verify [-q | --quiet] <berkas>"
 
 #: builtin/bundle.c
 msgid "git bundle list-heads <file> [<refname>...]"
 msgstr "git bundle list-heads <berkas> [<nama referensi>...]"
 
 #: builtin/bundle.c
-msgid "git bundle unbundle <file> [<refname>...]"
-msgstr "git bundle unbundle <berkas> [<nama referensi>...]"
+msgid "git bundle unbundle [--progress] <file> [<refname>...]"
+msgstr "git bundle unbundle [--progress] <berkas> [<nama referensi>...]"
 
 #: builtin/bundle.c builtin/pack-objects.c
 msgid "do not show progress meter"
@@ -3991,12 +3955,12 @@
 "git cat-file (--batch | --batch-check | --batch-command) [--batch-all-"
 "objects]\n"
 "             [--buffer] [--follow-symlinks] [--unordered]\n"
-"             [--textconv | --filters]"
+"             [--textconv | --filters] [-z]"
 msgstr ""
 "git cat-file (--batch | --batch-check | --batch-command) [--batch-all-"
 "objects]\n"
 "             [--buffer] [--follow-symlinks] [--unordered]\n"
-"             [--textconv | --filters]"
+"             [--textconv | --filters] [-z]"
 
 #: builtin/cat-file.c
 msgid ""
@@ -4138,11 +4102,6 @@
 msgid "<object> required with '-%c'"
 msgstr "<objek> diperlukan dengan '-%c'"
 
-#: builtin/cat-file.c builtin/notes.c builtin/prune-packed.c
-#: builtin/receive-pack.c builtin/tag.c
-msgid "too many arguments"
-msgstr "terlalu banyak argumen"
-
 #: builtin/cat-file.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "only two arguments allowed in <type> <object> mode, not %d"
@@ -4810,9 +4769,11 @@
 
 #: builtin/clean.c
 msgid ""
-"git clean [-d] [-f] [-i] [-n] [-q] [-e <pattern>] [-x | -X] [--] <paths>..."
+"git clean [-d] [-f] [-i] [-n] [-q] [-e <pattern>] [-x | -X] [--] "
+"[<pathspec>...]"
 msgstr ""
-"git clean [-d] [-f] [-i] [-n] [-q] [-e <pola>] [-x | -X] [--] <jalur>..."
+"git clean [-d] [-f] [-i] [-n] [-q] [-e <pola>] [-x | -X] [--] [<spek "
+"jalur>...]"
 
 #: builtin/clean.c
 #, c-format
@@ -5181,6 +5142,11 @@
 msgid "failed to start iterator over '%s'"
 msgstr "gagal memulai iterator pada '%s'"
 
+#: builtin/clone.c
+#, c-format
+msgid "symlink '%s' exists, refusing to clone with --local"
+msgstr "tautan simbolik '%s' ada, menolak mengkloning dengan --local"
+
 #: builtin/clone.c compat/precompose_utf8.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "failed to unlink '%s'"
@@ -5263,11 +5229,6 @@
 msgstr "Anda harus sebutkan repositori untuk diklon."
 
 #: builtin/clone.c
-#, c-format
-msgid "options '%s' and '%s %s' cannot be used together"
-msgstr "opsi '%s' dan '%s %s' tidak dapat digunakan bersamaan"
-
-#: builtin/clone.c
 msgid ""
 "--bundle-uri is incompatible with --depth, --shallow-since, and --shallow-"
 "exclude"
@@ -5423,22 +5384,28 @@
 
 #: builtin/commit-graph.c
 msgid ""
-"git commit-graph verify [--object-dir <objdir>] [--shallow] [--[no-]progress]"
+"git commit-graph verify [--object-dir <dir>] [--shallow] [--[no-]progress]"
 msgstr ""
-"git commit-graph verify [--object-dir <direktori objek>] [--shallow] [--"
+"git commit-graph verify [--object-dir <direktori>] [--shallow] [--"
 "[no-]progress]"
 
 #: builtin/commit-graph.c
 msgid ""
-"git commit-graph write [--object-dir <objdir>] [--append] [--"
-"split[=<strategy>]] [--reachable|--stdin-packs|--stdin-commits] [--changed-"
-"paths] [--[no-]max-new-filters <n>] [--[no-]progress] <split options>"
+"git commit-graph write [--object-dir <dir>] [--append]\n"
+"                       [--split[=<strategy>]] [--reachable | --stdin-packs | "
+"--stdin-commits]\n"
+"                       [--changed-paths] [--[no-]max-new-filters <n>] [--"
+"[no-]progress]\n"
+"                       <split options>"
 msgstr ""
-"git commit-graph write [--object-dir <direktori objek>] [--append] [--"
-"split[=<strategi>]] [--reachable|--stdin-packs|--stdin-commits] [--changed-"
-"paths] [--[no-]max-new-filters <n>] [--[-no-]progrss] <opsi pemisah>"
+"git commit-graph write [--object-dir <direktori>] [--append]\n"
+"                       [--split[=<strategi>]] [--reachable | --stdin-packs | "
+"--stdin-commits]\n"
+"                       [--changed-paths] [--[no-]max-new-filters <n>] [--[-"
+"no-]progress]\n"
+"                       <opsi pemisahan>"
 
-#: builtin/commit-graph.c builtin/fetch.c builtin/log.c
+#: builtin/commit-graph.c builtin/fetch.c builtin/log.c builtin/repack.c
 msgid "dir"
 msgstr "direktori"
 
@@ -5526,12 +5493,16 @@
 msgstr "Mengumpulkan komit dari masukan"
 
 #: builtin/commit-tree.c
+msgid "git commit-tree <tree> [(-p <parent>)...]"
+msgstr "git commit-tree <pohon> [(-p <induk>)...]"
+
+#: builtin/commit-tree.c
 msgid ""
-"git commit-tree [(-p <parent>)...] [-S[<keyid>]] [(-m <message>)...] [(-F "
-"<file>)...] <tree>"
+"git commit-tree [(-p <parent>)...] [-S[<keyid>]] [(-m <message>)...]\n"
+"                [(-F <file>)...] <tree>"
 msgstr ""
-"git commit-tree [(-p <induk>)...] [-S[<id kunci>]] [(-m <pesan>)...] [(-F "
-"<berkas>)...] <pohon>"
+"git commit-tree [(-p <induk>)...] [-S[<id kunci>]] [(-m <pesan>)...]\n"
+"                [(-F <berkas>)...] <pohon>"
 
 #: builtin/commit-tree.c
 #, c-format
@@ -5588,12 +5559,31 @@
 msgstr "git commit-tree: gagal membaca"
 
 #: builtin/commit.c
-msgid "git commit [<options>] [--] <pathspec>..."
-msgstr "git commit [<opsi>] [--] <spek jalur>..."
+msgid ""
+"git commit [-a | --interactive | --patch] [-s] [-v] [-u<mode>] [--amend]\n"
+"           [--dry-run] [(-c | -C | --squash) <commit> | --fixup [(amend|"
+"reword):]<commit>)]\n"
+"           [-F <file> | -m <msg>] [--reset-author] [--allow-empty]\n"
+"           [--allow-empty-message] [--no-verify] [-e] [--author=<author>]\n"
+"           [--date=<date>] [--cleanup=<mode>] [--[no-]status]\n"
+"           [-i | -o] [--pathspec-from-file=<file> [--pathspec-file-nul]]\n"
+"           [(--trailer <token>[(=|:)<value>])...] [-S[<keyid>]]\n"
+"           [--] [<pathspec>...]"
+msgstr ""
+"git commit [-a | --interactive | --patch] [-s] [-v] [-u<mode>] [--amend]\n"
+"           [--dry-run] [(-c | -C | --squash) <komit> | --fixup [(amend|"
+"reword):]<komit>)]\n"
+"           [-F <berkas> | -m <pesan>] [--reset-author] [--allow-empty]\n"
+"           [--allow-empty-message] [--no-verify] [-e] [--"
+"author=<pengarang>]\n"
+"           [--date=<tanggal>] [--cleanup=<mode>] [--[no-]status]\n"
+"           [-i | -o] [--pathspec-from-file=<berkas> [--pathspec-file-nul]]\n"
+"           [(--trailer <token>[(=|:)<nilai>])...] [-S[<id kunci>]]\n"
+"           [--] [<spek jalur>...]"
 
 #: builtin/commit.c
-msgid "git status [<options>] [--] <pathspec>..."
-msgstr "git status [<opsi>] [--] <spek jalur>..."
+msgid "git status [<options>] [--] [<pathspec>...]"
+msgstr "git status [<opsi>] [--] [<spek jalur>...]"
 
 #: builtin/commit.c
 msgid ""
@@ -6215,7 +6205,7 @@
 msgid "use per-worktree config file"
 msgstr "gunakan berkas konfigurasi per pohon kerja"
 
-#: builtin/config.c
+#: builtin/config.c builtin/gc.c
 msgid "use given config file"
 msgstr "gunakan berkas konfigurasi yang diberikan"
 
@@ -6439,7 +6429,7 @@
 msgid "--worktree can only be used inside a git repository"
 msgstr "--worktree hanya dapat digunakan di dalam repositori git"
 
-#: builtin/config.c
+#: builtin/config.c builtin/gc.c
 msgid "$HOME not set"
 msgstr "$HOME tak disetel"
 
@@ -6553,12 +6543,20 @@
 "tidak dapat mendapatkan kunci penyimpanan kredensial dalam %d milidetik"
 
 #: builtin/describe.c
-msgid "git describe [<options>] [<commit-ish>...]"
-msgstr "git describe [<opsi>] [<mirip-komit>...]"
+msgid ""
+"git describe [--all] [--tags] [--contains] [--abbrev=<n>] [<commit-ish>...]"
+msgstr ""
+"git describe [--all] [--tags] [--contains] [--abbrev=<n>] [<mirip-komit>...]"
 
 #: builtin/describe.c
-msgid "git describe [<options>] --dirty"
-msgstr "git describe [<opsi>] --dirty"
+msgid ""
+"git describe [--all] [--tags] [--contains] [--abbrev=<n>] --dirty[=<mark>]"
+msgstr ""
+"git describe [--all] [--tags] [--contains] [--abbrev=<n>] --dirty[=<penanda>]"
+
+#: builtin/describe.c
+msgid "git describe <blob>"
+msgstr "git describe <blob>"
 
 #: builtin/describe.c
 msgid "head"
@@ -6713,11 +6711,11 @@
 
 #: builtin/diagnose.c
 msgid ""
-"git diagnose [-o|--output-directory <path>] [-s|--suffix <format>] [--"
-"mode=<mode>]"
+"git diagnose [(-o | --output-directory) <path>] [(-s | --suffix) <format>]\n"
+"             [--mode=<mode>]"
 msgstr ""
-"git diagnose [-o|--output-directory <jalur>] [-s|--suffix <format>] [--"
-"mode=<mode>]"
+"git diagnose [(-o | --output-directory) <jalur>] [(-s | --suffix) <format>]\n"
+"             [--mode=<mode>]"
 
 #: builtin/diagnose.c
 msgid "specify a destination for the diagnostics archive"
@@ -6741,6 +6739,10 @@
 msgstr "'%s': bukan berkas reguler atau tautan simbolik"
 
 #: builtin/diff.c
+msgid "no merge given, only parents."
+msgstr "tidak ada penggabungan yang diberikan, hanya induk."
+
+#: builtin/diff.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "invalid option: %s"
 msgstr "opsi tidak valid: %s"
@@ -7552,8 +7554,8 @@
 msgstr "hanya cetak referensi yang tidak berisi komit"
 
 #: builtin/for-each-repo.c
-msgid "git for-each-repo --config=<config> <command-args>"
-msgstr "git for-each-repo --config=<konfigurasi> <argumen perintah>"
+msgid "git for-each-repo --config=<config> [--] <arguments>"
+msgstr "git for-each-repo --config=<konfigurasi> [--] <argumen perintah>"
 
 #: builtin/for-each-repo.c
 msgid "config"
@@ -7770,8 +7772,16 @@
 msgstr "%s: penunjuk sha1 tidak valid di resolve-undo"
 
 #: builtin/fsck.c
-msgid "git fsck [<options>] [<object>...]"
-msgstr "git fsck [<opsi>] [<objek>...]"
+msgid ""
+"git fsck [--tags] [--root] [--unreachable] [--cache] [--no-reflogs]\n"
+"         [--[no-]full] [--strict] [--verbose] [--lost-found]\n"
+"         [--[no-]dangling] [--[no-]progress] [--connectivity-only]\n"
+"         [--[no-]name-objects] [<object>...]"
+msgstr ""
+"git fsck [--tags] [--root] [--unreachable] [--cache] [--no-reflogs]\n"
+"         [--[no-]full] [--strict] [--verbose] [--lost-found]\n"
+"         [--[no-]dangling] [--[no-]progress] [--connectivity-only]\n"
+"         [--[no-]name-objects] [<objek>...]"
 
 #: builtin/fsck.c
 msgid "show unreachable objects"
@@ -7844,14 +7854,6 @@
 msgstr "git fsmonitor--daemon run [<opsi>]"
 
 #: builtin/fsmonitor--daemon.c
-msgid "git fsmonitor--daemon stop"
-msgstr "git fsmonitor--daemon stop"
-
-#: builtin/fsmonitor--daemon.c
-msgid "git fsmonitor--daemon status"
-msgstr "git fsmonitor--daemon status"
-
-#: builtin/fsmonitor--daemon.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "value of '%s' out of range: %d"
 msgstr "nilai '%s' di luar jangkauan: %d"
@@ -7952,7 +7954,7 @@
 msgid "invalid 'ipc-threads' value (%d)"
 msgstr "nilai 'ipc-threads' tidak valid (%d)"
 
-#: builtin/fsmonitor--daemon.c
+#: builtin/fsmonitor--daemon.c t/helper/test-cache-tree.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "Unhandled subcommand '%s'"
 msgstr "Subperintah tidak tertangani '%s'"
@@ -8157,8 +8159,23 @@
 msgstr "gunakan paling banyak satu dari --auto dan --schedule=<frekuensi>"
 
 #: builtin/gc.c
-msgid "failed to run 'git config'"
-msgstr "gagal menjalankan 'git config'"
+#, c-format
+msgid "unable to add '%s' value of '%s'"
+msgstr "tidak dapat menambahkan nilai '%s' dari '%s'"
+
+#: builtin/gc.c
+msgid "return success even if repository was not registered"
+msgstr "kembalikan sukses bahkan jika repositori tidak terdaftar"
+
+#: builtin/gc.c
+#, c-format
+msgid "unable to unset '%s' value of '%s'"
+msgstr "tidak dapat membatal-setel nilai '%s' dari '%s'"
+
+#: builtin/gc.c
+#, c-format
+msgid "repository '%s' is not registered"
+msgstr "repositori '%s' tidak terdaftar"
 
 #: builtin/gc.c
 #, c-format
@@ -8537,11 +8554,15 @@
 
 #: builtin/hash-object.c
 msgid ""
-"git hash-object [-t <type>] [-w] [--path=<file> | --no-filters] [--stdin] "
-"[--] <file>..."
+"git hash-object [-t <type>] [-w] [--path=<file> | --no-filters]\n"
+"                [--stdin [--literally]] [--] <file>..."
 msgstr ""
-"git hash-object [-t <tipe>] [-w] [--path=<berkas> | --no-filters] [--stdin] "
-"[--] <berkas>..."
+"git hash-object [-t <tipe>] [-w] [--path=<berkas> | --no-filters]\n"
+"                [--stdin [--literally]] [--] <berkas>..."
+
+#: builtin/hash-object.c
+msgid "git hash-object [-t <type>] [-w] --stdin-paths [--no-filters]"
+msgstr "git hash-object [-t <tipe>] [-w] --stdin-paths [--no-filters]"
 
 #: builtin/hash-object.c
 msgid "object type"
@@ -9080,11 +9101,15 @@
 
 #: builtin/init-db.c
 msgid ""
-"git init [-q | --quiet] [--bare] [--template=<template-directory>] [--"
-"shared[=<permissions>]] [<directory>]"
+"git init [-q | --quiet] [--bare] [--template=<template-directory>]\n"
+"         [--separate-git-dir <git-dir>] [--object-format=<format>]\n"
+"         [-b <branch-name> | --initial-branch=<branch-name>]\n"
+"         [--shared[=<permissions>]] [<directory>]"
 msgstr ""
-"git init [-q | --quiet] [--bare] [--template=<direktori-templat>][--"
-"shared[=<perizinan>]] [<direktori>]"
+"git init [-q | --quiet] [--bare] [--template=<direktori templat>]\n"
+"         [--separate-git-dir <direktori git>] [--object-format=<format>]\n"
+"         [-b <nama cabang> | --initial-branch=<nama cabang>]\n"
+"         [--shared[=<perizinan>]] [<direktori>]"
 
 #: builtin/init-db.c
 msgid "permissions"
@@ -9137,11 +9162,13 @@
 
 #: builtin/interpret-trailers.c
 msgid ""
-"git interpret-trailers [--in-place] [--trim-empty] [(--trailer "
-"<token>[(=|:)<value>])...] [<file>...]"
+"git interpret-trailers [--in-place] [--trim-empty]\n"
+"                       [(--trailer <token>[(=|:)<value>])...]\n"
+"                       [--parse] [<file>...]"
 msgstr ""
-"git interpret-trailers [--in-place] [--trim-empty] [(--trailer "
-"<token>[(=|:)<nilai>])...] [<berkas>...]"
+"git interpret-trailers [--in-place] [--trim-empty]\n"
+"                       [(--trailer <token>[(=|:)<nilai>])...]\n"
+"                       [--parse] [<berkas>...]"
 
 #: builtin/interpret-trailers.c
 msgid "edit files in place"
@@ -9771,11 +9798,11 @@
 #: builtin/ls-remote.c
 msgid ""
 "git ls-remote [--heads] [--tags] [--refs] [--upload-pack=<exec>]\n"
-"              [-q | --quiet] [--exit-code] [--get-url]\n"
+"              [-q | --quiet] [--exit-code] [--get-url] [--sort=<key>]\n"
 "              [--symref] [<repository> [<refs>...]]"
 msgstr ""
 "git ls-remote [--heads] [--tags] [--refs] [--upload-pack=<exec>]\n"
-"              [-q | --quiet] [--exit-code] [--get-url]\n"
+"              [-q | --quiet] [--exit-code] [--get-url] [--sort=<kunci>]\n"
 "              [--symref] [<repositori> [<referensi>...]]"
 
 #: builtin/ls-remote.c
@@ -9948,14 +9975,14 @@
 msgstr "git merge-base [-a | --all] --octopus <komit>..."
 
 #: builtin/merge-base.c
-msgid "git merge-base --independent <commit>..."
-msgstr "git merge-base --independent <komit>..."
-
-#: builtin/merge-base.c
 msgid "git merge-base --is-ancestor <commit> <commit>"
 msgstr "git merge-base --is-ancestor <komit> <komit>"
 
 #: builtin/merge-base.c
+msgid "git merge-base --independent <commit>..."
+msgstr "git merge-base --independent <komit>..."
+
+#: builtin/merge-base.c
 msgid "git merge-base --fork-point <ref> [<commit>]"
 msgstr "git merge-base --fork-point <referensi> [<komit>]"
 
@@ -10095,9 +10122,23 @@
 msgstr "perbolehkan penggabungan riwayat yang tak terkait"
 
 #: builtin/merge-tree.c
+msgid "perform multiple merges, one per line of input"
+msgstr "lakukan banyak penggabungan, satu per baris masukan"
+
+#: builtin/merge-tree.c
 msgid "--trivial-merge is incompatible with all other options"
 msgstr "--trivial-merge tidak kompatibel dengan semua opsi lainnya"
 
+#: builtin/merge-tree.c builtin/notes.c
+#, c-format
+msgid "malformed input line: '%s'."
+msgstr "baris masukan jelek: '%s'."
+
+#: builtin/merge-tree.c
+#, c-format
+msgid "merging cannot continue; got unclean result of %d"
+msgstr "penggabungan tidak dapat berlanjut; dapat hasil kotor dari %d"
+
 #: builtin/merge.c
 msgid "git merge [<options>] [<commit>...]"
 msgstr "git merge [<opsi>] [<komit>...]"
@@ -10680,7 +10721,7 @@
 msgid "Renaming %s to %s\n"
 msgstr "Mengganti nama %s ke %s\n"
 
-#: builtin/mv.c builtin/remote.c builtin/repack.c
+#: builtin/mv.c builtin/remote.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "renaming '%s' failed"
 msgstr "gagal mengganti nama '%s'"
@@ -10886,11 +10927,6 @@
 
 #: builtin/notes.c
 #, c-format
-msgid "malformed input line: '%s'."
-msgstr "baris masukan jelek: '%s'."
-
-#: builtin/notes.c
-#, c-format
 msgid "failed to copy notes from '%s' to '%s'"
 msgstr "gagal menyalin catatan dari '%s' ke '%s'"
 
@@ -11130,15 +11166,14 @@
 msgstr "subperintah tidak dikenal: `%s'"
 
 #: builtin/pack-objects.c
-msgid ""
-"git pack-objects --stdout [<options>...] [< <ref-list> | < <object-list>]"
+msgid "git pack-objects --stdout [<options>] [< <ref-list> | < <object-list>]"
 msgstr ""
-"git pack-objects --stdout [<opsi>...] [< <daftar referensi>| < <daftar-"
+"git pack-objects --stdout [<opsi>...] [< <daftar referensi> | < <daftar-"
 "objek>]"
 
 #: builtin/pack-objects.c
 msgid ""
-"git pack-objects [<options>...] <base-name> [< <ref-list> | < <object-list>]"
+"git pack-objects [<options>] <base-name> [< <ref-list> | < <object-list>]"
 msgstr ""
 "git pack-objects [<opsi>...] <nama dasar> [< <daftar referensi> | < <daftar-"
 "objek>]"
@@ -11620,8 +11655,8 @@
 "<git@vger.kernel.org>. Terima kasih.\n"
 
 #: builtin/pack-refs.c
-msgid "git pack-refs [<options>]"
-msgstr "git pack-refs [<opsi>]"
+msgid "git pack-refs [--all] [--no-prune]"
+msgstr "git pack-refs [--all] [--no-prune]"
 
 #: builtin/pack-refs.c
 msgid "pack everything"
@@ -11631,6 +11666,22 @@
 msgid "prune loose refs (default)"
 msgstr "pangkas referensi longgar (asali)"
 
+#: builtin/patch-id.c
+msgid "git patch-id [--stable | --unstable | --verbatim]"
+msgstr "git patch-id [--stable | --unstable | --verbatim]"
+
+#: builtin/patch-id.c
+msgid "use the unstable patch-id algorithm"
+msgstr "gunakan algoritma id tambalan tidak stabil"
+
+#: builtin/patch-id.c
+msgid "use the stable patch-id algorithm"
+msgstr "gunakan algoritma id tambalan stabil"
+
+#: builtin/patch-id.c
+msgid "don't strip whitespace from the patch"
+msgstr "jangan kupas spasi dari tambalan"
+
 #: builtin/prune.c
 msgid "git prune [-n] [-v] [--progress] [--expire <time>] [--] [<head>...]"
 msgstr "git prune [-n] [-v] [--progress] [--expire <waktu>] [--] [<kepala>...]"
@@ -11895,14 +11946,13 @@
 #: builtin/push.c
 msgid ""
 "\n"
-"To avoid automatically configuring upstream branches when their name\n"
-"doesn't match the local branch, see option 'simple' of branch."
-"autoSetupMerge\n"
+"To avoid automatically configuring an upstream branch when its name\n"
+"won't match the local branch, see option 'simple' of branch.autoSetupMerge\n"
 "in 'git help config'.\n"
 msgstr ""
 "\n"
 "Untuk menghindari konfigurasi cabang hulu otomatis ketika namanya\n"
-"tidak cocok dengan cabang lokal, lihat opsi 'simple' dari branch."
+"tidak akan cocok dengan cabang lokal, lihat opsi 'simple' dari branch."
 "autoSetupMerge\n"
 "di 'git help config'.\n"
 
@@ -12068,6 +12118,14 @@
 msgid "failed to push some refs to '%s'"
 msgstr "gagal dorong beberapa referensi ke '%s'"
 
+#: builtin/push.c
+msgid ""
+"recursing into submodule with push.recurseSubmodules=only; using on-demand "
+"instead"
+msgstr ""
+"mengulangi ke dalam submodul dengan push.recurseSubmodules=only; menggunakan "
+"on-demand sebagai gantinya"
+
 #: builtin/push.c builtin/send-pack.c submodule-config.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "invalid value for '%s'"
@@ -12242,14 +12300,15 @@
 
 #: builtin/read-tree.c
 msgid ""
-"git read-tree [(-m [--trivial] [--aggressive] | --reset | --prefix=<prefix>) "
-"[-u | -i]] [--no-sparse-checkout] [--index-output=<file>] (--empty | <tree-"
-"ish1> [<tree-ish2> [<tree-ish3>]])"
+"git read-tree [(-m [--trivial] [--aggressive] | --reset | --"
+"prefix=<prefix>)\n"
+"              [-u | -i]] [--index-output=<file>] [--no-sparse-checkout]\n"
+"              (--empty | <tree-ish1> [<tree-ish2> [<tree-ish3>]])"
 msgstr ""
 "git read-tree [(-m [--trivial] [--aggressive] | --reset | --"
-"prefix=<prefiks>) [-u | -i]] [--no-sparse-checkout] [--index-"
-"output=<berkas>] (--empty | <mirip-pohon 1> [<mirip-pohon 2> <mirip-pohon "
-"3>])"
+"prefix=<awalan>)\n"
+"              [-u | -i]] [--index-output=<berkas>] [--no-sparse-checkout]\n"
+"              (--empty | <mirip pohon 1> [<mirip pohon 2> [mirip pohon 3]])"
 
 #: builtin/read-tree.c
 msgid "write resulting index to <file>"
@@ -12368,8 +12427,8 @@
 
 #: builtin/rebase.c
 #, c-format
-msgid "could not get 'onto': '%s'"
-msgstr "tidak dapat mendapatkan 'ke': '%s'"
+msgid "invalid onto: '%s'"
+msgstr "kepada tidak valid: '%s'"
 
 #: builtin/rebase.c
 #, c-format
@@ -12742,8 +12801,8 @@
 msgstr "Tidak ada referensi seperti: %s"
 
 #: builtin/rebase.c
-msgid "Could not resolve HEAD to a revision"
-msgstr "Tidak dapat menguraikan HEAD ke sebuah revisi"
+msgid "Could not resolve HEAD to a commit"
+msgstr "tidak dapat menguraikan komit HEAD ke sebuah komit"
 
 #: builtin/rebase.c
 #, c-format
@@ -13558,6 +13617,11 @@
 msgstr "tidak dapat menutup berkas sementara jepretan referensi"
 
 #: builtin/repack.c
+#, c-format
+msgid "could not remove stale bitmap: %s"
+msgstr "tidak dapt memindahkan bitmap basi: %s"
+
+#: builtin/repack.c
 msgid "pack everything in a single pack"
 msgstr "pak semuanya dalam satu pak"
 
@@ -13656,6 +13720,10 @@
 msgstr "tulis indeks multipak dari pak yang dihasilkan"
 
 #: builtin/repack.c
+msgid "pack prefix to store a pack containing pruned objects"
+msgstr "awalan pak untuk menyimpan pak berisi objek terpangkas"
+
+#: builtin/repack.c
 msgid "cannot delete packs in a precious-objects repo"
 msgstr "tidak dapat menghapus pak dalam repositori objek berharga"
 
@@ -13670,11 +13738,16 @@
 
 #: builtin/repack.c
 #, c-format
-msgid "missing required file: %s"
-msgstr "berkas yang diperlukan hilang: %s"
+msgid "renaming pack to '%s' failed"
+msgstr "gagal mengganti nama pak ke '%s'"
 
 #: builtin/repack.c
 #, c-format
+msgid "pack-objects did not write a '%s' file for pack %s-%s"
+msgstr "pack-objects tidak menulis berkas '%s' untuk pak %s-%s"
+
+#: builtin/repack.c sequencer.c
+#, c-format
 msgid "could not unlink: %s"
 msgstr "tidak dapat membatal taut: %s"
 
@@ -13917,8 +13990,10 @@
 msgstr "hanya satu pola yang dapat diberikan dengan -l"
 
 #: builtin/rerere.c
-msgid "git rerere [clear | forget <path>... | status | remaining | diff | gc]"
-msgstr "git rerere [clear | forge <jalur>... | status | remaining | diff | gc]"
+msgid ""
+"git rerere [clear | forget <pathspec>... | diff | status | remaining | gc]"
+msgstr ""
+"git rerere [clear | forget <spek jalur>... | diff | status | remaining | gc]"
 
 #: builtin/rerere.c
 msgid "register clean resolutions in index"
@@ -14176,6 +14251,18 @@
 msgid "unknown mode for --abbrev-ref: %s"
 msgstr "mode untuk --abbrev-ref tidak dikenal: %s"
 
+#: builtin/rev-parse.c revision.c
+msgid "--exclude-hidden cannot be used together with --branches"
+msgstr "--exclude-hidden tidak dapat digunakan bersamaan dengan --branches"
+
+#: builtin/rev-parse.c revision.c
+msgid "--exclude-hidden cannot be used together with --tags"
+msgstr "--exclude-hidden tidak dapat digunakan bersamaan dengan --tags"
+
+#: builtin/rev-parse.c revision.c
+msgid "--exclude-hidden cannot be used together with --remotes"
+msgstr "--exclude-hidden tidak dapat digunakan dengan --remotes"
+
 #: builtin/rev-parse.c setup.c
 msgid "this operation must be run in a work tree"
 msgstr "operasi ini harus dijalankan di dalam pohon kerja"
@@ -14186,20 +14273,28 @@
 msgstr "mode untuk --show-object-format tidak dikenal: %s"
 
 #: builtin/revert.c
-msgid "git revert [<options>] <commit-ish>..."
-msgstr "git revert [<opsi>] <mirip-komit>..."
+msgid ""
+"git revert [--[no-]edit] [-n] [-m <parent-number>] [-s] [-S[<keyid>]] "
+"<commit>..."
+msgstr ""
+"git revert [--[no-]edit] [-n] [-m <nomor induk>] [-s] [-S[<id kunci>]] "
+"<komit>..."
 
 #: builtin/revert.c
-msgid "git revert <subcommand>"
-msgstr "git revert <subperintah>"
+msgid "git revert (--continue | --skip | --abort | --quit)"
+msgstr "git revert (--continue | --skip | --abort | --quit)"
 
 #: builtin/revert.c
-msgid "git cherry-pick [<options>] <commit-ish>..."
-msgstr "git cherry-pick [<opsi>] <mirip-komit>..."
+msgid ""
+"git cherry-pick [--edit] [-n] [-m <parent-number>] [-s] [-x] [--ff]\n"
+"                [-S[<keyid>]] <commit>..."
+msgstr ""
+"git cherry-pick [--edit] [-n] [-m <nomor induk>] [-s] [-x] [--ff]\n"
+"                [-S[<id kunci>]] <komit>..."
 
 #: builtin/revert.c
-msgid "git cherry-pick <subcommand>"
-msgstr "git cherry-pick <subperintah>"
+msgid "git cherry-pick (--continue | --skip | --abort | --quit)"
+msgstr "git cherry-pick (--continue | --skip | --abort | --quit)"
 
 #: builtin/revert.c
 #, c-format
@@ -14280,8 +14375,14 @@
 msgstr "pemetikan ceri gagal"
 
 #: builtin/rm.c
-msgid "git rm [<options>] [--] <file>..."
-msgstr "git rm [<opsi>] [--] <berkas>..."
+msgid ""
+"git rm [-f | --force] [-n] [-r] [--cached] [--ignore-unmatch]\n"
+"       [--quiet] [--pathspec-from-file=<file> [--pathspec-file-nul]]\n"
+"       [--] [<pathspec>...]"
+msgstr ""
+"git rm [-f | --force] [-n] [-r] [--cached] [--ignore-unmatch]\n"
+"       [--quiet] [--pathspec-from-file=<berkas> [--pathspec-file-nul]]\n"
+"       [--] [<spek jalur>...]"
 
 #: builtin/rm.c
 msgid ""
@@ -14369,11 +14470,13 @@
 "git send-pack [--mirror] [--dry-run] [--force]\n"
 "              [--receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>]\n"
 "              [--verbose] [--thin] [--atomic]\n"
+"              [--[no-]signed | --signed=(true|false|if-asked)]\n"
 "              [<host>:]<directory> (--all | <ref>...)"
 msgstr ""
 "git send-pack [--mirror] [--dry-run] [--force]\n"
 "              [--receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>\n"
-"]              [--verbose] [--thin] [--atomic]\n"
+"              [--verbose] [--thin] [--atomic]\n"
+"              [--[no-]signed | --signed=(true|false|if-asked)]\n"
 "              [<tuan rumah>:]<direktori> (--all | <referensi>...)"
 
 #: builtin/send-pack.c
@@ -14405,8 +14508,9 @@
 msgstr "menggunakan banyak opsi --group dengan masukan standar tidak didukung"
 
 #: builtin/shortlog.c
-msgid "using --group=trailer with stdin is not supported"
-msgstr "mengguanakn --group=trailer dengan stdin tidak didukung"
+#, c-format
+msgid "using %s with stdin is not supported"
+msgstr "menggunakan %s dengan masukan standar tidak didukung"
 
 #: builtin/shortlog.c
 #, c-format
@@ -14454,12 +14558,14 @@
 "git show-branch [-a | --all] [-r | --remotes] [--topo-order | --date-order]\n"
 "                [--current] [--color[=<when>] | --no-color] [--sparse]\n"
 "                [--more=<n> | --list | --independent | --merge-base]\n"
-"                [--no-name | --sha1-name] [--topics] [(<rev> | <glob>)...]"
+"                [--no-name | --sha1-name] [--topics]\n"
+"                [(<rev> | <glob>)...]"
 msgstr ""
 "git show-branch [-a | --all] [-r | --remotes] [--topo-order | --date-order]\n"
 "                [--current] [--color[=<kapan>] | --no-color] [--sparse]\n"
 "                [--more=<n> | --list | --independent | --merge-base]\n"
-"                [--no-name | --sha1-name] [--topics] [(<revisi> | <glob>)...]"
+"                [--no-name | --sha1-name] [--topics]\n"
+"                [(<revisi> | <glob>)...]"
 
 #: builtin/show-branch.c
 msgid "git show-branch (-g | --reflog)[=<n>[,<base>]] [--list] [<ref>]"
@@ -14589,11 +14695,13 @@
 
 #: builtin/show-ref.c
 msgid ""
-"git show-ref [-q | --quiet] [--verify] [--head] [-d | --dereference] [-s | --"
-"hash[=<n>]] [--abbrev[=<n>]] [--tags] [--heads] [--] [<pattern>...]"
+"git show-ref [-q | --quiet] [--verify] [--head] [-d | --dereference]\n"
+"             [-s | --hash[=<n>]] [--abbrev[=<n>]] [--tags]\n"
+"             [--heads] [--] [<pattern>...]"
 msgstr ""
-"git show-ref [-q | --quiet] [--verify] [--head] [-d | --dereference] [-s | --"
-"hash[=<n>]] [--abbrev[=<n>]] [--tags] [--heads] [--] [<pola>...]"
+"git show-ref [-q | --quiet] [--verify] [--head] [-d | --dereference]\n"
+"             [-s | --hash[=<n>]] [--abbrev[=<n>]] [--tags]\n"
+"             [--heads] [--] [<pola>...]"
 
 #: builtin/show-ref.c
 msgid "git show-ref --exclude-existing[=<pattern>]"
@@ -14634,8 +14742,10 @@
 "lokal"
 
 #: builtin/sparse-checkout.c
-msgid "git sparse-checkout (init|list|set|add|reapply|disable) <options>"
-msgstr "git sparse-checkout (init|list|set|add|reapply|disable) <opsi>"
+msgid ""
+"git sparse-checkout (init | list | set | add | reapply | disable) [<options>]"
+msgstr ""
+"git sparse-checkout (init | list | set | add | reapply | disable) [<opsi>]"
 
 #: builtin/sparse-checkout.c
 msgid "this worktree is not sparse"
@@ -14787,76 +14897,66 @@
 msgstr "kesalahan saat menyegarkan direktori kerja"
 
 #: builtin/stash.c
-msgid "git stash list [<options>]"
-msgstr "git stash list [<opsi>]"
+msgid "git stash list [<log-options>]"
+msgstr "git stash list [<opsi log>]"
 
 #: builtin/stash.c
-msgid "git stash show [<options>] [<stash>]"
-msgstr "git stash show [<opsi>] [<stase>]"
+msgid ""
+"git stash show [-u | --include-untracked | --only-untracked] [<diff-"
+"options>] [<stash>]"
+msgstr ""
+"git stash show [-u | --include-untracked | --only-untracked] [<opsi diff>] "
+"[<stase>]"
 
 #: builtin/stash.c
-msgid "git stash drop [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]"
-msgstr "git stash drop [-q|--quiet] [<stase>]"
+msgid "git stash drop [-q | --quiet] [<stash>]"
+msgstr "git stash drop [-q | --quiet] [<stase>]"
 
 #: builtin/stash.c
-msgid "git stash ( pop | apply ) [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]"
-msgstr "git stash ( pop | apply ) [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stase>]"
+msgid "git stash pop [--index] [-q | --quiet] [<stash>]"
+msgstr "git stash pop [--index] [-q | --quiet] [<stase>]"
+
+#: builtin/stash.c
+msgid "git stash apply [--index] [-q | --quiet] [<stash>]"
+msgstr "git stash apply [--index] [-q | --quiet] [<stase>]"
 
 #: builtin/stash.c
 msgid "git stash branch <branchname> [<stash>]"
 msgstr "git stash branch <nama cabang> [<stase>]"
 
 #: builtin/stash.c
+msgid "git stash store [(-m | --message) <message>] [-q | --quiet] <commit>"
+msgstr "git stash store [(-m | --message) <pesan>] [-q|--quiet] <komit>"
+
+#: builtin/stash.c
 msgid ""
-"git stash [push [-p|--patch] [-S|--staged] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--"
-"quiet]\n"
-"          [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-m|--message <message>]\n"
+"git stash [push [-p | --patch] [-S | --staged] [-k | --[no-]keep-index] [-q "
+"| --quiet]\n"
+"          [-u | --include-untracked] [-a | --all] [(-m | --message) "
+"<message>]\n"
 "          [--pathspec-from-file=<file> [--pathspec-file-nul]]\n"
 "          [--] [<pathspec>...]]"
 msgstr ""
-"git stash [push [-p|--patch] [-S|--staged] [-k|--[no-]keep-index]\n"
-"          [-q|--quiet] [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all]\n"
-"          [-m|--message <pesan>] [--pathspec-from-file=<berkas>\n"
-"          [--pathspec-file-nul]] [--] [<spek jalur>...]]"
+"git stash [push [-p | --patch] [-S | --staged] [-k | --[no-]keep-index] [-q "
+"| --quiet]\n"
+"          [-u | --include-untracked] [-a | --all] [(-m | --message) "
+"<pesan>]\n"
+"          [--pathspec-from-file=<berkas> [--pathspec-file-nul]]\n"
+"          [--] [<spek jalur>...]]"
 
 #: builtin/stash.c
 msgid ""
-"git stash save [-p|--patch] [-S|--staged] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--"
-"quiet]\n"
-"          [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [<message>]"
+"git stash save [-p | --patch] [-S | --staged] [-k | --[no-]keep-index] [-q | "
+"--quiet]\n"
+"          [-u | --include-untracked] [-a | --all] [<message>]"
 msgstr ""
-"git stash save [-p|--patch] [-S|--staged] [-k|--[no-]keep-index]\n"
-"          [-q|--quiet] [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [<pesan>]"
+"git stash save [-p | --patch] [-S | --staged] [-k | --[no-]keep-index] [-q | "
+"--quiet]\n"
+"          [-u | --include-untracked] [-a | --all] [<pesan>]"
 
 #: builtin/stash.c
-msgid "git stash pop [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]"
-msgstr "git stash pop [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stase>]"
-
-#: builtin/stash.c
-msgid "git stash apply [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]"
-msgstr "git stash apply [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stase>]"
-
-#: builtin/stash.c
-msgid "git stash store [-m|--message <message>] [-q|--quiet] <commit>"
-msgstr "git stash store [-m|--message <pesan>] [-q|--quiet] <komit>"
-
-#: builtin/stash.c
-msgid ""
-"git stash [push [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet]\n"
-"          [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-m|--message <message>]\n"
-"          [--] [<pathspec>...]]"
-msgstr ""
-"git stash [push [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet]\n"
-"          [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-m|--message <pesan>]\n"
-"          [--] [<spek jalur>...]"
-
-#: builtin/stash.c
-msgid ""
-"git stash save [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet]\n"
-"               [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [<message>]"
-msgstr ""
-"git stash save [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet]\n"
-"               [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [<pesan>]"
+msgid "git stash create [<message>]"
+msgstr "git stash create [<pesan>]"
 
 #: builtin/stash.c
 #, c-format
@@ -15565,10 +15665,6 @@
 msgstr "jangan ambil objek baru dari situs remote"
 
 #: builtin/submodule--helper.c
-msgid "path into the working tree"
-msgstr "jalur ke dalam pohon kerja"
-
-#: builtin/submodule--helper.c
 msgid "use the 'checkout' update strategy (default)"
 msgstr "gunakan strategi pembaruan 'checkout' (asali)"
 
@@ -15614,34 +15710,10 @@
 "[--] [<jalur>...]"
 
 #: builtin/submodule--helper.c
-msgid "recurse into submodules"
-msgstr "rekursi ke dalam submodul"
-
-#: builtin/submodule--helper.c
 msgid "git submodule absorbgitdirs [<options>] [<path>...]"
 msgstr "git submodule absorbgitdirs [<opsi>] [<jalur>...]"
 
 #: builtin/submodule--helper.c
-msgid "check if it is safe to write to the .gitmodules file"
-msgstr "periksa apakah itu aman untuk menulis ke berkas .gitmodules"
-
-#: builtin/submodule--helper.c
-msgid "unset the config in the .gitmodules file"
-msgstr "batal setel konfigurasi dalam berkas .gitmodules"
-
-#: builtin/submodule--helper.c
-msgid "git submodule--helper config <name> [<value>]"
-msgstr "git submodule--helper config <nama> [<nilai>]"
-
-#: builtin/submodule--helper.c
-msgid "git submodule--helper config --unset <name>"
-msgstr "git submodule--helper config --unset <nama>"
-
-#: builtin/submodule--helper.c
-msgid "please make sure that the .gitmodules file is in the working tree"
-msgstr "mohom pastikan berkas .gitmodules di dalam pohon kerja"
-
-#: builtin/submodule--helper.c
 msgid "suppress output for setting url of a submodule"
 msgstr "sembunyikan keluaran penyetelan url submodule"
 
@@ -15737,6 +15809,10 @@
 msgstr "Tidak dapat men-checkout submodul '%s'"
 
 #: builtin/submodule--helper.c
+msgid "please make sure that the .gitmodules file is in the working tree"
+msgstr "mohom pastikan berkas .gitmodules di dalam pohon kerja"
+
+#: builtin/submodule--helper.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "Failed to add submodule '%s'"
 msgstr "Tidak dapat menambahkan submodul '%s'"
@@ -15798,23 +15874,26 @@
 msgid "'%s' is not a valid submodule name"
 msgstr "'%s' bukan nama submodul yang valid"
 
+#: builtin/submodule--helper.c
+msgid "git submodule--helper <command>"
+msgstr "git submodule--helper <nama>"
+
 #: builtin/submodule--helper.c git.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "%s doesn't support --super-prefix"
 msgstr "%s tidak mendukung --super-prefix"
 
-#: builtin/submodule--helper.c
-#, c-format
-msgid "'%s' is not a valid submodule--helper subcommand"
-msgstr "'%s' bukan subperintah submodule--helper valid"
+#: builtin/symbolic-ref.c
+msgid "git symbolic-ref [-m <reason>] <name> <ref>"
+msgstr "git symbolic-ref [-m <alasan>] <nama> <referensi>"
 
 #: builtin/symbolic-ref.c
-msgid "git symbolic-ref [<options>] <name> [<ref>]"
-msgstr "git symbolic-ref [<opsi>] <nama> [<referensi>]"
+msgid "git symbolic-ref [-q] [--short] [--no-recurse] <name>"
+msgstr "git symbolic-ref [-q] [--short] [--no-recurse] <nama>"
 
 #: builtin/symbolic-ref.c
-msgid "git symbolic-ref -d [-q] <name>"
-msgstr "git symbolic-ref -d [-q] <nama>"
+msgid "git symbolic-ref --delete [-q] <name>"
+msgstr "git symbolic-ref --delete [-q] <nama>"
 
 #: builtin/symbolic-ref.c
 msgid "suppress error message for non-symbolic (detached) refs"
@@ -15828,6 +15907,10 @@
 msgid "shorten ref output"
 msgstr "pendekkan keluaran referensi"
 
+#: builtin/symbolic-ref.c
+msgid "recursively dereference (default)"
+msgstr "derefensi secara rekursif (asali)"
+
 #: builtin/symbolic-ref.c builtin/update-ref.c
 msgid "reason"
 msgstr "alasan"
@@ -15838,11 +15921,11 @@
 
 #: builtin/tag.c
 msgid ""
-"git tag [-a | -s | -u <key-id>] [-f] [-m <msg> | -F <file>]\n"
-"        <tagname> [<head>]"
+"git tag [-a | -s | -u <key-id>] [-f] [-m <msg> | -F <file>] [-e]\n"
+"        <tagname> [<commit> | <object>]"
 msgstr ""
-"git tag [-a | -s | -u <id kunci>] [-f] [-m <pesan | -F <berkas>]\n"
-"        <nama tag> [<kepala>]"
+"git tag [-a | -s | -u <id kunci>] [-f] [-m <pesan> | -F <berkas>] [-e]\n"
+"        <nama tag> [<komit> | <objek>]"
 
 #: builtin/tag.c
 msgid "git tag -d <tagname>..."
@@ -15850,15 +15933,15 @@
 
 #: builtin/tag.c
 msgid ""
-"git tag -l [-n[<num>]] [--contains <commit>] [--no-contains <commit>] [--"
-"points-at <object>]\n"
-"        [--format=<format>] [--merged <commit>] [--no-merged <commit>] "
-"[<pattern>...]"
+"git tag [-n[<num>]] -l [--contains <commit>] [--no-contains <commit>]\n"
+"        [--points-at <object>] [--column[=<options>] | --no-column]\n"
+"        [--create-reflog] [--sort=<key>] [--format=<format>]\n"
+"        [--merged <commit>] [--no-merged <commit>] [<pattern>...]"
 msgstr ""
-"git tag -l [-n[<angka>]] [--contains <komit>] [--no-contains <komit>] [--"
-"points-at <objek>]\n"
-"        [--format=<format>] [--merged <komit>] [--no-merged <komit>] "
-"[<pola>...]"
+"git tag [-n[<angka>]] -l [--contains <komit>] [--no-contains <komit>]\n"
+"        [--points-at <objeck>] [--column[=<opsi>] | --no-column]\n"
+"        [--create-reflog] [--sort=<kunci>] [--format=<format>]\n"
+"        [--merged <komit>] [--no-merged <komit>] [<pola>...]"
 
 #: builtin/tag.c
 msgid "git tag -v [--format=<format>] <tagname>..."
@@ -16340,8 +16423,12 @@
 msgstr "perbarui berkas info dari awal"
 
 #: builtin/upload-pack.c
-msgid "git upload-pack [<options>] <dir>"
-msgstr "git upload-pack [<opsi>] <direktori>"
+msgid ""
+"git-upload-pack [--[no-]strict] [--timeout=<n>] [--stateless-rpc]\n"
+"                [--advertise-refs] <directory>"
+msgstr ""
+"git-upload-pack [--[no-]strict] [--timeout=<n>] [--stateless-rpc]\n"
+"                [--advertise-refs] <direktori>"
 
 #: builtin/upload-pack.c t/helper/test-serve-v2.c
 msgid "quit after a single request/response exchange"
@@ -16360,8 +16447,8 @@
 msgstr "interupsi transfer setelah <n> detik niraktivitas"
 
 #: builtin/verify-commit.c
-msgid "git verify-commit [-v | --verbose] <commit>..."
-msgstr "git verify-commit [-v | --verbose] <komit>..."
+msgid "git verify-commit [-v | --verbose] [--raw] <commit>..."
+msgstr "git verify-commit [-v | --verbose] [--raw] <komit>..."
 
 #: builtin/verify-commit.c
 msgid "print commit contents"
@@ -16372,8 +16459,8 @@
 msgstr "cetak keluaran status gpg mentah"
 
 #: builtin/verify-pack.c
-msgid "git verify-pack [-v | --verbose] [-s | --stat-only] <pack>..."
-msgstr "git verify-pack [-v | --verbose] [-s | --stat-only] <pak>..."
+msgid "git verify-pack [-v | --verbose] [-s | --stat-only] [--] <pack>.idx..."
+msgstr "git verify-pack [-v | --verbose] [-s | --stat-only] [--] <pak>.idx..."
 
 #: builtin/verify-pack.c
 msgid "verbose"
@@ -16384,44 +16471,48 @@
 msgstr "hanya perlihatkan statistik"
 
 #: builtin/verify-tag.c
-msgid "git verify-tag [-v | --verbose] [--format=<format>] <tag>..."
-msgstr "git verify-tag [-v | --verbose] [--format=<format>] <tag>..."
+msgid "git verify-tag [-v | --verbose] [--format=<format>] [--raw] <tag>..."
+msgstr "git verify-tag [-v | --verbose] [--format=<format>] [--raw] <tag>..."
 
 #: builtin/verify-tag.c
 msgid "print tag contents"
 msgstr "cetak isi tag"
 
 #: builtin/worktree.c
-msgid "git worktree add [<options>] <path> [<commit-ish>]"
-msgstr "git worktree add [<opsi>] <jalur> [<mirip komit>]"
+msgid ""
+"git worktree add [-f] [--detach] [--checkout] [--lock [--reason <string>]]\n"
+"                 [-b <new-branch>] <path> [<commit-ish>]"
+msgstr ""
+"git worktree add [-f] [--detach] [--checkout] [--lock [--reason <untai>]]\n"
+"                 [-b <cabang baru>] <jalur> [<mirip komit>]"
 
 #: builtin/worktree.c
-msgid "git worktree list [<options>]"
-msgstr "git worktree list [<opsi>]"
+msgid "git worktree list [-v | --porcelain [-z]]"
+msgstr "git worktree list [-v | --porcelain [-z]"
 
 #: builtin/worktree.c
-msgid "git worktree lock [<options>] <path>"
-msgstr "git worktree lock [<opsi>] <jalur>"
+msgid "git worktree lock [--reason <string>] <worktree>"
+msgstr "git worktree lock [--reason <untai>] <pohon kerja>"
 
 #: builtin/worktree.c
 msgid "git worktree move <worktree> <new-path>"
 msgstr "git worktree move <pohon kerja> <jalur baru>"
 
 #: builtin/worktree.c
-msgid "git worktree prune [<options>]"
-msgstr "git worktree prune [<opsi>]"
+msgid "git worktree prune [-n] [-v] [--expire <expire>]"
+msgstr "git worktree prune [-n] [-v] [--expire <kadaluarsa>]"
 
 #: builtin/worktree.c
-msgid "git worktree remove [<options>] <worktree>"
-msgstr "git worktree remove [<opsi>] <pohon kerja>"
+msgid "git worktree remove [-f] <worktree>"
+msgstr "git worktree remove [-f] <pohon kerja>"
 
 #: builtin/worktree.c
 msgid "git worktree repair [<path>...]"
 msgstr "git worktree repair [<jalur>...]"
 
 #: builtin/worktree.c
-msgid "git worktree unlock <path>"
-msgstr "git worktree unlock <jalur>"
+msgid "git worktree unlock <worktree>"
+msgstr "git worktree unlock <worktree>"
 
 #: builtin/worktree.c
 #, c-format
@@ -16713,6 +16804,11 @@
 msgstr "core.fsyncMethod = batch tidak didukung pada platform ini"
 
 #: bundle-uri.c
+#, c-format
+msgid "bundle list at '%s' has no mode"
+msgstr "daftar bundel pada '%s' tidak punya mode"
+
+#: bundle-uri.c
 msgid "failed to create temporary file"
 msgstr "tidak dapat membuat berkas sementara"
 
@@ -16722,18 +16818,35 @@
 
 #: bundle-uri.c
 #, c-format
+msgid "unrecognized bundle mode from URI '%s'"
+msgstr "mode bundel tidak dikenal dari URI '%s'"
+
+#: bundle-uri.c
+#, c-format
+msgid "exceeded bundle URI recursion limit (%d)"
+msgstr "batas rekursi URI bundel (%d) terlewati"
+
+#: bundle-uri.c
+#, c-format
 msgid "failed to download bundle from URI '%s'"
 msgstr "gagal mengunduh bundel dari URI '%s'"
 
 #: bundle-uri.c
 #, c-format
-msgid "file at URI '%s' is not a bundle"
-msgstr "berkas pada URI '%s' bukan sebuah bundle"
+msgid "file at URI '%s' is not a bundle or bundle list"
+msgstr "berkas pada URI '%s' bukan sebuah bundel atau daftar bundel"
 
 #: bundle-uri.c
-#, c-format
-msgid "failed to unbundle bundle from URI '%s'"
-msgstr "gagal membongkar bundel dari URI '%s'"
+msgid "bundle-uri: got an empty line"
+msgstr "bundle-uri: dapat satu baris kosong"
+
+#: bundle-uri.c
+msgid "bundle-uri: line is not of the form 'key=value'"
+msgstr "bundle-uri: baris bukan berbentuk 'kunci=nilai'"
+
+#: bundle-uri.c
+msgid "bundle-uri: line has empty key or value"
+msgstr "bundle-uri: baris berisi kunci atau nilai kosong"
 
 #: bundle.c
 #, c-format
@@ -17496,7 +17609,7 @@
 msgstr "Berkas format berbasis bingkah"
 
 #: command-list.h
-msgid "Git commit graph format"
+msgid "Git commit-graph format"
 msgstr "Format grafik komit Git"
 
 #: command-list.h
@@ -17929,6 +18042,11 @@
 msgid "health thread wait failed [GLE %ld]"
 msgstr "antri utas kesehatan gagal [GLE %ld]"
 
+#: compat/fsmonitor/fsm-ipc-darwin.c
+#, c-format
+msgid "Invalid path: %s"
+msgstr "Jalur tidak valid: %s"
+
 #: compat/fsmonitor/fsm-listen-darwin.c
 msgid "Unable to create FSEventStream."
 msgstr "tidak dapat membuat FSEventStream."
@@ -17967,12 +18085,32 @@
 msgid "could not read directory changes [GLE %ld]"
 msgstr "tidak dapat membaca perubahan direktori [GLE %ld]"
 
-#: compat/fsmonitor/fsm-settings-win32.c
+#: compat/fsmonitor/fsm-path-utils-darwin.c
+#, c-format
+msgid "opendir('%s') failed"
+msgstr "opendir('%s') gagal"
+
+#: compat/fsmonitor/fsm-path-utils-darwin.c
+#, c-format
+msgid "lstat('%s') failed"
+msgstr "lstat('%s') gagal"
+
+#: compat/fsmonitor/fsm-path-utils-darwin.c
+#, c-format
+msgid "strbuf_readlink('%s') failed"
+msgstr "strbuf_readlink('%s') gagal"
+
+#: compat/fsmonitor/fsm-path-utils-darwin.c
+#, c-format
+msgid "closedir('%s') failed"
+msgstr "closedir('%s') gagal"
+
+#: compat/fsmonitor/fsm-path-utils-win32.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "[GLE %ld] unable to open for read '%ls'"
 msgstr "[GLE %ld] tidak dapat membuka untuk dibaca '%ls'"
 
-#: compat/fsmonitor/fsm-settings-win32.c
+#: compat/fsmonitor/fsm-path-utils-win32.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "[GLE %ld] unable to get protocol information for '%ls'"
 msgstr "[GLE %ld] tidak dapat mendapatkan informasi protokol untuk '%ls'"
@@ -19983,10 +20121,11 @@
 #: fsmonitor-settings.c
 #, c-format
 msgid ""
-"repository '%s' is incompatible with fsmonitor due to lack of Unix sockets"
+"socket directory '%s' is incompatible with fsmonitor due to lack of Unix "
+"sockets support"
 msgstr ""
-"repositori '%s' tidak kompatibel dengan fsmonitor karena kekurangan soket "
-"Unix"
+"direktori soket '%s' tidak kompatibel dengan fsmonitor karena kekurangan "
+"dukungan soket Unix"
 
 #: git.c
 msgid ""
@@ -20380,8 +20519,8 @@
 "Perintah paling mirip adalah"
 
 #: help.c
-msgid "git version [<options>]"
-msgstr "git version [<opsi>]"
+msgid "git version [--build-options]"
+msgstr "git version [--build-options]"
 
 #: help.c
 #, c-format
@@ -21493,11 +21632,6 @@
 msgstr "%s: mengabaikan penyimpanan objek alternatif, bersarang terlalu dalam"
 
 #: object-file.c
-#, c-format
-msgid "unable to normalize object directory: %s"
-msgstr "tidak dapat menormalisasikan direktori objek: %s"
-
-#: object-file.c
 msgid "unable to fdopen alternates lockfile"
 msgstr "tidak dapat men-fdopen berkas kunci alternatif"
 
@@ -22520,6 +22654,11 @@
 msgid "promisor remote name cannot begin with '/': %s"
 msgstr "nama remote penjanji tidak dapat diawali dengan '/': %s"
 
+#: promisor-remote.c
+#, c-format
+msgid "could not fetch %s from promisor remote"
+msgstr "tidak dapat mengambil %s dari remote penjanji"
+
 #: protocol-caps.c
 msgid "object-info: expected flush after arguments"
 msgstr "object-info: bilasan diharapkan setelah argumen"
@@ -23821,6 +23960,15 @@
 
 #: revision.c
 #, c-format
+msgid "unsupported section for hidden refs: %s"
+msgstr "seksi tidak didukung untuk referensi tersembunyi: %s"
+
+#: revision.c
+msgid "--exclude-hidden= passed more than once"
+msgstr "--exclude-hidden= dilewatkan lebih dari sekali"
+
+#: revision.c
+#, c-format
 msgid "resolve-undo records `%s` which is missing"
 msgstr "resolve-undo merekam `%s` yang dimana hilang"
 
@@ -24007,6 +24155,16 @@
 
 #: scalar.c
 #, c-format
+msgid "could not remove stale scalar.repo '%s'"
+msgstr "tidak dapat menghapus scalar.repo basi '%s'"
+
+#: scalar.c
+#, c-format
+msgid "removing stale scalar.repo '%s'"
+msgstr "menghapus scalar.repo basi '%s'"
+
+#: scalar.c
+#, c-format
 msgid "git repository gone in '%s'"
 msgstr "repositori git pergi di '%s'"
 
@@ -24763,6 +24921,11 @@
 msgstr "nama label ilegal: '%.*s'"
 
 #: sequencer.c
+#, c-format
+msgid "could not resolve '%s'"
+msgstr "tidak dapat menguraikan '%s'"
+
+#: sequencer.c
 msgid "writing fake root commit"
 msgstr "menulis komit akar palsu"
 
@@ -24771,11 +24934,6 @@
 msgstr "menulis squash-onto"
 
 #: sequencer.c
-#, c-format
-msgid "could not resolve '%s'"
-msgstr "tidak dapat menguraikan '%s'"
-
-#: sequencer.c
 msgid "cannot merge without a current revision"
 msgstr "tidak dapat menggabungkan tanpa revisi saat ini"
 
@@ -25502,100 +25660,116 @@
 msgid "failed to lstat '%s'"
 msgstr "gagal men-lstat '%s'"
 
+#: t/helper/test-cache-tree.c
+msgid "test-tool cache-tree <options> (control|prime|update)"
+msgstr "test-tool cache-tree <opsi> (control|prime|update)"
+
+#: t/helper/test-cache-tree.c
+msgid "clear the cache tree before each iteration"
+msgstr "bersihkan pohon tembolok sebelum setiap iterasi"
+
+#: t/helper/test-cache-tree.c
+msgid "number of entries in the cache tree to invalidate (default 0)"
+msgstr "jumlah entri di dalam pohon tembolok untuk dinirvalidasi (asali 0)"
+
 #: t/helper/test-fast-rebase.c
 msgid "unhandled options"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "opsi tak tertangani"
 
 #: t/helper/test-fast-rebase.c
 msgid "error preparing revisions"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "kesalahan menyiapkan revisi"
 
 #: t/helper/test-reach.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "commit %s is not marked reachable"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "komit %s tidak ditandai sebagai dapat dicapai"
 
 #: t/helper/test-reach.c
 msgid "too many commits marked reachable"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "terlalu banyak komit yang ditandai sebagai dapat dicapai"
 
 #: t/helper/test-serve-v2.c
 msgid "test-tool serve-v2 [<options>]"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "test-tool serve-v2 [<opsi>]"
 
 #: t/helper/test-serve-v2.c
 msgid "exit immediately after advertising capabilities"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "langsung keluar setelah mengiklankan kemampuan"
 
 #: t/helper/test-simple-ipc.c
 msgid "test-helper simple-ipc is-active    [<name>] [<options>]"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "test-helper simple-ipc is-active    [<nama>] [<opsi>]"
 
 #: t/helper/test-simple-ipc.c
 msgid "test-helper simple-ipc run-daemon   [<name>] [<threads>]"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "test-helper simple-ipc run-daemon   [<nama>] [<utas>]"
 
 #: t/helper/test-simple-ipc.c
 msgid "test-helper simple-ipc start-daemon [<name>] [<threads>] [<max-wait>]"
 msgstr ""
+"test-helper simple-ipc start-daemon [<nama>] [<utas>] [<tunggu maksimum>]"
 
 #: t/helper/test-simple-ipc.c
 msgid "test-helper simple-ipc stop-daemon  [<name>] [<max-wait>]"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "test-helper simple-ipc stop-daemon  [<nama> [<tunggu maksimum>]"
 
 #: t/helper/test-simple-ipc.c
 msgid "test-helper simple-ipc send         [<name>] [<token>]"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "test-helper simple-ipc send         [<nama>] [<token>]"
 
 #: t/helper/test-simple-ipc.c
 msgid "test-helper simple-ipc sendbytes    [<name>] [<bytecount>] [<byte>]"
 msgstr ""
+"test-helper simple-ipc sendbytes    [<nama>] [<hitungan bita>] [<bita>]"
 
 #: t/helper/test-simple-ipc.c
 msgid ""
 "test-helper simple-ipc multiple     [<name>] [<threads>] [<bytecount>] "
 "[<batchsize>]"
 msgstr ""
+"test-helper simple-ipc multiple     [<nama>] [<utas>] [<hitungan bita>] "
+"[<ukuran batch>]"
 
 #: t/helper/test-simple-ipc.c
 msgid "name or pathname of unix domain socket"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "nama atau nama jalur soket domain unix"
 
 #: t/helper/test-simple-ipc.c
 msgid "named-pipe name"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "nama pipa bernama"
 
 #: t/helper/test-simple-ipc.c
 msgid "number of threads in server thread pool"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "jumlah utas pada kolam utas peladen"
 
 #: t/helper/test-simple-ipc.c
 msgid "seconds to wait for daemon to start or stop"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "waktu menunggu daemon dimulai atau dihentikan (dalam detik)"
 
 #: t/helper/test-simple-ipc.c
 msgid "number of bytes"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "jumlah bita"
 
 #: t/helper/test-simple-ipc.c
 msgid "number of requests per thread"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "jumlah permintaan tiap utas"
 
 #: t/helper/test-simple-ipc.c
 msgid "byte"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "bita"
 
 #: t/helper/test-simple-ipc.c
 msgid "ballast character"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "karakter pemberat"
 
 #: t/helper/test-simple-ipc.c
 msgid "token"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "token"
 
 #: t/helper/test-simple-ipc.c
 msgid "command token to send to the server"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "token perintah untuk dikirim ke peladen"
 
 #: trailer.c
 #, c-format
@@ -27634,3 +27808,147 @@
 #, perl-format
 msgid "Do you really want to send %s? [y|N]: "
 msgstr "Anda benar-benar ingin mengirim %s? [y|N]: "
+
+#, c-format
+#~ msgid "unable to normalize object directory: %s"
+#~ msgstr "tidak dapat menormalisasikan direktori objek: %s"
+
+#~ msgid "reset the bisection state"
+#~ msgstr "setel ulang keadaan pembagian dua"
+
+#~ msgid "check whether bad or good terms exist"
+#~ msgstr "periksa apakah ada istilah jelek atau bagus"
+
+#~ msgid "print out the bisect terms"
+#~ msgstr "cetak istilah pembagian dua"
+
+#~ msgid "start the bisect session"
+#~ msgstr "mulai sesi pembagian dua"
+
+#~ msgid "find the next bisection commit"
+#~ msgstr "temukan komit pembagian dua berikutnya"
+
+#~ msgid "mark the state of ref (or refs)"
+#~ msgstr "tandai keadaan referensi"
+
+#~ msgid "list the bisection steps so far"
+#~ msgstr "daftar langkah pembagian dua sejauh ini"
+
+#~ msgid "replay the bisection process from the given file"
+#~ msgstr "mainkan ulang proses pembagian dua dari berkas yang diberikan"
+
+#~ msgid "skip some commits for checkout"
+#~ msgstr "lewati beberapa komit untuk checkout"
+
+#~ msgid "visualize the bisection"
+#~ msgstr "visualisasikan pembagian dua"
+
+#~ msgid "use <cmd>... to automatically bisect"
+#~ msgstr "gunakan <cmd>... untuk bagi dua otomatis."
+
+#~ msgid "no log for BISECT_WRITE"
+#~ msgstr "tidak ada log untuk BISECT_WRITE"
+
+#~ msgid "Couldn't look up commit object for HEAD"
+#~ msgstr "Tidak dapat mencari objek komit untuk HEAD"
+
+#~ msgid "git bundle create [<options>] <file> <git-rev-list args>"
+#~ msgstr "git bundle create [<opsi>] <berkas> <argumen git-rev-list>"
+
+#, c-format
+#~ msgid "options '%s' and '%s %s' cannot be used together"
+#~ msgstr "opsi '%s' dan '%s %s' tidak dapat digunakan bersamaan"
+
+#~ msgid "git commit [<options>] [--] <pathspec>..."
+#~ msgstr "git commit [<opsi>] [--] <spek jalur>..."
+
+#~ msgid "git fsck [<options>] [<object>...]"
+#~ msgstr "git fsck [<opsi>] [<objek>...]"
+
+#~ msgid "git fsmonitor--daemon stop"
+#~ msgstr "git fsmonitor--daemon stop"
+
+#~ msgid "git fsmonitor--daemon status"
+#~ msgstr "git fsmonitor--daemon status"
+
+#~ msgid "failed to run 'git config'"
+#~ msgstr "gagal menjalankan 'git config'"
+
+#, c-format
+#~ msgid "could not get 'onto': '%s'"
+#~ msgstr "tidak dapat mendapatkan 'ke': '%s'"
+
+#~ msgid "Could not resolve HEAD to a revision"
+#~ msgstr "Tidak dapat menguraikan HEAD ke sebuah revisi"
+
+#, c-format
+#~ msgid "missing required file: %s"
+#~ msgstr "berkas yang diperlukan hilang: %s"
+
+#~ msgid "git revert [<options>] <commit-ish>..."
+#~ msgstr "git revert [<opsi>] <mirip-komit>..."
+
+#~ msgid "git revert <subcommand>"
+#~ msgstr "git revert <subperintah>"
+
+#~ msgid "git cherry-pick [<options>] <commit-ish>..."
+#~ msgstr "git cherry-pick [<opsi>] <mirip-komit>..."
+
+#~ msgid "git cherry-pick <subcommand>"
+#~ msgstr "git cherry-pick <subperintah>"
+
+#~ msgid "git rm [<options>] [--] <file>..."
+#~ msgstr "git rm [<opsi>] [--] <berkas>..."
+
+#~ msgid "using --group=trailer with stdin is not supported"
+#~ msgstr "mengguanakn --group=trailer dengan stdin tidak didukung"
+
+#~ msgid "git stash show [<options>] [<stash>]"
+#~ msgstr "git stash show [<opsi>] [<stase>]"
+
+#~ msgid "git stash ( pop | apply ) [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]"
+#~ msgstr "git stash ( pop | apply ) [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stase>]"
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "git stash [push [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet]\n"
+#~ "          [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-m|--message <message>]\n"
+#~ "          [--] [<pathspec>...]]"
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "git stash [push [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet]\n"
+#~ "          [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-m|--message <pesan>]\n"
+#~ "          [--] [<spek jalur>...]"
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "git stash save [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet]\n"
+#~ "               [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [<message>]"
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "git stash save [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet]\n"
+#~ "               [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [<pesan>]"
+
+#~ msgid "path into the working tree"
+#~ msgstr "jalur ke dalam pohon kerja"
+
+#~ msgid "recurse into submodules"
+#~ msgstr "rekursi ke dalam submodul"
+
+#~ msgid "check if it is safe to write to the .gitmodules file"
+#~ msgstr "periksa apakah itu aman untuk menulis ke berkas .gitmodules"
+
+#~ msgid "unset the config in the .gitmodules file"
+#~ msgstr "batal setel konfigurasi dalam berkas .gitmodules"
+
+#~ msgid "git submodule--helper config --unset <name>"
+#~ msgstr "git submodule--helper config --unset <nama>"
+
+#, c-format
+#~ msgid "'%s' is not a valid submodule--helper subcommand"
+#~ msgstr "'%s' bukan subperintah submodule--helper valid"
+
+#~ msgid "git upload-pack [<options>] <dir>"
+#~ msgstr "git upload-pack [<opsi>] <direktori>"
+
+#~ msgid "git worktree add [<options>] <path> [<commit-ish>]"
+#~ msgstr "git worktree add [<opsi>] <jalur> [<mirip komit>]"
+
+#~ msgid "git worktree lock [<options>] <path>"
+#~ msgstr "git worktree lock [<opsi>] <jalur>"
diff --git a/po/sv.po b/po/sv.po
index 825142f..4b5fe17 100644
--- a/po/sv.po
+++ b/po/sv.po
@@ -5,10 +5,10 @@
 #
 msgid ""
 msgstr ""
-"Project-Id-Version: git 2.38.0\n"
+"Project-Id-Version: git 2.39.0\n"
 "Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: Git Mailing List <git@vger.kernel.org>\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2022-09-26 06:34+0100\n"
-"PO-Revision-Date: 2022-09-26 06:35+0100\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2022-11-29 04:57+0000\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2022-11-29 22:50+0100\n"
 "Last-Translator: Peter Krefting <peter@softwolves.pp.se>\n"
 "Language-Team: Swedish <tp-sv@listor.tp-sv.se>\n"
 "Language: sv\n"
@@ -764,6 +764,9 @@
 msgid "unclosed quote"
 msgstr "citat ej stängt"
 
+msgid "too many arguments"
+msgstr "för många argument"
+
 #, c-format
 msgid "unrecognized whitespace option '%s'"
 msgstr "okänt alternativ för whitespace: \"%s\""
@@ -2523,42 +2526,6 @@
 "\"bisect\"-körningen misslyckades: \"git bisect--helper --bisect-state %s\" "
 "avslutades med felkoden %d"
 
-msgid "reset the bisection state"
-msgstr "återställ bisect-tillstånd"
-
-msgid "check whether bad or good terms exist"
-msgstr "se efter om termer för rätt och fel finns"
-
-msgid "print out the bisect terms"
-msgstr "skriv ut termer för bisect"
-
-msgid "start the bisect session"
-msgstr "påbörja bisect-körningen"
-
-msgid "find the next bisection commit"
-msgstr "hitta nästa incheckning i bisect"
-
-msgid "mark the state of ref (or refs)"
-msgstr "markera tillståndet för en eller flera referenser"
-
-msgid "list the bisection steps so far"
-msgstr "lista \"bisect\"-stegen som utförts så långt"
-
-msgid "replay the bisection process from the given file"
-msgstr "spela upp \"bisect\"-processen från angiven fil"
-
-msgid "skip some commits for checkout"
-msgstr "hoppa över ett par incheckningar"
-
-msgid "visualize the bisection"
-msgstr "visualisera \"bisect\"-körningen"
-
-msgid "use <cmd>... to automatically bisect"
-msgstr "använd <kommando>... för att utföra \"bisect\" automatiskt"
-
-msgid "no log for BISECT_WRITE"
-msgstr "ingen logg för BISECT_WRITE"
-
 msgid "--bisect-reset requires either no argument or a commit"
 msgstr "--bisect-reset kräver antingen inget argument eller en incheckning"
 
@@ -2577,6 +2544,9 @@
 msgid "git blame [<options>] [<rev-opts>] [<rev>] [--] <file>"
 msgstr "git blame [<flaggor>] [<rev-flaggor>] [<rev>] [--] <fil>"
 
+msgid "git annotate [<options>] [<rev-opts>] [<rev>] [--] <file>"
+msgstr "git annotate [<flaggor>] [<rev-flaggor>] [<rev>] [--] <fil>"
+
 msgid "<rev-opts> are documented in git-rev-list(1)"
 msgstr "<rev-flaggor> dokumenteras i git-rev-list(1)"
 
@@ -2763,9 +2733,6 @@
 msgid "cannot use -a with -d"
 msgstr "kan inte ange -a med -d"
 
-msgid "Couldn't look up commit object for HEAD"
-msgstr "Kunde inte slå upp incheckningsobjekt för HEAD"
-
 #, c-format
 msgid "Cannot delete branch '%s' checked out at '%s'"
 msgstr "Kan inte ta bort grenen \"%s\" som är utcheckad på \"%s\""
@@ -2804,17 +2771,18 @@
 msgid "Branch %s is being bisected at %s"
 msgstr "Grenen %s är i en \"bisect\" på %s"
 
-msgid "cannot copy the current branch while not on any."
-msgstr "kunde inte kopiera aktuell gren när du inte befinner dig på någon."
-
-msgid "cannot rename the current branch while not on any."
-msgstr ""
-"kunde inte byta namn på aktuell gren när du inte befinner dig på någon."
-
 #, c-format
 msgid "Invalid branch name: '%s'"
 msgstr "Felaktigt namn på gren: \"%s\""
 
+#, c-format
+msgid "No commit on branch '%s' yet."
+msgstr "Inga incheckningar på grenen \"%s\" ännu."
+
+#, c-format
+msgid "No branch named '%s'."
+msgstr "Ingen gren vid namnet \"%s\"."
+
 msgid "Branch rename failed"
 msgstr "Misslyckades byta namn på gren"
 
@@ -2962,7 +2930,7 @@
 "propagateBranches har aktiverats"
 
 msgid "--recurse-submodules can only be used to create branches"
-msgstr "--recurse-submodules jan endast användas för att skapa grenar"
+msgstr "--recurse-submodules kan endast användas för att skapa grenar"
 
 msgid "branch name required"
 msgstr "grennamn krävs"
@@ -2973,13 +2941,12 @@
 msgid "cannot edit description of more than one branch"
 msgstr "kan inte redigera beskrivning för mer än en gren"
 
-#, c-format
-msgid "No commit on branch '%s' yet."
-msgstr "Inga incheckningar på grenen \"%s\" ännu."
+msgid "cannot copy the current branch while not on any."
+msgstr "kunde inte kopiera aktuell gren när du inte befinner dig på någon."
 
-#, c-format
-msgid "No branch named '%s'."
-msgstr "Ingen gren vid namnet \"%s\"."
+msgid "cannot rename the current branch while not on any."
+msgstr ""
+"kunde inte byta namn på aktuell gren när du inte befinner dig på någon."
 
 msgid "too many branches for a copy operation"
 msgstr "för många grenar för kopiering"
@@ -3046,11 +3013,11 @@
 msgstr "körs inte från ett git-arkiv - inga krokar att visa\n"
 
 msgid ""
-"git bugreport [-o|--output-directory <file>] [-s|--suffix <format>] [--"
-"diagnose[=<mode>]"
+"git bugreport [(-o | --output-directory) <path>] [(-s | --suffix) <format>]\n"
+"              [--diagnose[=<mode>]]"
 msgstr ""
-"git bugreport [-o|--output-directory <fil>] [-s|--suffix <format>] [--"
-"diagnose[=<läge>]"
+"git bugreport [(-o | --output-directory) <fil>] [(-s | --suffix) <format>]\n"
+"              [--diagnose[=<läge>]"
 
 msgid ""
 "Thank you for filling out a Git bug report!\n"
@@ -3124,17 +3091,23 @@
 msgid "Created new report at '%s'.\n"
 msgstr "Skapade ny rapport på \"%s\"\n"
 
-msgid "git bundle create [<options>] <file> <git-rev-list args>"
-msgstr "git bundle create [<flaggor>] <fil> <git-rev-list-flaggor>"
+msgid ""
+"git bundle create [-q | --quiet | --progress | --all-progress] [--all-"
+"progress-implied]\n"
+"                  [--version=<version>] <file> <git-rev-list-args>"
+msgstr ""
+"git bundle create [-q | --quiet | --progress | --all-progress] [--all-"
+"progress-implied]\n"
+"                  [--version=<version>] <fil> <git-rev-list-flaggor>"
 
-msgid "git bundle verify [<options>] <file>"
-msgstr "git bundle verify [<flaggor>] <fil>"
+msgid "git bundle verify [-q | --quiet] <file>"
+msgstr "git bundle verify [-q | --quiet] <fil>"
 
 msgid "git bundle list-heads <file> [<refname>...]"
 msgstr "git bundle list-heads <fil> [<refnamn>...]"
 
-msgid "git bundle unbundle <file> [<refname>...]"
-msgstr "git bundle unbundle <fil> [<refnamn>...]"
+msgid "git bundle unbundle [--progress] <file> [<refname>...]"
+msgstr "git bundle unbundle [--progress] <fil> [<refnamn>...]"
 
 msgid "do not show progress meter"
 msgstr "visa inte förloppsindikator"
@@ -3209,12 +3182,12 @@
 "git cat-file (--batch | --batch-check | --batch-command) [--batch-all-"
 "objects]\n"
 "             [--buffer] [--follow-symlinks] [--unordered]\n"
-"             [--textconv | --filters]"
+"             [--textconv | --filters] [-z]"
 msgstr ""
 "git cat-file (--batch | --batch-check | --batch-command) [--batch-all-"
 "objects]\n"
 "             [--buffer] [--follow-symlinks] [--unordered]\n"
-"             [--textconv | --filters]"
+"             [--textconv | --filters] [-z]"
 
 msgid ""
 "git cat-file (--textconv | --filters)\n"
@@ -3323,9 +3296,6 @@
 msgid "<object> required with '-%c'"
 msgstr "<objekt> krävs med \"-%c\""
 
-msgid "too many arguments"
-msgstr "för många argument"
-
 #, c-format
 msgid "only two arguments allowed in <type> <object> mode, not %d"
 msgstr "endast två argument krävs i <typ> <objekt>-läge, inte %d"
@@ -3858,10 +3828,10 @@
 msgstr "använd överläggsläge"
 
 msgid ""
-"git clean [-d] [-f] [-i] [-n] [-q] [-e <pattern>] [-x | -X] [--] <paths>..."
+"git clean [-d] [-f] [-i] [-n] [-q] [-e <pattern>] [-x | -X] [--] "
+"[<pathspec>...]"
 msgstr ""
-"git clean [-d] [-f] [-i] [-n] [-q] [-e <mönster>] [-x | -X] [--] "
-"<sökvägar>..."
+"git clean [-d] [-f] [-i] [-n] [-q] [-e <mönster>] [-x | -X] [--] <sökväg>..."
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "Removing %s\n"
@@ -4151,6 +4121,10 @@
 msgstr "misslyckades starta iterator över \"%s\""
 
 #, c-format
+msgid "symlink '%s' exists, refusing to clone with --local"
+msgstr "symbolisk länk \"%s\" finns redan, vägrar klona med --local"
+
+#, c-format
 msgid "failed to unlink '%s'"
 msgstr "misslyckades ta bort länken \"%s\""
 
@@ -4214,10 +4188,6 @@
 msgid "You must specify a repository to clone."
 msgstr "Du måste ange ett arkiv att klona."
 
-#, c-format
-msgid "options '%s' and '%s %s' cannot be used together"
-msgstr "flaggorna \"%s\" och \"%s %s\" kan inte användas samtidigt"
-
 msgid ""
 "--bundle-uri is incompatible with --depth, --shallow-since, and --shallow-"
 "exclude"
@@ -4338,18 +4308,24 @@
 msgstr "--command måste vara första argument"
 
 msgid ""
-"git commit-graph verify [--object-dir <objdir>] [--shallow] [--[no-]progress]"
+"git commit-graph verify [--object-dir <dir>] [--shallow] [--[no-]progress]"
 msgstr ""
-"git commit-graph verify [--object-dir <objkat>] [--shallow] [--[no-]progress]"
+"git commit-graph verify [--object-dir <kat>] [--shallow] [--[no-]progress]"
 
 msgid ""
-"git commit-graph write [--object-dir <objdir>] [--append] [--"
-"split[=<strategy>]] [--reachable|--stdin-packs|--stdin-commits] [--changed-"
-"paths] [--[no-]max-new-filters <n>] [--[no-]progress] <split options>"
+"git commit-graph write [--object-dir <dir>] [--append]\n"
+"                       [--split[=<strategy>]] [--reachable | --stdin-packs | "
+"--stdin-commits]\n"
+"                       [--changed-paths] [--[no-]max-new-filters <n>] [--"
+"[no-]progress]\n"
+"                       <split options>"
 msgstr ""
-"git commit-graph write [--object-dir <objkat>] [--append] [--"
-"split[=<strategi>]] [--reachable|--stdin-packs|--stdin-commits] [--changed-"
-"paths] [--[no-]max-new-filters <n>] [--[no-]progress] <delnings-flaggor>"
+"git commit-graph write [--object-dir <kat>] [--append]\n"
+"                       [--split[=<strategi>]] [--reachable | --stdin-packs | "
+"--stdin-commits]\n"
+"                       [--changed-paths] [--[no-]max-new-filters <n>] [--"
+"[no-]progress]\n"
+"                       <delnings-flaggor>"
 
 msgid "dir"
 msgstr "kat"
@@ -4417,12 +4393,16 @@
 msgid "Collecting commits from input"
 msgstr "Hämtar incheckningar från indata"
 
+msgid "git commit-tree <tree> [(-p <parent>)...]"
+msgstr "git commit-tree <träd> [(-p <förälder>)...]"
+
 msgid ""
-"git commit-tree [(-p <parent>)...] [-S[<keyid>]] [(-m <message>)...] [(-F "
-"<file>)...] <tree>"
+"git commit-tree [(-p <parent>)...] [-S[<keyid>]] [(-m <message>)...]\n"
+"                [(-F <file>)...] <tree>"
 msgstr ""
-"git commit-tree [(-p <föräldrer>)...] [-S[<nyckelid>]] [(-m "
-"<meddelande>)...] [(-F <fil>)...] <träd>"
+"git commit-tree [(-p <förälder>)...] [-S[<nyckelid>]] [(-m "
+"<meddelande>)...]\n"
+"                [(-F <fil>)...] <träd>"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "duplicate parent %s ignored"
@@ -4464,10 +4444,29 @@
 msgid "git commit-tree: failed to read"
 msgstr "git commit-tree: misslyckades läsa"
 
-msgid "git commit [<options>] [--] <pathspec>..."
-msgstr "git commit [<flaggor>] [--] <sökväg>..."
+msgid ""
+"git commit [-a | --interactive | --patch] [-s] [-v] [-u<mode>] [--amend]\n"
+"           [--dry-run] [(-c | -C | --squash) <commit> | --fixup [(amend|"
+"reword):]<commit>)]\n"
+"           [-F <file> | -m <msg>] [--reset-author] [--allow-empty]\n"
+"           [--allow-empty-message] [--no-verify] [-e] [--author=<author>]\n"
+"           [--date=<date>] [--cleanup=<mode>] [--[no-]status]\n"
+"           [-i | -o] [--pathspec-from-file=<file> [--pathspec-file-nul]]\n"
+"           [(--trailer <token>[(=|:)<value>])...] [-S[<keyid>]]\n"
+"           [--] [<pathspec>...]"
+msgstr ""
+"git commit [-a | --interactive | --patch] [-s] [-v] [-u<läge>] [--amend]\n"
+"           [--dry-run] [(-c | -C | --squash) <incheckning> | --fixup [(amend|"
+"reword):]<incheckning>)]\n"
+"           [-F <fil> | -m <medd>] [--reset-author] [--allow-empty]\n"
+"           [--allow-empty-message] [--no-verify] [-e] [--"
+"author=<författare>]\n"
+"           [--date=<datum>] [--cleanup=<läge>] [--[no-]status]\n"
+"           [-i | -o] [--pathspec-from-file=<fil> [--pathspec-file-nul]]\n"
+"           [(--trailer <symbol>[(=|:)<värde>])...] [-S[<nyckel-id>]]\n"
+"           [--] [<sökväg>...]"
 
-msgid "git status [<options>] [--] <pathspec>..."
+msgid "git status [<options>] [--] [<pathspec>...]"
 msgstr "git status [<flaggor>] [--] <sökväg>..."
 
 msgid ""
@@ -5233,11 +5232,19 @@
 msgid "unable to get credential storage lock in %d ms"
 msgstr "kunde inte erhålla låset för lagring av inlogginsuppgifter på %d ms"
 
-msgid "git describe [<options>] [<commit-ish>...]"
-msgstr "git describe [<flaggor>] [<incheckning-igt>...]"
+msgid ""
+"git describe [--all] [--tags] [--contains] [--abbrev=<n>] [<commit-ish>...]"
+msgstr ""
+"git describe [--all] [--tag] [--contains] [--abbrev=<n>] [<incheckning-"
+"igt>...]"
 
-msgid "git describe [<options>] --dirty"
-msgstr "git describe [<flaggor>] --dirty"
+msgid ""
+"git describe [--all] [--tags] [--contains] [--abbrev=<n>] --dirty[=<mark>]"
+msgstr ""
+"git describe [--all] [--tags] [--contains] [--abbrev=<n>] --dirty[=<märke>]"
+
+msgid "git describe <blob>"
+msgstr "git describe <objekt>"
 
 msgid "head"
 msgstr "huvud"
@@ -5359,11 +5366,12 @@
 msgstr "flaggorna \"%s\" och incheckning-igter kan inte användas samtidigt"
 
 msgid ""
-"git diagnose [-o|--output-directory <path>] [-s|--suffix <format>] [--"
-"mode=<mode>]"
+"git diagnose [(-o | --output-directory) <path>] [(-s | --suffix) <format>]\n"
+"             [--mode=<mode>]"
 msgstr ""
-"git diagnose [-o|--output-directory <sökväg>] [-s|--suffix <format>] [--"
-"mode=<läge>]"
+"git diagnose [(-o | --output-directory) <sökväg>] [(-s | --suffix) "
+"<format>]\n"
+"             [--mode=<läge>]"
 
 msgid "specify a destination for the diagnostics archive"
 msgstr "ange mål för diagnostikarkivet"
@@ -5381,6 +5389,9 @@
 msgid "'%s': not a regular file or symlink"
 msgstr "\"%s\": inte en normal fil eller symbolisk länk"
 
+msgid "no merge given, only parents."
+msgstr "ingen sammanslagning angiven, endast föräldrar."
+
 #, c-format
 msgid "invalid option: %s"
 msgstr "ogiltig flagga: %s"
@@ -6013,8 +6024,8 @@
 msgid "print only refs which don't contain the commit"
 msgstr "visa endast referenser som inte innehåller incheckningen"
 
-msgid "git for-each-repo --config=<config> <command-args>"
-msgstr "git for-each-repo --config=<konfig> <kommandoargument>"
+msgid "git for-each-repo --config=<config> [--] <arguments>"
+msgstr "git for-each-repo --config=<konfig> [--] <argument>"
 
 msgid "config"
 msgstr "konfig"
@@ -6189,8 +6200,16 @@
 msgid "%s: invalid sha1 pointer in resolve-undo"
 msgstr "%s: ogiltig sha1-pekare i resolve-undo"
 
-msgid "git fsck [<options>] [<object>...]"
-msgstr "git fsck [<flaggor>] [<objekt>...]"
+msgid ""
+"git fsck [--tags] [--root] [--unreachable] [--cache] [--no-reflogs]\n"
+"         [--[no-]full] [--strict] [--verbose] [--lost-found]\n"
+"         [--[no-]dangling] [--[no-]progress] [--connectivity-only]\n"
+"         [--[no-]name-objects] [<object>...]"
+msgstr ""
+"git fsck [--tags] [--root] [--unreachable] [--cache] [--no-reflogs]\n"
+"         [--[no-]full] [--strict] [--verbose] [--lost-found]\n"
+"         [--[no-]dangling] [--[no-]progress] [--connectivity-only]\n"
+"         [--[no-]name-objects] [<objekt>...]"
 
 msgid "show unreachable objects"
 msgstr "visa onåbara objekt"
@@ -6247,12 +6266,6 @@
 msgid "git fsmonitor--daemon run [<options>]"
 msgstr "git fsmonitor--daemon run [<flaggor>]"
 
-msgid "git fsmonitor--daemon stop"
-msgstr "git fsmonitor--daemon stop"
-
-msgid "git fsmonitor--daemon status"
-msgstr "git fsmonitor--daemon status"
-
 #, c-format
 msgid "value of '%s' out of range: %d"
 msgstr "värdet för \"%s\" utanför intervallet: %d"
@@ -6494,8 +6507,20 @@
 msgid "use at most one of --auto and --schedule=<frequency>"
 msgstr "använd som mest en av --auto och --schedule=<frekvens>"
 
-msgid "failed to run 'git config'"
-msgstr "misslyckades köra \"git config\""
+#, c-format
+msgid "unable to add '%s' value of '%s'"
+msgstr "kan inte lägga till \"%s\"-värdet för \"%s\""
+
+msgid "return success even if repository was not registered"
+msgstr "returnera framgång även om arkivet inte var registrerat"
+
+#, c-format
+msgid "unable to unset '%s' value of '%s'"
+msgstr "kan inte ta bort \"%s\"-värdet för \"%s\""
+
+#, c-format
+msgid "repository '%s' is not registered"
+msgstr "arkivet \"%s\" har inte registrerats"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "failed to expand path '%s'"
@@ -6783,11 +6808,14 @@
 msgstr "både --cached och träd angavs"
 
 msgid ""
-"git hash-object [-t <type>] [-w] [--path=<file> | --no-filters] [--stdin] "
-"[--] <file>..."
+"git hash-object [-t <type>] [-w] [--path=<file> | --no-filters]\n"
+"                [--stdin [--literally]] [--] <file>..."
 msgstr ""
-"git hash-object [-t <typ>] [-w] [--path=<fil> | --no-filters] [--stdin] [--] "
-"<fil>..."
+"git hash-object [-t <typ>] [-w] [--path=<fil> | --no-filters]\n"
+"                [--stdin [--literally]] [--] <fil>..."
+
+msgid "git hash-object [-t <type>] [-w] --stdin-paths [--no-filters]"
+msgstr "git hash-object [-t <typ>] [-w] --stdin-paths [--no-filters]"
 
 msgid "object type"
 msgstr "objekttyp"
@@ -7211,11 +7239,15 @@
 msgstr "Initierade tomt Git-arkiv i %s%s\n"
 
 msgid ""
-"git init [-q | --quiet] [--bare] [--template=<template-directory>] [--"
-"shared[=<permissions>]] [<directory>]"
+"git init [-q | --quiet] [--bare] [--template=<template-directory>]\n"
+"         [--separate-git-dir <git-dir>] [--object-format=<format>]\n"
+"         [-b <branch-name> | --initial-branch=<branch-name>]\n"
+"         [--shared[=<permissions>]] [<directory>]"
 msgstr ""
-"git init [-q | --quiet] [--bare] [--template=<mallkatalog>] [--"
-"shared[=<behörigheter>]] [<katalog>]"
+"git init [-q | --quiet] [--bare] [--template=<mallkatalog>]\n"
+"         [--separate-git-dir <git-kat>] [--object-format=<format>]\n"
+"         [-b <grennamn> | --initial-branch=<grennamn>]\n"
+"         [--shared[=<behörigheter>]] [<katalog>]"
 
 msgid "permissions"
 msgstr "behörigheter"
@@ -7256,11 +7288,13 @@
 msgstr "--separate-git-dir är inkompatibelt med naket arkiv"
 
 msgid ""
-"git interpret-trailers [--in-place] [--trim-empty] [(--trailer "
-"<token>[(=|:)<value>])...] [<file>...]"
+"git interpret-trailers [--in-place] [--trim-empty]\n"
+"                       [(--trailer <token>[(=|:)<value>])...]\n"
+"                       [--parse] [<file>...]"
 msgstr ""
-"git interpret-trailers [--in-place] [--trim-empty] [(--trailer "
-"<symbol>[(=|:)<värde>])...] [<fil>...]"
+"git interpret-trailers [--in-place] [--trim-empty]\n"
+"                       [(--trailer <symbol>[(=|:)<värde>])...]\n"
+"                       [--parse] [<fil>...]"
 
 msgid "edit files in place"
 msgstr "redigera filer på plats"
@@ -7735,11 +7769,11 @@
 
 msgid ""
 "git ls-remote [--heads] [--tags] [--refs] [--upload-pack=<exec>]\n"
-"              [-q | --quiet] [--exit-code] [--get-url]\n"
+"              [-q | --quiet] [--exit-code] [--get-url] [--sort=<key>]\n"
 "              [--symref] [<repository> [<refs>...]]"
 msgstr ""
 "git ls-remote [--heads] [--tags] [--refs] [--upload-pack=<exec>]\n"
-"              [-q | --quiet] [--exit-code] [--get-url]\n"
+"              [-q | --quiet] [--exit-code] [--get-url] [--sort=<nyckel>]\n"
 "              [--symref] [<arkiv> [<referenser>...]]"
 
 msgid "do not print remote URL"
@@ -7868,12 +7902,12 @@
 msgid "git merge-base [-a | --all] --octopus <commit>..."
 msgstr "git merge-base [-a | --all] --octopus <incheckning>..."
 
-msgid "git merge-base --independent <commit>..."
-msgstr "git merge-base --independent <incheckning>..."
-
 msgid "git merge-base --is-ancestor <commit> <commit>"
 msgstr "git merge-base --is-ancestor <incheckning> <incheckning>"
 
+msgid "git merge-base --independent <commit>..."
+msgstr "git merge-base --independent <incheckning>..."
+
 msgid "git merge-base --fork-point <ref> [<commit>]"
 msgstr "git merge-base --fork-point <ref> [<incheckning>]"
 
@@ -7981,9 +8015,20 @@
 msgid "allow merging unrelated histories"
 msgstr "tillåt sammanslagning av orelaterade historier"
 
+msgid "perform multiple merges, one per line of input"
+msgstr "utför flera sammanslagningar, en per indatarad"
+
 msgid "--trivial-merge is incompatible with all other options"
 msgstr "--trivial-merge är inkompatibelt med andra flaggor"
 
+#, c-format
+msgid "malformed input line: '%s'."
+msgstr "felaktig indatarad: \"%s\"."
+
+#, c-format
+msgid "merging cannot continue; got unclean result of %d"
+msgstr "sammanslagning kan inte fortsätta; fick inte rent resultat från %d"
+
 msgid "git merge [<options>] [<commit>...]"
 msgstr "git merge [<flaggor>] [<incheckning>...]"
 
@@ -8600,10 +8645,6 @@
 msgstr "kan inte läsa anteckningsdata från icke-blob-objektet \"%s\"."
 
 #, c-format
-msgid "malformed input line: '%s'."
-msgstr "felaktig indatarad: \"%s\"."
-
-#, c-format
 msgid "failed to copy notes from '%s' to '%s'"
 msgstr "misslyckades kopiera anteckningar från \"%s\" till \"%s\""
 
@@ -8794,15 +8835,13 @@
 msgid "unknown subcommand: `%s'"
 msgstr "okänt underkommando: \"%s\""
 
-msgid ""
-"git pack-objects --stdout [<options>...] [< <ref-list> | < <object-list>]"
-msgstr ""
-"git pack-objects --stdout [<flaggor>...] [< <reflista> | < <objektlista>]"
+msgid "git pack-objects --stdout [<options>] [< <ref-list> | < <object-list>]"
+msgstr "git pack-objects --stdout [<flaggor>] [< <reflista> | < <objektlista>]"
 
 msgid ""
-"git pack-objects [<options>...] <base-name> [< <ref-list> | < <object-list>]"
+"git pack-objects [<options>] <base-name> [< <ref-list> | < <object-list>]"
 msgstr ""
-"git pack-objects [<flaggor>...] <basnamn> [< <reflista> | < <objektlista>]"
+"git pack-objects [<flaggor>] <basnamn> [< <reflista> | < <objektlista>]"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid ""
@@ -9176,8 +9215,8 @@
 "oss att du fortfarande använder det på e-post till\n"
 "<git@vger.kernel.org>. Tack.\n"
 
-msgid "git pack-refs [<options>]"
-msgstr "git pack-refs [<flaggor>]"
+msgid "git pack-refs [--all] [--no-prune]"
+msgstr "git pack-refs [--all] [--no-prune]"
 
 msgid "pack everything"
 msgstr "packa allt"
@@ -9185,6 +9224,18 @@
 msgid "prune loose refs (default)"
 msgstr "ta bort lösa referenser (standard)"
 
+msgid "git patch-id [--stable | --unstable | --verbatim]"
+msgstr "git patch-id [--stable | --unstable | --verbatim]"
+
+msgid "use the unstable patch-id algorithm"
+msgstr "använd den instabila patch-id-algoritmen"
+
+msgid "use the stable patch-id algorithm"
+msgstr "använd den stabila patch-id-algoritmen"
+
+msgid "don't strip whitespace from the patch"
+msgstr "ta inte bort blanksteg från patchen"
+
 msgid "git prune [-n] [-v] [--progress] [--expire <time>] [--] [<head>...]"
 msgstr "git prune [-n] [-v] [--progress] [--expire <tid>] [--] [<huvud>...]"
 
@@ -9397,14 +9448,13 @@
 
 msgid ""
 "\n"
-"To avoid automatically configuring upstream branches when their name\n"
-"doesn't match the local branch, see option 'simple' of branch."
-"autoSetupMerge\n"
+"To avoid automatically configuring an upstream branch when its name\n"
+"won't match the local branch, see option 'simple' of branch.autoSetupMerge\n"
 "in 'git help config'.\n"
 msgstr ""
 "\n"
-"För att undvika att uppströmsgrenar automatiskt konfigureras när deras\n"
-"namn inte motsvarar en lokal gren, se värdet \"simple\" i branch."
+"För att undvika att en uppströmsgren automatiskt konfigureras när dess namn\n"
+"inte motsvarar den lokala grenen, se värdet \"simple\" i branch."
 "autoSetupMerge\n"
 "i \"git help config\".\n"
 
@@ -9556,6 +9606,13 @@
 msgid "failed to push some refs to '%s'"
 msgstr "misslyckades sända vissa referenser till \"%s\""
 
+msgid ""
+"recursing into submodule with push.recurseSubmodules=only; using on-demand "
+"instead"
+msgstr ""
+"rekurserar in i undermoduler med push.recurseSubmodules=only; använder "
+"istället vid behov"
+
 #, c-format
 msgid "invalid value for '%s'"
 msgstr "ogiltigt värde för \"%s\""
@@ -9691,13 +9748,15 @@
 msgstr "behöver två incheckningsintervall"
 
 msgid ""
-"git read-tree [(-m [--trivial] [--aggressive] | --reset | --prefix=<prefix>) "
-"[-u | -i]] [--no-sparse-checkout] [--index-output=<file>] (--empty | <tree-"
-"ish1> [<tree-ish2> [<tree-ish3>]])"
+"git read-tree [(-m [--trivial] [--aggressive] | --reset | --"
+"prefix=<prefix>)\n"
+"              [-u | -i]] [--index-output=<file>] [--no-sparse-checkout]\n"
+"              (--empty | <tree-ish1> [<tree-ish2> [<tree-ish3>]])"
 msgstr ""
-"git read-tree [(-m [--trivial] [--aggressive] | --reset | --prefix=<prefix>) "
-"[-u | -i]] [--no-sparse-checkout] [--index-output=<fil>] (--empty | <träd-"
-"igt1> [<träd-igt2> [<träd-igt3>]])"
+"git read-tree [(-m [--trivial] [--aggressive] | --reset | --"
+"prefix=<prefix>)\n"
+"              [-u | -i]] [--index-output=<fil>] [--no-sparse-checkout]\n"
+"              (--empty | <träd-igt1> [<träd-igt2> [<träd-igt3>]])"
 
 msgid "write resulting index to <file>"
 msgstr "skriv resulterande index till <fil>"
@@ -9787,12 +9846,12 @@
 msgstr "%s kräver \"merge\"-bakändan"
 
 #, c-format
-msgid "could not get 'onto': '%s'"
-msgstr "kunde inte hämta \"onto\": \"%s\""
+msgid "invalid onto: '%s'"
+msgstr "ogiltig \"onto\": \"%s\""
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "invalid orig-head: '%s'"
-msgstr "ogiltigt orig-head: \"%s\""
+msgstr "ogiltig \"orig-head\": \"%s\""
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "ignoring invalid allow_rerere_autoupdate: '%s'"
@@ -10091,8 +10150,8 @@
 msgid "No such ref: %s"
 msgstr "Ingen sådan referens: %s"
 
-msgid "Could not resolve HEAD to a revision"
-msgstr "Kunde inte bestämma HEAD:s incheckning"
+msgid "Could not resolve HEAD to a commit"
+msgstr "Kunde inte bestämma en incheckning för HEAD"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "'%s': need exactly one merge base with branch"
@@ -10746,6 +10805,10 @@
 msgid "could not close refs snapshot tempfile"
 msgstr "kunde inte stänga temporär fil för refs-ögonblicksbild"
 
+#, c-format
+msgid "could not remove stale bitmap: %s"
+msgstr "kunde inte ta bort gammal bitkarta: %s"
+
 msgid "pack everything in a single pack"
 msgstr "packa allt i ett enda paket"
 
@@ -10818,6 +10881,9 @@
 msgid "write a multi-pack index of the resulting packs"
 msgstr "skriv ett flerpaketsindex för de skapade paketen"
 
+msgid "pack prefix to store a pack containing pruned objects"
+msgstr "paketprefix att lagra ett paket som innehåller bortrensade objekt"
+
 msgid "cannot delete packs in a precious-objects repo"
 msgstr "kan inte ta bort paket i ett \"precious-objects\"-arkiv"
 
@@ -10829,8 +10895,12 @@
 msgstr "paketprefixet %s börjar inte med objkat %s"
 
 #, c-format
-msgid "missing required file: %s"
-msgstr "nödvändig fil saknas: %s"
+msgid "renaming pack to '%s' failed"
+msgstr "misslyckades byta namn på paket till \"%s\""
+
+#, c-format
+msgid "pack-objects did not write a '%s' file for pack %s-%s"
+msgstr "pack-objects skrev inte en \"%s\"-fil för paketet %s-%s"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "could not unlink: %s"
@@ -11024,8 +11094,10 @@
 msgid "only one pattern can be given with -l"
 msgstr "endast ett mönster kan anges med -l"
 
-msgid "git rerere [clear | forget <path>... | status | remaining | diff | gc]"
-msgstr "git rerere [clear | forget <path>... | status | remaining | diff | gc]"
+msgid ""
+"git rerere [clear | forget <pathspec>... | diff | status | remaining | gc]"
+msgstr ""
+"git rerere [clear | forget <sökväg>... | diff | status | remaining | gc]"
 
 msgid "register clean resolutions in index"
 msgstr "registrera rena lösningar i indexet"
@@ -11229,6 +11301,15 @@
 msgid "unknown mode for --abbrev-ref: %s"
 msgstr "okänt läge för --abbrev-ref: %s"
 
+msgid "--exclude-hidden cannot be used together with --branches"
+msgstr "--exclude-hidden kan endast användas tillsammans med --branches"
+
+msgid "--exclude-hidden cannot be used together with --tags"
+msgstr "--exclude-hidden kan  kan inte användas tillsammans med --tags"
+
+msgid "--exclude-hidden cannot be used together with --remotes"
+msgstr "--exclude-hidden kan  kan inte användas tillsammans med --remotes"
+
 msgid "this operation must be run in a work tree"
 msgstr "funktionen måste köras i en arbetskatalog"
 
@@ -11236,17 +11317,25 @@
 msgid "unknown mode for --show-object-format: %s"
 msgstr "okänt läge för --show-object-format: %s"
 
-msgid "git revert [<options>] <commit-ish>..."
-msgstr "git revert [<flaggor>] <incheckning-igt>..."
+msgid ""
+"git revert [--[no-]edit] [-n] [-m <parent-number>] [-s] [-S[<keyid>]] "
+"<commit>..."
+msgstr ""
+"git revert [--[no-]edit] [-n] [-m <förälder-nummer>] [-s] [-S[<nyckelid>]] "
+"<incheckning>..."
 
-msgid "git revert <subcommand>"
-msgstr "git revert <underkommando>"
+msgid "git revert (--continue | --skip | --abort | --quit)"
+msgstr "git revert (--continue | --skip | --abort | --quit)"
 
-msgid "git cherry-pick [<options>] <commit-ish>..."
-msgstr "git cherry-pick [<flaggor>] <incheckning-igt>..."
+msgid ""
+"git cherry-pick [--edit] [-n] [-m <parent-number>] [-s] [-x] [--ff]\n"
+"                [-S[<keyid>]] <commit>..."
+msgstr ""
+"git cherry-pick [--edit] [-n] [-m <förälder-nummer>] [-s] [-x] [--ff]\n"
+"                [-S[<nyckelid>]] <incheckning>..."
 
-msgid "git cherry-pick <subcommand>"
-msgstr "git cherry-pick <underkommando>"
+msgid "git cherry-pick (--continue | --skip | --abort | --quit)"
+msgstr "git cherry-pick (--continue | --skip | --abort | --quit)"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "option `%s' expects a number greater than zero"
@@ -11307,8 +11396,14 @@
 msgid "cherry-pick failed"
 msgstr "\"cherry-pick\" misslyckades"
 
-msgid "git rm [<options>] [--] <file>..."
-msgstr "git rm [<flaggor>] [--] <fil>..."
+msgid ""
+"git rm [-f | --force] [-n] [-r] [--cached] [--ignore-unmatch]\n"
+"       [--quiet] [--pathspec-from-file=<file> [--pathspec-file-nul]]\n"
+"       [--] [<pathspec>...]"
+msgstr ""
+"git rm [-f | --force] [-n] [-r] [--cached] [--ignore-unmatch]\n"
+"       [--quiet] [--pathspec-from-file=<fil> [--pathspec-file-nul]]\n"
+"       [--] [<sökväg>...]"
 
 msgid ""
 "the following file has staged content different from both the\n"
@@ -11379,11 +11474,13 @@
 "git send-pack [--mirror] [--dry-run] [--force]\n"
 "              [--receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>]\n"
 "              [--verbose] [--thin] [--atomic]\n"
+"              [--[no-]signed | --signed=(true|false|if-asked)]\n"
 "              [<host>:]<directory> (--all | <ref>...)"
 msgstr ""
 "git send-pack [--mirror] [--dry-run] [--force]\n"
 "              [--receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>]\n"
 "              [--verbose] [--thin] [--atomic]\n"
+"              [--[no-]signed | --signed=(true|false|if-asked)]\n"
 "              [<värd>:]<katalog> (--all | <ref>...)"
 
 msgid "remote name"
@@ -11407,8 +11504,9 @@
 msgid "using multiple --group options with stdin is not supported"
 msgstr "mer än en \"--group\"-flagga stöds inte med standard in"
 
-msgid "using --group=trailer with stdin is not supported"
-msgstr "att använda --group=trailer stöds inte med standard in"
+#, c-format
+msgid "using %s with stdin is not supported"
+msgstr "använda %s med standard in stöds inte"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "unknown group type: %s"
@@ -11445,12 +11543,14 @@
 "git show-branch [-a | --all] [-r | --remotes] [--topo-order | --date-order]\n"
 "                [--current] [--color[=<when>] | --no-color] [--sparse]\n"
 "                [--more=<n> | --list | --independent | --merge-base]\n"
-"                [--no-name | --sha1-name] [--topics] [(<rev> | <glob>)...]"
+"                [--no-name | --sha1-name] [--topics]\n"
+"                [(<rev> | <glob>)...]"
 msgstr ""
 "git show-branch [-a | --all] [-r | --remotes] [--topo-order | --date-order]\n"
 "                [--current] [--color[=<när>] | --no-color] [--sparse]\n"
 "                [--more=<n> | --list | --independent | --merge-base]\n"
-"                [--no-name | --sha1-name] [--topics] [(<rev> | <mönster>)...]"
+"                [--no-name | --sha1-name] [--topics]\n"
+"                [(<rev> | <mönster>)...]"
 
 msgid "git show-branch (-g | --reflog)[=<n>[,<base>]] [--list] [<ref>]"
 msgstr "git show-branch (-g | --reflog)[=<n>[,<bas>]] [--list] [<ref>]"
@@ -11550,11 +11650,13 @@
 msgstr "okänd hashningsalgoritm"
 
 msgid ""
-"git show-ref [-q | --quiet] [--verify] [--head] [-d | --dereference] [-s | --"
-"hash[=<n>]] [--abbrev[=<n>]] [--tags] [--heads] [--] [<pattern>...]"
+"git show-ref [-q | --quiet] [--verify] [--head] [-d | --dereference]\n"
+"             [-s | --hash[=<n>]] [--abbrev[=<n>]] [--tags]\n"
+"             [--heads] [--] [<pattern>...]"
 msgstr ""
-"git show-ref [-q | --quiet] [--verify] [--head] [-d | --dereference] [-s | --"
-"hash[=<n>]] [--abbrev[=<n>]] [--tags] [--heads] [--] [<mönster>...]"
+"git show-ref [-q | --quiet] [--verify] [--head] [-d | --dereference]\n"
+"             [-s | --hash[=<n>]] [--abbrev[=<n>]] [--tags]\n"
+"             [--heads] [--] [<mönster>...]"
 
 msgid "git show-ref --exclude-existing[=<pattern>]"
 msgstr "git show-ref --exclude-existing[=<mönster>]"
@@ -11583,8 +11685,10 @@
 msgid "show refs from stdin that aren't in local repository"
 msgstr "visa referenser från standard in som inte finns i lokalt arkiv"
 
-msgid "git sparse-checkout (init|list|set|add|reapply|disable) <options>"
-msgstr "git sparse-checkout (init|list|set|add|reapply|disable) <flaggor>"
+msgid ""
+"git sparse-checkout (init | list | set | add | reapply | disable) [<options>]"
+msgstr ""
+"git sparse-checkout (init | list | set | add | reapply | disable) <flaggor>"
 
 msgid "this worktree is not sparse"
 msgstr "arbetskatalogen är inte gren"
@@ -11707,67 +11811,58 @@
 msgid "error while refreshing working directory"
 msgstr "fel vid uppdatering av arbetskatalog"
 
-msgid "git stash list [<options>]"
-msgstr "git stash list [<flaggor>]"
+msgid "git stash list [<log-options>]"
+msgstr "git stash list [<\"log\"-flaggor>]"
 
-msgid "git stash show [<options>] [<stash>]"
-msgstr "git stash show [<flaggor>] [<stash>]"
+msgid ""
+"git stash show [-u | --include-untracked | --only-untracked] [<diff-"
+"options>] [<stash>]"
+msgstr ""
+"git stash show [-u | --include-untracked | --only-untracked] [<\"diff\"-"
+"flaggor>] [<stash>]"
 
-msgid "git stash drop [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]"
-msgstr "git stash drop [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]"
+msgid "git stash drop [-q | --quiet] [<stash>]"
+msgstr "git stash drop [-q | --quiet] [<stash>]"
 
-msgid "git stash ( pop | apply ) [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]"
-msgstr "git stash ( pop | apply ) [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]"
+msgid "git stash pop [--index] [-q | --quiet] [<stash>]"
+msgstr "git stash pop [--index] [-q | --quiet] [<stash>]"
+
+msgid "git stash apply [--index] [-q | --quiet] [<stash>]"
+msgstr "git stash apply [--index] [-q | --quiet] [<stash>]"
 
 msgid "git stash branch <branchname> [<stash>]"
 msgstr "git stash branch <grennamn> [<stash>]"
 
+msgid "git stash store [(-m | --message) <message>] [-q | --quiet] <commit>"
+msgstr ""
+"git stash store [(-m | --message) <meddelande>] [-q | --quiet] <incheckning>"
+
 msgid ""
-"git stash [push [-p|--patch] [-S|--staged] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--"
-"quiet]\n"
-"          [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-m|--message <message>]\n"
+"git stash [push [-p | --patch] [-S | --staged] [-k | --[no-]keep-index] [-q "
+"| --quiet]\n"
+"          [-u | --include-untracked] [-a | --all] [(-m | --message) "
+"<message>]\n"
 "          [--pathspec-from-file=<file> [--pathspec-file-nul]]\n"
 "          [--] [<pathspec>...]]"
 msgstr ""
-"git stash [push [-p|--patch] [S|--staged] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--"
-"quiet]\n"
-"          [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-m|--message <meddelande>]\n"
+"git stash [push [-p | --patch] [S | --staged] [-k | --[no-]keep-index] [-q | "
+"--quiet]\n"
+"          [-u | --include-untracked] [-a | --all] [(-m | --message "
+"<meddelande>]\n"
 "          [--pathspec-from-file=<fil> [--pathspec-file-nul]]\n"
 "          [--] [<sökväg>...]]"
 
 msgid ""
-"git stash save [-p|--patch] [-S|--staged] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--"
-"quiet]\n"
-"          [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [<message>]"
+"git stash save [-p | --patch] [-S | --staged] [-k | --[no-]keep-index] [-q | "
+"--quiet]\n"
+"          [-u | --include-untracked] [-a | --all] [<message>]"
 msgstr ""
-"git stash save [-p|--patch] [-S|--staged] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--"
-"quiet]\n"
-"          [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [<meddelande>]"
+"git stash save [-p | --patch] [-S | --staged] [-k | --[no-]keep-index] [-q | "
+"--quiet]\n"
+"          [-u | --include-untracked] [-a | --all] [<meddelande>]"
 
-msgid "git stash pop [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]"
-msgstr "git stash pop [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]"
-
-msgid "git stash apply [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]"
-msgstr "git stash apply [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]"
-
-msgid "git stash store [-m|--message <message>] [-q|--quiet] <commit>"
-msgstr "git stash store [-m|--message <meddelande>] [-q|--quiet] <incheckning>"
-
-msgid ""
-"git stash [push [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet]\n"
-"          [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-m|--message <message>]\n"
-"          [--] [<pathspec>...]]"
-msgstr ""
-"git stash [push [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet]\n"
-"          [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-m|--message <meddelande>]\n"
-"          [--] [<sökväg>...]]"
-
-msgid ""
-"git stash save [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet]\n"
-"               [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [<message>]"
-msgstr ""
-"git stash save [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet]\n"
-"               [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [<meddelande>]"
+msgid "git stash create [<message>]"
+msgstr "git stash create [<meddelande>]"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "'%s' is not a stash-like commit"
@@ -12327,9 +12422,6 @@
 msgid "don't fetch new objects from the remote site"
 msgstr "hämta inte nya objekt från fjärrplatsen"
 
-msgid "path into the working tree"
-msgstr "sökväg inuti arbetskatalogen"
-
 msgid "use the 'checkout' update strategy (default)"
 msgstr "använd uppdateringsstrategin \"checkout\" (utcheckning; förval)"
 
@@ -12365,27 +12457,9 @@
 "[no-]recommend-shallow] [--reference <arkiv>] [--recursive] [--[no-]single-"
 "branch] [--] [<sökväg>...]"
 
-msgid "recurse into submodules"
-msgstr "rekursera ner i undermoduler"
-
 msgid "git submodule absorbgitdirs [<options>] [<path>...]"
 msgstr "git submodule absorbgitdirs [<flaggor>] [<sökväg>...]"
 
-msgid "check if it is safe to write to the .gitmodules file"
-msgstr "se om det är säkert att skriva till .gitmodules-filen"
-
-msgid "unset the config in the .gitmodules file"
-msgstr "ta bort konfigurationen från .gitmodules-filen"
-
-msgid "git submodule--helper config <name> [<value>]"
-msgstr "git submodule--helper config <namn> [<värde>]"
-
-msgid "git submodule--helper config --unset <name>"
-msgstr "git submodule--helper config --unset <namn>"
-
-msgid "please make sure that the .gitmodules file is in the working tree"
-msgstr "se till att .gitmodules finns i arbetskatalogen"
-
 msgid "suppress output for setting url of a submodule"
 msgstr "dölj utdata från inställning av url för undermodul"
 
@@ -12464,6 +12538,9 @@
 msgid "unable to checkout submodule '%s'"
 msgstr "Kan inte checka ut undermodulen \"%s\""
 
+msgid "please make sure that the .gitmodules file is in the working tree"
+msgstr "se till att .gitmodules finns i arbetskatalogen"
+
 #, c-format
 msgid "Failed to add submodule '%s'"
 msgstr "Misslyckades lägga till undermodulen \"%s\""
@@ -12514,19 +12591,21 @@
 msgid "'%s' is not a valid submodule name"
 msgstr "\"%s\" är inte ett giltigt namn på undermodul"
 
+msgid "git submodule--helper <command>"
+msgstr "git submodule--helper <kommando>"
+
 #, c-format
 msgid "%s doesn't support --super-prefix"
 msgstr "%s stöder inte --super-prefix"
 
-#, c-format
-msgid "'%s' is not a valid submodule--helper subcommand"
-msgstr "\"%s\" är inte ett giltigt underkommando till submodule--helper"
+msgid "git symbolic-ref [-m <reason>] <name> <ref>"
+msgstr "git symbolic-ref [-m <orsak>] <namn> <ref>"
 
-msgid "git symbolic-ref [<options>] <name> [<ref>]"
-msgstr "git symbolic-ref [<flaggor>] <namn> [<ref>]"
+msgid "git symbolic-ref [-q] [--short] [--no-recurse] <name>"
+msgstr "git symbolic-ref [-q] [--short] [--no-recurse] <namn>"
 
-msgid "git symbolic-ref -d [-q] <name>"
-msgstr "git symbolic-ref -d [-q] <namn>"
+msgid "git symbolic-ref --delete [-q] <name>"
+msgstr "git symbolic-ref --delete [-q] <namn>"
 
 msgid "suppress error message for non-symbolic (detached) refs"
 msgstr ""
@@ -12538,6 +12617,9 @@
 msgid "shorten ref output"
 msgstr "förkorta ref-utdata"
 
+msgid "recursively dereference (default)"
+msgstr "avreferera rekursivt (standard)"
+
 msgid "reason"
 msgstr "skäl"
 
@@ -12545,25 +12627,26 @@
 msgstr "skäl till uppdateringen"
 
 msgid ""
-"git tag [-a | -s | -u <key-id>] [-f] [-m <msg> | -F <file>]\n"
-"        <tagname> [<head>]"
+"git tag [-a | -s | -u <key-id>] [-f] [-m <msg> | -F <file>] [-e]\n"
+"        <tagname> [<commit> | <object>]"
 msgstr ""
-"git tag [-a | -s | -u <nyckel-id>] [-f] [-m <medd> | -F <fil>]\n"
-"        <taggnamn> [<huvud>]"
+"git tag [-a | -s | -u <nyckel-id>] [-f] [-m <medd> | -F <fil>] [-e]\n"
+"        <taggnamn> [<incheckning> | <objekt>]"
 
 msgid "git tag -d <tagname>..."
 msgstr "git tag -d <taggnamn>..."
 
 msgid ""
-"git tag -l [-n[<num>]] [--contains <commit>] [--no-contains <commit>] [--"
-"points-at <object>]\n"
-"        [--format=<format>] [--merged <commit>] [--no-merged <commit>] "
-"[<pattern>...]"
+"git tag [-n[<num>]] -l [--contains <commit>] [--no-contains <commit>]\n"
+"        [--points-at <object>] [--column[=<options>] | --no-column]\n"
+"        [--create-reflog] [--sort=<key>] [--format=<format>]\n"
+"        [--merged <commit>] [--no-merged <commit>] [<pattern>...]"
 msgstr ""
-"git tag -l [-n[<antal>]] [--contains <incheckning>] [--no-contains "
-"<incheckning>] [--points-at <objekt>]\n"
-"        [--format=<format>] [--merged <incheckning>] [--no-merged "
-"<incheckning>] [<mönster>...]"
+"git tag [-n[<antal>]] -l [--contains <incheckning>] [--no-contains "
+"<incheckning>\n"
+"        [--points-at <objekt>] [--column[=<flaggor>] | --no-column]\n"
+"        [--create-reflog] [--sort=<nyckel>] [--format=<format>]\n"
+"        [--merged <incheckning>] [--no-merged <incheckning>] [<mönster>...]"
 
 msgid "git tag -v [--format=<format>] <tagname>..."
 msgstr "git tag -v [--format=<format>] <taggnamn>..."
@@ -12938,8 +13021,12 @@
 msgid "update the info files from scratch"
 msgstr "uppdatera informationsfilerna från grunden"
 
-msgid "git upload-pack [<options>] <dir>"
-msgstr "git upload-pack [<flaggor>] <katalog>"
+msgid ""
+"git-upload-pack [--[no-]strict] [--timeout=<n>] [--stateless-rpc]\n"
+"                [--advertise-refs] <directory>"
+msgstr ""
+"git-upload-pack [--[no-]strict] [--timeout=<n>] [--stateless-rpc]\n"
+"                [--advertise-refs] <katalog>"
 
 msgid "quit after a single request/response exchange"
 msgstr "avsluta omedelbart efter första anrop/svar-utväxling"
@@ -12953,8 +13040,8 @@
 msgid "interrupt transfer after <n> seconds of inactivity"
 msgstr "avbryt överföringen efter <n> sekunders inaktivitet"
 
-msgid "git verify-commit [-v | --verbose] <commit>..."
-msgstr "git verify-commit [-v | --verbose] <incheckning>..."
+msgid "git verify-commit [-v | --verbose] [--raw] <commit>..."
+msgstr "git verify-commit [-v | --verbose] [--raw] <incheckning>..."
 
 msgid "print commit contents"
 msgstr "visa innehåll för incheckning"
@@ -12962,8 +13049,9 @@
 msgid "print raw gpg status output"
 msgstr "visa råa gpg-statusdata"
 
-msgid "git verify-pack [-v | --verbose] [-s | --stat-only] <pack>..."
-msgstr "git verify-pack [-v | --verbose] [-s | --stat-only] <paket>..."
+msgid "git verify-pack [-v | --verbose] [-s | --stat-only] [--] <pack>.idx..."
+msgstr ""
+"git verify-pack [-v | --verbose] [-s | --stat-only] [--] <paket>.idx..."
 
 msgid "verbose"
 msgstr "pratsam"
@@ -12971,35 +13059,39 @@
 msgid "show statistics only"
 msgstr "visa endast statistik"
 
-msgid "git verify-tag [-v | --verbose] [--format=<format>] <tag>..."
-msgstr "git verify-tag [-v | --verbose] [--format=<format>] <tagg>..."
+msgid "git verify-tag [-v | --verbose] [--format=<format>] [--raw] <tag>..."
+msgstr "git verify-tag [-v | --verbose] [--format=<format>] [--raw] <tagg>..."
 
 msgid "print tag contents"
 msgstr "visa innehåll för tag"
 
-msgid "git worktree add [<options>] <path> [<commit-ish>]"
-msgstr "git worktree add [<flaggor>] <sökväg> [<incheckning-igt>]"
+msgid ""
+"git worktree add [-f] [--detach] [--checkout] [--lock [--reason <string>]]\n"
+"                 [-b <new-branch>] <path> [<commit-ish>]"
+msgstr ""
+"git worktree add [-f] [--detach] [--checkout] [--lock [--reason <sträng>]]\n"
+"                 [-b <ny-gren>] <sökväg> [<incheckning-igt>]"
 
-msgid "git worktree list [<options>]"
-msgstr "git worktree list [<flaggor>]"
+msgid "git worktree list [-v | --porcelain [-z]]"
+msgstr "git worktree list [-v | --porcelain [-z]]"
 
-msgid "git worktree lock [<options>] <path>"
-msgstr "git worktree lock [<flaggor>] <sökväg>"
+msgid "git worktree lock [--reason <string>] <worktree>"
+msgstr "git worktree lock [--reason <sträng>] <arbetskatalog>"
 
 msgid "git worktree move <worktree> <new-path>"
 msgstr "git worktree move <arbetskatalog> <ny-sökväg>"
 
-msgid "git worktree prune [<options>]"
-msgstr "git worktree prune [<flaggor>]"
+msgid "git worktree prune [-n] [-v] [--expire <expire>]"
+msgstr "git worktree prune [-n] [-v] [--expire <utgår>]"
 
-msgid "git worktree remove [<options>] <worktree>"
-msgstr "git worktree remove [<flaggor>] <arbetskatalog>"
+msgid "git worktree remove [-f] <worktree>"
+msgstr "git worktree remove [-f] <arbetskatalog>"
 
 msgid "git worktree repair [<path>...]"
 msgstr "git worktree repair [<sökväg>...]"
 
-msgid "git worktree unlock <path>"
-msgstr "git worktree unlock <sökväg>"
+msgid "git worktree unlock <worktree>"
+msgstr "git worktree unlock <arbetskatalog>"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "Removing %s/%s: %s"
@@ -13235,6 +13327,10 @@
 msgid "core.fsyncMethod = batch is unsupported on this platform"
 msgstr "core.fsyncMethod = batch stöds inte på denna plattform"
 
+#, c-format
+msgid "bundle list at '%s' has no mode"
+msgstr "buntlistan på \"%s\" har inget läge"
+
 msgid "failed to create temporary file"
 msgstr "misslyckades skapa temporär fil"
 
@@ -13242,16 +13338,29 @@
 msgstr "otillräckliga kapabiliteter"
 
 #, c-format
+msgid "unrecognized bundle mode from URI '%s'"
+msgstr "okänt buntlägre från URI:en \"%s\""
+
+#, c-format
+msgid "exceeded bundle URI recursion limit (%d)"
+msgstr "överskred buntens URI-rekursionsgräns (%d)"
+
+#, c-format
 msgid "failed to download bundle from URI '%s'"
 msgstr "kunde inte hämta bunt från URI:en \"%s\""
 
 #, c-format
-msgid "file at URI '%s' is not a bundle"
-msgstr "filen på URI \"%s\" är inte en bunt"
+msgid "file at URI '%s' is not a bundle or bundle list"
+msgstr "filen på URI:en \"%s\" är inte en bunt eller buntlista"
 
-#, c-format
-msgid "failed to unbundle bundle from URI '%s'"
-msgstr "misslyckades packa upp bunten från URI:en \"%s\""
+msgid "bundle-uri: got an empty line"
+msgstr "bunt-uri: fick en tom rad"
+
+msgid "bundle-uri: line is not of the form 'key=value'"
+msgstr "bunt-uri: raden är inte på formen \"nyckel=värde\""
+
+msgid "bundle-uri: line has empty key or value"
+msgstr "bunt-uri: raden har tom nyckel eller värde"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "unrecognized bundle hash algorithm: %s"
@@ -13822,7 +13931,7 @@
 msgid "Chunk-based file formats"
 msgstr "Styckebaserade filformat"
 
-msgid "Git commit graph format"
+msgid "Git commit-graph format"
 msgstr "Format för Git-incheckningsgraf"
 
 msgid "Git index format"
@@ -14175,6 +14284,10 @@
 msgid "health thread wait failed [GLE %ld]"
 msgstr "misslyckades vänta på hälsotråden [GLE %ld]"
 
+#, c-format
+msgid "Invalid path: %s"
+msgstr "ogiltig sökväg: %s"
+
 msgid "Unable to create FSEventStream."
 msgstr "kunde inte skapa FSEventStream."
 
@@ -14206,6 +14319,22 @@
 msgstr "kunde inte läsa katalogändringar [GLE %ld]"
 
 #, c-format
+msgid "opendir('%s') failed"
+msgstr "opendir('%s') misslyckades"
+
+#, c-format
+msgid "lstat('%s') failed"
+msgstr "lstat('%s') misslyckades"
+
+#, c-format
+msgid "strbuf_readlink('%s') failed"
+msgstr "strbuf_readlink('%s') misslyckades"
+
+#, c-format
+msgid "closedir('%s') failed"
+msgstr "closedir('%s') misslyckades"
+
+#, c-format
 msgid "[GLE %ld] unable to open for read '%ls'"
 msgstr "[GLE %ld] kunde inte öppna \"%ls\" för läsning"
 
@@ -15804,10 +15933,11 @@
 
 #, c-format
 msgid ""
-"repository '%s' is incompatible with fsmonitor due to lack of Unix sockets"
+"socket directory '%s' is incompatible with fsmonitor due to lack of Unix "
+"sockets support"
 msgstr ""
-"arkivet \"%s\" är inkompatibelt med fsmonitor på grund av avsaknad av Unix-"
-"uttag"
+"uttagskatalogen \"%s\" är inkompatibelt med fsmonitor på grund av avsaknad "
+"av Unix-uttag"
 
 msgid ""
 "git [-v | --version] [-h | --help] [-C <path>] [-c <name>=<value>]\n"
@@ -16128,8 +16258,8 @@
 "\n"
 "Mest lika kommandon är"
 
-msgid "git version [<options>]"
-msgstr "git version [<flaggor>]"
+msgid "git version [--build-options]"
+msgstr "git version [--build-options]"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "%s: %s - %s"
@@ -17041,10 +17171,6 @@
 msgid "%s: ignoring alternate object stores, nesting too deep"
 msgstr "%s: ignorerar supplerande objektlager, för djup nästling"
 
-#, c-format
-msgid "unable to normalize object directory: %s"
-msgstr "kan inte normalisera objektkatalogen: %s"
-
 msgid "unable to fdopen alternates lockfile"
 msgstr "kan inte utföra \"fdopen\" på suppleantlåsfil"
 
@@ -17867,6 +17993,10 @@
 msgid "promisor remote name cannot begin with '/': %s"
 msgstr "kontraktsfjärr kan inte börja med \"/\": %s"
 
+#, c-format
+msgid "could not fetch %s from promisor remote"
+msgstr "kunde inte hämta %s från kontraktsfjärr"
+
 msgid "object-info: expected flush after arguments"
 msgstr "object-info: förväntade \"flush\" efter argument"
 
@@ -18937,6 +19067,13 @@
 msgstr "kunde inte hitta trädet för %s."
 
 #, c-format
+msgid "unsupported section for hidden refs: %s"
+msgstr "sktionen för dolda referenser stöds ej: %s"
+
+msgid "--exclude-hidden= passed more than once"
+msgstr "--exclude-hidden= angavs mer än en gång"
+
+#, c-format
 msgid "resolve-undo records `%s` which is missing"
 msgstr "resolve-undo registrerar \"%s\" som saknas"
 
@@ -19080,6 +19217,14 @@
 msgstr "--all eller <enrollering>, men inte bägge"
 
 #, c-format
+msgid "could not remove stale scalar.repo '%s'"
+msgstr "kunde inte ta bort gammal scalar.repo \"%s\""
+
+#, c-format
+msgid "removing stale scalar.repo '%s'"
+msgstr "tar bort gammal scalar.repo \"%s\""
+
+#, c-format
 msgid "git repository gone in '%s'"
 msgstr "git-arkiv försvunnet i \"%s\""
 
@@ -19702,16 +19847,16 @@
 msgid "illegal label name: '%.*s'"
 msgstr "ogiltigt etikettnamn: \"%.*s\""
 
+#, c-format
+msgid "could not resolve '%s'"
+msgstr "kunde inte upplösa \"%s\""
+
 msgid "writing fake root commit"
 msgstr "skriver fejkad rotincheckning"
 
 msgid "writing squash-onto"
 msgstr "skriver squash-onto"
 
-#, c-format
-msgid "could not resolve '%s'"
-msgstr "kunde inte upplösa \"%s\""
-
 msgid "cannot merge without a current revision"
 msgstr "kan inte slå ihop utan en aktuell incheckning"
 
@@ -20308,6 +20453,15 @@
 msgid "failed to lstat '%s'"
 msgstr "misslyckades ta status (lstat) på \"%s\""
 
+msgid "test-tool cache-tree <options> (control|prime|update)"
+msgstr "test-tool cache-tree <flaggor> (control|prime|update)"
+
+msgid "clear the cache tree before each iteration"
+msgstr "töm cacheträdet före varje iteration"
+
+msgid "number of entries in the cache tree to invalidate (default 0)"
+msgstr "antal poster i cacheträdet att ogiltigförklara (förval är 0)"
+
 msgid "unhandled options"
 msgstr "flaggor som inte hanterats"
 
diff --git a/po/tr.po b/po/tr.po
index 484e0ac..9afdc23 100644
--- a/po/tr.po
+++ b/po/tr.po
@@ -92,8 +92,8 @@
 msgstr ""
 "Project-Id-Version: Git Turkish Localization Project\n"
 "Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: Git Mailing List <git@vger.kernel.org>\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2022-09-28 10:54+0300\n"
-"PO-Revision-Date: 2022-09-28 14:00+0300\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2022-12-07 17:32+0300\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2022-12-07 18:00+0300\n"
 "Last-Translator: Emir SARI <emir_sari@icloud.com>\n"
 "Language-Team: Turkish (https://github.com/bitigchi/git-po/)\n"
 "Language: tr\n"
@@ -840,6 +840,9 @@
 msgid "unclosed quote"
 msgstr "kapatılmamış tırnak"
 
+msgid "too many arguments"
+msgstr "pek fazla argüman"
+
 #, c-format
 msgid "unrecognized whitespace option '%s'"
 msgstr "tanımlanamayan boşluk seçeneği '%s'"
@@ -1880,7 +1883,7 @@
 msgstr "aralıklı çıkış konisi dışındaki girdileri güncellemeye izin ver"
 
 msgid "override the executable bit of the listed files"
-msgstr "listelenen dosyaların çalıştırılabilir kısımlarını geçersiz kıl"
+msgstr "listelenen dosyaların yürütülebilir kısımlarını geçersiz kıl"
 
 msgid "warn when adding an embedded repository"
 msgstr "gömülü bir depo eklenirken uyar"
@@ -2597,42 +2600,6 @@
 "ikili arama çalıştırılamadı: 'git bisect--helper --bisect-state %s', %d hata "
 "koduyla çıktı"
 
-msgid "reset the bisection state"
-msgstr "ikili arama durumunu sıfırla"
-
-msgid "check whether bad or good terms exist"
-msgstr "iyi veya kötü terimlerin olup olmadığını denetle"
-
-msgid "print out the bisect terms"
-msgstr "ikili arama terimlerini yazdır"
-
-msgid "start the bisect session"
-msgstr "ikili arama oturumunu başlat"
-
-msgid "find the next bisection commit"
-msgstr "bir sonraki ikili arama işlemesini bul"
-
-msgid "mark the state of ref (or refs)"
-msgstr "başvurunun (veya başvuruların) durumunu imle"
-
-msgid "list the bisection steps so far"
-msgstr "şu ana kadarki ikili arama durumunu listele"
-
-msgid "replay the bisection process from the given file"
-msgstr "verilen dosyadan ikili arama işlemini yeniden oynat"
-
-msgid "skip some commits for checkout"
-msgstr "çıkış için birkaç işlemeyi atla"
-
-msgid "visualize the bisection"
-msgstr "ikili aramayı görselleştir"
-
-msgid "use <cmd>... to automatically bisect"
-msgstr "kendiliğinden ikili aramak için <komut>... kullan"
-
-msgid "no log for BISECT_WRITE"
-msgstr "BISECT_WRITE için günlük yok"
-
 msgid "--bisect-reset requires either no argument or a commit"
 msgstr "--bisect-reset bir argüman veya işleme gerektirmiyor"
 
@@ -2651,6 +2618,9 @@
 msgid "git blame [<options>] [<rev-opts>] [<rev>] [--] <file>"
 msgstr "git blame [<seçenekler>] [<rev-sçnk>] [<rev>] [--] <dosya>"
 
+msgid "git annotate [<options>] [<rev-opts>] [<rev>] [--] <file>"
+msgstr "git annotate [<seçenekler>] [<rev-sçnk>] [<rev>] [--] <dosya>"
+
 msgid "<rev-opts> are documented in git-rev-list(1)"
 msgstr "<rev-sçnk>, git-rev-list(1) içinde belgelendirilmiştir"
 
@@ -2838,9 +2808,6 @@
 msgid "cannot use -a with -d"
 msgstr "-a, -d ile kullanılamıyor"
 
-msgid "Couldn't look up commit object for HEAD"
-msgstr "HEAD için işleme nesnesi aranamadı"
-
 #, c-format
 msgid "Cannot delete branch '%s' checked out at '%s'"
 msgstr "'%s' dalı silinemiyor, şurada çıkış yapılmış: '%s'"
@@ -2879,16 +2846,18 @@
 msgid "Branch %s is being bisected at %s"
 msgstr "%s dalı %s konumunda ikili aranıyor"
 
-msgid "cannot copy the current branch while not on any."
-msgstr "Bir dalın üzerinde değilken geçerli dal kopyalanamaz."
-
-msgid "cannot rename the current branch while not on any."
-msgstr "Bir dalın üzerinde değilken geçerli dal yeniden adlandırılamaz."
-
 #, c-format
 msgid "Invalid branch name: '%s'"
 msgstr "Geçersiz dal adı: '%s'"
 
+#, c-format
+msgid "No commit on branch '%s' yet."
+msgstr "'%s' dalında henüz bir işleme yok."
+
+#, c-format
+msgid "No branch named '%s'."
+msgstr "'%s' adında bir dal yok."
+
 msgid "Branch rename failed"
 msgstr "Dal yeniden adlandırması başarısız"
 
@@ -3047,22 +3016,20 @@
 msgid "cannot edit description of more than one branch"
 msgstr "birden çok dalın açıklaması düzenlenemiyor"
 
-#, c-format
-msgid "No commit on branch '%s' yet."
-msgstr "'%s' dalında henüz bir işleme yok."
+msgid "cannot copy the current branch while not on any."
+msgstr "Bir dalın üzerinde değilken geçerli dal kopyalanamaz."
 
-#, c-format
-msgid "No branch named '%s'."
-msgstr "'%s' adında bir dal yok."
+msgid "cannot rename the current branch while not on any."
+msgstr "Bir dalın üzerinde değilken geçerli dal yeniden adlandırılamaz."
 
 msgid "too many branches for a copy operation"
-msgstr "bir kopyalama işlemi için çok fazla dal"
+msgstr "bir kopyalama işlemi için pek fazla dal"
 
 msgid "too many arguments for a rename operation"
-msgstr "bir yeniden adlandırma işlemi için çok fazla argüman"
+msgstr "bir yeniden adlandırma işlemi için pek fazla argüman"
 
 msgid "too many arguments to set new upstream"
-msgstr "yeni üstkaynak ayarlamak için çok fazla argüman"
+msgstr "yeni üstkaynak ayarlamak için pek fazla argüman"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid ""
@@ -3080,7 +3047,7 @@
 msgstr "'%s' diye bir dal yok"
 
 msgid "too many arguments to unset upstream"
-msgstr "üst kaynağı kaldırmak için çok fazla argüman"
+msgstr "üst kaynağı kaldırmak için pek fazla argüman"
 
 msgid "could not unset upstream of HEAD when it does not point to any branch."
 msgstr ""
@@ -3121,11 +3088,11 @@
 msgstr "bir git deposundan çalıştırılmadı - gösterilecek kanca yok\n"
 
 msgid ""
-"git bugreport [-o|--output-directory <file>] [-s|--suffix <format>] [--"
-"diagnose[=<mode>]"
+"git bugreport [(-o | --output-directory) <path>] [(-s | --suffix) <format>]\n"
+"              [--diagnose[=<mode>]]"
 msgstr ""
-"git bugreport [-o|--output-directory <dosya>] [-s|--suffix <biçim>] [--"
-"diagnose[=<kip>]"
+"git bugreport [(-o | --output-directory) <yol>] [(-s | --suffix) <biçim>]\n"
+"              [--diagnose[=<kip>]]"
 
 msgid ""
 "Thank you for filling out a Git bug report!\n"
@@ -3196,17 +3163,23 @@
 msgid "Created new report at '%s'.\n"
 msgstr "Hata raporu '%s' dosyasına yazıldı.\n"
 
-msgid "git bundle create [<options>] <file> <git-rev-list args>"
-msgstr "git bundle create [<seçenekler>] <dosya> <git-rev-liste argümanlar>"
+msgid ""
+"git bundle create [-q | --quiet | --progress | --all-progress] [--all-"
+"progress-implied]\n"
+"                  [--version=<version>] <file> <git-rev-list-args>"
+msgstr ""
+"git bundle create [-q | --quiet | --progress | --all-progress] [--all-"
+"progress-implied]\n"
+"                  [--version=<sürüm>] <dosya> <git-rev-liste-argümanları>"
 
-msgid "git bundle verify [<options>] <file>"
-msgstr "git bundle verify [<seçenekler>] <dosya>"
+msgid "git bundle verify [-q | --quiet] <file>"
+msgstr "git bundle verify [-q | --quiet] <dosya>"
 
 msgid "git bundle list-heads <file> [<refname>...]"
 msgstr "git bundle list-heads <dosya> [<başvuru-adı>...]"
 
-msgid "git bundle unbundle <file> [<refname>...]"
-msgstr "git bundle unbundle <dosya> [<başvuru-adı>...]"
+msgid "git bundle unbundle [--progress] <file> [<refname>...]"
+msgstr "git bundle unbundle [--progress] <dosya> [<başvuru-adı>...]"
 
 msgid "do not show progress meter"
 msgstr "ilerleme çubuğunu gösterme"
@@ -3281,12 +3254,12 @@
 "git cat-file (--batch | --batch-check | --batch-command) [--batch-all-"
 "objects]\n"
 "             [--buffer] [--follow-symlinks] [--unordered]\n"
-"             [--textconv | --filters]"
+"             [--textconv | --filters] [-z]"
 msgstr ""
 "git cat-file (--batch | --batch-check | --batch-command) [--batch-all-"
 "objects]\n"
 "             [--buffer] [--follow-symlinks] [--unordered]\n"
-"             [--textconv | --filters]"
+"             [--textconv | --filters] [-z]"
 
 msgid ""
 "git cat-file (--textconv | --filters)\n"
@@ -3396,9 +3369,6 @@
 msgid "<object> required with '-%c'"
 msgstr "<nesne>, '-%c' ile gerekiyor"
 
-msgid "too many arguments"
-msgstr "çok fazla argüman"
-
 #, c-format
 msgid "only two arguments allowed in <type> <object> mode, not %d"
 msgstr "<tür> <nesne> kipinde yalnızca iki argümana izin veriliyor, %d değil"
@@ -3929,9 +3899,11 @@
 msgstr "yerpaylaşım kipini kullan"
 
 msgid ""
-"git clean [-d] [-f] [-i] [-n] [-q] [-e <pattern>] [-x | -X] [--] <paths>..."
+"git clean [-d] [-f] [-i] [-n] [-q] [-e <pattern>] [-x | -X] [--] "
+"[<pathspec>...]"
 msgstr ""
-"git clean [-d] [-f] [-i] [-n] [-q] [-e <dizgi>] [-x | -X] [--] <yollar>..."
+"git clean [-d] [-f] [-i] [-n] [-q] [-e <dizgi>] [-x | -X] [--] [<yol-"
+"blrtç>...]"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "Removing %s\n"
@@ -4223,6 +4195,10 @@
 msgstr "yineleyici '%s' üzerinden çalıştırılamadı"
 
 #, c-format
+msgid "symlink '%s' exists, refusing to clone with --local"
+msgstr "'%s' sembolik bağlantısı var, --local ile klonlama reddediliyor"
+
+#, c-format
 msgid "failed to unlink '%s'"
 msgstr "'%s' bağlantısı kesilemedi"
 
@@ -4286,10 +4262,6 @@
 msgid "You must specify a repository to clone."
 msgstr "Klonlamak için bir depo belirtmelisiniz."
 
-#, c-format
-msgid "options '%s' and '%s %s' cannot be used together"
-msgstr "'%s' ve '%s %s' seçenekleri birlikte kullanılamaz"
-
 msgid ""
 "--bundle-uri is incompatible with --depth, --shallow-since, and --shallow-"
 "exclude"
@@ -4409,18 +4381,24 @@
 msgstr "--command ilk argüman olmalı"
 
 msgid ""
-"git commit-graph verify [--object-dir <objdir>] [--shallow] [--[no-]progress]"
+"git commit-graph verify [--object-dir <dir>] [--shallow] [--[no-]progress]"
 msgstr ""
-"git commit-graph verify [--object-dir <nsndzn>] [--shallow] [--[no-]progress]"
+"git commit-graph verify [--object-dir <dizin>] [--shallow] [--[no-]progress]"
 
 msgid ""
-"git commit-graph write [--object-dir <objdir>] [--append] [--"
-"split[=<strategy>]] [--reachable|--stdin-packs|--stdin-commits] [--changed-"
-"paths] [--[no-]max-new-filters <n>] [--[no-]progress] <split options>"
+"git commit-graph write [--object-dir <dir>] [--append]\n"
+"                       [--split[=<strategy>]] [--reachable | --stdin-packs | "
+"--stdin-commits]\n"
+"                       [--changed-paths] [--[no-]max-new-filters <n>] [--"
+"[no-]progress]\n"
+"                       <split options>"
 msgstr ""
-"git commit-graph write [--object-dir <nsndzn>] [--append] [--"
-"split[=<strateji>]] [--reachable|--stdin-packs|--stdin-commits] [--changed-"
-"paths] [--[no-]max-new-filters <n>] [--[no-]progress] <bölme-seçenekleri>"
+"git commit-graph write [--object-dir <dizin>] [--append]\n"
+"                       [--split[=<<strateji>]] [--reachable | --stdin-packs "
+"| --stdin-commits]\n"
+"                       [--changed-paths] [--[no-]max-new-filters <n>] [--"
+"[no-]progress]\n"
+"                       <bölme-seçenekleri>"
 
 msgid "dir"
 msgstr "dizin"
@@ -4491,12 +4469,16 @@
 msgid "Collecting commits from input"
 msgstr "Girdiden işlemeler toplanıyor"
 
+msgid "git commit-tree <tree> [(-p <parent>)...]"
+msgstr "git commit-tree <ağaç> [(-p <üst-öge>)...]"
+
 msgid ""
-"git commit-tree [(-p <parent>)...] [-S[<keyid>]] [(-m <message>)...] [(-F "
-"<file>)...] <tree>"
+"git commit-tree [(-p <parent>)...] [-S[<keyid>]] [(-m <message>)...]\n"
+"                [(-F <file>)...] <tree>"
 msgstr ""
-"git commit-tree [(-p <üst-öge>)...] [-S[<değer-no>]] [(-m <ileti>)...] [(-F "
-"<dosya>)...] <ağaç>"
+"git commit-tree [(-p <üst-öge>)...] [-S[<anahtar-kimliği>]] [(-m "
+"<ileti>)...]\n"
+"                [(-F <dosya>)...] <ağaç>"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "duplicate parent %s ignored"
@@ -4538,11 +4520,29 @@
 msgid "git commit-tree: failed to read"
 msgstr "git commit-tree: okunamadı"
 
-msgid "git commit [<options>] [--] <pathspec>..."
-msgstr "git commit [<seçenekler>] [--] <yol-blrtç>..."
+msgid ""
+"git commit [-a | --interactive | --patch] [-s] [-v] [-u<mode>] [--amend]\n"
+"           [--dry-run] [(-c | -C | --squash) <commit> | --fixup [(amend|"
+"reword):]<commit>)]\n"
+"           [-F <file> | -m <msg>] [--reset-author] [--allow-empty]\n"
+"           [--allow-empty-message] [--no-verify] [-e] [--author=<author>]\n"
+"           [--date=<date>] [--cleanup=<mode>] [--[no-]status]\n"
+"           [-i | -o] [--pathspec-from-file=<file> [--pathspec-file-nul]]\n"
+"           [(--trailer <token>[(=|:)<value>])...] [-S[<keyid>]]\n"
+"           [--] [<pathspec>...]"
+msgstr ""
+"git commit [-a | --interactive | --patch] [-s] [-v] [-u<kip>] [--amend]\n"
+"           [--dry-run] [(-c | -C | --squash) <işleme> | --fixup [(amend|"
+"reword):]<işleme>)]\n"
+"           [-F <dosya> | -m <ileti>] [--reset-author] [--allow-empty]\n"
+"           [--allow-empty-message] [--no-verify] [-e] [--author=<author>]\n"
+"           [--date=<tarih>] [--cleanup=<kip>] [--[no-]status]\n"
+"           [-i | -o] [--pathspec-from-file=<dosya> [--pathspec-file-nul]]\n"
+"           [(--trailer <jeton>[(=|:)<değer>])...] [-S[<anahtar-kimliği>]]\n"
+"           [--] [<yol-blrtç>...]"
 
-msgid "git status [<options>] [--] <pathspec>..."
-msgstr "git status [<seçenekler>] [--] <yol-blrtç>..."
+msgid "git status [<options>] [--] [<pathspec>...]"
+msgstr "git status [<seçenekler>] [--] [<yol-blrtç>...]"
 
 msgid ""
 "You asked to amend the most recent commit, but doing so would make\n"
@@ -5298,7 +5298,7 @@
 "\n"
 "\tchmod 0700 %s"
 msgstr ""
-"Soket dizininizdeki izinler çok gevşek; diğer kullanıcılar sizin\n"
+"Yuva dizininizdeki izinler çok gevşek; diğer kullanıcılar sizin\n"
 "önbelleğe alınmış yetkilerinizi okuyabilirler. Şunu çalıştırmayı düşünün:\n"
 "\n"
 "\tchmod 0700 %s"
@@ -5307,20 +5307,27 @@
 msgstr "hata ayıklama iletilerini stderr'e yazdır"
 
 msgid "credential-cache--daemon unavailable; no unix socket support"
-msgstr "credential-cache--daemon kullanılamıyor; unix soket desteği yok"
+msgstr "credential-cache--daemon kullanılamıyor; unix yuva desteği yok"
 
 msgid "credential-cache unavailable; no unix socket support"
-msgstr "credential-cache kullanılamıyor; unix soket desteği yok"
+msgstr "credential-cache kullanılamıyor; unix yuva desteği yok"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "unable to get credential storage lock in %d ms"
 msgstr "kimlik depo kilidi %d ms içinde alınamadı"
 
-msgid "git describe [<options>] [<commit-ish>...]"
-msgstr "git describe [<seçenekler>] [<işlememsi>...]"
+msgid ""
+"git describe [--all] [--tags] [--contains] [--abbrev=<n>] [<commit-ish>...]"
+msgstr ""
+"git describe [--all] [--tags] [--contains] [--abbrev=<n>] [<işlememsi>...]"
 
-msgid "git describe [<options>] --dirty"
-msgstr "git describe [<seçenekler>] --dirty"
+msgid ""
+"git describe [--all] [--tags] [--contains] [--abbrev=<n>] --dirty[=<mark>]"
+msgstr ""
+"git describe [--all] [--tags] [--contains] [--abbrev=<n>] --dirty[=<im>]"
+
+msgid "git describe <blob>"
+msgstr "git describe <ikili>"
 
 msgid "head"
 msgstr "dal ucu"
@@ -5442,11 +5449,11 @@
 msgstr "'%s' seçeneği ve işlememsiler birlikte kullanılamaz"
 
 msgid ""
-"git diagnose [-o|--output-directory <path>] [-s|--suffix <format>] [--"
-"mode=<mode>]"
+"git diagnose [(-o | --output-directory) <path>] [(-s | --suffix) <format>]\n"
+"             [--mode=<mode>]"
 msgstr ""
-"git diagnose [-o|--output-directory <yol>] [-s|--suffix <biçim>] [--"
-"mode=<kip>]"
+"git diagnose [(-o | --output-directory) <yol>] [(-s | --suffix) <biçim>]\n"
+"             [--mode=<kip>]"
 
 msgid "specify a destination for the diagnostics archive"
 msgstr "tanı arşivi için bir hedef konum belirtin"
@@ -5464,6 +5471,9 @@
 msgid "'%s': not a regular file or symlink"
 msgstr "'%s': Sıradan bir dosya veya sembolik bağ değil"
 
+msgid "no merge given, only parents."
+msgstr "birleştirme verilmedi, yalnızca üst ögeler."
+
 #, c-format
 msgid "invalid option: %s"
 msgstr "geçersiz seçenek: %s"
@@ -5596,8 +5606,8 @@
 
 #, c-format
 msgid ""
-"option `--default' expects an unsigned long value with `--type=ulong`, not `"
-"%s`"
+"option `--default' expects an unsigned long value with `--type=ulong`, not "
+"`%s`"
 msgstr ""
 "--default seçeneği, --type=ulong ile birlikte bir imzalanmamış uzun değer "
 "bekliyor, '%s' değil"
@@ -6101,8 +6111,8 @@
 msgid "print only refs which don't contain the commit"
 msgstr "yalnızca işlemeyi içermeyen başvuruları yazdır"
 
-msgid "git for-each-repo --config=<config> <command-args>"
-msgstr "git for-each-repo --config=<yapılandırma> <komut-argümanları>"
+msgid "git for-each-repo --config=<config> [--] <arguments>"
+msgstr "git for-each-repo --config=<yapılandırma> [--] <argümanlar>"
 
 msgid "config"
 msgstr "yapılandırma"
@@ -6273,8 +6283,16 @@
 msgid "%s: invalid sha1 pointer in resolve-undo"
 msgstr "%s: resolve-undo içinde geçersiz sha1 işaretçisi"
 
-msgid "git fsck [<options>] [<object>...]"
-msgstr "git fsck [<seçenekler>] [<nesne>...]"
+msgid ""
+"git fsck [--tags] [--root] [--unreachable] [--cache] [--no-reflogs]\n"
+"         [--[no-]full] [--strict] [--verbose] [--lost-found]\n"
+"         [--[no-]dangling] [--[no-]progress] [--connectivity-only]\n"
+"         [--[no-]name-objects] [<object>...]"
+msgstr ""
+"git fsck [--tags] [--root] [--unreachable] [--cache] [--no-reflogs]\n"
+"         [--[no-]full] [--strict] [--verbose] [--lost-found]\n"
+"         [--[no-]dangling] [--[no-]progress] [--connectivity-only]\n"
+"         [--[no-]name-objects] [<nesne>...]"
 
 msgid "show unreachable objects"
 msgstr "ulaşılamayan nesneleri göster"
@@ -6329,12 +6347,6 @@
 msgid "git fsmonitor--daemon run [<options>]"
 msgstr "git fsmonitor--daemon run [<seçenekler>]"
 
-msgid "git fsmonitor--daemon stop"
-msgstr "git fsmonitor--daemon stop"
-
-msgid "git fsmonitor--daemon status"
-msgstr "git fsmonitor--daemon status"
-
 #, c-format
 msgid "value of '%s' out of range: %d"
 msgstr "'%s' değeri erim dışında: %d"
@@ -6574,8 +6586,20 @@
 msgid "use at most one of --auto and --schedule=<frequency>"
 msgstr "tek kezde --auto ve --schedule=<sıklık>'tan birini kullan"
 
-msgid "failed to run 'git config'"
-msgstr "'git config' çalıştırılamadı"
+#, c-format
+msgid "unable to add '%s' value of '%s'"
+msgstr "şunun için '%s' değeri eklenemiyor: '%s'"
+
+msgid "return success even if repository was not registered"
+msgstr "depo kaydı yapılmamış olsa bile başarılı durum döndür"
+
+#, c-format
+msgid "unable to unset '%s' value of '%s'"
+msgstr "şunun '%s' değeri ayarı kaldırılamıyor: '%s'"
+
+#, c-format
+msgid "repository '%s' is not registered"
+msgstr "'%s' deposu kaydı yapılmamış"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "failed to expand path '%s'"
@@ -6863,11 +6887,14 @@
 msgstr "hem --cached hem ağaçlar verilmiş"
 
 msgid ""
-"git hash-object [-t <type>] [-w] [--path=<file> | --no-filters] [--stdin] "
-"[--] <file>..."
+"git hash-object [-t <type>] [-w] [--path=<file> | --no-filters]\n"
+"                [--stdin [--literally]] [--] <file>..."
 msgstr ""
-"git hash-object [-t <tür>] [-w] [--path=<dosya> | --no-filters] [--stdin] "
-"[--] <dosya>..."
+"git hash-object [-t <tür>] [-w] [--path=<dosya> | --no-filters]\n"
+"                [--stdin [--literally]] [--] <dosya>..."
+
+msgid "git hash-object [-t <type>] [-w] --stdin-paths [--no-filters]"
+msgstr "git hash-object [-t <tür>] [-w] --stdin-paths [--no-filters]"
 
 msgid "object type"
 msgstr "nesne türü"
@@ -7295,11 +7322,15 @@
 msgstr "%s%s içinde boş Git deposu ilklendirildi\n"
 
 msgid ""
-"git init [-q | --quiet] [--bare] [--template=<template-directory>] [--"
-"shared[=<permissions>]] [<directory>]"
+"git init [-q | --quiet] [--bare] [--template=<template-directory>]\n"
+"         [--separate-git-dir <git-dir>] [--object-format=<format>]\n"
+"         [-b <branch-name> | --initial-branch=<branch-name>]\n"
+"         [--shared[=<permissions>]] [<directory>]"
 msgstr ""
-"git init [-q | --quiet] [--bare] [--template=<şablon-dizini>] [--"
-"shared[=<izinler>]] [<dizin>]"
+"git init [-q | --quiet] [--bare] [--template=<şablon-dizini>]\n"
+"         [--separate-git-dir <git-dizini>] [--object-format=<biçim>]\n"
+"         [-b <dal-adı> | --initial-branch=<dal-adı>]\n"
+"         [--shared[=<izinler>]] [<dizin>]"
 
 msgid "permissions"
 msgstr "izinler"
@@ -7340,11 +7371,13 @@
 msgstr "--separate-git-dir, çıplak depo ile uyumsuz"
 
 msgid ""
-"git interpret-trailers [--in-place] [--trim-empty] [(--trailer "
-"<token>[(=|:)<value>])...] [<file>...]"
+"git interpret-trailers [--in-place] [--trim-empty]\n"
+"                       [(--trailer <token>[(=|:)<value>])...]\n"
+"                       [--parse] [<file>...]"
 msgstr ""
-"git interpret-trailers [--in-place] [--trim-empty] [(--trailer "
-"<jeton>[(=|:)<değer>])...] [<dosya>...]"
+"git interpret-trailers [--in-place] [--trim-empty]\n"
+"                       [(--trailer <jeton>[(=|:)<değer>])...]\n"
+"                       [--parse] [<dosya>...]"
 
 msgid "edit files in place"
 msgstr "dosyaları yerinde düzenle"
@@ -7822,11 +7855,11 @@
 
 msgid ""
 "git ls-remote [--heads] [--tags] [--refs] [--upload-pack=<exec>]\n"
-"              [-q | --quiet] [--exit-code] [--get-url]\n"
+"              [-q | --quiet] [--exit-code] [--get-url] [--sort=<key>]\n"
 "              [--symref] [<repository> [<refs>...]]"
 msgstr ""
-"git ls-remote [--heads] [--tags] [--refs] [--upload-pack=<çlştr>]\n"
-"              [-q | --quiet] [--exit-code] [--get-url]\n"
+"git ls-remote [--heads] [--tags] [--refs] [--upload-pack=<yürütülebilir>]\n"
+"              [-q | --quiet] [--exit-code] [--get-url] [--sort=<anahtar>]\n"
 "              [--symref] [<depo> [<başvurular>...]]"
 
 msgid "do not print remote URL"
@@ -7955,12 +7988,12 @@
 msgid "git merge-base [-a | --all] --octopus <commit>..."
 msgstr "git merge-base [-a | --all] --octopus <işleme>..."
 
-msgid "git merge-base --independent <commit>..."
-msgstr "git merge-base --independent <işleme>..."
-
 msgid "git merge-base --is-ancestor <commit> <commit>"
 msgstr "git merge-base --is-ancestor <işleme> <işleme>"
 
+msgid "git merge-base --independent <commit>..."
+msgstr "git merge-base --independent <işleme>..."
+
 msgid "git merge-base --fork-point <ref> [<commit>]"
 msgstr "git merge-base --fork-point <başvuru> [<işleme>]"
 
@@ -8068,9 +8101,20 @@
 msgid "allow merging unrelated histories"
 msgstr "birbiriyle ilişkisi olmayan geçmişlerin birleştirilmesine izin ver"
 
+msgid "perform multiple merges, one per line of input"
+msgstr "girdi satırı başına bir adet çoklu birleştirmeler gerçekleştir"
+
 msgid "--trivial-merge is incompatible with all other options"
 msgstr "--trivial-merge, tüm diğer seçeneklerle uyumsuz"
 
+#, c-format
+msgid "malformed input line: '%s'."
+msgstr "hatalı oluşturulmuş girdi satırı: '%s'."
+
+#, c-format
+msgid "merging cannot continue; got unclean result of %d"
+msgstr "birleştirme sürdürülemiyor; %d için temiz olmayan sonuçlar alındı"
+
 msgid "git merge [<options>] [<commit>...]"
 msgstr "git merge [<seçenekler>] [<işleme>...]"
 
@@ -8683,10 +8727,6 @@
 msgstr "İkili nesne olmayan '%s' nesnesinden not verisi okunamıyor."
 
 #, c-format
-msgid "malformed input line: '%s'."
-msgstr "hatalı oluşturulmuş girdi satırı: '%s'."
-
-#, c-format
 msgid "failed to copy notes from '%s' to '%s'"
 msgstr "notlar '%s' konumundan '%s' konumuna kopyalanamadı"
 
@@ -8875,16 +8915,16 @@
 msgid "unknown subcommand: `%s'"
 msgstr "bilinmeyen altkomut: '%s'"
 
-msgid ""
-"git pack-objects --stdout [<options>...] [< <ref-list> | < <object-list>]"
+msgid "git pack-objects --stdout [<options>] [< <ref-list> | < <object-list>]"
 msgstr ""
-"git pack-objects --stdout [<seçenekler>...] [< <bşvr-liste> | < <nesne-"
-"liste>]"
+"git pack-objects --stdout [<sçnklr>] [< <başvuru-listesi> | < <nesne-"
+"listesi>]"
 
 msgid ""
-"git pack-objects [<options>...] <base-name> [< <ref-list> | < <object-list>]"
+"git pack-objects [<options>] <base-name> [< <ref-list> | < <object-list>]"
 msgstr ""
-"git pack-objects [<sçnklr>...] <base-name> [< <bşvr-liste> | < <nesne-liste>]"
+"git pack-objects [<sçnklr>] <temel-ad> [< <bşvru-listesi> | < <nesne-"
+"listesi>]"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid ""
@@ -9262,8 +9302,8 @@
 "<git@vger.kernel.org> adresine bir e-posta atarak\n"
 "bize haber verin. Sağ olun.\n"
 
-msgid "git pack-refs [<options>]"
-msgstr "git pack-refs [<seçenekler>]"
+msgid "git pack-refs [--all] [--no-prune]"
+msgstr "git pack-refs [--all] [--no-prune]"
 
 msgid "pack everything"
 msgstr "her şeyi paketle"
@@ -9271,6 +9311,18 @@
 msgid "prune loose refs (default)"
 msgstr "gevşek başvuruları buda (öntanımlı)"
 
+msgid "git patch-id [--stable | --unstable | --verbatim]"
+msgstr "git patch-id [--stable | --unstable | --verbatim]"
+
+msgid "use the unstable patch-id algorithm"
+msgstr "kararlı olmayan yama kimliği algoritmasını kullan"
+
+msgid "use the stable patch-id algorithm"
+msgstr "kararlı yama kimliği algoritmasını kullan"
+
+msgid "don't strip whitespace from the patch"
+msgstr "yamadan boşlukları çıkarma"
+
 msgid "git prune [-n] [-v] [--progress] [--expire <time>] [--] [<head>...]"
 msgstr ""
 "git prune [-n] [-v] [--progress] [--expire <zaman>] [--] [<dal-ucu>...]"
@@ -9484,9 +9536,8 @@
 
 msgid ""
 "\n"
-"To avoid automatically configuring upstream branches when their name\n"
-"doesn't match the local branch, see option 'simple' of branch."
-"autoSetupMerge\n"
+"To avoid automatically configuring an upstream branch when its name\n"
+"won't match the local branch, see option 'simple' of branch.autoSetupMerge\n"
 "in 'git help config'.\n"
 msgstr ""
 "\n"
@@ -9643,6 +9694,13 @@
 msgid "failed to push some refs to '%s'"
 msgstr "bazı başvurular '%s' konumuna itilemedi"
 
+msgid ""
+"recursing into submodule with push.recurseSubmodules=only; using on-demand "
+"instead"
+msgstr ""
+"altmodül içine push.recurseSubmodules=only ile özyineleniyor; yerine talep "
+"başına kullanılıyor"
+
 #, c-format
 msgid "invalid value for '%s'"
 msgstr "'%s' için geçersiz değer"
@@ -9666,7 +9724,7 @@
 msgstr "zorla güncelle"
 
 msgid "<refname>:<expect>"
-msgstr "<başvuruadı>:<bekle>"
+msgstr "<bşvr-adı>:<bekle>"
 
 msgid "require old value of ref to be at this value"
 msgstr "başvurunun eski değerinin bu değerde olmasını gerektir"
@@ -9779,13 +9837,14 @@
 msgstr "iki işleme erimi gerekli"
 
 msgid ""
-"git read-tree [(-m [--trivial] [--aggressive] | --reset | --prefix=<prefix>) "
-"[-u | -i]] [--no-sparse-checkout] [--index-output=<file>] (--empty | <tree-"
-"ish1> [<tree-ish2> [<tree-ish3>]])"
+"git read-tree [(-m [--trivial] [--aggressive] | --reset | --"
+"prefix=<prefix>)\n"
+"              [-u | -i]] [--index-output=<file>] [--no-sparse-checkout]\n"
+"              (--empty | <tree-ish1> [<tree-ish2> [<tree-ish3>]])"
 msgstr ""
-"git read-tree [(-m [--trivial] [--aggressive] | --reset | --prefix=<önek>) [-"
-"u | -i]] [--no-sparse-checkout] [--index-output=<dosya>] (--empty | "
-"<ağacımsı1> [<ağacımsı2> [<ağacımsı3>]])"
+"git read-tree [(-m [--trivial] [--aggressive] | --reset | --prefix=<önek>)\n"
+"              [-u | -i]] [--index-output=<dosya>] [--no-sparse-checkout]\n"
+"              (--empty | <ağacımsı1> [<ağacımsı2> [<ağacımsı3>]])"
 
 msgid "write resulting index to <file>"
 msgstr "ortaya çıkan indeksi <dosya>'ya yaz"
@@ -9876,8 +9935,8 @@
 msgstr "%s birleştirme arka ucunu gerektiriyor"
 
 #, c-format
-msgid "could not get 'onto': '%s'"
-msgstr "'onto' alınamadı: '%s'"
+msgid "invalid onto: '%s'"
+msgstr "üzerine geçersiz: '%s'"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "invalid orig-head: '%s'"
@@ -9928,8 +9987,8 @@
 
 #, c-format
 msgid ""
-"unrecognized empty type '%s'; valid values are \"drop\", \"keep\", and \"ask"
-"\"."
+"unrecognized empty type '%s'; valid values are \"drop\", \"keep\", and "
+"\"ask\"."
 msgstr ""
 "Tanımlanamayan boş tür '%s'; geçerli türler: \"drop\", \"keep\" ve \"ask\"."
 
@@ -10186,8 +10245,8 @@
 msgid "No such ref: %s"
 msgstr "Böyle bir başvuru yok: %s"
 
-msgid "Could not resolve HEAD to a revision"
-msgstr "HEAD bir revizyona çözülemedi"
+msgid "Could not resolve HEAD to a commit"
+msgstr "HEAD, bir işlemeye çözülemedi"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "'%s': need exactly one merge base with branch"
@@ -10849,6 +10908,10 @@
 msgid "could not close refs snapshot tempfile"
 msgstr "başvurular anlık görüntü geçici dosyası kapatılamadı"
 
+#, c-format
+msgid "could not remove stale bitmap: %s"
+msgstr "eskimiş biteşlem kaldırılamadı: %s"
+
 msgid "pack everything in a single pack"
 msgstr "her şeyi tek bir pakete sığdır"
 
@@ -10921,6 +10984,9 @@
 msgid "write a multi-pack index of the resulting packs"
 msgstr "ortaya çıkan paketlerin bir çoklu paket indeksini yaz"
 
+msgid "pack prefix to store a pack containing pruned objects"
+msgstr "budanan nesneler içeren paketi depolamak için paket öneki"
+
 msgid "cannot delete packs in a precious-objects repo"
 msgstr "bir precious-objects deposundaki paketler silinemiyor"
 
@@ -10932,8 +10998,12 @@
 msgstr "paket öneki %s, nesne dizini %s ile başlamıyor"
 
 #, c-format
-msgid "missing required file: %s"
-msgstr "gereken dosya eksik: %s"
+msgid "renaming pack to '%s' failed"
+msgstr "paketi '%s' olarak yeniden adlandırma başarısız"
+
+#, c-format
+msgid "pack-objects did not write a '%s' file for pack %s-%s"
+msgstr "pack-objects, şu paket için bir '%s' dosyası yazmadı: %s-%s"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "could not unlink: %s"
@@ -11127,8 +11197,10 @@
 msgid "only one pattern can be given with -l"
 msgstr "-l ile yalnızca bir dizgi verilebilir"
 
-msgid "git rerere [clear | forget <path>... | status | remaining | diff | gc]"
-msgstr "git rerere [clear | forget <yol>... | status | remaining | diff | gc]"
+msgid ""
+"git rerere [clear | forget <pathspec>... | diff | status | remaining | gc]"
+msgstr ""
+"git rerere [clear | forget <yol-blrtç>... | diff | status | remaining | gc]"
 
 msgid "register clean resolutions in index"
 msgstr "indeksteki temiz çözümlerin kaydını yap"
@@ -11333,6 +11405,15 @@
 msgid "unknown mode for --abbrev-ref: %s"
 msgstr "--abbrev-ref için bilinmeyen kip: %s"
 
+msgid "--exclude-hidden cannot be used together with --branches"
+msgstr "--exclude-hidden, --branches ile birlikte kullanılamıyor"
+
+msgid "--exclude-hidden cannot be used together with --tags"
+msgstr "--exclude-hidden, --tags ile birlikte kullanılamıyor"
+
+msgid "--exclude-hidden cannot be used together with --remotes"
+msgstr "--exclude-hidden, --remotes ile birlikte kullanılamıyor"
+
 msgid "this operation must be run in a work tree"
 msgstr "bu işlem bir çalışma ağacı içinde çalıştırılmalı"
 
@@ -11340,17 +11421,25 @@
 msgid "unknown mode for --show-object-format: %s"
 msgstr "--show-object-format için bilinmeyen kip: %s"
 
-msgid "git revert [<options>] <commit-ish>..."
-msgstr "git revert [<seçenekler>] <işlememsi>..."
+msgid ""
+"git revert [--[no-]edit] [-n] [-m <parent-number>] [-s] [-S[<keyid>]] "
+"<commit>..."
+msgstr ""
+"git revert [--[no-]edit] [-n] [-m <üst-öge-numarası>] [-s] [-S[<anahtar-"
+"kimliği>]] <işleme>..."
 
-msgid "git revert <subcommand>"
-msgstr "git revert <altkomut>"
+msgid "git revert (--continue | --skip | --abort | --quit)"
+msgstr "git revert (--continue | --skip | --abort | --quit)"
 
-msgid "git cherry-pick [<options>] <commit-ish>..."
-msgstr "git cherry-pick [<seçenekler>] <işlememsi>..."
+msgid ""
+"git cherry-pick [--edit] [-n] [-m <parent-number>] [-s] [-x] [--ff]\n"
+"                [-S[<keyid>]] <commit>..."
+msgstr ""
+"git cherry-pick [--edit] [-n] [-m <üst-öge-numarası>] [-s] [-x] [--ff]\n"
+"                [-S[<anahtar-kimliği>]] <işleme>..."
 
-msgid "git cherry-pick <subcommand>"
-msgstr "git cherry-pick <altkomut>"
+msgid "git cherry-pick (--continue | --skip | --abort | --quit)"
+msgstr "git cherry-pick (--continue | --skip | --abort | --quit)"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "option `%s' expects a number greater than zero"
@@ -11411,8 +11500,14 @@
 msgid "cherry-pick failed"
 msgstr "seç-al başarısız"
 
-msgid "git rm [<options>] [--] <file>..."
-msgstr "git rm [<seçenekler>] [--] <dosya>..."
+msgid ""
+"git rm [-f | --force] [-n] [-r] [--cached] [--ignore-unmatch]\n"
+"       [--quiet] [--pathspec-from-file=<file> [--pathspec-file-nul]]\n"
+"       [--] [<pathspec>...]"
+msgstr ""
+"git rm [-f | --force] [-n] [-r] [--cached] [--ignore-unmatch]\n"
+"       [--quiet] [--pathspec-from-file=<dosya> [--pathspec-file-nul]]\n"
+"       [--] [<yol-blrtç>...]"
 
 msgid ""
 "the following file has staged content different from both the\n"
@@ -11486,12 +11581,14 @@
 "git send-pack [--mirror] [--dry-run] [--force]\n"
 "              [--receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>]\n"
 "              [--verbose] [--thin] [--atomic]\n"
+"              [--[no-]signed | --signed=(true|false|if-asked)]\n"
 "              [<host>:]<directory> (--all | <ref>...)"
 msgstr ""
 "git send-pack [--mirror] [--dry-run] [--force]\n"
-"              [--receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>]\n"
+"              [--receive-pack=<git-paket-al>]\n"
 "              [--verbose] [--thin] [--atomic]\n"
-"              [<makine>:]<dizin> (--all | <başvurular>...)"
+"              [--[no-]signed | --signed=(true|false|if-asked)]\n"
+"              [<makine>:]<dizin> (--all | <başvuru>...)"
 
 msgid "remote name"
 msgstr "uzak konum adı"
@@ -11514,8 +11611,9 @@
 msgid "using multiple --group options with stdin is not supported"
 msgstr "stdin ile çoklu --group seçenekleri kullanımı desteklenmiyor"
 
-msgid "using --group=trailer with stdin is not supported"
-msgstr "stdin ile --group=trailer kullanımı desteklenmiyor"
+#, c-format
+msgid "using %s with stdin is not supported"
+msgstr "stdin ile %s kullanma desteklenmiyor"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "unknown group type: %s"
@@ -11546,18 +11644,20 @@
 msgstr "alan ile grupla"
 
 msgid "too many arguments given outside repository"
-msgstr "depo dışında çok fazla argüman verildi"
+msgstr "depo dışında pek fazla argüman verildi"
 
 msgid ""
 "git show-branch [-a | --all] [-r | --remotes] [--topo-order | --date-order]\n"
 "                [--current] [--color[=<when>] | --no-color] [--sparse]\n"
 "                [--more=<n> | --list | --independent | --merge-base]\n"
-"                [--no-name | --sha1-name] [--topics] [(<rev> | <glob>)...]"
+"                [--no-name | --sha1-name] [--topics]\n"
+"                [(<rev> | <glob>)...]"
 msgstr ""
 "git show-branch [-a | --all] [-r | --remotes] [--topo-order | --date-order]\n"
-"                [--current] [--color[=<nezaman>] | --no-color] [--sparse]\n"
+"                [--current] [--color[=<ne-zaman>] | --no-color] [--sparse]\n"
 "                [--more=<n> | --list | --independent | --merge-base]\n"
-"                [--no-name | --sha1-name] [--topics] [(<bşvr> | <glob>)...]"
+"                [--no-name | --sha1-name] [--topics]\n"
+"                [(<rev> | <glob>)...]"
 
 msgid "git show-branch (-g | --reflog)[=<n>[,<base>]] [--list] [<ref>]"
 msgstr "git show-branch (-g | --reflog)[=<n>[,<temel>]] [--list] [<başvuru>]"
@@ -11657,11 +11757,13 @@
 msgstr "bilinmeyen sağlama algoritması '%s'"
 
 msgid ""
-"git show-ref [-q | --quiet] [--verify] [--head] [-d | --dereference] [-s | --"
-"hash[=<n>]] [--abbrev[=<n>]] [--tags] [--heads] [--] [<pattern>...]"
+"git show-ref [-q | --quiet] [--verify] [--head] [-d | --dereference]\n"
+"             [-s | --hash[=<n>]] [--abbrev[=<n>]] [--tags]\n"
+"             [--heads] [--] [<pattern>...]"
 msgstr ""
-"git show-ref [-q | --quiet] [--verify] [--head] [-d | --dereference] [-s | --"
-"hash[=<n>]] [--abbrev[=<n>]] [--tags] [--heads] [--] [<dizgi>...]"
+"git show-ref [-q | --quiet] [--verify] [--head] [-d | --dereference]\n"
+"             [-s | --hash[=<n>]] [--abbrev[=<n>]] [--tags]\n"
+"             [--heads] [--] [<dizgi>...]"
 
 msgid "git show-ref --exclude-existing[=<pattern>]"
 msgstr "git show-ref --exclude-existing[=<dizgi>]"
@@ -11690,8 +11792,10 @@
 msgid "show refs from stdin that aren't in local repository"
 msgstr "stdin'den yerel bir depoda olmayan başvuruları göster"
 
-msgid "git sparse-checkout (init|list|set|add|reapply|disable) <options>"
-msgstr "git sparse-checkout (init|list|set|add|reapply|disable) <seçenekler>"
+msgid ""
+"git sparse-checkout (init | list | set | add | reapply | disable) [<options>]"
+msgstr ""
+"git sparse-checkout (init | list | set | add | reapply | disable) [<sçnklr>]"
 
 msgid "this worktree is not sparse"
 msgstr "bu çalışma ağacı aralıklı değil"
@@ -11813,67 +11917,56 @@
 msgid "error while refreshing working directory"
 msgstr "çalışma dizini yenilenirken hata"
 
-msgid "git stash list [<options>]"
-msgstr "git stash list [<seçenekler>]"
+msgid "git stash list [<log-options>]"
+msgstr "git stash list [<günlük-seçenekleri>]"
 
-msgid "git stash show [<options>] [<stash>]"
-msgstr "git stash show [<seçenekler>] [<zula>]"
+msgid ""
+"git stash show [-u | --include-untracked | --only-untracked] [<diff-"
+"options>] [<stash>]"
+msgstr ""
+"git stash show [-u | --include-untracked | --only-untracked] [<diff-"
+"seçenekleri>] [<zula>]"
 
-msgid "git stash drop [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]"
-msgstr "git stash drop [-q|--quiet] [<zula>]"
+msgid "git stash drop [-q | --quiet] [<stash>]"
+msgstr "git stash drop [-q | --quiet] [<zula>]"
 
-msgid "git stash ( pop | apply ) [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]"
-msgstr "git stash ( pop | apply ) [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<zula>]"
+msgid "git stash pop [--index] [-q | --quiet] [<stash>]"
+msgstr "git stash pop [--index] [-q | --quiet] [<zula>]"
+
+msgid "git stash apply [--index] [-q | --quiet] [<stash>]"
+msgstr "git stash apply [--index] [-q | --quiet] [<zula>]"
 
 msgid "git stash branch <branchname> [<stash>]"
 msgstr "git stash branch <dal-adı> [<zula>]"
 
+msgid "git stash store [(-m | --message) <message>] [-q | --quiet] <commit>"
+msgstr "git stash store [(-m | --message) <ileti>] [-q | --quiet] <işleme>"
+
 msgid ""
-"git stash [push [-p|--patch] [-S|--staged] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--"
-"quiet]\n"
-"          [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-m|--message <message>]\n"
+"git stash [push [-p | --patch] [-S | --staged] [-k | --[no-]keep-index] [-q "
+"| --quiet]\n"
+"          [-u | --include-untracked] [-a | --all] [(-m | --message) "
+"<message>]\n"
 "          [--pathspec-from-file=<file> [--pathspec-file-nul]]\n"
 "          [--] [<pathspec>...]]"
 msgstr ""
-"git stash [push [-p|--patch] [-S|--staged] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--"
-"quiet]\n"
-"          [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-m|--message <ileti>]\n"
-"          [--pathspec-from-file=<dosya> [--pathspec-file-nul]]\n"
+"git stash [push [-p | --patch] [-S | --staged] [-k | --[no-]keep-index] [-q\n"
+"          | --quiet] [-u | --include-untracked] [-a | --all] [(-m | --"
+"message)\n"
+"          <ileti>] [--pathspec-from-file=<dosya> [--pathspec-file-nul]]\n"
 "          [--] [<yol-blrtç>...]]"
 
 msgid ""
-"git stash save [-p|--patch] [-S|--staged] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--"
-"quiet]\n"
-"          [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [<message>]"
+"git stash save [-p | --patch] [-S | --staged] [-k | --[no-]keep-index] [-q | "
+"--quiet]\n"
+"          [-u | --include-untracked] [-a | --all] [<message>]"
 msgstr ""
-"git stash save [-p|--patch] [-S|--staged] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--"
-"quiet]\n"
-"          [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [<ileti>]"
+"git stash save [-p | --patch] [-S | --staged] [-k | --[no-]keep-index] [-q "
+"|\n"
+"          --quiet] [-u | --include-untracked] [-a | --all] [<ileti>]"
 
-msgid "git stash pop [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]"
-msgstr "git stash pop [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<zula>]"
-
-msgid "git stash apply [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]"
-msgstr "git stash apply [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<zula>]"
-
-msgid "git stash store [-m|--message <message>] [-q|--quiet] <commit>"
-msgstr "git stash store [-m|--message <ileti>] [-q|--quiet] <işleme>"
-
-msgid ""
-"git stash [push [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet]\n"
-"          [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-m|--message <message>]\n"
-"          [--] [<pathspec>...]]"
-msgstr ""
-"git stash [push [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet]\n"
-"          [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-m|--message <ileti>]\n"
-"          [--] [<yol-blrtç>...]]"
-
-msgid ""
-"git stash save [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet]\n"
-"               [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [<message>]"
-msgstr ""
-"git stash save [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet]\n"
-"               [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [<ileti>]"
+msgid "git stash create [<message>]"
+msgstr "git stash create [<ileti>]"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "'%s' is not a stash-like commit"
@@ -12359,7 +12452,7 @@
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "Execution of '%s %s' failed in submodule path '%s'"
-msgstr "Şu altmodül yolunda '%s %s' çalıştırılamadı: '%s'"
+msgstr "Şu altmodül yolunda '%s %s' yürütülemedi: '%s'"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "Submodule path '%s': checked out '%s'\n"
@@ -12434,9 +12527,6 @@
 msgid "don't fetch new objects from the remote site"
 msgstr "yeni nesneleri uzak konumdan getirme"
 
-msgid "path into the working tree"
-msgstr "çalışma ağacına giden yol"
-
 msgid "use the 'checkout' update strategy (default)"
 msgstr "'checkout' güncelleme stratejisini kullan (öntanımlı)"
 
@@ -12472,27 +12562,9 @@
 "shallow] [--reference <depo>] [--recursive] [--[no-]single-branch] [--] "
 "[<yol>...]"
 
-msgid "recurse into submodules"
-msgstr "altmodüllere özyinele"
-
 msgid "git submodule absorbgitdirs [<options>] [<path>...]"
 msgstr "git submodule absorbgitdirs [<seçenekler>] [<yol>...]"
 
-msgid "check if it is safe to write to the .gitmodules file"
-msgstr ".gitmodules dosyasına yazım güvenli mi değil mi denetle"
-
-msgid "unset the config in the .gitmodules file"
-msgstr ".gitmodules dosyasındaki yapılandırmayı kaldır"
-
-msgid "git submodule--helper config <name> [<value>]"
-msgstr "git submodule--helper config <ad> [<değer>]"
-
-msgid "git submodule--helper config --unset <name>"
-msgstr "git submodule--helper config --unset <ad>"
-
-msgid "please make sure that the .gitmodules file is in the working tree"
-msgstr ".gitmodules dosyasının çalışma ağacında olduğundan lütfen emin ol"
-
 msgid "suppress output for setting url of a submodule"
 msgstr "bir altmodül url ayarlanması çıktısını gizle"
 
@@ -12570,6 +12642,9 @@
 msgid "unable to checkout submodule '%s'"
 msgstr "'%s' altmodülü çıkış yapılamıyor"
 
+msgid "please make sure that the .gitmodules file is in the working tree"
+msgstr ".gitmodules dosyasının çalışma ağacında olduğundan lütfen emin ol"
+
 #, c-format
 msgid "Failed to add submodule '%s'"
 msgstr "'%s' altmodülü eklenemedi"
@@ -12620,19 +12695,21 @@
 msgid "'%s' is not a valid submodule name"
 msgstr "'%s' geçerli bir altmodül adı değil"
 
+msgid "git submodule--helper <command>"
+msgstr "git submodule--helper <komut>"
+
 #, c-format
 msgid "%s doesn't support --super-prefix"
 msgstr "%s, --super-prefix desteklemiyor"
 
-#, c-format
-msgid "'%s' is not a valid submodule--helper subcommand"
-msgstr "'%s' geçerli bir submodule--helper altkomutu değil"
+msgid "git symbolic-ref [-m <reason>] <name> <ref>"
+msgstr "git symbolic-ref [-m <neden>] <ad> <başvuru>"
 
-msgid "git symbolic-ref [<options>] <name> [<ref>]"
-msgstr "git symbolic-ref [<seçenekler>] <ad> [<başvuru>]"
+msgid "git symbolic-ref [-q] [--short] [--no-recurse] <name>"
+msgstr "git symbolic-ref [-q] [--short] [--no-recurse] <ad>"
 
-msgid "git symbolic-ref -d [-q] <name>"
-msgstr "git symbolic-ref -d [-q] <ad>"
+msgid "git symbolic-ref --delete [-q] <name>"
+msgstr "git symbolic-ref --delete [-q] <ad>"
 
 msgid "suppress error message for non-symbolic (detached) refs"
 msgstr "sembolik olmayan (ayrık) başvurular için hata iletisini gizle"
@@ -12643,6 +12720,9 @@
 msgid "shorten ref output"
 msgstr "başvuru çıktısını kısalt"
 
+msgid "recursively dereference (default)"
+msgstr "başvuruyu özyineli olarak kaldır (öntanımlı)"
+
 msgid "reason"
 msgstr "neden"
 
@@ -12650,24 +12730,26 @@
 msgstr "güncelleme nedeni"
 
 msgid ""
-"git tag [-a | -s | -u <key-id>] [-f] [-m <msg> | -F <file>]\n"
-"        <tagname> [<head>]"
+"git tag [-a | -s | -u <key-id>] [-f] [-m <msg> | -F <file>] [-e]\n"
+"        <tagname> [<commit> | <object>]"
 msgstr ""
-"git tag [-a | -s | -u <anahtar-kimliği>] [-f] [-m <ileti> | -F <dosya>]\n"
-"        <etiket-adı> [<head>]"
+"git tag [-a | -s | -u <anahtar-kimliği>] [-f] [-m <ileti> | -F <dosya>] [-"
+"e]\n"
+"        <etiket-adı> [<işleme> | <nesne>]"
 
 msgid "git tag -d <tagname>..."
 msgstr "git tag -d <etiket-adı>..."
 
 msgid ""
-"git tag -l [-n[<num>]] [--contains <commit>] [--no-contains <commit>] [--"
-"points-at <object>]\n"
-"        [--format=<format>] [--merged <commit>] [--no-merged <commit>] "
-"[<pattern>...]"
+"git tag [-n[<num>]] -l [--contains <commit>] [--no-contains <commit>]\n"
+"        [--points-at <object>] [--column[=<options>] | --no-column]\n"
+"        [--create-reflog] [--sort=<key>] [--format=<format>]\n"
+"        [--merged <commit>] [--no-merged <commit>] [<pattern>...]"
 msgstr ""
-"git tag -l [-n[<sayı>]] [--contains <işleme>] [--no-contains <işleme>]\n"
-" [-- points-at <nesne>] [--format=<biçim>] [--merged <işleme>]\n"
-" [--no-merged <işleme>] [<dizgi>...]"
+"git tag [-n[<sayı>]] -l [--contains <işleme>] [--no-contains <işleme>]\n"
+"        [--points-at <nesne>] [--column[=<seçenekler>] | --no-column]\n"
+"        [--create-reflog] [--sort=<anahtar>] [--format=<biçim>]\n"
+"        [--merged <işleme>] [--no-merged <işleme>] [<dizgi>...]"
 
 msgid "git tag -v [--format=<format>] <tagname>..."
 msgstr "git tag -v [--format=<biçim>] <etiket-adı>..."
@@ -13043,8 +13125,12 @@
 msgid "update the info files from scratch"
 msgstr "bilgi dosyalarını en baştan güncelle"
 
-msgid "git upload-pack [<options>] <dir>"
-msgstr "git upload-pack [<seçenekler>] <dizin>"
+msgid ""
+"git-upload-pack [--[no-]strict] [--timeout=<n>] [--stateless-rpc]\n"
+"                [--advertise-refs] <directory>"
+msgstr ""
+"git-upload-pack [--[no-]strict] [--timeout=<n>] [--stateless-rpc]\n"
+"                [--advertise-refs] <dizin>"
 
 msgid "quit after a single request/response exchange"
 msgstr "tek bir istek/yanıt değiş tokuşundan sonra çık"
@@ -13058,8 +13144,8 @@
 msgid "interrupt transfer after <n> seconds of inactivity"
 msgstr "aktarımı <n> saniye hareketsizlikten sonra kes"
 
-msgid "git verify-commit [-v | --verbose] <commit>..."
-msgstr "git verify-commit [-v | --verbose] <işleme>..."
+msgid "git verify-commit [-v | --verbose] [--raw] <commit>..."
+msgstr "git verify-commit [-v | --verbose] [--raw] <işleme>..."
 
 msgid "print commit contents"
 msgstr "işleme içeriğini yazdır"
@@ -13067,8 +13153,9 @@
 msgid "print raw gpg status output"
 msgstr "ham gpg durum çıktısını yazdır"
 
-msgid "git verify-pack [-v | --verbose] [-s | --stat-only] <pack>..."
-msgstr "git verify-pack [-v | --verbose] [-s | --stat-only] <paket>..."
+msgid "git verify-pack [-v | --verbose] [-s | --stat-only] [--] <pack>.idx..."
+msgstr ""
+"git verify-pack [-v | --verbose] [-s | --stat-only] [--] <paket>.idx..."
 
 msgid "verbose"
 msgstr "ayrıntılı anlatım"
@@ -13076,35 +13163,39 @@
 msgid "show statistics only"
 msgstr "yalnızca istatistikleri göster"
 
-msgid "git verify-tag [-v | --verbose] [--format=<format>] <tag>..."
-msgstr "git verify-tag [-v | --verbose] [--format=<biçim>] <etiket>..."
+msgid "git verify-tag [-v | --verbose] [--format=<format>] [--raw] <tag>..."
+msgstr "git verify-tag [-v | --verbose] [--format=<biçim>] [--raw] <etiket>..."
 
 msgid "print tag contents"
 msgstr "etiket içeriğini yazdır"
 
-msgid "git worktree add [<options>] <path> [<commit-ish>]"
-msgstr "git worktree add [<seçenekler>] <yol> [<işlememsi>]"
+msgid ""
+"git worktree add [-f] [--detach] [--checkout] [--lock [--reason <string>]]\n"
+"                 [-b <new-branch>] <path> [<commit-ish>]"
+msgstr ""
+"git worktree add [-f] [--detach] [--checkout] [--lock [--reason <dizi>]]\n"
+"                 [-b <yeni-dal>] <yol> [<işlememsi>]"
 
-msgid "git worktree list [<options>]"
-msgstr "git worktree list [<seçenekler>]"
+msgid "git worktree list [-v | --porcelain [-z]]"
+msgstr "git worktree list [-v | --porcelain [-z]]"
 
-msgid "git worktree lock [<options>] <path>"
-msgstr "git worktree lock [<seçenekler>] <yol>"
+msgid "git worktree lock [--reason <string>] <worktree>"
+msgstr "git worktree lock [--reason <dizi>] <çalışma-ağacı>"
 
 msgid "git worktree move <worktree> <new-path>"
 msgstr "git worktree move <ç-ağacı> <yeni-yol>"
 
-msgid "git worktree prune [<options>]"
-msgstr "git worktree prune [<seçenekler>]"
+msgid "git worktree prune [-n] [-v] [--expire <expire>]"
+msgstr "git worktree prune [-n] [-v] [--expire <süre-dolum>]"
 
-msgid "git worktree remove [<options>] <worktree>"
-msgstr "git worktree remove [<seçenekler>] <ç-ağacı>"
+msgid "git worktree remove [-f] <worktree>"
+msgstr "git worktree remove [-f] <çalışma-ağacı>"
 
 msgid "git worktree repair [<path>...]"
 msgstr "git worktree repair [<yol>...]"
 
-msgid "git worktree unlock <path>"
-msgstr "git worktree unlock <yol>"
+msgid "git worktree unlock <worktree>"
+msgstr "git worktree unlock <çalışma-ağacı>"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "Removing %s/%s: %s"
@@ -13334,6 +13425,10 @@
 msgid "core.fsyncMethod = batch is unsupported on this platform"
 msgstr "core.fsyncMethod = batch, bu platformda desteklenmiyor"
 
+#, c-format
+msgid "bundle list at '%s' has no mode"
+msgstr "'%s' konumundaki demet listesinin kipi yok"
+
 msgid "failed to create temporary file"
 msgstr "geçici dosya oluşturulamadı"
 
@@ -13341,16 +13436,29 @@
 msgstr "yetersiz yetenekler"
 
 #, c-format
+msgid "unrecognized bundle mode from URI '%s'"
+msgstr "'%s' URI'sinden tanımlanamayan demet kipi"
+
+#, c-format
+msgid "exceeded bundle URI recursion limit (%d)"
+msgstr "demet URI özyineleme sınırı aşıldı (%d)"
+
+#, c-format
 msgid "failed to download bundle from URI '%s'"
 msgstr "'%s' URI'sinden demet indirilemedi"
 
 #, c-format
-msgid "file at URI '%s' is not a bundle"
-msgstr "'%s' URI'sindeki dosya bir demet değil"
+msgid "file at URI '%s' is not a bundle or bundle list"
+msgstr "'%s' URI'sindeki dosya bir demet veya demet listesi değil"
 
-#, c-format
-msgid "failed to unbundle bundle from URI '%s'"
-msgstr "'%s' URI'sindeki demet çözülemedi"
+msgid "bundle-uri: got an empty line"
+msgstr "bundle-uri: boş bir satır alındı"
+
+msgid "bundle-uri: line is not of the form 'key=value'"
+msgstr "bundle-uri: satır, 'anahtar=değer' olarak biçimlenmemiş"
+
+msgid "bundle-uri: line has empty key or value"
+msgstr "bundle-uri: satırda boş anahtar veya değer var"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "unrecognized bundle hash algorithm: %s"
@@ -13920,8 +14028,8 @@
 msgid "Chunk-based file formats"
 msgstr "geçersiz gitfile biçimi: %s"
 
-msgid "Git commit graph format"
-msgstr "Git işleme grafiği biçimi"
+msgid "Git commit-graph format"
+msgstr "Git commit-graph biçimi"
 
 msgid "Git index format"
 msgstr "Git indeks biçimi"
@@ -14115,7 +14223,7 @@
 "bir commit-graph yazılmaya çalışılıyor; ancak 'core.commitGraph' devre dışı"
 
 msgid "too many commits to write graph"
-msgstr "grafik yazımı için çok fazla işleme"
+msgstr "grafik yazımı için pek fazla işleme"
 
 msgid "the commit-graph file has incorrect checksum and is likely corrupt"
 msgstr ""
@@ -14269,6 +14377,10 @@
 msgid "health thread wait failed [GLE %ld]"
 msgstr "sağlık iş parçacığı bekleme başarısız oldu [GLE %ld]"
 
+#, c-format
+msgid "Invalid path: %s"
+msgstr "Geçersiz yol %s"
+
 msgid "Unable to create FSEventStream."
 msgstr "FSEventStream oluşturulamadı."
 
@@ -14300,6 +14412,22 @@
 msgstr "dizin değişiklikleri okunamadı [GLE %ld]"
 
 #, c-format
+msgid "opendir('%s') failed"
+msgstr "opendir('%s') başarısız oldu"
+
+#, c-format
+msgid "lstat('%s') failed"
+msgstr "lstat('%s') başarısız oldu"
+
+#, c-format
+msgid "strbuf_readlink('%s') failed"
+msgstr "strbuf_readlink('%s') başarısız oldu"
+
+#, c-format
+msgid "closedir('%s') failed"
+msgstr "closedir('%s') başarısız oldu"
+
+#, c-format
 msgid "[GLE %ld] unable to open for read '%ls'"
 msgstr "[GLE %ld] '%ls', okuma için açılamıyor"
 
@@ -14484,7 +14612,7 @@
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "too many entries in %s"
-msgstr "%s içinde çok fazla girdi"
+msgstr "%s içinde pek fazla girdi"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "missing config key %s"
@@ -14768,7 +14896,7 @@
 msgstr "'%s' protokolü desteklenmiyor"
 
 msgid "unable to set SO_KEEPALIVE on socket"
-msgstr "soket üzerinde SO_KEEPALIVE ayarlanamıyor"
+msgstr "yuva üzerinde SO_KEEPALIVE ayarlanamıyor"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "Looking up %s ... "
@@ -15049,7 +15177,7 @@
 #, c-format
 msgid "island regex from config has too many capture groups (max=%d)"
 msgstr ""
-"yapılandırmanın delta adası düzenli ifadesinde çok fazla yakalama grubu var "
+"yapılandırmanın delta adası düzenli ifadesinde pek fazla yakalama grubu var "
 "(en çok %d)"
 
 #, c-format
@@ -15504,7 +15632,7 @@
 msgstr "tüm program çıktısını devre dışı bırak"
 
 msgid "allow an external diff helper to be executed"
-msgstr "bir dış diff yardımcısının çalıştırılmasına izin ver"
+msgstr "bir dış diff yardımcısının yürütülmesine izin ver"
 
 msgid "run external text conversion filters when comparing binary files"
 msgstr ""
@@ -15581,7 +15709,7 @@
 
 msgid "exhaustive rename detection was skipped due to too many files."
 msgstr ""
-"Geniş kapsamlı yeniden adlandırma algılaması çok fazla dosya olmasından "
+"Geniş kapsamlı yeniden adlandırma algılaması pek fazla dosya olmasından "
 "dolayı atlandı."
 
 msgid "only found copies from modified paths due to too many files."
@@ -15672,7 +15800,7 @@
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "too many args to run %s"
-msgstr "%s çalıştırmak için çok fazla argüman"
+msgstr "%s çalıştırmak için pek fazla argüman"
 
 msgid "git fetch-pack: expected shallow list"
 msgstr "git fetch-pack: sığ bir liste bekleniyordu"
@@ -15902,9 +16030,10 @@
 
 #, c-format
 msgid ""
-"repository '%s' is incompatible with fsmonitor due to lack of Unix sockets"
+"socket directory '%s' is incompatible with fsmonitor due to lack of Unix "
+"sockets support"
 msgstr ""
-"Unix soketleri eksik olduğundan dolayı; '%s' deposu, fsmonitor ile uyumsuz"
+"yuva dizini '%s', Unix yuva dasteği olmadığından dolayı fsmonitor ile uyumsuz"
 
 msgid ""
 "git [-v | --version] [-h | --help] [-C <path>] [-c <name>=<value>]\n"
@@ -16189,7 +16318,7 @@
 "able to execute it. Maybe git-%s is broken?"
 msgstr ""
 "'%s' bir git komutu gibi görünüyor; ancak biz onu\n"
-"çalıştıramadık. git-%s bozuk olabilir mi?"
+"yürütemedik. git-%s bozuk olabilir mi?"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "git: '%s' is not a git command. See 'git --help'."
@@ -16228,8 +16357,8 @@
 "\n"
 "Buna en yakın komutlar:"
 
-msgid "git version [<options>]"
-msgstr "git version [<seçenekler>]"
+msgid "git version [--build-options]"
+msgstr "git version [--build-options]"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "%s: %s - %s"
@@ -16253,7 +16382,7 @@
 "The '%s' hook was ignored because it's not set as executable.\n"
 "You can disable this warning with `git config advice.ignoredHook false`."
 msgstr ""
-"'%s' kancası yok sayıldı; çünkü bir çalıştırılabilir olarak ayarlanmamış.\n"
+"'%s' kancası yok sayıldı; çünkü bir yürütülebilir olarak ayarlanmamış.\n"
 "Bu uyarıyı 'git config advice.ignoredHook false' ile kapatabilirsiniz."
 
 #, c-format
@@ -16479,7 +16608,7 @@
 "%s"
 
 msgid "Failed to execute internal merge"
-msgstr "İç birleştirme çalıştırılamadı"
+msgstr "İç birleştirme yürütülemedi"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "Unable to add %s to database"
@@ -16833,8 +16962,8 @@
 
 #, c-format
 msgid ""
-"CONFLICT (rename/rename): Rename \"%s\"->\"%s\" in branch \"%s\" rename \"%s"
-"\"->\"%s\" in \"%s\"%s"
+"CONFLICT (rename/rename): Rename \"%s\"->\"%s\" in branch \"%s\" rename "
+"\"%s\"->\"%s\" in \"%s\"%s"
 msgstr ""
 "ÇAKIŞMA (y. adlandır/y. adlandır): \"%s\"->\"%s\" olarak adlandır (\"%s\" "
 "dalında), \"%s\"->\"%s\" olarak adlandır (\"%s\"%s içinde)"
@@ -16845,8 +16974,8 @@
 #, c-format
 msgid "CONFLICT (rename/rename): Rename %s->%s in %s. Rename %s->%s in %s"
 msgstr ""
-"ÇAKIŞMA (y. adlandır/y. adlandır): %s->%s olarak adlandır (%s içinde). %s->"
-"%s olarak adlandır (%s içinde)"
+"ÇAKIŞMA (y. adlandır/y. adlandır): %s->%s olarak adlandır (%s içinde). %s-"
+">%s olarak adlandır (%s içinde)"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid ""
@@ -17148,10 +17277,6 @@
 msgid "%s: ignoring alternate object stores, nesting too deep"
 msgstr "%s: alternatif nesne depoları yok sayılıyor, iç içe geçme pek derin"
 
-#, c-format
-msgid "unable to normalize object directory: %s"
-msgstr "nesne dizini olağanlaştırılamıyor: %s"
-
 msgid "unable to fdopen alternates lockfile"
 msgstr "alternatifler kilit dosyası fdopen yapılamıyor"
 
@@ -17974,6 +18099,10 @@
 msgid "promisor remote name cannot begin with '/': %s"
 msgstr "vaatçi uzak konum adı '/' ile başlayamaz: %s"
 
+#, c-format
+msgid "could not fetch %s from promisor remote"
+msgstr "vaatçi uzak konumundan %s getirilemedi"
+
 msgid "object-info: expected flush after arguments"
 msgstr "object-info: argümanlardan sonra floş bekleniyordu"
 
@@ -18225,7 +18354,7 @@
 "                      bir yer tutucu izle. <baş>, yeniden temellendirmenin\n"
 "                      sonunda güncellenir\n"
 "\n"
-"Bu satırlar yeniden sıralanabilirler, yukarıdan aşağıya çalıştırılırlar.\n"
+"Bu satırlar yeniden sıralanabilirler, yukarıdan aşağıya yürütülürler.\n"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "Rebase %s onto %s (%d command)"
@@ -19038,6 +19167,13 @@
 msgstr "%s ögesinin ağacı bulunamadı"
 
 #, c-format
+msgid "unsupported section for hidden refs: %s"
+msgstr "gizli başvurular için desteklenmeyen bölüm: %s"
+
+msgid "--exclude-hidden= passed more than once"
+msgstr "--exclude-hidden=, birden çok kez geçirildi"
+
+#, c-format
 msgid "resolve-undo records `%s` which is missing"
 msgstr "resolve-undo, kayıp olan '%s' ögesini kaydetmiş"
 
@@ -19181,6 +19317,14 @@
 msgstr "--all veya <gönüllükayıt>; ancak ikisi değil"
 
 #, c-format
+msgid "could not remove stale scalar.repo '%s'"
+msgstr "eskimiş scalar.repo '%s' kaldırılamadı"
+
+#, c-format
+msgid "removing stale scalar.repo '%s'"
+msgstr "eskimiş scalar.repo '%s' kaldırılıyor"
+
+#, c-format
 msgid "git repository gone in '%s'"
 msgstr "git deposu '%s' içinde gitti"
 
@@ -19761,7 +19905,7 @@
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "Executing: %s\n"
-msgstr "Çalıştırılıyor: %s\n"
+msgstr "Yürütülüyor: %s\n"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid ""
@@ -19771,7 +19915,7 @@
 "  git rebase --continue\n"
 "\n"
 msgstr ""
-"Çalıştırma başarısız: %s\n"
+"Yürütme başarısız: %s\n"
 "%sSorunu çözüp sürdürmek için şunu çalıştırın:\n"
 "\n"
 "\tgit rebase --continue\n"
@@ -19789,7 +19933,7 @@
 "  git rebase --continue\n"
 "\n"
 msgstr ""
-"Çalıştırma başarılı oldu: %s,\n"
+"Yürütme başarılı oldu: %s,\n"
 "ancak indeksinize ve/veya çalışma ağacınıza değişiklikler bıraktı\n"
 "Değişikliklerinizi işleyin veya zulalayın, ardından şunu çalıştırın:\n"
 "\n"
@@ -19800,16 +19944,16 @@
 msgid "illegal label name: '%.*s'"
 msgstr "izin verilmeyen etiket adı: '%.*s'"
 
+#, c-format
+msgid "could not resolve '%s'"
+msgstr "'%s' çözülemedi"
+
 msgid "writing fake root commit"
 msgstr "sahte kök işlemesi yazılıyor"
 
 msgid "writing squash-onto"
 msgstr "squash-onto yazılıyor"
 
-#, c-format
-msgid "could not resolve '%s'"
-msgstr "'%s' çözülemedi"
-
 msgid "cannot merge without a current revision"
 msgstr "güncel bir revizyon olmadan birleştirilemiyor"
 
@@ -19822,7 +19966,7 @@
 msgstr "birleştirilecek bir şey yok: '%.*s'"
 
 msgid "octopus merge cannot be executed on top of a [new root]"
-msgstr "ahtapot birleştirmesi bir [yeni kök]ün üzerinde çalıştırılamaz"
+msgstr "ahtapot birleştirmesi bir [yeni kök]ün üzerinde yürütülemez"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "could not get commit message of '%s'"
@@ -19920,7 +20064,7 @@
 "    git rebase --edit-todo\n"
 "    git rebase --continue\n"
 msgstr ""
-"todo komutu çalıştırılamadı.\n"
+"todo komutu yürütülemedi.\n"
 "\n"
 "\t%.*s\n"
 "Yeniden zamanlandı; sürdürmeden önce komutu düzenlemek için lütfen\n"
@@ -20405,6 +20549,15 @@
 msgid "failed to lstat '%s'"
 msgstr "'%s', lstat yapılamadı"
 
+msgid "test-tool cache-tree <options> (control|prime|update)"
+msgstr "test-tool cache-tree <seçenekler> (control|prime|update)"
+
+msgid "clear the cache tree before each iteration"
+msgstr "her bir yinelemeden önce önbellek ağacını temizle"
+
+msgid "number of entries in the cache tree to invalidate (default 0)"
+msgstr "önbellek ağacındaki geçersizleştirilecek girdi sayısı (öntanımlı 0)"
+
 msgid "unhandled options"
 msgstr "beklenmeyen seçenekler"
 
@@ -20416,7 +20569,7 @@
 msgstr "%s işlemesi ulaşılabilir olarak imlenmedi"
 
 msgid "too many commits marked reachable"
-msgstr "çok fazla işleme ulaşılabilir olarak imlenmiş"
+msgstr "pek fazla işleme ulaşılabilir olarak imlenmiş"
 
 msgid "test-tool serve-v2 [<options>]"
 msgstr "test-tool serve-v2 [<seçenekler>]"
@@ -21175,8 +21328,8 @@
 msgid ""
 "  (use \"git restore <file>...\" to discard changes in working directory)"
 msgstr ""
-"  (çalışma dizinindeki değişiklikleri atmak için \"git restore <dosya>...\" "
-"kullanın)"
+"  (çalışma dizinindeki değişiklikleri atmak için\n"
+"    \"git restore <dosya>...\" kullanın)"
 
 msgid "  (commit or discard the untracked or modified content in submodules)"
 msgstr "  (altmodüllerdeki izlenmeyen/değiştirilen içeriği gönder veya at)"
@@ -21497,8 +21650,7 @@
 #, c-format
 msgid "no changes added to commit (use \"git add\" and/or \"git commit -a\")\n"
 msgstr ""
-"İşlemeye eklenen değişiklik yok (\"git add\" ve/veya \"git commit -a\" "
-"kullanın)\n"
+"İşlemeye eklenen değişiklik yok (\"git add\" ve/veya \"git commit -a\" kullanın)\n"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "no changes added to commit\n"
@@ -21509,8 +21661,8 @@
 "nothing added to commit but untracked files present (use \"git add\" to "
 "track)\n"
 msgstr ""
-"işlemeye bir şey eklenmedi; ancak izlenmeyen dosyalar var (izlemek için "
-"\"git add\" kullanın)\n"
+"işlemeye bir şey eklenmedi; ancak izlenmeyen dosyalar var\n"
+"  (izlemek için \"git add\" kullanın)\n"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "nothing added to commit but untracked files present\n"
@@ -21519,8 +21671,8 @@
 #, c-format
 msgid "nothing to commit (create/copy files and use \"git add\" to track)\n"
 msgstr ""
-"İşlenecek bir şey yok (dosyalar oluşturun/kopyalayın ve izlemek için \"git "
-"add\" kullanın)\n"
+"İşlenecek bir şey yok\n"
+"  (dosyalar oluşturun/kopyalayın ve izlemek için \"git add\" kullanın)\n"
 
 #, c-format
 msgid "nothing to commit\n"
@@ -22169,7 +22321,7 @@
 
 #, perl-format
 msgid "(%s) Could not execute '%s'"
-msgstr "(%s) '%s' çalıştırılamadı"
+msgstr "(%s) '%s' yürütülemedi"
 
 #, perl-format
 msgid "(%s) Adding %s: %s from: '%s'\n"
diff --git a/po/zh_CN.po b/po/zh_CN.po
index b0832be..1a0026a 100644
--- a/po/zh_CN.po
+++ b/po/zh_CN.po
@@ -119,6 +119,7 @@
 #   smart HTTP protocol              |  智能 HTTP 协议
 #   squash                           |  挤压
 #   stage                            |  n. 暂存区（即索引）; v. 暂存
+#   stale                            |  过期的
 #   stash                            |  n. 贮藏区; v. 贮藏
 #   submodule                        |  子模组
 #   symref                           |  符号引用
@@ -144,8 +145,8 @@
 msgstr ""
 "Project-Id-Version: Git\n"
 "Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: Git Mailing List <git@vger.kernel.org>\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2022-09-28 15:50+0100\n"
-"PO-Revision-Date: 2022-09-23 14:53+0100\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2022-12-01 14:04+0000\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2022-12-01 14:17+0000\n"
 "Last-Translator: Fangyi Zhou <me@fangyi.io>\n"
 "Language-Team: GitHub <https://github.com/fangyi-zhou/git-po/>\n"
 "Language: zh_CN\n"
@@ -1016,6 +1017,11 @@
 msgid "unclosed quote"
 msgstr "未关闭的引号"
 
+#: alias.c builtin/cat-file.c builtin/notes.c builtin/prune-packed.c
+#: builtin/receive-pack.c builtin/tag.c
+msgid "too many arguments"
+msgstr "太多参数"
+
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "unrecognized whitespace option '%s'"
@@ -1467,7 +1473,7 @@
 msgid "No valid patches in input (allow with \"--allow-empty\")"
 msgstr "输入中没有合法的补丁 （使用 \"--allow-empty\" 来允许）"
 
-#: apply.c
+#: apply.c t/helper/test-cache-tree.c
 msgid "unable to read index file"
 msgstr "无法读取索引文件"
 
@@ -1700,7 +1706,7 @@
 msgid "not a valid object name: %s"
 msgstr "不是一个有效的对象名：%s"
 
-#: archive.c
+#: archive.c t/helper/test-cache-tree.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "not a tree object: %s"
 msgstr "不是一个树对象：%s"
@@ -1751,7 +1757,7 @@
 msgstr "为归档中每个路径名加上前缀"
 
 #: archive.c builtin/blame.c builtin/commit-tree.c builtin/config.c
-#: builtin/fast-export.c builtin/grep.c builtin/hash-object.c
+#: builtin/fast-export.c builtin/gc.c builtin/grep.c builtin/hash-object.c
 #: builtin/ls-files.c builtin/notes.c builtin/read-tree.c parse-options.h
 msgid "file"
 msgstr "文件"
@@ -3176,54 +3182,6 @@
 msgstr "二分查找运行失败：'git bisect--helper --bisect-state %s' 退出码为 %d"
 
 #: builtin/bisect--helper.c
-msgid "reset the bisection state"
-msgstr "清除二分查找状态"
-
-#: builtin/bisect--helper.c
-msgid "check whether bad or good terms exist"
-msgstr "检查坏的或好的术语是否存在"
-
-#: builtin/bisect--helper.c
-msgid "print out the bisect terms"
-msgstr "打印二分查找术语"
-
-#: builtin/bisect--helper.c
-msgid "start the bisect session"
-msgstr "启动二分查找过程"
-
-#: builtin/bisect--helper.c
-msgid "find the next bisection commit"
-msgstr "查询下一个二分查找提交"
-
-#: builtin/bisect--helper.c
-msgid "mark the state of ref (or refs)"
-msgstr "标记引用的状态"
-
-#: builtin/bisect--helper.c
-msgid "list the bisection steps so far"
-msgstr "列出到目前为止的二分查找步骤"
-
-#: builtin/bisect--helper.c
-msgid "replay the bisection process from the given file"
-msgstr "从给定文件重放二分查找进程"
-
-#: builtin/bisect--helper.c
-msgid "skip some commits for checkout"
-msgstr "跳过要检出的一些提交"
-
-#: builtin/bisect--helper.c
-msgid "visualize the bisection"
-msgstr "可视化二分查找过程"
-
-#: builtin/bisect--helper.c
-msgid "use <cmd>... to automatically bisect"
-msgstr "使用 <命令>... 来自动二分查找"
-
-#: builtin/bisect--helper.c
-msgid "no log for BISECT_WRITE"
-msgstr "BISECT_WRITE 无日志"
-
-#: builtin/bisect--helper.c
 msgid "--bisect-reset requires either no argument or a commit"
 msgstr "--bisect-reset 无需参数或者需要一个提交"
 
@@ -3248,6 +3206,10 @@
 msgstr "git blame [<选项>] [<版本选项>] [<版本>] [--] <文件>"
 
 #: builtin/blame.c
+msgid "git annotate [<options>] [<rev-opts>] [<rev>] [--] <file>"
+msgstr "git annotate [<选项>] [<版本选项>] [<版本>] [--] <文件>"
+
+#: builtin/blame.c
 msgid "<rev-opts> are documented in git-rev-list(1)"
 msgstr "<版本选项> 的文档记录在 git-rev-list(1) 中"
 
@@ -3487,10 +3449,6 @@
 msgstr "不能将 -a 和 -d 同时使用"
 
 #: builtin/branch.c
-msgid "Couldn't look up commit object for HEAD"
-msgstr "无法查询 HEAD 指向的提交对象"
-
-#: builtin/branch.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "Cannot delete branch '%s' checked out at '%s'"
 msgstr "无法删除检出于 '%2$s' 的分支 '%1$s'。"
@@ -3539,19 +3497,21 @@
 msgstr "分支 %s 正被二分查找于 %s"
 
 #: builtin/branch.c
-msgid "cannot copy the current branch while not on any."
-msgstr "无法拷贝当前分支因为不处于任何分支上。"
-
-#: builtin/branch.c
-msgid "cannot rename the current branch while not on any."
-msgstr "无法重命名当前分支因为不处于任何分支上。"
-
-#: builtin/branch.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "Invalid branch name: '%s'"
 msgstr "无效的分支名：'%s'"
 
 #: builtin/branch.c
+#, c-format
+msgid "No commit on branch '%s' yet."
+msgstr "分支 '%s' 尚无提交。"
+
+#: builtin/branch.c
+#, c-format
+msgid "No branch named '%s'."
+msgstr "没有分支 '%s'。"
+
+#: builtin/branch.c
 msgid "Branch rename failed"
 msgstr "分支重命名失败"
 
@@ -3758,14 +3718,12 @@
 msgstr "不能为一个以上的分支编辑描述"
 
 #: builtin/branch.c
-#, c-format
-msgid "No commit on branch '%s' yet."
-msgstr "分支 '%s' 尚无提交。"
+msgid "cannot copy the current branch while not on any."
+msgstr "不处于任何分支上，无法拷贝当前分支。"
 
 #: builtin/branch.c
-#, c-format
-msgid "No branch named '%s'."
-msgstr "没有分支 '%s'。"
+msgid "cannot rename the current branch while not on any."
+msgstr "不处于任何分支上，无法重命名当前分支。"
 
 #: builtin/branch.c
 msgid "too many branches for a copy operation"
@@ -3846,11 +3804,11 @@
 
 #: builtin/bugreport.c
 msgid ""
-"git bugreport [-o|--output-directory <file>] [-s|--suffix <format>] [--"
-"diagnose[=<mode>]"
+"git bugreport [(-o | --output-directory) <path>] [(-s | --suffix) <format>]\n"
+"              [--diagnose[=<mode>]]"
 msgstr ""
-"git bugreport [-o|--output-directory <文件>] [-s|--suffix <格式>] [--"
-"diagnose[=<模式>]"
+"git bugreport [-o|--output-directory <文件>] [(-s|--suffix) <格式>]\n"
+"              [--diagnose[=<模式>]"
 
 #: builtin/bugreport.c
 msgid ""
@@ -3933,20 +3891,26 @@
 msgstr "在 '%s' 创建了新报告。\n"
 
 #: builtin/bundle.c
-msgid "git bundle create [<options>] <file> <git-rev-list args>"
-msgstr "git bundle create [<选项>] <文件> <git-rev-list 参数>"
+msgid ""
+"git bundle create [-q | --quiet | --progress | --all-progress] [--all-"
+"progress-implied]\n"
+"                  [--version=<version>] <file> <git-rev-list-args>"
+msgstr ""
+"git bundle create [-q | --quiet | --progress | --all-progress] [--all-"
+"progress-implied]\n"
+"                  [--version=<版本>] <文件> <git-rev-list-参数>"
 
 #: builtin/bundle.c
-msgid "git bundle verify [<options>] <file>"
-msgstr "git bundle verify [<选项>] <文件>"
+msgid "git bundle verify [-q | --quiet] <file>"
+msgstr "git bundle verify [-q | --quiet] <文件>"
 
 #: builtin/bundle.c
 msgid "git bundle list-heads <file> [<refname>...]"
 msgstr "git bundle list-heads <文件> [<引用名>...]"
 
 #: builtin/bundle.c
-msgid "git bundle unbundle <file> [<refname>...]"
-msgstr "git bundle unbundle <文件> [<引用名>...]"
+msgid "git bundle unbundle [--progress] <file> [<refname>...]"
+msgstr "git bundle unbundle [--progress] <文件> [<引用名>...]"
 
 #: builtin/bundle.c builtin/pack-objects.c
 msgid "do not show progress meter"
@@ -4043,12 +4007,12 @@
 "git cat-file (--batch | --batch-check | --batch-command) [--batch-all-"
 "objects]\n"
 "             [--buffer] [--follow-symlinks] [--unordered]\n"
-"             [--textconv | --filters]"
+"             [--textconv | --filters] [-z]"
 msgstr ""
 "git cat-file (--batch | --batch-check | --batch-command) [--batch-all-"
 "objects]\n"
 "             [--buffer] [--follow-symlinks] [--unordered]\n"
-"             [--textconv | --filters]"
+"             [--textconv | --filters] [-z]"
 
 #: builtin/cat-file.c
 msgid ""
@@ -4185,11 +4149,6 @@
 msgid "<object> required with '-%c'"
 msgstr "'-%c' 需要 <对象>"
 
-#: builtin/cat-file.c builtin/notes.c builtin/prune-packed.c
-#: builtin/receive-pack.c builtin/tag.c
-msgid "too many arguments"
-msgstr "太多参数"
-
 #: builtin/cat-file.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "only two arguments allowed in <type> <object> mode, not %d"
@@ -4847,9 +4806,10 @@
 
 #: builtin/clean.c
 msgid ""
-"git clean [-d] [-f] [-i] [-n] [-q] [-e <pattern>] [-x | -X] [--] <paths>..."
+"git clean [-d] [-f] [-i] [-n] [-q] [-e <pattern>] [-x | -X] [--] "
+"[<pathspec>...]"
 msgstr ""
-"git clean [-d] [-f] [-i] [-n] [-q] [-e <模式>] [-x | -X] [--] <路径>..."
+"git clean [-d] [-f] [-i] [-n] [-q] [-e <模式>] [-x | -X] [--] <路径规格>..."
 
 #: builtin/clean.c
 #, c-format
@@ -5215,6 +5175,11 @@
 msgid "failed to start iterator over '%s'"
 msgstr "无法在 '%s' 上启动迭代器"
 
+#: builtin/clone.c
+#, c-format
+msgid "symlink '%s' exists, refusing to clone with --local"
+msgstr "符号链接 '%s' 存在，拒绝用 --local 克隆"
+
 #: builtin/clone.c compat/precompose_utf8.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "failed to unlink '%s'"
@@ -5297,11 +5262,6 @@
 msgstr "您必须指定一个仓库来克隆。"
 
 #: builtin/clone.c
-#, c-format
-msgid "options '%s' and '%s %s' cannot be used together"
-msgstr "选项 '%s' 和 '%s %s' 不能同时使用"
-
-#: builtin/clone.c
 msgid ""
 "--bundle-uri is incompatible with --depth, --shallow-since, and --shallow-"
 "exclude"
@@ -5451,22 +5411,27 @@
 
 #: builtin/commit-graph.c
 msgid ""
-"git commit-graph verify [--object-dir <objdir>] [--shallow] [--[no-]progress]"
+"git commit-graph verify [--object-dir <dir>] [--shallow] [--[no-]progress]"
 msgstr ""
-"git commit-graph verify [--object-dir <对象目录>] [--shallow] [--"
-"[no-]progress]"
+"git commit-graph verify [--object-dir <目录>] [--shallow] [--[no-]progress]"
 
 #: builtin/commit-graph.c
 msgid ""
-"git commit-graph write [--object-dir <objdir>] [--append] [--"
-"split[=<strategy>]] [--reachable|--stdin-packs|--stdin-commits] [--changed-"
-"paths] [--[no-]max-new-filters <n>] [--[no-]progress] <split options>"
+"git commit-graph write [--object-dir <dir>] [--append]\n"
+"                       [--split[=<strategy>]] [--reachable | --stdin-packs | "
+"--stdin-commits]\n"
+"                       [--changed-paths] [--[no-]max-new-filters <n>] [--"
+"[no-]progress]\n"
+"                       <split options>"
 msgstr ""
-"git commit-graph write [--object-dir <对象目录>] [--append] [--split[=<策略"
-">]] [--reachable|--stdin-packs|--stdin-commits] [--changed-paths] [--"
-"[no-]max-new-filters <n>] [--[no-]progress] <切分选项>"
+"git commit-graph write [--object-dir <目录>] [--append]\n"
+"                       [--split[=<策略>]] [--reachable | --stdin-packs | --"
+"stdin-commits] \n"
+"                       [--changed-paths] [--[no-]max-new-filters <n>] [--"
+"[no-]progress]\n"
+"                       <切分选项>"
 
-#: builtin/commit-graph.c builtin/fetch.c builtin/log.c
+#: builtin/commit-graph.c builtin/fetch.c builtin/log.c builtin/repack.c
 msgid "dir"
 msgstr "目录"
 
@@ -5552,12 +5517,16 @@
 msgstr "正从标准输入收集提交"
 
 #: builtin/commit-tree.c
+msgid "git commit-tree <tree> [(-p <parent>)...]"
+msgstr "git commit-tree <树> [(-p <父提交>)...]"
+
+#: builtin/commit-tree.c
 msgid ""
-"git commit-tree [(-p <parent>)...] [-S[<keyid>]] [(-m <message>)...] [(-F "
-"<file>)...] <tree>"
+"git commit-tree [(-p <parent>)...] [-S[<keyid>]] [(-m <message>)...]\n"
+"                [(-F <file>)...] <tree>"
 msgstr ""
-"git commit-tree [(-p <父提交>)...] [-S[<keyid>]] [(-m <消息>)...] [(-F <文件"
-">)...] <树>"
+"git commit-tree [(-p <父提交>)...] [-S[<私钥 ID>]] [(-m <消息>)...]\n"
+"                [(-F <文件>)...] <树>"
 
 #: builtin/commit-tree.c
 #, c-format
@@ -5614,12 +5583,30 @@
 msgstr "git commit-tree：无法读取"
 
 #: builtin/commit.c
-msgid "git commit [<options>] [--] <pathspec>..."
-msgstr "git commit [<选项>] [--] <路径规格>..."
+msgid ""
+"git commit [-a | --interactive | --patch] [-s] [-v] [-u<mode>] [--amend]\n"
+"           [--dry-run] [(-c | -C | --squash) <commit> | --fixup [(amend|"
+"reword):]<commit>)]\n"
+"           [-F <file> | -m <msg>] [--reset-author] [--allow-empty]\n"
+"           [--allow-empty-message] [--no-verify] [-e] [--author=<author>]\n"
+"           [--date=<date>] [--cleanup=<mode>] [--[no-]status]\n"
+"           [-i | -o] [--pathspec-from-file=<file> [--pathspec-file-nul]]\n"
+"           [(--trailer <token>[(=|:)<value>])...] [-S[<keyid>]]\n"
+"           [--] [<pathspec>...]"
+msgstr ""
+"git commit [-a | --interactive | --patch] [-s] [-v] [-u<模式>] [--amend]\n"
+"           [--dry-run] [(-c | -C | --squash) <提交> | --fixup [(amend|"
+"reword):]<提交>)]\n"
+"           [-F <文件> | -m <消息>] [--reset-author] [--allow-empty]\n"
+"           [--allow-empty-message] [--no-verify] [-e] [--author=<作者>]\n"
+"           [--date=<日期>] [--cleanup=<模式>] [--[no-]status]\n"
+"           [-i | -o] [--pathspec-from-file=<文件> [--pathspec-file-nul]]\n"
+"           [(--trailer <键>[(=|:)<值>])...] [-S[<私钥 ID>]]\n"
+"           [--] [<路径规格>...]"
 
 #: builtin/commit.c
-msgid "git status [<options>] [--] <pathspec>..."
-msgstr "git status [<选项>] [--] <路径规格>..."
+msgid "git status [<options>] [--] [<pathspec>...]"
+msgstr "git status [<选项>] [--] [<路径规格>...]"
 
 #: builtin/commit.c
 msgid ""
@@ -6228,7 +6215,7 @@
 msgid "use per-worktree config file"
 msgstr "使用工作区级别的配置文件"
 
-#: builtin/config.c
+#: builtin/config.c builtin/gc.c
 msgid "use given config file"
 msgstr "使用指定的配置文件"
 
@@ -6449,7 +6436,7 @@
 msgid "--worktree can only be used inside a git repository"
 msgstr "--worktree 只能在 git 仓库内使用"
 
-#: builtin/config.c
+#: builtin/config.c builtin/gc.c
 msgid "$HOME not set"
 msgstr "$HOME 未设置"
 
@@ -6559,12 +6546,20 @@
 msgstr "无法在 %d ms 获得凭证存储锁"
 
 #: builtin/describe.c
-msgid "git describe [<options>] [<commit-ish>...]"
-msgstr "git describe [<选项>] [<提交号>...]"
+msgid ""
+"git describe [--all] [--tags] [--contains] [--abbrev=<n>] [<commit-ish>...]"
+msgstr ""
+"git describe [--all] [--tags] [--contains] [--abbrev=<n>] [<提交号>...]"
 
 #: builtin/describe.c
-msgid "git describe [<options>] --dirty"
-msgstr "git describe [<选项>] --dirty"
+msgid ""
+"git describe [--all] [--tags] [--contains] [--abbrev=<n>] --dirty[=<mark>]"
+msgstr ""
+"git describe [--all] [--tags] [--contains] [--abbrev=<n>] --dirty[=<标记>]"
+
+#: builtin/describe.c
+msgid "git describe <blob>"
+msgstr "git describe <数据对象>"
 
 #: builtin/describe.c
 msgid "head"
@@ -6717,11 +6712,11 @@
 
 #: builtin/diagnose.c
 msgid ""
-"git diagnose [-o|--output-directory <path>] [-s|--suffix <format>] [--"
-"mode=<mode>]"
+"git diagnose [(-o | --output-directory) <path>] [(-s | --suffix) <format>]\n"
+"             [--mode=<mode>]"
 msgstr ""
-"git diagnose [-o|--output-directory <文件>] [-s|--suffix <格式>] [--mode=<模"
-"式>]"
+"git diagnose [(-o | --output-directory) <路径>] [(-s | --suffix) <格式>]\n"
+"             [--mode=<模式>]"
 
 #: builtin/diagnose.c
 msgid "specify a destination for the diagnostics archive"
@@ -6745,6 +6740,10 @@
 msgstr "'%s'：不是一个正规文件或符号链接"
 
 #: builtin/diff.c
+msgid "no merge given, only parents."
+msgstr "没有给出合并，只有父提交。"
+
+#: builtin/diff.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "invalid option: %s"
 msgstr "无效选项：%s"
@@ -7533,8 +7532,8 @@
 msgstr "只打印不包含该提交的引用"
 
 #: builtin/for-each-repo.c
-msgid "git for-each-repo --config=<config> <command-args>"
-msgstr "git for-each-repo --config=<配置> <命令参数>"
+msgid "git for-each-repo --config=<config> [--] <arguments>"
+msgstr "git for-each-repo --config=<配置> [--] <命令参数>"
 
 #: builtin/for-each-repo.c
 msgid "config"
@@ -7751,8 +7750,16 @@
 msgstr "%s：resolve-undo 中无效的 sha1 指针"
 
 #: builtin/fsck.c
-msgid "git fsck [<options>] [<object>...]"
-msgstr "git fsck [<选项>] [<对象>...]"
+msgid ""
+"git fsck [--tags] [--root] [--unreachable] [--cache] [--no-reflogs]\n"
+"         [--[no-]full] [--strict] [--verbose] [--lost-found]\n"
+"         [--[no-]dangling] [--[no-]progress] [--connectivity-only]\n"
+"         [--[no-]name-objects] [<object>...]"
+msgstr ""
+"git fsck [--tags] [--root] [--unreachable] [--cache] [--no-reflogs]\n"
+"         [--[no-]full] [--strict] [--verbose] [--lost-found]\n"
+"         [--[no-]dangling] [--[no-]progress] [--connectivity-only]\n"
+"         [--[no-]name-objects] [<对象>...]"
 
 #: builtin/fsck.c
 msgid "show unreachable objects"
@@ -7825,14 +7832,6 @@
 msgstr "git fsmonitor--daemon run [<选项>]"
 
 #: builtin/fsmonitor--daemon.c
-msgid "git fsmonitor--daemon stop"
-msgstr "git fsmonitor--daemon stop"
-
-#: builtin/fsmonitor--daemon.c
-msgid "git fsmonitor--daemon status"
-msgstr "git fsmonitor--daemon status"
-
-#: builtin/fsmonitor--daemon.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "value of '%s' out of range: %d"
 msgstr "'%s' 的值超出范围：%d"
@@ -7932,7 +7931,7 @@
 msgid "invalid 'ipc-threads' value (%d)"
 msgstr "无效的 'ipc-threads' 值（%d）"
 
-#: builtin/fsmonitor--daemon.c
+#: builtin/fsmonitor--daemon.c t/helper/test-cache-tree.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "Unhandled subcommand '%s'"
 msgstr "未处理的子命令 '%s'"
@@ -8132,8 +8131,23 @@
 msgstr "最多使用 --auto 和 --schedule=<频率> 其中之一"
 
 #: builtin/gc.c
-msgid "failed to run 'git config'"
-msgstr "无法运行 'git config'"
+#, c-format
+msgid "unable to add '%s' value of '%s'"
+msgstr "无法添加 '%2$s' 的 '%1$s' 值"
+
+#: builtin/gc.c
+msgid "return success even if repository was not registered"
+msgstr "即便仓库非注册仍然返回成功"
+
+#: builtin/gc.c
+#, c-format
+msgid "unable to unset '%s' value of '%s'"
+msgstr "无法取消设置 '%2$s' 的 '%1$s' 值"
+
+#: builtin/gc.c
+#, c-format
+msgid "repository '%s' is not registered"
+msgstr "仓库 '%s' 未注册"
 
 #: builtin/gc.c
 #, c-format
@@ -8509,11 +8523,15 @@
 
 #: builtin/hash-object.c
 msgid ""
-"git hash-object [-t <type>] [-w] [--path=<file> | --no-filters] [--stdin] "
-"[--] <file>..."
+"git hash-object [-t <type>] [-w] [--path=<file> | --no-filters]\n"
+"                [--stdin [--literally]] [--] <file>..."
 msgstr ""
-"git hash-object [-t <类型>] [-w] [--path=<文件> | --no-filters] [--stdin] "
-"[--] <文件>..."
+"git hash-object [-t <类型>] [-w] [--path=<文件> | --no-filters]\n"
+"                [--stdin [--literally]] [--] <文件>..."
+
+#: builtin/hash-object.c
+msgid "git hash-object [-t <type>] [-w] --stdin-paths [--no-filters]"
+msgstr "git hash-object [-t <类型>] [-w] --stdin-paths [--no-filters]"
 
 #: builtin/hash-object.c
 msgid "object type"
@@ -9047,11 +9065,15 @@
 
 #: builtin/init-db.c
 msgid ""
-"git init [-q | --quiet] [--bare] [--template=<template-directory>] [--"
-"shared[=<permissions>]] [<directory>]"
+"git init [-q | --quiet] [--bare] [--template=<template-directory>]\n"
+"         [--separate-git-dir <git-dir>] [--object-format=<format>]\n"
+"         [-b <branch-name> | --initial-branch=<branch-name>]\n"
+"         [--shared[=<permissions>]] [<directory>]"
 msgstr ""
-"git init [-q | --quiet] [--bare] [--template=<模板目录>] [--shared[=<权限>]] "
-"[<目录>]"
+"git init [-q | --quiet] [--bare] [--template=<模板目录>]\n"
+"         [--separate-git-dir <git 目录>] [--object-format=<格式>]\n"
+"         [-b <分支名> | --initial-branch=<分支名>]\n"
+"         [--shared[=<权限>]] [<目录>]"
 
 #: builtin/init-db.c
 msgid "permissions"
@@ -9101,11 +9123,13 @@
 
 #: builtin/interpret-trailers.c
 msgid ""
-"git interpret-trailers [--in-place] [--trim-empty] [(--trailer "
-"<token>[(=|:)<value>])...] [<file>...]"
+"git interpret-trailers [--in-place] [--trim-empty]\n"
+"                       [(--trailer <token>[(=|:)<value>])...]\n"
+"                       [--parse] [<file>...]"
 msgstr ""
-"git interpret-trailers [--in-place] [--trim-empty] [(--trailer <键>[(=|:)<值"
-">])...] [<文件>...]"
+"git interpret-trailers [--in-place] [--trim-empty]\n"
+"                       [(--trailer <键>[(=|:)<值>])...]\n"
+"                       [--parse] [<文件>...]"
 
 #: builtin/interpret-trailers.c
 msgid "edit files in place"
@@ -9724,11 +9748,11 @@
 #: builtin/ls-remote.c
 msgid ""
 "git ls-remote [--heads] [--tags] [--refs] [--upload-pack=<exec>]\n"
-"              [-q | --quiet] [--exit-code] [--get-url]\n"
+"              [-q | --quiet] [--exit-code] [--get-url] [--sort=<key>]\n"
 "              [--symref] [<repository> [<refs>...]]"
 msgstr ""
-"git ls-remote [--heads] [--tags] [--refs] [--upload-pack=<exec>]\n"
-"              [-q | --quiet] [--exit-code] [--get-url]\n"
+"git ls-remote [--heads] [--tags] [--refs] [--upload-pack=<可执行文件>]\n"
+"              [-q | --quiet] [--exit-code] [--get-url] [--sort=<键>]\n"
 "              [--symref] [<仓库> [<引用>...]]"
 
 #: builtin/ls-remote.c
@@ -9898,14 +9922,14 @@
 msgstr "git merge-base [-a | --all] --octopus <提交>..."
 
 #: builtin/merge-base.c
-msgid "git merge-base --independent <commit>..."
-msgstr "git merge-base --independent <提交>..."
-
-#: builtin/merge-base.c
 msgid "git merge-base --is-ancestor <commit> <commit>"
 msgstr "git merge-base --is-ancestor <提交> <提交>"
 
 #: builtin/merge-base.c
+msgid "git merge-base --independent <commit>..."
+msgstr "git merge-base --independent <提交>..."
+
+#: builtin/merge-base.c
 msgid "git merge-base --fork-point <ref> [<commit>]"
 msgstr "git merge-base --fork-point <引用> [<提交>]"
 
@@ -10045,9 +10069,23 @@
 msgstr "允许合并不相关的历史"
 
 #: builtin/merge-tree.c
+msgid "perform multiple merges, one per line of input"
+msgstr "实施多个合并，每输入行一个"
+
+#: builtin/merge-tree.c
 msgid "--trivial-merge is incompatible with all other options"
 msgstr "--trivial-merge 与其他所有选项不兼容"
 
+#: builtin/merge-tree.c builtin/notes.c
+#, c-format
+msgid "malformed input line: '%s'."
+msgstr "格式错误的输入行：'%s'。"
+
+#: builtin/merge-tree.c
+#, c-format
+msgid "merging cannot continue; got unclean result of %d"
+msgstr "合并无法继续；得到不干净的结果 %d"
+
 #: builtin/merge.c
 msgid "git merge [<options>] [<commit>...]"
 msgstr "git merge [<选项>] [<提交>...]"
@@ -10620,7 +10658,7 @@
 msgid "Renaming %s to %s\n"
 msgstr "重命名 %s 至 %s\n"
 
-#: builtin/mv.c builtin/remote.c builtin/repack.c
+#: builtin/mv.c builtin/remote.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "renaming '%s' failed"
 msgstr "重命名 '%s' 失败"
@@ -10823,11 +10861,6 @@
 
 #: builtin/notes.c
 #, c-format
-msgid "malformed input line: '%s'."
-msgstr "格式错误的输入行：'%s'。"
-
-#: builtin/notes.c
-#, c-format
 msgid "failed to copy notes from '%s' to '%s'"
 msgstr "无法把注解从 '%s' 拷贝到 '%s'"
 
@@ -11058,14 +11091,13 @@
 msgstr "未知子命令：`%s'"
 
 #: builtin/pack-objects.c
-msgid ""
-"git pack-objects --stdout [<options>...] [< <ref-list> | < <object-list>]"
-msgstr "git pack-objects --stdout [<选项>...] [< <引用列表> | < <对象列表>]"
+msgid "git pack-objects --stdout [<options>] [< <ref-list> | < <object-list>]"
+msgstr "git pack-objects --stdout [<选项>] [< <引用列表> | < <对象列表>]"
 
 #: builtin/pack-objects.c
 msgid ""
-"git pack-objects [<options>...] <base-name> [< <ref-list> | < <object-list>]"
-msgstr "git pack-objects [<选项>...] <前缀名称> [< <引用列表> | < <对象列表>]"
+"git pack-objects [<options>] <base-name> [< <ref-list> | < <object-list>]"
+msgstr "git pack-objects [<选项>] <前缀名称> [< <引用列表> | < <对象列表>]"
 
 #: builtin/pack-objects.c
 #, c-format
@@ -11535,8 +11567,8 @@
 "使用它。 谢谢。\n"
 
 #: builtin/pack-refs.c
-msgid "git pack-refs [<options>]"
-msgstr "git pack-refs [<选项>]"
+msgid "git pack-refs [--all] [--no-prune]"
+msgstr "git pack-refs [--all] [--no-prune]"
 
 #: builtin/pack-refs.c
 msgid "pack everything"
@@ -11546,6 +11578,22 @@
 msgid "prune loose refs (default)"
 msgstr "清除松散的引用（默认）"
 
+#: builtin/patch-id.c
+msgid "git patch-id [--stable | --unstable | --verbatim]"
+msgstr "git patch-id [--stable | --unstable | --verbatim]"
+
+#: builtin/patch-id.c
+msgid "use the unstable patch-id algorithm"
+msgstr "使用不稳定的 patch-id 算法"
+
+#: builtin/patch-id.c
+msgid "use the stable patch-id algorithm"
+msgstr "使用稳定的 patch-id 算法"
+
+#: builtin/patch-id.c
+msgid "don't strip whitespace from the patch"
+msgstr "不要从补丁中删除空白字符"
+
 #: builtin/prune.c
 msgid "git prune [-n] [-v] [--progress] [--expire <time>] [--] [<head>...]"
 msgstr "git prune [-n] [-v] [--progress] [--expire <时间>] [--] [<head>...]"
@@ -11793,9 +11841,8 @@
 #: builtin/push.c
 msgid ""
 "\n"
-"To avoid automatically configuring upstream branches when their name\n"
-"doesn't match the local branch, see option 'simple' of branch."
-"autoSetupMerge\n"
+"To avoid automatically configuring an upstream branch when its name\n"
+"won't match the local branch, see option 'simple' of branch.autoSetupMerge\n"
 "in 'git help config'.\n"
 msgstr ""
 "\n"
@@ -11953,6 +12000,13 @@
 msgid "failed to push some refs to '%s'"
 msgstr "无法推送一些引用到 '%s'"
 
+#: builtin/push.c
+msgid ""
+"recursing into submodule with push.recurseSubmodules=only; using on-demand "
+"instead"
+msgstr ""
+"在 push.recurseSubmodules=only 时递归进入子模组；取而代之使用 on-demand"
+
 #: builtin/push.c builtin/send-pack.c submodule-config.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "invalid value for '%s'"
@@ -12125,13 +12179,14 @@
 
 #: builtin/read-tree.c
 msgid ""
-"git read-tree [(-m [--trivial] [--aggressive] | --reset | --prefix=<prefix>) "
-"[-u | -i]] [--no-sparse-checkout] [--index-output=<file>] (--empty | <tree-"
-"ish1> [<tree-ish2> [<tree-ish3>]])"
+"git read-tree [(-m [--trivial] [--aggressive] | --reset | --"
+"prefix=<prefix>)\n"
+"              [-u | -i]] [--index-output=<file>] [--no-sparse-checkout]\n"
+"              (--empty | <tree-ish1> [<tree-ish2> [<tree-ish3>]])"
 msgstr ""
-"git read-tree [(-m [--trivial] [--aggressive] | --reset | --prefix=<前缀>) [-"
-"u | -i]] [--no-sparse-checkout] [--index-output=<文件>] (--empty | <树对象一"
-"> [<树对象二> [<树对象三>]])"
+"git read-tree [(-m [--trivial] [--aggressive] | --reset | --prefix=<前缀>)\n"
+"              [-u | -i]] [--index-output=<文件>] [--no-sparse-checkout]\n"
+"              (--empty | <树对象一> [<树对象二> [<树对象三>]])"
 
 #: builtin/read-tree.c
 msgid "write resulting index to <file>"
@@ -12248,8 +12303,8 @@
 
 #: builtin/rebase.c
 #, c-format
-msgid "could not get 'onto': '%s'"
-msgstr "无法获取 'onto'：'%s'"
+msgid "invalid onto: '%s'"
+msgstr "无效新基线：'%s'"
 
 #: builtin/rebase.c
 #, c-format
@@ -12613,8 +12668,8 @@
 msgstr "没有这样的引用：%s"
 
 #: builtin/rebase.c
-msgid "Could not resolve HEAD to a revision"
-msgstr "无法将 HEAD 解析为一个版本"
+msgid "Could not resolve HEAD to a commit"
+msgstr "不能解析 HEAD 至一个提交"
 
 #: builtin/rebase.c
 #, c-format
@@ -13084,7 +13139,7 @@
 
 #: builtin/remote.c
 msgid " stale (use 'git remote prune' to remove)"
-msgstr " 过时（使用 'git remote prune' 来移除）"
+msgstr " 已过期（使用 'git remote prune' 来移除）"
 
 #: builtin/remote.c
 msgid " ???"
@@ -13416,6 +13471,11 @@
 msgstr "不能关闭引用快照临时文件"
 
 #: builtin/repack.c
+#, c-format
+msgid "could not remove stale bitmap: %s"
+msgstr "无法删除过期的位图： %s"
+
+#: builtin/repack.c
 msgid "pack everything in a single pack"
 msgstr "所有内容打包到一个包文件中"
 
@@ -13512,6 +13572,10 @@
 msgstr "写入结果包的多包索引"
 
 #: builtin/repack.c
+msgid "pack prefix to store a pack containing pruned objects"
+msgstr "储存被清除的对象的包的前缀"
+
+#: builtin/repack.c
 msgid "cannot delete packs in a precious-objects repo"
 msgstr "不能删除珍品仓库中的打包文件"
 
@@ -13526,11 +13590,16 @@
 
 #: builtin/repack.c
 #, c-format
-msgid "missing required file: %s"
-msgstr "缺少需要的文件：%s"
+msgid "renaming pack to '%s' failed"
+msgstr "重命名包至 '%s' 失败"
 
 #: builtin/repack.c
 #, c-format
+msgid "pack-objects did not write a '%s' file for pack %s-%s"
+msgstr "pack-objects 未为包 %2$s-%3$s 写入 '%1$s' 文件"
+
+#: builtin/repack.c sequencer.c
+#, c-format
 msgid "could not unlink: %s"
 msgstr "不能删除：%s"
 
@@ -13771,8 +13840,10 @@
 msgstr "只能为 -l 提供一个模式"
 
 #: builtin/rerere.c
-msgid "git rerere [clear | forget <path>... | status | remaining | diff | gc]"
-msgstr "git rerere [clear | forget <路径>... | status | remaining | diff | gc]"
+msgid ""
+"git rerere [clear | forget <pathspec>... | diff | status | remaining | gc]"
+msgstr ""
+"git rerere [clear | forget <路径规格>... | diff | status | remaining | gc]"
 
 #: builtin/rerere.c
 msgid "register clean resolutions in index"
@@ -14027,6 +14098,18 @@
 msgid "unknown mode for --abbrev-ref: %s"
 msgstr "未知的 --abbrev-ref 模式：%s"
 
+#: builtin/rev-parse.c revision.c
+msgid "--exclude-hidden cannot be used together with --branches"
+msgstr "--exclude-hidden 不能与 --branches 一起使用"
+
+#: builtin/rev-parse.c revision.c
+msgid "--exclude-hidden cannot be used together with --tags"
+msgstr "--exclude-hidden 不能与 --tags 一起使用"
+
+#: builtin/rev-parse.c revision.c
+msgid "--exclude-hidden cannot be used together with --remotes"
+msgstr "--exclude-hidden 不能与 --remotes 一起使用"
+
 #: builtin/rev-parse.c setup.c
 msgid "this operation must be run in a work tree"
 msgstr "该操作必须在一个工作区中运行"
@@ -14037,20 +14120,27 @@
 msgstr "未知的 --show-object-format 模式：%s"
 
 #: builtin/revert.c
-msgid "git revert [<options>] <commit-ish>..."
-msgstr "git revert [<选项>] <提交号>..."
+msgid ""
+"git revert [--[no-]edit] [-n] [-m <parent-number>] [-s] [-S[<keyid>]] "
+"<commit>..."
+msgstr ""
+"git revert [--[no-]edit] [-n] [-m <父编号>] [-s] [-S[<私钥 ID>]] <提交>..."
 
 #: builtin/revert.c
-msgid "git revert <subcommand>"
-msgstr "git revert <子命令>"
+msgid "git revert (--continue | --skip | --abort | --quit)"
+msgstr "git revert (--continue | --skip | --abort | --quit)"
 
 #: builtin/revert.c
-msgid "git cherry-pick [<options>] <commit-ish>..."
-msgstr "git cherry-pick [<选项>] <提交号>..."
+msgid ""
+"git cherry-pick [--edit] [-n] [-m <parent-number>] [-s] [-x] [--ff]\n"
+"                [-S[<keyid>]] <commit>..."
+msgstr ""
+"git cherry-pick [--edit] [-n] [-m <父编号>] [-s] [-x] [--ff]\n"
+"                [-S[<私钥 ID>]] <提交>..."
 
 #: builtin/revert.c
-msgid "git cherry-pick <subcommand>"
-msgstr "git cherry-pick <子命令>"
+msgid "git cherry-pick (--continue | --skip | --abort | --quit)"
+msgstr "git cherry-pick (--continue | --skip | --abort | --quit)"
 
 #: builtin/revert.c
 #, c-format
@@ -14131,8 +14221,14 @@
 msgstr "拣选失败"
 
 #: builtin/rm.c
-msgid "git rm [<options>] [--] <file>..."
-msgstr "git rm [<选项>] [--] <文件>..."
+msgid ""
+"git rm [-f | --force] [-n] [-r] [--cached] [--ignore-unmatch]\n"
+"       [--quiet] [--pathspec-from-file=<file> [--pathspec-file-nul]]\n"
+"       [--] [<pathspec>...]"
+msgstr ""
+"git rm [-f | --force] [-n] [-r] [--cached] [--ignore-unmatch]\n"
+"       [--quiet] [--pathspec-from-file=<文件> [--pathspec-file-nul]]\n"
+"       [--] [<路径规格>...]"
 
 #: builtin/rm.c
 msgid ""
@@ -14215,11 +14311,13 @@
 "git send-pack [--mirror] [--dry-run] [--force]\n"
 "              [--receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>]\n"
 "              [--verbose] [--thin] [--atomic]\n"
+"              [--[no-]signed | --signed=(true|false|if-asked)]\n"
 "              [<host>:]<directory> (--all | <ref>...)"
 msgstr ""
 "git send-pack [--mirror] [--dry-run] [--force]\n"
 "              [--receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>]\n"
 "              [--verbose] [--thin] [--atomic]\n"
+"              [--[no-]signed | --signed=(true|false|if-asked)]\n"
 "              [<主机>:]<目录> (--all | <引用>...)"
 
 #: builtin/send-pack.c
@@ -14251,8 +14349,9 @@
 msgstr "不支持和标准输入一起使用多个 --group 选项"
 
 #: builtin/shortlog.c
-msgid "using --group=trailer with stdin is not supported"
-msgstr "不支持和标准输入一起使用 --group=trailer"
+#, c-format
+msgid "using %s with stdin is not supported"
+msgstr "不支持对 %s 使用标准输入"
 
 #: builtin/shortlog.c
 #, c-format
@@ -14300,12 +14399,14 @@
 "git show-branch [-a | --all] [-r | --remotes] [--topo-order | --date-order]\n"
 "                [--current] [--color[=<when>] | --no-color] [--sparse]\n"
 "                [--more=<n> | --list | --independent | --merge-base]\n"
-"                [--no-name | --sha1-name] [--topics] [(<rev> | <glob>)...]"
+"                [--no-name | --sha1-name] [--topics]\n"
+"                [(<rev> | <glob>)...]"
 msgstr ""
 "git show-branch [-a | --all] [-r | --remotes] [--topo-order | --date-order]\n"
 "                [--current] [--color[=<何时>] | --no-color] [--sparse]\n"
 "                [--more=<n> | --list | --independent | --merge-base]\n"
-"                [--no-name | --sha1-name] [--topics] [(<版本> | <通配符>)...]"
+"                [--no-name | --sha1-name] [--topics]\n"
+"                [(<版本> | <通配符>)...]"
 
 #: builtin/show-branch.c
 msgid "git show-branch (-g | --reflog)[=<n>[,<base>]] [--list] [<ref>]"
@@ -14434,11 +14535,13 @@
 
 #: builtin/show-ref.c
 msgid ""
-"git show-ref [-q | --quiet] [--verify] [--head] [-d | --dereference] [-s | --"
-"hash[=<n>]] [--abbrev[=<n>]] [--tags] [--heads] [--] [<pattern>...]"
+"git show-ref [-q | --quiet] [--verify] [--head] [-d | --dereference]\n"
+"             [-s | --hash[=<n>]] [--abbrev[=<n>]] [--tags]\n"
+"             [--heads] [--] [<pattern>...]"
 msgstr ""
-"git show-ref [-q | --quiet] [--verify] [--head] [-d | --dereference] [-s | --"
-"hash[=<n>]] [--abbrev[=<n>]] [--tags] [--heads] [--] [<模式>...]"
+"git show-ref [-q | --quiet] [--verify] [--head] [-d | --dereference]\n"
+"             [-s | --hash[=<n>]] [--abbrev[=<n>]] [--tags]\n"
+"             [--heads] [--] [<模式>...]"
 
 #: builtin/show-ref.c
 msgid "git show-ref --exclude-existing[=<pattern>]"
@@ -14477,8 +14580,10 @@
 msgstr "显示从标准输入中读入的不在本地仓库中的引用"
 
 #: builtin/sparse-checkout.c
-msgid "git sparse-checkout (init|list|set|add|reapply|disable) <options>"
-msgstr "git sparse-checkout (init|list|set|add|reapply|disable) <选项>"
+msgid ""
+"git sparse-checkout (init | list | set | add | reapply | disable) [<options>]"
+msgstr ""
+"git sparse-checkout (init | list | set | add | reapply | disable) [<选项>]"
 
 #: builtin/sparse-checkout.c
 msgid "this worktree is not sparse"
@@ -14619,78 +14724,65 @@
 msgstr "刷新工作目录时出错"
 
 #: builtin/stash.c
-msgid "git stash list [<options>]"
-msgstr "git stash list [<选项>]"
+msgid "git stash list [<log-options>]"
+msgstr "git stash list [<日志选项>]"
 
 #: builtin/stash.c
-msgid "git stash show [<options>] [<stash>]"
-msgstr "git stash show [<选项>] [<stash>]"
+msgid ""
+"git stash show [-u | --include-untracked | --only-untracked] [<diff-"
+"options>] [<stash>]"
+msgstr ""
+"git stash show [-u | --include-untracked | --only-untracked] [<差异选项>] [<"
+"贮存>]"
 
 #: builtin/stash.c
-msgid "git stash drop [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]"
-msgstr "git stash drop [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]"
+msgid "git stash drop [-q | --quiet] [<stash>]"
+msgstr "git stash drop [-q | --quiet] [<贮存>]"
 
 #: builtin/stash.c
-msgid "git stash ( pop | apply ) [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]"
-msgstr "git stash ( pop | apply ) [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]"
+msgid "git stash pop [--index] [-q | --quiet] [<stash>]"
+msgstr "git stash pop [--index] [-q | --quiet] [<贮存>]"
+
+#: builtin/stash.c
+msgid "git stash apply [--index] [-q | --quiet] [<stash>]"
+msgstr "git stash apply [--index] [-q | --quiet] [<贮存>]"
 
 #: builtin/stash.c
 msgid "git stash branch <branchname> [<stash>]"
 msgstr "git stash branch <分支名> [<stash>]"
 
 #: builtin/stash.c
+msgid "git stash store [(-m | --message) <message>] [-q | --quiet] <commit>"
+msgstr "git stash store [(-m | --message) <消息>] [-q | --quiet] <提交>"
+
+#: builtin/stash.c
 msgid ""
-"git stash [push [-p|--patch] [-S|--staged] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--"
-"quiet]\n"
-"          [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-m|--message <message>]\n"
+"git stash [push [-p | --patch] [-S | --staged] [-k | --[no-]keep-index] [-q "
+"| --quiet]\n"
+"          [-u | --include-untracked] [-a | --all] [(-m | --message) "
+"<message>]\n"
 "          [--pathspec-from-file=<file> [--pathspec-file-nul]]\n"
 "          [--] [<pathspec>...]]"
 msgstr ""
-"git stash [push [-p|--patch] [[-S|--staged] -k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--"
-"quiet]\n"
-"          [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-m|--message <消息>]\n"
+"git stash [push [-p | --patch] [-S | --staged] [-k | --[no-]keep-index] [-q "
+"| --quiet]\n"
+"          [-u | --include-untracked] [-a | --all] [(-m | --message <消息>]\n"
 "          [--pathspec-from-file=<文件> [--pathspec-file-nul]]\n"
 "          [--] [<路径规格>...]]"
 
 #: builtin/stash.c
 msgid ""
-"git stash save [-p|--patch] [-S|--staged] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--"
-"quiet]\n"
-"          [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [<message>]"
+"git stash save [-p | --patch] [-S | --staged] [-k | --[no-]keep-index] [-q | "
+"--quiet]\n"
+"          [-u | --include-untracked] [-a | --all] [<message>]"
 msgstr ""
-"git stash save [-p|--patch] [-S|--staged] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--"
-"quiet]\n"
-"          [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [<消息>]"
+"git stash save [-p | --patch] [-S | --staged] [-k | --[no-]keep-index] [-q | "
+"--quiet]\n"
+"          [-u | --include-untracked] [-a | --all] [<消息>]"
 
 #: builtin/stash.c
-msgid "git stash pop [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]"
-msgstr "git stash pop [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]"
-
-#: builtin/stash.c
-msgid "git stash apply [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]"
-msgstr "git stash apply [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]"
-
-#: builtin/stash.c
-msgid "git stash store [-m|--message <message>] [-q|--quiet] <commit>"
-msgstr "git stash store [-m|--message <消息>] [-q|--quiet] <提交>"
-
-#: builtin/stash.c
-msgid ""
-"git stash [push [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet]\n"
-"          [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-m|--message <message>]\n"
-"          [--] [<pathspec>...]]"
-msgstr ""
-"git stash [push [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet]\n"
-"          [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-m|--message <消息>]\n"
-"          [--] [<路径规格>...]]"
-
-#: builtin/stash.c
-msgid ""
-"git stash save [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet]\n"
-"               [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [<message>]"
-msgstr ""
-"git stash save [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet]\n"
-"               [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [<消息>]"
+msgid "git stash create [<message>]"
+msgstr "git stash create [<消息>]"
 
 #: builtin/stash.c
 #, c-format
@@ -15379,10 +15471,6 @@
 msgstr "不要从远程地址获取新对象"
 
 #: builtin/submodule--helper.c
-msgid "path into the working tree"
-msgstr "到工作区的路径"
-
-#: builtin/submodule--helper.c
 msgid "use the 'checkout' update strategy (default)"
 msgstr "使用 'checkout' 更新策略（默认）"
 
@@ -15427,34 +15515,10 @@
 "径>...]"
 
 #: builtin/submodule--helper.c
-msgid "recurse into submodules"
-msgstr "在子模组中递归"
-
-#: builtin/submodule--helper.c
 msgid "git submodule absorbgitdirs [<options>] [<path>...]"
 msgstr "git submodule absorbgitdirs [<选项>] [<路径>...]"
 
 #: builtin/submodule--helper.c
-msgid "check if it is safe to write to the .gitmodules file"
-msgstr "检查写入 .gitmodules 文件是否安全"
-
-#: builtin/submodule--helper.c
-msgid "unset the config in the .gitmodules file"
-msgstr "取消 .gitmodules 文件中的设置"
-
-#: builtin/submodule--helper.c
-msgid "git submodule--helper config <name> [<value>]"
-msgstr "git submodule--helper config <名称> [<值>]"
-
-#: builtin/submodule--helper.c
-msgid "git submodule--helper config --unset <name>"
-msgstr "git submodule--helper config --unset <名称>"
-
-#: builtin/submodule--helper.c
-msgid "please make sure that the .gitmodules file is in the working tree"
-msgstr "请确认 .gitmodules 文件在工作区里"
-
-#: builtin/submodule--helper.c
 msgid "suppress output for setting url of a submodule"
 msgstr "抑制设置子模组 URL 的输出"
 
@@ -15548,6 +15612,10 @@
 msgstr "无法检出子模组 '%s'"
 
 #: builtin/submodule--helper.c
+msgid "please make sure that the .gitmodules file is in the working tree"
+msgstr "请确认 .gitmodules 文件在工作区里"
+
+#: builtin/submodule--helper.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "Failed to add submodule '%s'"
 msgstr "无法添加子模组 '%s'"
@@ -15608,23 +15676,26 @@
 msgid "'%s' is not a valid submodule name"
 msgstr "'%s' 不是一个有效的子模组名称"
 
+#: builtin/submodule--helper.c
+msgid "git submodule--helper <command>"
+msgstr "git submodule--helper <命令>"
+
 #: builtin/submodule--helper.c git.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "%s doesn't support --super-prefix"
 msgstr "%s 不支持 --super-prefix"
 
-#: builtin/submodule--helper.c
-#, c-format
-msgid "'%s' is not a valid submodule--helper subcommand"
-msgstr "'%s' 不是一个有效的 submodule--helper 子命令"
+#: builtin/symbolic-ref.c
+msgid "git symbolic-ref [-m <reason>] <name> <ref>"
+msgstr "git symbolic-ref [-m <理由>] <名称> <引用>"
 
 #: builtin/symbolic-ref.c
-msgid "git symbolic-ref [<options>] <name> [<ref>]"
-msgstr "git symbolic-ref [<选项>] <名称> [<引用>]"
+msgid "git symbolic-ref [-q] [--short] [--no-recurse] <name>"
+msgstr "git symbolic-ref [-q] [--short] [--no-recurse] <名称>"
 
 #: builtin/symbolic-ref.c
-msgid "git symbolic-ref -d [-q] <name>"
-msgstr "git symbolic-ref -d [-q] <名称>"
+msgid "git symbolic-ref --delete [-q] <name>"
+msgstr "git symbolic-ref --delete [-q] <名称>"
 
 #: builtin/symbolic-ref.c
 msgid "suppress error message for non-symbolic (detached) refs"
@@ -15638,6 +15709,10 @@
 msgid "shorten ref output"
 msgstr "缩短引用输出"
 
+#: builtin/symbolic-ref.c
+msgid "recursively dereference (default)"
+msgstr "递归解引用（默认）"
+
 #: builtin/symbolic-ref.c builtin/update-ref.c
 msgid "reason"
 msgstr "原因"
@@ -15648,11 +15723,11 @@
 
 #: builtin/tag.c
 msgid ""
-"git tag [-a | -s | -u <key-id>] [-f] [-m <msg> | -F <file>]\n"
-"        <tagname> [<head>]"
+"git tag [-a | -s | -u <key-id>] [-f] [-m <msg> | -F <file>] [-e]\n"
+"        <tagname> [<commit> | <object>]"
 msgstr ""
-"git tag [-a | -s | -u <key-id>] [-f] [-m <消息> | -F <文件>]\n"
-"        <标签名> [<头>]"
+"git tag [-a | -s | -u <私钥 ID>] [-f] [-m <消息> | -F <文件>] [-e]\n"
+"        <标签名> [<提交> | <对象>]"
 
 #: builtin/tag.c
 msgid "git tag -d <tagname>..."
@@ -15660,14 +15735,15 @@
 
 #: builtin/tag.c
 msgid ""
-"git tag -l [-n[<num>]] [--contains <commit>] [--no-contains <commit>] [--"
-"points-at <object>]\n"
-"        [--format=<format>] [--merged <commit>] [--no-merged <commit>] "
-"[<pattern>...]"
+"git tag [-n[<num>]] -l [--contains <commit>] [--no-contains <commit>]\n"
+"        [--points-at <object>] [--column[=<options>] | --no-column]\n"
+"        [--create-reflog] [--sort=<key>] [--format=<format>]\n"
+"        [--merged <commit>] [--no-merged <commit>] [<pattern>...]"
 msgstr ""
-"git tag -l [-n[<数字>]] [--contains <提交>] [--no-contains <提交>] [--points-"
-"at <对象>]\n"
-"        [--format=<格式>] [--merged <提交>] [--no-merged <提交>] [<模式>...]"
+"git tag [-n[<数字>]] -l [--contains <提交>] [--no-contains <提交>]\n"
+"        [--points-at <对象>] [--column[=<选项>] | --no-column]\n"
+"        [--create-reflog] [--sort=<键>] [--format=<格式>]\n"
+"        [--merged <提交>] [--no-merged <提交>] [<模式>...]"
 
 #: builtin/tag.c
 msgid "git tag -v [--format=<format>] <tagname>..."
@@ -16139,8 +16215,12 @@
 msgstr "从头开始更新文件信息"
 
 #: builtin/upload-pack.c
-msgid "git upload-pack [<options>] <dir>"
-msgstr "git upload-pack [<选项>] <目录>"
+msgid ""
+"git-upload-pack [--[no-]strict] [--timeout=<n>] [--stateless-rpc]\n"
+"                [--advertise-refs] <directory>"
+msgstr ""
+"git-upload-pack [--[no-]strict] [--timeout=<n>] [--stateless-rpc]\n"
+"                [--advertise-refs] <目录>"
 
 #: builtin/upload-pack.c t/helper/test-serve-v2.c
 msgid "quit after a single request/response exchange"
@@ -16159,8 +16239,8 @@
 msgstr "不活动 <n> 秒钟后终止传输"
 
 #: builtin/verify-commit.c
-msgid "git verify-commit [-v | --verbose] <commit>..."
-msgstr "git verify-commit [-v | --verbose] <提交>..."
+msgid "git verify-commit [-v | --verbose] [--raw] <commit>..."
+msgstr "git verify-commit [-v | --verbose] [--raw] <提交>..."
 
 #: builtin/verify-commit.c
 msgid "print commit contents"
@@ -16171,8 +16251,8 @@
 msgstr "打印原始 gpg 状态输出"
 
 #: builtin/verify-pack.c
-msgid "git verify-pack [-v | --verbose] [-s | --stat-only] <pack>..."
-msgstr "git verify-pack [-v | --verbose] [-s | --stat-only] <包>..."
+msgid "git verify-pack [-v | --verbose] [-s | --stat-only] [--] <pack>.idx..."
+msgstr "git verify-pack [-v | --verbose] [-s | --stat-only] [--] <包>.idx..."
 
 #: builtin/verify-pack.c
 msgid "verbose"
@@ -16183,44 +16263,48 @@
 msgstr "只显示统计"
 
 #: builtin/verify-tag.c
-msgid "git verify-tag [-v | --verbose] [--format=<format>] <tag>..."
-msgstr "git verify-tag [-v | --verbose] [--format=<格式>] <标签>..."
+msgid "git verify-tag [-v | --verbose] [--format=<format>] [--raw] <tag>..."
+msgstr "git verify-tag [-v | --verbose] [--format=<格式>] [--raw] <标签>..."
 
 #: builtin/verify-tag.c
 msgid "print tag contents"
 msgstr "打印标签内容"
 
 #: builtin/worktree.c
-msgid "git worktree add [<options>] <path> [<commit-ish>]"
-msgstr "git worktree add [<选项>] <路径> [<提交>]"
+msgid ""
+"git worktree add [-f] [--detach] [--checkout] [--lock [--reason <string>]]\n"
+"                 [-b <new-branch>] <path> [<commit-ish>]"
+msgstr ""
+"git worktree add [-f] [--detach] [--checkout] [--lock [--reason <字符串>]]\n"
+"                 [-b <新分支>] <路径> [<提交号>]"
 
 #: builtin/worktree.c
-msgid "git worktree list [<options>]"
-msgstr "git worktree list [<选项>]"
+msgid "git worktree list [-v | --porcelain [-z]]"
+msgstr "git worktree list [-v | --porcelain [-z]]"
 
 #: builtin/worktree.c
-msgid "git worktree lock [<options>] <path>"
-msgstr "git worktree lock [<选项>] <路径>"
+msgid "git worktree lock [--reason <string>] <worktree>"
+msgstr "git worktree lock [--reason <字符串>] <工作区>"
 
 #: builtin/worktree.c
 msgid "git worktree move <worktree> <new-path>"
 msgstr "git worktree move <工作区> <新路径>"
 
 #: builtin/worktree.c
-msgid "git worktree prune [<options>]"
-msgstr "git worktree prune [<选项>]"
+msgid "git worktree prune [-n] [-v] [--expire <expire>]"
+msgstr "git worktree prune [-n] [-v] [--expire <过期>]"
 
 #: builtin/worktree.c
-msgid "git worktree remove [<options>] <worktree>"
-msgstr "git worktree remove [<选项>] <工作区>"
+msgid "git worktree remove [-f] <worktree>"
+msgstr "git worktree remove [-f] <工作区>"
 
 #: builtin/worktree.c
 msgid "git worktree repair [<path>...]"
 msgstr "git worktree repair [<路径>...]"
 
 #: builtin/worktree.c
-msgid "git worktree unlock <path>"
-msgstr "git worktree unlock <路径>"
+msgid "git worktree unlock <worktree>"
+msgstr "git worktree unlock <工作区>"
 
 #: builtin/worktree.c
 #, c-format
@@ -16505,6 +16589,11 @@
 msgstr "core.fsyncMethod = batch 不支持本平台"
 
 #: bundle-uri.c
+#, c-format
+msgid "bundle list at '%s' has no mode"
+msgstr "在 '%s' 的归档包列表没有模式"
+
+#: bundle-uri.c
 msgid "failed to create temporary file"
 msgstr "无法创建临时文件"
 
@@ -16514,18 +16603,35 @@
 
 #: bundle-uri.c
 #, c-format
+msgid "unrecognized bundle mode from URI '%s'"
+msgstr "不可辨认的归档包模式来自 URI '%s'"
+
+#: bundle-uri.c
+#, c-format
+msgid "exceeded bundle URI recursion limit (%d)"
+msgstr "超过了 URI 递归限制 (%d)"
+
+#: bundle-uri.c
+#, c-format
 msgid "failed to download bundle from URI '%s'"
 msgstr "无法从 URI '%s' 下载归档包"
 
 #: bundle-uri.c
 #, c-format
-msgid "file at URI '%s' is not a bundle"
-msgstr "位于 URI '%s' 的文件不是归档包"
+msgid "file at URI '%s' is not a bundle or bundle list"
+msgstr "位于 URI '%s' 的文件不是归档包或归档包列表"
 
 #: bundle-uri.c
-#, c-format
-msgid "failed to unbundle bundle from URI '%s'"
-msgstr "无法从 URI '%s' 解开归档包"
+msgid "bundle-uri: got an empty line"
+msgstr "bundle-uri: 获得了空行"
+
+#: bundle-uri.c
+msgid "bundle-uri: line is not of the form 'key=value'"
+msgstr "bundle-uri: 行不是以 'key=value' 格式"
+
+#: bundle-uri.c
+msgid "bundle-uri: line has empty key or value"
+msgstr "bundle-uri: 行有空的键或值"
 
 #: bundle.c
 #, c-format
@@ -17280,7 +17386,7 @@
 msgstr "块式文件格式"
 
 #: command-list.h
-msgid "Git commit graph format"
+msgid "Git commit-graph format"
 msgstr "Git 提交图格式"
 
 #: command-list.h
@@ -17707,6 +17813,11 @@
 msgid "health thread wait failed [GLE %ld]"
 msgstr "健康监测线程等待失败 [GLE %ld]"
 
+#: compat/fsmonitor/fsm-ipc-darwin.c
+#, c-format
+msgid "Invalid path: %s"
+msgstr "无效路径： %s"
+
 #: compat/fsmonitor/fsm-listen-darwin.c
 msgid "Unable to create FSEventStream."
 msgstr "无法创建 FSEventStream。"
@@ -17745,12 +17856,32 @@
 msgid "could not read directory changes [GLE %ld]"
 msgstr "无法获取目录变更 [GLE %ld]"
 
-#: compat/fsmonitor/fsm-settings-win32.c
+#: compat/fsmonitor/fsm-path-utils-darwin.c
+#, c-format
+msgid "opendir('%s') failed"
+msgstr "opendir('%s') 失败"
+
+#: compat/fsmonitor/fsm-path-utils-darwin.c
+#, c-format
+msgid "lstat('%s') failed"
+msgstr "lstat('%s') 失败"
+
+#: compat/fsmonitor/fsm-path-utils-darwin.c
+#, c-format
+msgid "strbuf_readlink('%s') failed"
+msgstr "strbuf_readlink('%s') 失败"
+
+#: compat/fsmonitor/fsm-path-utils-darwin.c
+#, c-format
+msgid "closedir('%s') failed"
+msgstr "closedir('%s') 失败"
+
+#: compat/fsmonitor/fsm-path-utils-win32.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "[GLE %ld] unable to open for read '%ls'"
 msgstr "[GLE %ld] 无法打开要读取的 '%ls'"
 
-#: compat/fsmonitor/fsm-settings-win32.c
+#: compat/fsmonitor/fsm-path-utils-win32.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "[GLE %ld] unable to get protocol information for '%ls'"
 msgstr "[GLE %ld] 无法获取 '%ls' 的协议信息 "
@@ -19719,8 +19850,9 @@
 #: fsmonitor-settings.c
 #, c-format
 msgid ""
-"repository '%s' is incompatible with fsmonitor due to lack of Unix sockets"
-msgstr "因为缺少 Unix 套接字，仓库 '%s' 与 fsmonitor 不兼容"
+"socket directory '%s' is incompatible with fsmonitor due to lack of Unix "
+"sockets support"
+msgstr "因为缺少 Unix 套接字支持，套接字目录 '%s' 与 fsmonitor 不兼容"
 
 #: git.c
 msgid ""
@@ -20107,8 +20239,8 @@
 "最相似的命令是"
 
 #: help.c
-msgid "git version [<options>]"
-msgstr "git version [<选项>]"
+msgid "git version [--build-options]"
+msgstr "git version [--build-options]"
 
 #: help.c
 #, c-format
@@ -21181,11 +21313,6 @@
 msgstr "%s：忽略备用对象库，嵌套太深"
 
 #: object-file.c
-#, c-format
-msgid "unable to normalize object directory: %s"
-msgstr "无法规范化对象目录: %s"
-
-#: object-file.c
 msgid "unable to fdopen alternates lockfile"
 msgstr "无法 fdopen 替换锁文件"
 
@@ -22194,6 +22321,11 @@
 msgid "promisor remote name cannot begin with '/': %s"
 msgstr "promisor 远程名称不能以 '/' 开始：%s"
 
+#: promisor-remote.c
+#, c-format
+msgid "could not fetch %s from promisor remote"
+msgstr "无法从承诺者远程获取 %s"
+
 #: protocol-caps.c
 msgid "object-info: expected flush after arguments"
 msgstr "object-info：在参数之后应有一个 flush"
@@ -23468,6 +23600,15 @@
 
 #: revision.c
 #, c-format
+msgid "unsupported section for hidden refs: %s"
+msgstr "不支持的隐藏引用片段： %s"
+
+#: revision.c
+msgid "--exclude-hidden= passed more than once"
+msgstr "--exclude-hidden= 传递了不止一次"
+
+#: revision.c
+#, c-format
 msgid "resolve-undo records `%s` which is missing"
 msgstr "resolve-undo 记录 `%s`，现缺失"
 
@@ -23653,6 +23794,16 @@
 
 #: scalar.c
 #, c-format
+msgid "could not remove stale scalar.repo '%s'"
+msgstr "无法删除过期的 scalar.repo '%s'"
+
+#: scalar.c
+#, c-format
+msgid "removing stale scalar.repo '%s'"
+msgstr "正在删除过期的 scalar.repo '%s'"
+
+#: scalar.c
+#, c-format
 msgid "git repository gone in '%s'"
 msgstr "在 '%s' 的 git 仓库已消失"
 
@@ -24398,6 +24549,11 @@
 msgstr "非法的标签名称：'%.*s'"
 
 #: sequencer.c
+#, c-format
+msgid "could not resolve '%s'"
+msgstr "无法解析 '%s'"
+
+#: sequencer.c
 msgid "writing fake root commit"
 msgstr "写伪根提交"
 
@@ -24406,11 +24562,6 @@
 msgstr "写入 squash-onto"
 
 #: sequencer.c
-#, c-format
-msgid "could not resolve '%s'"
-msgstr "无法解析 '%s'"
-
-#: sequencer.c
 msgid "cannot merge without a current revision"
 msgstr "没有当前版本不能合并"
 
@@ -25123,6 +25274,18 @@
 msgid "failed to lstat '%s'"
 msgstr "无法执行 lstat '%s'"
 
+#: t/helper/test-cache-tree.c
+msgid "test-tool cache-tree <options> (control|prime|update)"
+msgstr "test-tool cache-tree <选项> (control|prime|update)"
+
+#: t/helper/test-cache-tree.c
+msgid "clear the cache tree before each iteration"
+msgstr "在每次迭代前清除缓存树"
+
+#: t/helper/test-cache-tree.c
+msgid "number of entries in the cache tree to invalidate (default 0)"
+msgstr "缓存树中无效化的条目数量（默认 0）"
+
 #: t/helper/test-fast-rebase.c
 msgid "unhandled options"
 msgstr "未处理的选项"
diff --git a/po/zh_TW.po b/po/zh_TW.po
index 29b8089..aa59a8e 100644
--- a/po/zh_TW.po
+++ b/po/zh_TW.po
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 # Chinese (traditional) translations for Git package
 # Git 套裝軟體的繁體中文翻譯。
 # Copyright (C) 2012-2021 Jiang Xin <worldhello.net AT gmail.com>
-# Copyright (C) 2019-2021 Yi-Jyun Pan <pan93412@gmail.com>
+# Copyright (C) 2019-2022 Yi-Jyun Pan <pan93412@gmail.com>
 # This file is distributed under the same license as the Git package.
 #
+# The glossary can be found on https://github.com/l10n-tw/git-glossary
+#
 # Contributors (CN):
 # - Fangyi Zhou <me AT fangyi.io>
 # - Jiang Xin <worldhello.net AT gmail.com>
@@ -18,12 +20,13 @@
 # - Zhuang Ya <zhuangya AT me.com>
 #
 # Yi-Jyun Pan <pan93412@gmail.com>, 2021, 2022.
+# Kaiyang Wu <self@origincode.me>, 2022.
 msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 "Project-Id-Version: Git\n"
 "Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: Git Mailing List <git@vger.kernel.org>\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2022-09-23 21:57+0000\n"
-"PO-Revision-Date: 2022-10-01 19:02+0800\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2022-12-11 00:28+0800\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2022-12-10 17:12+0000\n"
 "Last-Translator: Yi-Jyun Pan <pan93412@gmail.com>\n"
 "Language-Team: Chinese (Traditional) <http://weblate.slat.org/projects/git-"
 "po/git-cli/zh_Hant/>\n"
@@ -32,7 +35,7 @@
 "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
 "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
 "Plural-Forms: nplurals=1; plural=0;\n"
-"X-Generator: Poedit 3.1.1\n"
+"X-Generator: Weblate 4.14.2\n"
 "X-ZhConverter: 繁化姬 dict-f4bc617e-r910 @ 2019/11/16 20:23:12 | https://"
 "zhconvert.org\n"
 
@@ -64,7 +67,7 @@
 #: add-interactive.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "could not stage '%s'"
-msgstr "無法暫存「%s」"
+msgstr "無法暫存 “%s”"
 
 #: add-interactive.c builtin/stash.c reset.c sequencer.c
 msgid "could not write index"
@@ -79,12 +82,12 @@
 #: add-interactive.c git-add--interactive.perl
 #, c-format, perl-format
 msgid "note: %s is untracked now.\n"
-msgstr "注意：%s 現已不再追蹤。\n"
+msgstr "註：現已不再追蹤 %s。\n"
 
 #: add-interactive.c apply.c builtin/checkout.c builtin/reset.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "make_cache_entry failed for path '%s'"
-msgstr "「%s」路徑執行 make_cache_entry 失敗"
+msgstr "對 “%s” 路徑執行 make_cache_entry 失敗"
 
 #: add-interactive.c git-add--interactive.perl
 msgid "Revert"
@@ -92,13 +95,13 @@
 
 #: add-interactive.c
 msgid "Could not parse HEAD^{tree}"
-msgstr "不能解析 HEAD^{樹}"
+msgstr "無法解析 HEAD^{tree}"
 
 #: add-interactive.c git-add--interactive.perl
 #, c-format, perl-format
 msgid "reverted %d path\n"
 msgid_plural "reverted %d paths\n"
-msgstr[0] "還原了 %d 個路徑\n"
+msgstr[0] "已還原 %d 個路徑\n"
 
 #: add-interactive.c git-add--interactive.perl
 #, c-format
@@ -107,28 +110,28 @@
 
 #: add-interactive.c git-add--interactive.perl
 msgid "Add untracked"
-msgstr "新增未追蹤的"
+msgstr "加入未追蹤項目"
 
 #: add-interactive.c git-add--interactive.perl
 #, c-format, perl-format
 msgid "added %d path\n"
 msgid_plural "added %d paths\n"
-msgstr[0] "增加了 %d 個路徑\n"
+msgstr[0] "已加入 %d 個路徑\n"
 
 #: add-interactive.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "ignoring unmerged: %s"
-msgstr "忽略未合併：%s"
+msgstr "忽略未合併項目：%s"
 
 #: add-interactive.c add-patch.c git-add--interactive.perl
 #, c-format
 msgid "Only binary files changed.\n"
-msgstr "只有二進位檔案被修改。\n"
+msgstr "只變更二進位檔案。\n"
 
 #: add-interactive.c add-patch.c git-add--interactive.perl
 #, c-format
 msgid "No changes.\n"
-msgstr "沒有修改。\n"
+msgstr "沒有更動。\n"
 
 #: add-interactive.c git-add--interactive.perl
 msgid "Patch update"
@@ -136,19 +139,19 @@
 
 #: add-interactive.c git-add--interactive.perl
 msgid "Review diff"
-msgstr "檢視 diff"
+msgstr "檢閱差異"
 
 #: add-interactive.c
 msgid "show paths with changes"
-msgstr "顯示有變更的路徑"
+msgstr "顯示有更動的路徑"
 
 #: add-interactive.c
 msgid "add working tree state to the staged set of changes"
-msgstr "加入工作區狀態至暫存列表"
+msgstr "將工作區狀態加入至暫存更動集"
 
 #: add-interactive.c
 msgid "revert staged set of changes back to the HEAD version"
-msgstr "還原修改的暫存集至 HEAD 版本"
+msgstr "將暫存的更動集還原回 HEAD 版本"
 
 #: add-interactive.c
 msgid "pick hunks and update selectively"
@@ -160,7 +163,7 @@
 
 #: add-interactive.c
 msgid "add contents of untracked files to the staged set of changes"
-msgstr "加入未追蹤檔案的內容至暫存列表"
+msgstr "將未追蹤檔案的內容加入至更動暫存集"
 
 #: add-interactive.c
 msgid "Prompt help:"
@@ -168,23 +171,23 @@
 
 #: add-interactive.c
 msgid "select a single item"
-msgstr "選擇單一項目"
+msgstr "選取一個項目"
 
 #: add-interactive.c
 msgid "select a range of items"
-msgstr "選擇項目範圍"
+msgstr "選取範圍中項目"
 
 #: add-interactive.c
 msgid "select multiple ranges"
-msgstr "選擇多個範圍"
+msgstr "選取多個範圍"
 
 #: add-interactive.c
 msgid "select item based on unique prefix"
-msgstr "基於唯一前綴選擇項目"
+msgstr "根據獨特前綴選取項目"
 
 #: add-interactive.c
 msgid "unselect specified items"
-msgstr "取消選擇指定項目"
+msgstr "取消選取指定項目"
 
 #: add-interactive.c
 msgid "choose all items"
@@ -196,15 +199,15 @@
 
 #: add-interactive.c
 msgid "select a numbered item"
-msgstr "選擇編號過的項目"
+msgstr "選取編號過的項目"
 
 #: add-interactive.c
 msgid "(empty) select nothing"
-msgstr "（空）全不選取"
+msgstr "（空）全部不選取"
 
 #: add-interactive.c builtin/clean.c git-add--interactive.perl
 msgid "*** Commands ***"
-msgstr "*** 指令 ***"
+msgstr "*** 命令 ***"
 
 #: add-interactive.c builtin/clean.c git-add--interactive.perl
 msgid "What now"
@@ -212,11 +215,11 @@
 
 #: add-interactive.c git-add--interactive.perl
 msgid "staged"
-msgstr "快取"
+msgstr "已暫存"
 
 #: add-interactive.c git-add--interactive.perl
 msgid "unstaged"
-msgstr "未快取"
+msgstr "未暫存"
 
 #: add-interactive.c apply.c builtin/am.c builtin/bugreport.c builtin/clone.c
 #: builtin/diagnose.c builtin/fetch.c builtin/merge.c builtin/pull.c
@@ -236,17 +239,17 @@
 #: add-patch.c git-add--interactive.perl
 #, c-format, perl-format
 msgid "Stage mode change [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
-msgstr "暫存模式變更 [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
+msgstr "暫存模式更動 [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
 
 #: add-patch.c git-add--interactive.perl
 #, c-format, perl-format
 msgid "Stage deletion [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
-msgstr "暫存刪除變更 [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
+msgstr "暫存刪除動作 [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
 
 #: add-patch.c git-add--interactive.perl
 #, c-format, perl-format
 msgid "Stage addition [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
-msgstr "暫存新增變更 [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
+msgstr "暫存加入動作 [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
 
 #: add-patch.c git-add--interactive.perl
 #, c-format, perl-format
@@ -257,7 +260,7 @@
 msgid ""
 "If the patch applies cleanly, the edited hunk will immediately be marked for "
 "staging."
-msgstr "如果修補檔能乾淨地套用，編輯區塊將立即標記為暫存。"
+msgstr "如果修補檔能完全套用，編輯區塊將立即標記為暫存。"
 
 #: add-patch.c
 msgid ""
@@ -276,28 +279,28 @@
 #: add-patch.c git-add--interactive.perl
 #, c-format, perl-format
 msgid "Stash mode change [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
-msgstr "儲藏模式變更 [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
+msgstr "貯存模式更動 [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
 
 #: add-patch.c git-add--interactive.perl
 #, c-format, perl-format
 msgid "Stash deletion [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
-msgstr "儲藏刪除變更 [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
+msgstr "貯存刪除動作 [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
 
 #: add-patch.c git-add--interactive.perl
 #, c-format, perl-format
 msgid "Stash addition [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
-msgstr "儲藏新增變更 [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
+msgstr "貯存加入動作 [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
 
 #: add-patch.c git-add--interactive.perl
 #, c-format, perl-format
 msgid "Stash this hunk [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
-msgstr "儲藏此區塊 [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
+msgstr "貯存此區塊 [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
 
 #: add-patch.c
 msgid ""
 "If the patch applies cleanly, the edited hunk will immediately be marked for "
 "stashing."
-msgstr "如果修補檔能乾淨地套用，編輯區塊將立即標記為儲藏。"
+msgstr "如果修補檔能完全套用，編輯區塊將立即標記為貯存。"
 
 #: add-patch.c
 msgid ""
@@ -307,26 +310,26 @@
 "a - stash this hunk and all later hunks in the file\n"
 "d - do not stash this hunk or any of the later hunks in the file\n"
 msgstr ""
-"y - 儲藏此區塊\n"
-"n - 不要儲藏此區塊\n"
-"q - 離開。不儲藏此區塊及後面的全部區塊\n"
-"a - 儲藏此區塊和本檔案中後面的全部區塊\n"
-"d - 不儲藏此區塊和本檔案中後面的全部區塊\n"
+"y - 貯存此區塊\n"
+"n - 不要貯存此區塊\n"
+"q - 離開。不貯存此區塊及後面的全部區塊\n"
+"a - 貯存此區塊和本檔案中後面的全部區塊\n"
+"d - 不貯存此區塊和本檔案中後面的全部區塊\n"
 
 #: add-patch.c git-add--interactive.perl
 #, c-format, perl-format
 msgid "Unstage mode change [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
-msgstr "取消暫存模式變更 [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
+msgstr "取消暫存模式更動 [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
 
 #: add-patch.c git-add--interactive.perl
 #, c-format, perl-format
 msgid "Unstage deletion [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
-msgstr "取消暫存刪除變更 [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
+msgstr "取消暫存刪除動作 [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
 
 #: add-patch.c git-add--interactive.perl
 #, c-format, perl-format
 msgid "Unstage addition [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
-msgstr "取消暫存新增變更 [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
+msgstr "取消暫存加入動作 [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
 
 #: add-patch.c git-add--interactive.perl
 #, c-format, perl-format
@@ -337,7 +340,7 @@
 msgid ""
 "If the patch applies cleanly, the edited hunk will immediately be marked for "
 "unstaging."
-msgstr "如果修補檔能乾淨地套用，編輯區塊將立即標記為未暫存。"
+msgstr "如果修補檔能完全套用，編輯區塊將立即標記為未暫存。"
 
 #: add-patch.c
 msgid ""
@@ -356,17 +359,17 @@
 #: add-patch.c git-add--interactive.perl
 #, c-format, perl-format
 msgid "Apply mode change to index [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
-msgstr "將模式變更套用到索引 [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
+msgstr "將模式更動套用到索引 [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
 
 #: add-patch.c git-add--interactive.perl
 #, c-format, perl-format
 msgid "Apply deletion to index [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
-msgstr "將刪除變更套用到索引 [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
+msgstr "將刪除動作套用至索引 [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
 
 #: add-patch.c git-add--interactive.perl
 #, c-format, perl-format
 msgid "Apply addition to index [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
-msgstr "套用新增變更至索引 [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
+msgstr "將加入動作套用至索引 [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
 
 #: add-patch.c git-add--interactive.perl
 #, c-format, perl-format
@@ -377,7 +380,7 @@
 msgid ""
 "If the patch applies cleanly, the edited hunk will immediately be marked for "
 "applying."
-msgstr "如果修補檔能乾淨地套用，編輯區塊將立即標記為套用。"
+msgstr "如果修補檔能完全套用，編輯區塊將立即標記為套用。"
 
 #: add-patch.c
 msgid ""
@@ -396,28 +399,28 @@
 #: add-patch.c git-add--interactive.perl
 #, c-format, perl-format
 msgid "Discard mode change from worktree [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
-msgstr "從工作區中捨棄模式變更 [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
+msgstr "從工作區捨棄模式更動 [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
 
 #: add-patch.c git-add--interactive.perl
 #, c-format, perl-format
 msgid "Discard deletion from worktree [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
-msgstr "從工作區中捨棄刪除變更 [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
+msgstr "從工作區捨棄刪除動作 [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
 
 #: add-patch.c git-add--interactive.perl
 #, c-format, perl-format
 msgid "Discard addition from worktree [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
-msgstr "放棄工作目錄的新增變更 [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
+msgstr "從工作區捨棄加入動作 [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
 
 #: add-patch.c git-add--interactive.perl
 #, c-format, perl-format
 msgid "Discard this hunk from worktree [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
-msgstr "從工作區中捨棄此區塊 [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
+msgstr "從工作區捨棄此區塊 [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
 
 #: add-patch.c
 msgid ""
 "If the patch applies cleanly, the edited hunk will immediately be marked for "
 "discarding."
-msgstr "如果修補檔能乾淨地套用，編輯區塊將立即標記為捨棄。"
+msgstr "如果修補檔能完全套用，編輯區塊將立即標記為捨棄。"
 
 #: add-patch.c
 msgid ""
@@ -436,22 +439,22 @@
 #: add-patch.c git-add--interactive.perl
 #, c-format, perl-format
 msgid "Discard mode change from index and worktree [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
-msgstr "從索引和工作區中捨棄模式變更 [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
+msgstr "從索引和工作區捨棄模式更動 [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
 
 #: add-patch.c git-add--interactive.perl
 #, c-format, perl-format
 msgid "Discard deletion from index and worktree [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
-msgstr "從索引和工作區中捨棄刪除 [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
+msgstr "從索引和工作區捨棄刪除 [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
 
 #: add-patch.c git-add--interactive.perl
 #, c-format, perl-format
 msgid "Discard addition from index and worktree [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
-msgstr "放棄索引及工作目錄的新增變更 [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
+msgstr "從索引和工作區捨棄加入動作 [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
 
 #: add-patch.c git-add--interactive.perl
 #, c-format, perl-format
 msgid "Discard this hunk from index and worktree [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
-msgstr "從索引和工作區中捨棄此區塊 [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
+msgstr "從索引和工作區捨棄此區塊 [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
 
 #: add-patch.c
 msgid ""
@@ -470,17 +473,17 @@
 #: add-patch.c git-add--interactive.perl
 #, c-format, perl-format
 msgid "Apply mode change to index and worktree [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
-msgstr "將模式變更套用到索引和工作區 [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
+msgstr "將模式更動套用到索引和工作區 [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
 
 #: add-patch.c git-add--interactive.perl
 #, c-format, perl-format
 msgid "Apply deletion to index and worktree [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
-msgstr "將刪除變更套用到索引和工作區 [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
+msgstr "將刪除動作套用到索引和工作區 [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
 
 #: add-patch.c git-add--interactive.perl
 #, c-format, perl-format
 msgid "Apply addition to index and worktree [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
-msgstr "套用索引及工作目錄的新增變更 [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
+msgstr "將加入動作套用到索引和工作區 [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
 
 #: add-patch.c git-add--interactive.perl
 #, c-format, perl-format
@@ -504,17 +507,17 @@
 #: add-patch.c git-add--interactive.perl
 #, c-format, perl-format
 msgid "Apply mode change to worktree [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
-msgstr "將模式變更套用到工作區 [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
+msgstr "將模式更動套用到工作區 [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
 
 #: add-patch.c git-add--interactive.perl
 #, c-format, perl-format
 msgid "Apply deletion to worktree [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
-msgstr "將刪除變更套用到工作區 [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
+msgstr "將刪除動作套用到工作區 [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
 
 #: add-patch.c git-add--interactive.perl
 #, c-format, perl-format
 msgid "Apply addition to worktree [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
-msgstr "將新增變更套用到工作區 [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
+msgstr "將加入動作套用到工作區 [y,n,q,a,d%s,?]? "
 
 #: add-patch.c git-add--interactive.perl
 #, c-format, perl-format
@@ -538,20 +541,20 @@
 #: add-patch.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "could not parse hunk header '%.*s'"
-msgstr "無法解析區塊標頭 '%.*s'"
+msgstr "無法解析區塊標頭 “%.*s”"
 
 #: add-patch.c
 msgid "could not parse diff"
-msgstr "無法解析差異 (diff)"
+msgstr "無法解析差異"
 
 #: add-patch.c
 msgid "could not parse colored diff"
-msgstr "無法解析上色過的差異 (diff)"
+msgstr "無法解析上色過的差異"
 
 #: add-patch.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "failed to run '%s'"
-msgstr "無法執行 '%s'"
+msgstr "無法執行 “%s”"
 
 #: add-patch.c
 msgid "mismatched output from interactive.diffFilter"
@@ -562,7 +565,7 @@
 "Your filter must maintain a one-to-one correspondence\n"
 "between its input and output lines."
 msgstr ""
-"您的過濾器必須在其輸入及輸出行\n"
+"您的過濾器必須在其輸入及輸出列\n"
 "維持一對一的對應關係。"
 
 #: add-patch.c
@@ -571,7 +574,7 @@
 "expected context line #%d in\n"
 "%.*s"
 msgstr ""
-"應有上下文行 #%d 於\n"
+"預期在下述位置有上下文列 #%d：\n"
 "%.*s"
 
 #: add-patch.c
@@ -584,12 +587,12 @@
 msgstr ""
 "區塊未重疊：\n"
 "%.*s\n"
-"\t不以下述結尾：\n"
+"\t結尾不是：\n"
 "%.*s"
 
 #: add-patch.c git-add--interactive.perl
 msgid "Manual hunk edit mode -- see bottom for a quick guide.\n"
-msgstr "手動區塊編輯模式 -- 檢視底部的快速指南。\n"
+msgstr "手動區塊編輯模式——檢視底部的快速指引。\n"
 
 #: add-patch.c
 #, c-format
@@ -600,9 +603,9 @@
 "Lines starting with %c will be removed.\n"
 msgstr ""
 "---\n"
-"要刪除 '%c' 開始的行，使其成為 ' ' 開始的行（上下文）。\n"
-"要刪除 '%c' 開始的行，刪除它們。\n"
-"以 %c 開始的行將被刪除。\n"
+"要刪除 “%c” 開頭的列，請將列首（上下文）改成空白。\n"
+"要刪除 “%c” 開頭的列，請直接刪除。\n"
+"開頭是 %c 的列將會被移除。\n"
 
 #. #-#-#-#-#  git-add--interactive.perl.po  #-#-#-#-#
 #. TRANSLATORS: 'it' refers to the patch mentioned in the previous messages.
@@ -612,9 +615,9 @@
 "edit again.  If all lines of the hunk are removed, then the edit is\n"
 "aborted and the hunk is left unchanged.\n"
 msgstr ""
-"如果未乾淨套用，您就有機會重新編輯。\n"
-"若刪掉此區塊的全部內容，則會中止\n"
-"本次編輯，區塊則不會被修改。\n"
+"如果沒有完全套用，您可以再次編輯。\n"
+"若刪掉此區塊的所有內容，則會中止編輯，\n"
+"區塊則不會變更。\n"
 
 #: add-patch.c
 msgid "could not parse hunk header"
@@ -622,7 +625,7 @@
 
 #: add-patch.c
 msgid "'git apply --cached' failed"
-msgstr "「git apply --cached」失敗"
+msgstr "“git apply --cached” 失敗"
 
 #. #-#-#-#-#  add-patch.c.po  #-#-#-#-#
 #. TRANSLATORS: do not translate [y/n]
@@ -641,15 +644,15 @@
 #: add-patch.c git-add--interactive.perl
 msgid ""
 "Your edited hunk does not apply. Edit again (saying \"no\" discards!) [y/n]? "
-msgstr "未套用編輯區塊。是否重新編輯（輸入 “no” 捨棄！） [y/n]? "
+msgstr "未套用您編輯的區塊。是否重新編輯（輸入 “no” 捨棄！） [y/n]? "
 
 #: add-patch.c
 msgid "The selected hunks do not apply to the index!"
-msgstr "選取的區塊不會套用進索引！"
+msgstr "選取的區塊無法套用至索引！"
 
 #: add-patch.c git-add--interactive.perl
 msgid "Apply them to the worktree anyway? "
-msgstr "無論如何都要套用到工作區嗎？ "
+msgstr "無論如何都要套用到工作區嗎? "
 
 #: add-patch.c git-add--interactive.perl
 msgid "Nothing was applied.\n"
@@ -687,20 +690,20 @@
 
 #: add-patch.c
 msgid "No other hunks to goto"
-msgstr "沒有其它可供跳轉的區塊"
+msgstr "沒有其它可以跳轉的區塊"
 
 #: add-patch.c git-add--interactive.perl
 msgid "go to which hunk (<ret> to see more)? "
-msgstr "要跳轉到哪個區塊（<Enter> 檢視更多）？ "
+msgstr "要跳轉到哪個區塊（<ret> 檢視更多）? "
 
 #: add-patch.c git-add--interactive.perl
 msgid "go to which hunk? "
-msgstr "跳轉到哪個區塊？ "
+msgstr "跳轉到哪個區塊? "
 
 #: add-patch.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "Invalid number: '%s'"
-msgstr "無效數字：'%s'"
+msgstr "無效數字：“%s”"
 
 #: add-patch.c
 #, c-format
@@ -710,20 +713,20 @@
 
 #: add-patch.c
 msgid "No other hunks to search"
-msgstr "沒有其它可供尋找的區塊"
+msgstr "沒有其它可以尋找的區塊"
 
 #: add-patch.c git-add--interactive.perl
 msgid "search for regex? "
-msgstr "使用常規表示式搜尋？ "
+msgstr "使用常規表示式搜尋? "
 
 #: add-patch.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "Malformed search regexp %s: %s"
-msgstr "錯誤的常規表示式 %s：%s"
+msgstr "格式錯誤的常規表示式 %s：%s"
 
 #: add-patch.c
 msgid "No hunk matches the given pattern"
-msgstr "沒有和提供模式相符合的區塊"
+msgstr "沒有符合提供模式的區塊"
 
 #: add-patch.c
 msgid "Sorry, cannot split this hunk"
@@ -736,11 +739,11 @@
 
 #: add-patch.c
 msgid "Sorry, cannot edit this hunk"
-msgstr "對不起，不能編輯這個區塊"
+msgstr "對不起，無法編輯這個區塊"
 
 #: add-patch.c
 msgid "'git apply' failed"
-msgstr "'git apply' 失敗"
+msgstr "“git apply” 失敗"
 
 #: advice.c
 #, c-format
@@ -749,7 +752,7 @@
 "Disable this message with \"git config advice.%s false\""
 msgstr ""
 "\n"
-"請使用「git config advice.%s false」來停用此訊息"
+"請使用 “git config advice.%s false” 停用此訊息"
 
 #: advice.c
 #, c-format
@@ -758,56 +761,56 @@
 
 #: advice.c
 msgid "Cherry-picking is not possible because you have unmerged files."
-msgstr "無法揀選，因為您有未合併的檔案。"
+msgstr "無法揀選，有未合併的檔案。"
 
 #: advice.c
 msgid "Committing is not possible because you have unmerged files."
-msgstr "無法提交，因為您有未合併的檔案。"
+msgstr "無法提交，有未合併的檔案。"
 
 #: advice.c
 msgid "Merging is not possible because you have unmerged files."
-msgstr "無法合併，因為您有未合併的檔案。"
+msgstr "無法合併，有未合併的檔案。"
 
 #: advice.c
 msgid "Pulling is not possible because you have unmerged files."
-msgstr "無法拉取，因為您有未合併的檔案。"
+msgstr "無法拉取，有未合併的檔案。"
 
 #: advice.c
 msgid "Reverting is not possible because you have unmerged files."
-msgstr "無法還原提交，因為您有未合併的檔案。"
+msgstr "無法還原提交，有未合併的檔案。"
 
 #: advice.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "It is not possible to %s because you have unmerged files."
-msgstr "無法 %s，因為您有未合併的檔案。"
+msgstr "無法 %s，有未合併的檔案。"
 
 #: advice.c
 msgid ""
 "Fix them up in the work tree, and then use 'git add/rm <file>'\n"
 "as appropriate to mark resolution and make a commit."
 msgstr ""
-"請在工作區改正檔案，然後酌情使用 'git add/rm <檔案>' 指令標記\n"
-"解決方案並提交。"
+"請在工作區修正檔案，然後視情況使用 “git add/rm <file>”\n"
+"命令標記解決方案並提交。"
 
 #: advice.c
 msgid "Exiting because of an unresolved conflict."
-msgstr "因為存在未解決的衝突而離開。"
+msgstr "存在未解決的衝突，離開。"
 
 #: advice.c builtin/merge.c
 msgid "You have not concluded your merge (MERGE_HEAD exists)."
-msgstr "您尚未結束您的合併（存在 MERGE_HEAD）。"
+msgstr "合併尚未結束（有 MERGE_HEAD）。"
 
 #: advice.c
 msgid "Please, commit your changes before merging."
-msgstr "請在合併前先提交您的修改。"
+msgstr "請在合併前先提交您的更動。"
 
 #: advice.c
 msgid "Exiting because of unfinished merge."
-msgstr "因為存在未完成的合併而離開。"
+msgstr "存在未完成的合併，離開。"
 
 #: advice.c
 msgid "Not possible to fast-forward, aborting."
-msgstr "無法快轉，終止。"
+msgstr "無法快轉，中止。"
 
 #: advice.c
 #, c-format
@@ -852,18 +855,18 @@
 "false\n"
 "\n"
 msgstr ""
-"注意：正在切換到 '%s'。\n"
+"註：切換至 “%s”。\n"
 "\n"
-"您正處於分離開頭指標狀態。您可以檢視、進行實驗性修改並提交，\n"
-"而且您可以在切換回一個分支時，\n"
-"捨棄在此狀態下所做的提交而不對分支造成影響。\n"
+"您正處於「分離 HEAD」狀態。您可以檢視、進行實驗性修改並提交，\n"
+"而且您可以在切回分支時，捨棄在此狀態下所做的提交\n"
+"而不對分支造成影響。\n"
 "\n"
 "如果您想要透過建立分支來保留在此狀態下所做的提交，\n"
 "您可以現在或稍後在 switch 指令使用 -c 選項。例如：\n"
 "\n"
 "  git switch -c <新分支名稱>\n"
 "\n"
-"或者是復原此動作：\n"
+"或者是使用下述命令復原此動作：\n"
 "\n"
 "  git switch -\n"
 "\n"
@@ -887,26 +890,31 @@
 "* Use \"git sparse-checkout reapply\" to apply the sparsity rules"
 msgstr ""
 "若要更正這些路徑的稀疏狀態，請：\n"
-"* 使用 `git add --sparse <路徑>` 更新索引\n"
-"* 使用 `git sparse-checkout reapply` 套用稀疏規則"
+"* 使用 “git add --sparse <路徑” 更新索引\n"
+"* 使用 “git sparse-checkout reapply” 套用稀疏規則"
 
 #: alias.c
 msgid "cmdline ends with \\"
-msgstr "指令列以 \\ 結尾"
+msgstr "命令列以 \\ 結尾"
 
 #: alias.c
 msgid "unclosed quote"
 msgstr "未閉合的引號"
 
+#: alias.c builtin/cat-file.c builtin/notes.c builtin/prune-packed.c
+#: builtin/receive-pack.c builtin/tag.c
+msgid "too many arguments"
+msgstr "引數過多"
+
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "unrecognized whitespace option '%s'"
-msgstr "無法識別的空白字元選項 '%s'"
+msgstr "空白字元選項 “%s” 無法識別"
 
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "unrecognized whitespace ignore option '%s'"
-msgstr "無法識別的空白字元忽略選項 '%s'"
+msgstr "空白字元忽略選項 “%s” 無法識別"
 
 #: apply.c archive.c builtin/add.c builtin/branch.c builtin/checkout.c
 #: builtin/clone.c builtin/commit.c builtin/describe.c builtin/diff-tree.c
@@ -918,12 +926,12 @@
 #: builtin/tag.c builtin/worktree.c parse-options.c range-diff.c revision.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "options '%s' and '%s' cannot be used together"
-msgstr "不能同時使用 '%s' 和 '%s' 選項"
+msgstr "無法同時使用 “%s” 和 “%s” 選項"
 
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "'%s' outside a repository"
-msgstr "'%s' 在版本庫之外"
+msgstr "“%s” 在版本庫之外"
 
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
@@ -933,42 +941,42 @@
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "regexec returned %d for input: %s"
-msgstr "regexec 返回 %d，輸入為：%s"
+msgstr "regexec 回傳 %d，輸入為：%s"
 
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "unable to find filename in patch at line %d"
-msgstr "不能在修補檔的第 %d 行找到檔案名"
+msgstr "無法在修補檔的第 %d 列找到檔案名稱"
 
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "git apply: bad git-diff - expected /dev/null, got %s on line %d"
-msgstr "git apply：錯誤的 git-diff - 應為 /dev/null，但在第 %2$d 行得到 %1$s"
+msgstr "git apply：無效的 git-diff — 應為 /dev/null，但在第 %2$d 列得到 %1$s"
 
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "git apply: bad git-diff - inconsistent new filename on line %d"
-msgstr "git apply：錯誤的 git-diff - 第 %d 行上新檔案名不一致"
+msgstr "git apply：無效的 git-diff — 第 %d 列的新檔案名稱不一致"
 
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "git apply: bad git-diff - inconsistent old filename on line %d"
-msgstr "git apply：錯誤的 git-diff - 第 %d 行上舊檔案名不一致"
+msgstr "git apply：無效的 git-diff — 第 %d 列上舊檔案名稱不一致"
 
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "git apply: bad git-diff - expected /dev/null on line %d"
-msgstr "git apply：錯誤的 git-diff - 第 %d 行處應為 /dev/null"
+msgstr "git apply：無效的 git-diff — 第 %d 列處預期是 /dev/null"
 
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "invalid mode on line %d: %s"
-msgstr "第 %d 行包含無效檔案模式：%s"
+msgstr "第 %d 列包含無效檔案模式：%s"
 
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "inconsistent header lines %d and %d"
-msgstr "不一致的檔案頭，%d 行和 %d 行"
+msgstr "不一致的檔案標頭（%d 列和 %d 列）"
 
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
@@ -978,22 +986,22 @@
 msgid_plural ""
 "git diff header lacks filename information when removing %d leading pathname "
 "components (line %d)"
-msgstr[0] "當移除 %d 個前導路徑後 git diff 頭缺乏檔案名訊息（第 %d 行）"
+msgstr[0] "移除 %d 個前導路徑部分後，git diff 標頭缺少檔案名稱資訊（第 %d 列）"
 
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "git diff header lacks filename information (line %d)"
-msgstr "git diff 的標頭訊息中缺乏檔案名訊息（第 %d 行）"
+msgstr "git diff 標頭缺少檔案名稱資訊（第 %d 列）"
 
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "recount: unexpected line: %.*s"
-msgstr "recount：意外的行：%.*s"
+msgstr "recount：遇到非預期的列：%.*s"
 
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "patch fragment without header at line %d: %.*s"
-msgstr "第 %d 行的修補檔區塊沒有標頭訊息：%.*s"
+msgstr "第 %d 列的修補檔區段沒有標頭：%.*s"
 
 #: apply.c
 msgid "new file depends on old contents"
@@ -1006,7 +1014,7 @@
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "corrupt patch at line %d"
-msgstr "修補檔在第 %d 行發現損壞"
+msgstr "修補檔在第 %d 列發現損壞"
 
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
@@ -1026,17 +1034,17 @@
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "corrupt binary patch at line %d: %.*s"
-msgstr "二進位修補檔在第 %d 行損壞：%.*s"
+msgstr "二進位修補檔在第 %d 列損壞：%.*s"
 
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "unrecognized binary patch at line %d"
-msgstr "無法識別的二進位修補檔位於第 %d 行"
+msgstr "第 %d 列的二進位修補檔無法識別"
 
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "patch with only garbage at line %d"
-msgstr "修補檔案的第 %d 行只有垃圾資料"
+msgstr "修補檔案的第 %d 列只有垃圾資料"
 
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
@@ -1046,23 +1054,23 @@
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "unable to open or read %s"
-msgstr "不能開啟或讀取 %s"
+msgstr "無法開啟或讀取 %s"
 
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "invalid start of line: '%c'"
-msgstr "無效的行首字元：'%c'"
+msgstr "無效的列首字元：“%c”"
 
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "Hunk #%d succeeded at %d (offset %d line)."
 msgid_plural "Hunk #%d succeeded at %d (offset %d lines)."
-msgstr[0] "區塊 #%d 成功套用於 %d（位移 %d 行）。"
+msgstr[0] "區塊 #%d 成功套用於 %d（偏移 %d 列）。"
 
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "Context reduced to (%ld/%ld) to apply fragment at %d"
-msgstr "上下文減少到（%ld/%ld）以在第 %d 行套用修補檔區塊"
+msgstr "上下文減少到（%ld/%ld）以在第 %d 列套用修補檔區塊"
 
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
@@ -1076,53 +1084,53 @@
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "missing binary patch data for '%s'"
-msgstr "缺少 '%s' 的二進位修補檔資料"
+msgstr "缺少 “%s” 的二進位修補檔資料"
 
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "cannot reverse-apply a binary patch without the reverse hunk to '%s'"
-msgstr "不能反向套用一個缺少到 '%s' 的反向資料區塊的二進位修補檔"
+msgstr "無法反向套用一個缺少至 “%s” 的反向資料區塊的二進位修補檔"
 
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "cannot apply binary patch to '%s' without full index line"
-msgstr "不能在 '%s' 上套用沒有完整索引行的二進位修補檔"
+msgstr "無法在 “%s” 上套用沒有完整索引列的二進位修補檔"
 
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
 msgid ""
 "the patch applies to '%s' (%s), which does not match the current contents."
-msgstr "修補檔套用到 '%s'（%s），但是和目前內容不符合。"
+msgstr "修補檔要套用到 “%s”（%s），但與目前內容不符。"
 
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "the patch applies to an empty '%s' but it is not empty"
-msgstr "修補檔套用到空檔案 '%s'，但其並非空檔案"
+msgstr "修補檔要套用至空檔案 “%s”，但其非空檔案"
 
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "the necessary postimage %s for '%s' cannot be read"
-msgstr "無法讀取 '%2$s' 必需的目標檔案 %1$s"
+msgstr "無法讀取 “%2$s” 必須的目標檔案 %1$s"
 
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "binary patch does not apply to '%s'"
-msgstr "二進位修補檔未套用到 '%s'"
+msgstr "二進位修補檔未套用到 “%s”"
 
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "binary patch to '%s' creates incorrect result (expecting %s, got %s)"
-msgstr "到 '%s' 的二進位修補檔產生了不正確的結果（應為 %s，卻為 %s）"
+msgstr "修補 “%s” 的二進位修補檔，產生了不正確的結果（預期 %s，卻為 %s）"
 
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "patch failed: %s:%ld"
-msgstr "打修補檔失敗：%s:%ld"
+msgstr "修補失敗：%s:%ld"
 
 #: apply.c builtin/mv.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "cannot checkout %s"
-msgstr "不能簽出 %s"
+msgstr "無法簽出 %s"
 
 #: apply.c midx.c pack-mtimes.c pack-revindex.c setup.c
 #, c-format
@@ -1132,51 +1140,51 @@
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "reading from '%s' beyond a symbolic link"
-msgstr "讀取位於符號連結中的 '%s'"
+msgstr "讀取符號連結背後的 “%s”"
 
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "path %s has been renamed/deleted"
-msgstr "路徑 %s 已經被重新命名/刪除"
+msgstr "路徑 %s 已被重新命名或刪除"
 
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "%s: does not exist in index"
-msgstr "%s：不存在於索引中"
+msgstr "%s：不在索引中"
 
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "%s: does not match index"
-msgstr "%s：和索引不符合"
+msgstr "%s：與索引不符"
 
 #: apply.c
 msgid "repository lacks the necessary blob to perform 3-way merge."
-msgstr "版本庫缺少用來進行三方合併所需要的資料物件。"
+msgstr "版本庫缺少用來進行三方合併，所需要的資料物件。"
 
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "Performing three-way merge...\n"
-msgstr "正在進行三方合併⋯⋯\n"
+msgstr "正在進行三方合併……\n"
 
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "cannot read the current contents of '%s'"
-msgstr "無法讀取 '%s' 的目前內容"
+msgstr "無法讀取 “%s” 目前的內容"
 
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "Failed to perform three-way merge...\n"
-msgstr "無法進行三方合併⋯⋯\n"
+msgstr "無法進行三方合併……\n"
 
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "Applied patch to '%s' with conflicts.\n"
-msgstr "套用修補檔到 '%s' 存在衝突。\n"
+msgstr "已套用對 “%s” 的修補檔，但有衝突。\n"
 
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "Applied patch to '%s' cleanly.\n"
-msgstr "成功套用修補檔到 '%s'。\n"
+msgstr "已完全套用對 “%s” 的修補檔。\n"
 
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
@@ -1185,7 +1193,7 @@
 
 #: apply.c
 msgid "removal patch leaves file contents"
-msgstr "移除修補檔仍留下了檔案內容"
+msgstr "移除性的修補檔仍有留下檔案內容"
 
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
@@ -1195,117 +1203,117 @@
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "%s has type %o, expected %o"
-msgstr "%s 的類型是 %o，應為 %o"
+msgstr "%s 的類型是 %o，預期是 %o"
 
 #: apply.c read-cache.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "invalid path '%s'"
-msgstr "無效路徑 '%s'"
+msgstr "路徑 “%s” 無效"
 
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "%s: already exists in index"
-msgstr "%s：已經存在於索引中"
+msgstr "%s：已存在於索引中"
 
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "%s: already exists in working directory"
-msgstr "%s：已經存在於工作區中"
+msgstr "%s：已存在於工作區中"
 
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "new mode (%o) of %s does not match old mode (%o)"
-msgstr "%2$s 的新模式（%1$o）和舊模式（%3$o）不符合"
+msgstr "%2$s 的新模式 (%1$o) 和舊模式 (%3$o) 不符"
 
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "new mode (%o) of %s does not match old mode (%o) of %s"
-msgstr "%2$s 的新模式（%1$o）和 %4$s 的舊模式（%3$o）不符合"
+msgstr "%2$s 的新模式 (%1$o) 和 %4$s 的舊模式 (%3$o) 不符"
 
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "affected file '%s' is beyond a symbolic link"
-msgstr "受影響的檔案 '%s' 位於符號連結中"
+msgstr "受影響的檔案 “%s” 在符號連結後"
 
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "%s: patch does not apply"
-msgstr "%s：修補檔未套用"
+msgstr "%s：未套用修補檔"
 
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "Checking patch %s..."
-msgstr "正在檢查修補檔 %s..."
+msgstr "正在檢查修補檔 %s……"
 
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "sha1 information is lacking or useless for submodule %s"
-msgstr "子模組 %s 的 sha1 訊息缺少或無效"
+msgstr "%s 子模組缺少 sha1 資訊或沒有幫助"
 
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "mode change for %s, which is not in current HEAD"
-msgstr "%s 的模式變更，但它不在目前 HEAD 中"
+msgstr "%s 的模式有更動，但其不在目前 HEAD 中"
 
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "sha1 information is lacking or useless (%s)."
-msgstr "sha1 訊息缺少或無效（%s）。"
+msgstr "缺少 sha1 資訊或沒有幫助 (%s)。"
 
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "could not add %s to temporary index"
-msgstr "不能在暫時索引中新增 %s"
+msgstr "無法將 %s 加進暫存索引"
 
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "could not write temporary index to %s"
-msgstr "不能把暫時索引寫入到 %s"
+msgstr "無法將暫存索引寫入 %s"
 
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "unable to remove %s from index"
-msgstr "不能從索引中移除 %s"
+msgstr "無法從索引移除 %s"
 
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "corrupt patch for submodule %s"
-msgstr "子模組 %s 損壞的修補檔"
+msgstr "修補 %s 子模組的修補檔損壞"
 
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "unable to stat newly created file '%s'"
-msgstr "不能對建立檔案 '%s' 呼叫 stat"
+msgstr "無法對剛建立的檔案 “%s” 執行 stat"
 
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "unable to create backing store for newly created file %s"
-msgstr "不能為建立檔案 %s 建立後端儲存"
+msgstr "無法對剛建立的檔案 %s 建立後端儲存"
 
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "unable to add cache entry for %s"
-msgstr "無法為 %s 新增快取條目"
+msgstr "無法為 %s 加入快取項目"
 
 #: apply.c builtin/bisect--helper.c builtin/gc.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "failed to write to '%s'"
-msgstr "寫入 '%s' 失敗"
+msgstr "無法寫入 “%s”"
 
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "closing file '%s'"
-msgstr "關閉檔案 '%s'"
+msgstr "關閉檔案 “%s”"
 
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "unable to write file '%s' mode %o"
-msgstr "不能寫入檔案 '%s' 權限 %o"
+msgstr "無法以模式 %2$o 寫入 “%1$s” 檔案"
 
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "Applied patch %s cleanly."
-msgstr "成功套用修補檔 %s。"
+msgstr "已完全套用 %s 修補檔。"
 
 #: apply.c
 msgid "internal error"
@@ -1315,22 +1323,22 @@
 #, c-format
 msgid "Applying patch %%s with %d reject..."
 msgid_plural "Applying patch %%s with %d rejects..."
-msgstr[0] "套用 %%s 個修補檔，其中 %d 個被拒絕..."
+msgstr[0] "套用 %%s 個修補檔，其中 %d 個被拒絕……"
 
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "truncating .rej filename to %.*s.rej"
-msgstr "截短 .rej 檔案名為 %.*s.rej"
+msgstr "正在將 .rej 檔案名稱截短為 %.*s.rej"
 
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "cannot open %s"
-msgstr "不能開啟 %s"
+msgstr "無法開啟 %s"
 
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "Hunk #%d applied cleanly."
-msgstr "成功套用第 #%d 個區塊。"
+msgstr "成功完全套用第 #%d 個區塊。"
 
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
@@ -1340,20 +1348,20 @@
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "Skipped patch '%s'."
-msgstr "略過修補檔 '%s'。"
+msgstr "略過修補檔 “%s”。"
 
 #: apply.c
 msgid "No valid patches in input (allow with \"--allow-empty\")"
-msgstr "輸入中沒有有效的修補檔內容（傳入「--allow-empty」允許）"
+msgstr "輸入沒有有效的修補檔內容（傳入 “--allow-empty” 允許此行為）"
 
-#: apply.c
+#: apply.c t/helper/test-cache-tree.c
 msgid "unable to read index file"
 msgstr "無法讀取索引檔案"
 
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "can't open patch '%s': %s"
-msgstr "不能開啟修補檔 '%s'：%s"
+msgstr "無法開啟修補檔 “%s”：%s"
 
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
@@ -1365,13 +1373,13 @@
 #, c-format
 msgid "%d line adds whitespace errors."
 msgid_plural "%d lines add whitespace errors."
-msgstr[0] "%d 行新增了空白字元誤用。"
+msgstr[0] "%d 列加入了空白字元誤用。"
 
 #: apply.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "%d line applied after fixing whitespace errors."
 msgid_plural "%d lines applied after fixing whitespace errors."
-msgstr[0] "修復空白錯誤後，套用了 %d 行。"
+msgstr[0] "修正空白誤用後，套用了 %d 列。"
 
 #: apply.c builtin/add.c builtin/mv.c builtin/rm.c
 msgid "Unable to write new index file"
@@ -1379,11 +1387,11 @@
 
 #: apply.c
 msgid "don't apply changes matching the given path"
-msgstr "不要套用符合提供路徑的變更"
+msgstr "不要套用符合提供路徑的更動"
 
 #: apply.c
 msgid "apply changes matching the given path"
-msgstr "套用符合提供路徑的變更"
+msgstr "套用符合提供路徑的更動"
 
 #: apply.c builtin/am.c
 msgid "num"
@@ -1391,19 +1399,19 @@
 
 #: apply.c
 msgid "remove <num> leading slashes from traditional diff paths"
-msgstr "從傳統的 diff 路徑中移除指定數量的前導斜線"
+msgstr "從傳統的 diff 路徑中移除 <num> 個前導斜線"
 
 #: apply.c
 msgid "ignore additions made by the patch"
-msgstr "忽略修補檔中的新增的檔案"
+msgstr "忽略修補檔中的加入內容"
 
 #: apply.c
 msgid "instead of applying the patch, output diffstat for the input"
-msgstr "不套用修補檔，而是顯示輸入的差異統計（diffstat）"
+msgstr "不套用修補檔，而是顯示輸入的差異統計 (diffstat)"
 
 #: apply.c
 msgid "show number of added and deleted lines in decimal notation"
-msgstr "以十進位數顯示新增和刪除的行數"
+msgstr "以十進位數字，顯示加入和刪除的列數"
 
 #: apply.c
 msgid "instead of applying the patch, output a summary for the input"
@@ -1419,7 +1427,7 @@
 
 #: apply.c
 msgid "mark new files with `git add --intent-to-add`"
-msgstr "使用指令 `git add --intent-to-add` 標記新增檔案"
+msgstr "使用 `git add --intent-to-add` 命令標記新檔案"
 
 #: apply.c
 msgid "apply a patch without touching the working tree"
@@ -1431,15 +1439,15 @@
 
 #: apply.c
 msgid "also apply the patch (use with --stat/--summary/--check)"
-msgstr "還套用此修補檔（與 --stat/--summary/--check 選項同時使用）"
+msgstr "亦套用修補檔（與 --stat/--summary/--check 選項同時使用）"
 
 #: apply.c
 msgid "attempt three-way merge, fall back on normal patch if that fails"
-msgstr "嘗試三方合併。如果失敗，則回到正常修補檔 (patch) 模式"
+msgstr "嘗試三方合併，若失敗則回到正常修補模式"
 
 #: apply.c
 msgid "build a temporary index based on embedded index information"
-msgstr "建立一個暫時索引基於嵌入的索引訊息"
+msgstr "組建以嵌入索引資訊為基礎的暫存索引"
 
 #: apply.c builtin/checkout-index.c
 msgid "paths are separated with NUL character"
@@ -1447,7 +1455,7 @@
 
 #: apply.c
 msgid "ensure at least <n> lines of context match"
-msgstr "確保至少符合 <n> 行上下文"
+msgstr "確保至少符合 <n> 列上下文"
 
 #: apply.c builtin/am.c builtin/interpret-trailers.c builtin/pack-objects.c
 #: builtin/rebase.c
@@ -1456,11 +1464,11 @@
 
 #: apply.c
 msgid "detect new or modified lines that have whitespace errors"
-msgstr "檢查新增和修改的行中間的空白字元濫用"
+msgstr "檢查新增和修改的列中間，是否有空白字元誤用"
 
 #: apply.c
 msgid "ignore changes in whitespace when finding context"
-msgstr "尋找上下文時忽略空白字元的變更"
+msgstr "尋找上下文時忽略空白字元更動"
 
 #: apply.c
 msgid "apply the patch in reverse"
@@ -1468,23 +1476,23 @@
 
 #: apply.c
 msgid "don't expect at least one line of context"
-msgstr "無需至少一行上下文"
+msgstr "無需至少一列上下文"
 
 #: apply.c
 msgid "leave the rejected hunks in corresponding *.rej files"
-msgstr "將拒絕的修補檔區塊儲存在對應的 *.rej 檔案中"
+msgstr "將拒絕的修補檔區塊，留在對應的 *.rej 檔案中"
 
 #: apply.c
 msgid "allow overlapping hunks"
-msgstr "允許重疊的修補檔區塊"
+msgstr "允許重疊區塊"
 
 #: apply.c
 msgid "tolerate incorrectly detected missing new-line at the end of file"
-msgstr "允許不正確的檔案末尾換行符號"
+msgstr "允許不正確的檔案末尾換列符號"
 
 #: apply.c
 msgid "do not trust the line counts in the hunk headers"
-msgstr "不信任修補檔區塊的標頭訊息中的行號"
+msgstr "不信任區塊標頭中的列號"
 
 #: apply.c builtin/am.c
 msgid "root"
@@ -1492,21 +1500,21 @@
 
 #: apply.c
 msgid "prepend <root> to all filenames"
-msgstr "為所有檔案名前新增 <根目錄>"
+msgstr "在所有檔案名稱前加上 <root>"
 
 #: apply.c
 msgid "don't return error for empty patches"
-msgstr "遇到空白修補檔時不回傳錯誤"
+msgstr "遇到空白修補檔時，不回傳錯誤"
 
 #: archive-tar.c archive-zip.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "cannot stream blob %s"
-msgstr "不能開啟資料物件 %s"
+msgstr "無法串流資料物件 %s"
 
 #: archive-tar.c archive-zip.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "unsupported file mode: 0%o (SHA1: %s)"
-msgstr "不支援的檔案模式：0%o (SHA1: %s)"
+msgstr "不支援的檔案模式：0%o (SHA1：%s)"
 
 #: archive-tar.c archive-zip.c builtin/pack-objects.c
 #, c-format
@@ -1516,16 +1524,16 @@
 #: archive-tar.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "unable to start '%s' filter"
-msgstr "無法啟動 '%s' 過濾器"
+msgstr "無法啟動 “%s” 過濾器"
 
 #: archive-tar.c
 msgid "unable to redirect descriptor"
-msgstr "無法重定向描述符"
+msgstr "無法重新導向描述元"
 
 #: archive-tar.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "'%s' filter reported error"
-msgstr "'%s' 過濾器報告了錯誤"
+msgstr "“%s” 過濾器回報錯誤"
 
 #: archive-zip.c
 #, c-format
@@ -1535,36 +1543,36 @@
 #: archive-zip.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "path too long (%d chars, SHA1: %s): %s"
-msgstr "路徑太長（%d 字元，SHA1：%s）：%s"
+msgstr "路徑太長（%d 個字元，SHA1：%s）：%s"
 
 #: archive-zip.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "timestamp too large for this system: %<PRIuMAX>"
-msgstr "對於本系統時間戳太大：%<PRIuMAX>"
+msgstr "對本系統而言時間戳太大：%<PRIuMAX>"
 
 #: archive.c
 msgid "git archive [<options>] <tree-ish> [<path>...]"
-msgstr "git archive [<選項>] <樹或提交> [<路徑>...]"
+msgstr "git archive [<options>] <tree-ish> [<path>...]"
 
 #: archive.c
 msgid ""
 "git archive --remote <repo> [--exec <cmd>] [<options>] <tree-ish> [<path>...]"
 msgstr ""
-"git archive --remote <版本庫> [--exec <命令>] [<選項>] <樹或提交> [<路徑>...]"
+"git archive --remote <repo> [--exec <cmd>] [<options>] <tree-ish> [<path>...]"
 
 #: archive.c
 msgid "git archive --remote <repo> [--exec <cmd>] --list"
-msgstr "git archive --remote <版本庫> [--exec <命令>] --list"
+msgstr "git archive --remote <repo> [--exec <cmd>] --list"
 
 #: archive.c builtin/gc.c builtin/notes.c builtin/tag.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "cannot read '%s'"
-msgstr "不能讀取 '%s'"
+msgstr "無法讀取 “%s”"
 
 #: archive.c builtin/add.c builtin/rm.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "pathspec '%s' did not match any files"
-msgstr "路徑規格 '%s' 未符合任何檔案"
+msgstr "路徑規格 “%s” 未符合任何檔案"
 
 #: archive.c
 #, c-format
@@ -1574,16 +1582,16 @@
 #: archive.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "not a valid object name: %s"
-msgstr "不是一個有效的物件名：%s"
+msgstr "非有效物件名稱：%s"
 
-#: archive.c
+#: archive.c t/helper/test-cache-tree.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "not a tree object: %s"
-msgstr "不是一個樹狀物件：%s"
+msgstr "非樹狀物件：%s"
 
 #: archive.c
 msgid "current working directory is untracked"
-msgstr "目前工作目錄未被追蹤"
+msgstr "尚未追蹤目前的工作目錄"
 
 #: archive.c
 #, c-format
@@ -1598,25 +1606,25 @@
 #: archive.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "unclosed quote: '%s'"
-msgstr "未閉合的引號：「%s」"
+msgstr "未閉合的引號：“%s”"
 
 #: archive.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "missing colon: '%s'"
-msgstr "缺少冒號：「%s」"
+msgstr "缺少冒號：“%s”"
 
 #: archive.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "empty file name: '%s'"
-msgstr "檔案名稱空白：「%s」"
+msgstr "檔案名稱空白：“%s”"
 
 #: archive.c
 msgid "fmt"
-msgstr "格式"
+msgstr "fmt"
 
 #: archive.c
 msgid "archive format"
-msgstr "歸檔格式"
+msgstr "封存格式"
 
 #: archive.c builtin/log.c
 msgid "prefix"
@@ -1624,33 +1632,33 @@
 
 #: archive.c
 msgid "prepend prefix to each pathname in the archive"
-msgstr "為歸檔中每個路徑名加上前綴"
+msgstr "為封存中的每個路徑名稱加上前綴"
 
 #: archive.c builtin/blame.c builtin/commit-tree.c builtin/config.c
-#: builtin/fast-export.c builtin/grep.c builtin/hash-object.c
+#: builtin/fast-export.c builtin/gc.c builtin/grep.c builtin/hash-object.c
 #: builtin/ls-files.c builtin/notes.c builtin/read-tree.c parse-options.h
 msgid "file"
-msgstr "檔案"
+msgstr "file"
 
 #: archive.c
 msgid "add untracked file to archive"
-msgstr "將未追蹤檔案加入歸檔"
+msgstr "將未追蹤檔案加進封存"
 
 #: archive.c
 msgid "path:content"
-msgstr "路徑:內容"
+msgstr "path:content"
 
 #: archive.c builtin/archive.c
 msgid "write the archive to this file"
-msgstr "歸檔寫入此檔案"
+msgstr "將封存寫入此檔案"
 
 #: archive.c
 msgid "read .gitattributes in working directory"
-msgstr "讀取工作區中的 .gitattributes"
+msgstr "讀取工作目錄中的 .gitattributes"
 
 #: archive.c
 msgid "report archived files on stderr"
-msgstr "在標準錯誤上報告歸檔檔案"
+msgstr "在 stderr 上回報封存的檔案"
 
 #: archive.c
 msgid "set compression level"
@@ -1658,27 +1666,27 @@
 
 #: archive.c
 msgid "list supported archive formats"
-msgstr "列出支援的歸檔格式"
+msgstr "列出支援的封存格式"
 
 #: archive.c builtin/archive.c builtin/clone.c builtin/submodule--helper.c
 msgid "repo"
-msgstr "版本庫"
+msgstr "repo"
 
 #: archive.c builtin/archive.c
 msgid "retrieve the archive from remote repository <repo>"
-msgstr "從遠端版本庫（<版本庫>）擷取歸檔檔案"
+msgstr "從遠端版本庫 <repo> 擷取封存檔案"
 
 #: archive.c builtin/archive.c builtin/difftool.c builtin/notes.c
 msgid "command"
-msgstr "指令"
+msgstr "command"
 
 #: archive.c builtin/archive.c
 msgid "path to the remote git-upload-archive command"
-msgstr "遠端 git-upload-archive 指令的路徑"
+msgstr "遠端 git-upload-archive 命令的路徑"
 
 #: archive.c
 msgid "Unexpected option --remote"
-msgstr "未知參數 --remote"
+msgstr "非預期選項 --remote"
 
 #: archive.c builtin/add.c builtin/checkout.c builtin/clone.c builtin/commit.c
 #: builtin/fast-export.c builtin/index-pack.c builtin/log.c builtin/reset.c
@@ -1686,26 +1694,26 @@
 #: revision.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "the option '%s' requires '%s'"
-msgstr "「%s」選項需要「%s」"
+msgstr "“%s” 選項需要 “%s”"
 
 #: archive.c
 msgid "Unexpected option --output"
-msgstr "未知參數 --output"
+msgstr "非預期選項 --output"
 
 #: archive.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "Unknown archive format '%s'"
-msgstr "未知歸檔格式 '%s'"
+msgstr "封存格式 “%s” 未知"
 
 #: archive.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "Argument not supported for format '%s': -%d"
-msgstr "參數不支援此格式 '%s'：-%d"
+msgstr "引數不支援 “%s” 格式：-%d"
 
 #: attr.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "%.*s is not a valid attribute name"
-msgstr "%.*s 不是一個有效的屬性名"
+msgstr "%.*s 不是有效的屬性名稱"
 
 #: attr.c
 #, c-format
@@ -1717,23 +1725,23 @@
 "Negative patterns are ignored in git attributes\n"
 "Use '\\!' for literal leading exclamation."
 msgstr ""
-"反向模式在 git attributes 中被忽略\n"
-"當字串確定要以驚嘆號開始時，使用 '\\!'。"
+"git attributes 會忽略反向模式\n"
+"當字串確定要以驚嘆號開始時，請使用 “\\!”。"
 
 #: bisect.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "Badly quoted content in file '%s': %s"
-msgstr "檔案 '%s' 包含錯誤的引用格式：%s"
+msgstr "檔案 “%s” 包含無效的引用內容：%s"
 
 #: bisect.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "We cannot bisect more!\n"
-msgstr "我們無法進行更多的二分搜尋！\n"
+msgstr "已經無法繼續二分搜尋！\n"
 
 #: bisect.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "Not a valid commit name %s"
-msgstr "不是一個有效的提交名 %s"
+msgstr "%s 不是有效的提交名稱"
 
 #: bisect.c
 #, c-format
@@ -1742,7 +1750,7 @@
 "This means the bug has been fixed between %s and [%s].\n"
 msgstr ""
 "合併基礎 %s 是壞的。\n"
-"這意味著介於 %s 和 [%s] 之間的 bug 已經被修復。\n"
+"這意味著 bug 已經在 %s 和 [%s] 之間被修正。\n"
 
 #: bisect.c
 #, c-format
@@ -1751,7 +1759,7 @@
 "The property has changed between %s and [%s].\n"
 msgstr ""
 "合併基礎 %s 是新的。\n"
-"介於 %s 和 [%s] 之間的屬性已經被修改。\n"
+"介於 %s 和 [%s] 之間的屬性已被修改。\n"
 
 #: bisect.c
 #, c-format
@@ -1760,7 +1768,7 @@
 "This means the first '%s' commit is between %s and [%s].\n"
 msgstr ""
 "合併基礎 %s 是 %s。\n"
-"這意味著第一個 '%s' 提交位於 %s 和 [%s] 之間。\n"
+"這意味著第一個 “%s” 提交位於 %s 和 [%s] 之間。\n"
 
 #: bisect.c
 #, c-format
@@ -1769,9 +1777,9 @@
 "git bisect cannot work properly in this case.\n"
 "Maybe you mistook %s and %s revs?\n"
 msgstr ""
-"一些 %s 版本不是 %s 版本的祖先。\n"
-"這種情況下 git 二分搜尋無法正常工作。\n"
-"您可能弄錯了 %s 和 %s 版本？\n"
+"部分 %s 修訂版不是 %s 修訂版的祖先。\n"
+"這種情況下 git bisect 無法正常運作。\n"
+"您可能弄錯了 %s 和 %s 修訂版？\n"
 
 #: bisect.c
 #, c-format
@@ -1780,33 +1788,33 @@
 "So we cannot be sure the first %s commit is between %s and %s.\n"
 "We continue anyway."
 msgstr ""
-"介於 %s 和 [%s] 的合併基礎一定被忽略了。\n"
+"介於 %s 和 [%s] 的合併基礎一定被略過了。\n"
 "所以我們無法確認第一個 %s 提交是否介於 %s 和 %s 之間。\n"
 "我們仍舊繼續。"
 
 #: bisect.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "Bisecting: a merge base must be tested\n"
-msgstr "二分搜尋中：合併基礎必須是經過測試的\n"
+msgstr "二分搜尋中：合併基礎必須經過測試\n"
 
 #: bisect.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "a %s revision is needed"
-msgstr "需要一個 %s 版本"
+msgstr "需要一個 %s 修訂版"
 
 #: bisect.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "could not create file '%s'"
-msgstr "不能建立檔案 '%s'"
+msgstr "無法建立 “%s” 檔案"
 
 #: bisect.c builtin/merge.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "could not read file '%s'"
-msgstr "不能讀取檔案 '%s'"
+msgstr "無法讀取 “%s” 檔案"
 
 #: bisect.c
 msgid "reading bisect refs failed"
-msgstr "讀取二分搜尋引用失敗"
+msgstr "無法讀取二分搜尋的引用"
 
 #: bisect.c
 #, c-format
@@ -1820,13 +1828,13 @@
 "Maybe you started with bad path arguments?\n"
 msgstr ""
 "沒找到能夠測試的提交。\n"
-"可能是執行傳入的路徑引數是錯誤的？\n"
+"可能是傳入的路徑引數有誤？\n"
 
 #: bisect.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "(roughly %d step)"
 msgid_plural "(roughly %d steps)"
-msgstr[0] "（大概 %d 步）"
+msgstr[0] "（大約 %d 步）"
 
 #. TRANSLATORS: the last %s will be replaced with "(roughly %d
 #. steps)" translation.
@@ -1835,7 +1843,7 @@
 #, c-format
 msgid "Bisecting: %d revision left to test after this %s\n"
 msgid_plural "Bisecting: %d revisions left to test after this %s\n"
-msgstr[0] "二分搜尋中：在此之後，還剩 %d 個版本待測試 %s\n"
+msgstr[0] "二分搜尋中：在此 (%2$s) 之後，尚餘 %1$d 個版本待測試\n"
 
 #: blame.c
 msgid "--contents and --reverse do not blend well."
@@ -1843,7 +1851,7 @@
 
 #: blame.c
 msgid "cannot use --contents with final commit object name"
-msgstr "不能將 --contents 和最終的提交物件名共用"
+msgstr "無法將 --contents 與最終的提交物件名稱共用"
 
 #: blame.c
 msgid "--reverse and --first-parent together require specified latest commit"
@@ -1853,48 +1861,48 @@
 #: builtin/pack-objects.c builtin/shortlog.c bundle.c midx.c pack-bitmap.c
 #: ref-filter.c remote.c sequencer.c submodule.c
 msgid "revision walk setup failed"
-msgstr "版本遍歷設定失敗"
+msgstr "修訂版遍歷設定失敗"
 
 #: blame.c
 msgid ""
 "--reverse --first-parent together require range along first-parent chain"
-msgstr "--reverse 和 --first-parent 共用，需要第一祖先鏈上的提交範圍"
+msgstr "--reverse 和 --first-parent 共用，需要第一上級鏈的提交範圍"
 
 #: blame.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "no such path %s in %s"
-msgstr "在 %2$s 中無此路徑 %1$s"
+msgstr "在 %2$s 中，沒有路徑 %1$s"
 
 #: blame.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "cannot read blob %s for path %s"
-msgstr "不能為路徑 %2$s 讀取資料物件 %1$s"
+msgstr "無法為 %2$s 路徑讀取資料物件 %1$s"
 
 #: branch.c
 msgid ""
 "cannot inherit upstream tracking configuration of multiple refs when "
 "rebasing is requested"
-msgstr "請求重定基底時，無法繼承多個參照的上游追蹤設定"
+msgstr "請求重定基底時，無法繼承多個引用的上游追蹤設定"
 
 #: branch.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "not setting branch '%s' as its own upstream"
-msgstr "未將「%s」分支設定為其自己的上游"
+msgstr "未將 “%s” 分支設為其自己的上游"
 
 #: branch.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "branch '%s' set up to track '%s' by rebasing."
-msgstr "已將「%s」分支設定為透過重定基底追蹤「%s」。"
+msgstr "已藉由重訂基底，將 “%s” 分支設定為追蹤 “%s”。"
 
 #: branch.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "branch '%s' set up to track '%s'."
-msgstr "已將「%s」分支設定為追蹤「%s」。"
+msgstr "已將 “%s” 分支設定為追蹤 “%s”。"
 
 #: branch.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "branch '%s' set up to track:"
-msgstr "「%s」分支已設定追蹤："
+msgstr "“%s” 分支已設定追蹤："
 
 #: branch.c
 msgid "unable to write upstream branch configuration"
@@ -1907,23 +1915,23 @@
 "the remote tracking information by invoking:"
 msgstr ""
 "\n"
-"修正錯誤後，您可以執行下述命令\n"
-"命令修正遠端追蹤資訊："
+"修正病灶後，您可以執行下述命令\n"
+"修正遠端追蹤資訊："
 
 #: branch.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "asked to inherit tracking from '%s', but no remote is set"
-msgstr "請求繼承「%s」的追蹤設定，但未設定遠端"
+msgstr "請求繼承 “%s” 的追蹤設定，但未設定遠端"
 
 #: branch.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "asked to inherit tracking from '%s', but no merge configuration is set"
-msgstr "請求繼承「%s」的追蹤設定，但未設定合併設定"
+msgstr "請求繼承 “%s” 的追蹤設定，但未設定合併設定"
 
 #: branch.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "not tracking: ambiguous information for ref '%s'"
-msgstr "未追蹤：「%s」引用有歧義"
+msgstr "未追蹤：“%s” 引用有歧義"
 
 #  譯者：為保證在輸出中對齊，注意調整句中空格！
 #. #-#-#-#-#  branch.c.po  #-#-#-#-#
@@ -1957,37 +1965,38 @@
 "different remotes' fetch refspecs map into different\n"
 "tracking namespaces."
 msgstr ""
-"有多個遠端的抓取引用規格映射到遠端追蹤引用「%s」的規格：\n"
+"有多個遠端的抓取引用規格，映射到\n"
+"遠端追蹤引用 “%s” 的規格：\n"
 "%s\n"
 "這通常是設定錯誤。\n"
 "\n"
-"若要支援設定追蹤分支，請確定不同遠端的抓取引用規格\n"
-"映射到不同的追蹤命名空間。"
+"若要支援設定追蹤分支，請確定不同遠端的\n"
+"抓取引用規格，映射到不同的追蹤命名空間。"
 
 #: branch.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "'%s' is not a valid branch name"
-msgstr "「%s」不是一個有效的分支名稱"
+msgstr "“%s” 不是有效的分支名稱"
 
 #: branch.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "a branch named '%s' already exists"
-msgstr "已有同名「%s」分支"
+msgstr "已有同名 “%s” 分支"
 
 #: branch.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "cannot force update the branch '%s' checked out at '%s'"
-msgstr "無法強制更新在「%2$s」簽出的「%1$s」分支"
+msgstr "無法強制更新在 “%2$s” 簽出的 “%1$s” 分支"
 
 #: branch.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "cannot set up tracking information; starting point '%s' is not a branch"
-msgstr "無法設定追蹤資訊：起始點「%s」不是分支"
+msgstr "無法設定追蹤資訊：起始點 “%s” 不是分支"
 
 #: branch.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "the requested upstream branch '%s' does not exist"
-msgstr "請求的上游分支 '%s' 不存在"
+msgstr "請求的上游分支 “%s” 不存在"
 
 #: branch.c
 msgid ""
@@ -2002,31 +2011,31 @@
 msgstr ""
 "\n"
 "如果您打算以遠端現存的上游分支為基礎進行修改，\n"
-"您或許需要執行「git fetch」取得分支。\n"
+"您或許需要執行 `git fetch` 取得分支。\n"
 "\n"
-"如果您打算將新建立的本機分支推送至對應的遠端分支，\n"
-"且建立兩個分支間的追蹤關係，\n"
-"您可能需要使用「git push -u」推送分支並設定和上游的關聯。"
+"如果您打算將新建立的本機分支，推送至對應的遠端分支，\n"
+"並建立兩個分支間的追蹤關係，您可能需要使用 `git push -u`\n"
+"推送分支並設定和上游的關聯。"
 
 #: branch.c builtin/replace.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "not a valid object name: '%s'"
-msgstr "不是一個有效的物件名：'%s'"
+msgstr "物件名稱無效：“%s”"
 
 #: branch.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "ambiguous object name: '%s'"
-msgstr "物件名稱有歧義：「%s」"
+msgstr "物件名稱有歧義：“%s”"
 
 #: branch.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "not a valid branch point: '%s'"
-msgstr "無效的分支點：「%s」"
+msgstr "分支點無效：“%s”"
 
 #: branch.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "submodule '%s': unable to find submodule"
-msgstr "「%s」子模組：找不到子模組"
+msgstr "“%s” 子模組：找不到子模組"
 
 #: branch.c
 #, c-format
@@ -2034,37 +2043,37 @@
 "You may try updating the submodules using 'git checkout %s && git submodule "
 "update --init'"
 msgstr ""
-"您可以嘗試使用「git checkout %s && git submodule update --init」命令更新子模"
-"組"
+"您可以嘗試使用 “git checkout %s && git submodule update --init” 命令，更新子"
+"模組"
 
 #: branch.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "submodule '%s': cannot create branch '%s'"
-msgstr "「%s」子模組：無法建立「%s」分支"
+msgstr "“%s” 子模組：無法建立 “%s” 分支"
 
 #: branch.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "'%s' is already checked out at '%s'"
-msgstr "'%s' 已經簽出到 '%s'"
+msgstr "“%s” 已在 “%s” 點簽出"
 
 #: branch.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "HEAD of working tree %s is not updated"
-msgstr "工作區 %s 的 HEAD 指向沒有被更新"
+msgstr "%s 工作區的 HEAD 指針未被更新"
 
 #: builtin/add.c
 msgid "git add [<options>] [--] <pathspec>..."
-msgstr "git add [<選項>] [--] <路徑規格>..."
+msgstr "git add [<options>] [--] <pathspec>..."
 
 #: builtin/add.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "cannot chmod %cx '%s'"
-msgstr "無法 chmod %cx ‘%s’"
+msgstr "無法 chmod %cx '%s'"
 
 #: builtin/add.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "unexpected diff status %c"
-msgstr "意外的差異狀態 %c"
+msgstr "非預期的 diff 狀態 %c"
 
 #: builtin/add.c builtin/commit.c
 msgid "updating files failed"
@@ -2073,19 +2082,19 @@
 #: builtin/add.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "remove '%s'\n"
-msgstr "刪除 '%s'\n"
+msgstr "移除 “%s”\n"
 
 #: builtin/add.c
 msgid "Unstaged changes after refreshing the index:"
-msgstr "重新整理索引之後尚未被暫存的變更："
+msgstr "重新整理索引之後，尚未被暫存的更動："
 
 #: builtin/add.c builtin/rev-parse.c
 msgid "Could not read the index"
-msgstr "不能讀取索引"
+msgstr "無法讀取索引"
 
 #: builtin/add.c
 msgid "Could not write patch"
-msgstr "不能生成修補檔"
+msgstr "無法寫入修補檔"
 
 #: builtin/add.c
 msgid "editing patch failed"
@@ -2094,20 +2103,20 @@
 #: builtin/add.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "Could not stat '%s'"
-msgstr "不能對 '%s' 呼叫 stat"
+msgstr "不能對 “%s” 執行 stat"
 
 #: builtin/add.c
 msgid "Empty patch. Aborted."
-msgstr "空修補檔。異常終止。"
+msgstr "修補檔空白。中止。"
 
 #: builtin/add.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "Could not apply '%s'"
-msgstr "不能套用 '%s'"
+msgstr "無法套用 “%s”"
 
 #: builtin/add.c
 msgid "The following paths are ignored by one of your .gitignore files:\n"
-msgstr "下列路徑根據您的一個 .gitignore 檔案而被忽略：\n"
+msgstr "下列路徑根據其中一個 .gitignore 檔案而被忽略：\n"
 
 #: builtin/add.c builtin/clean.c builtin/fetch.c builtin/mv.c
 #: builtin/prune-packed.c builtin/pull.c builtin/push.c builtin/remote.c
@@ -2123,11 +2132,11 @@
 
 #: builtin/add.c
 msgid "interactive picking"
-msgstr "互動式揀選"
+msgstr "互動式挑選"
 
 #: builtin/add.c builtin/checkout.c builtin/reset.c
 msgid "select hunks interactively"
-msgstr "互動式挑選資料區塊"
+msgstr "互動式選取區塊"
 
 #: builtin/add.c
 msgid "edit current diff and apply"
@@ -2135,7 +2144,7 @@
 
 #: builtin/add.c
 msgid "allow adding otherwise ignored files"
-msgstr "允許新增忽略的檔案"
+msgstr "允許加入原先被忽略的檔案"
 
 #: builtin/add.c
 msgid "update tracked files"
@@ -2143,15 +2152,15 @@
 
 #: builtin/add.c
 msgid "renormalize EOL of tracked files (implies -u)"
-msgstr "對已追蹤檔案（隱含 -u）重新歸一換行符號"
+msgstr "對已追蹤檔案（隱含 -u）重新標準化 EOL"
 
 #: builtin/add.c
 msgid "record only the fact that the path will be added later"
-msgstr "只記錄，該路徑稍後再新增"
+msgstr "只記錄「路徑稍後會再加入」"
 
 #: builtin/add.c
 msgid "add changes from all tracked and untracked files"
-msgstr "新增所有改變的已追蹤檔案和未追蹤檔案"
+msgstr "從所有已追蹤和未追蹤檔案加入更動"
 
 #: builtin/add.c
 msgid "ignore paths removed in the working tree (same as --no-all)"
@@ -2167,7 +2176,7 @@
 
 #: builtin/add.c
 msgid "check if - even missing - files are ignored in dry run"
-msgstr "檢查在測試執行模式下檔案（即使不存在）是否被忽略"
+msgstr "檢查（即使不存在的）檔案是否在測試執行模式中被忽略"
 
 #: builtin/add.c builtin/mv.c builtin/rm.c
 msgid "allow updating entries outside of the sparse-checkout cone"
@@ -2175,11 +2184,11 @@
 
 #: builtin/add.c builtin/update-index.c
 msgid "override the executable bit of the listed files"
-msgstr "覆蓋列表裡檔案的可執行位"
+msgstr "覆寫列出檔案中的可執行位元"
 
 #: builtin/add.c
 msgid "warn when adding an embedded repository"
-msgstr "建立一個嵌入式版本庫時給予警告"
+msgstr "嵌入版本庫時發出警告"
 
 #: builtin/add.c
 #, c-format
@@ -2198,22 +2207,24 @@
 "\n"
 "See \"git help submodule\" for more information."
 msgstr ""
-"您在目前版本庫中新增了另外一個 Git 版本庫。複製外層的版本庫將不包含嵌入版本庫"
-"的內容，並且不知道該如何取得它。\n"
-"如果您要新增一個子模組，使用：\n"
+"您在目前的版本庫中加進另一個 Git 版本庫。\n"
+"複製外層的版本庫，將不包含嵌入版本庫的內容，\n"
+"並且不包含取得此版本庫的方式。\n"
+"如果您要加入子模組，請使用：\n"
 "\n"
 "\tgit submodule add <url> %s\n"
 "\n"
-"如果您不小心新增了這個路徑，可以用下面的指令將其從索引中刪除：\n"
+"如果您不小心加入了這個路徑，\n"
+"可以用下面的命令，將其從索引中移除：\n"
 "\n"
 "\tgit rm --cached %s\n"
 "\n"
-"參見 \"git help submodule\" 取得更多訊息。"
+"參見 “git help submodule” 深入了解。"
 
 #: builtin/add.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "adding embedded git repository: %s"
-msgstr "正在新增嵌入式 git 版本庫：%s"
+msgstr "正在加入嵌入式 git 版本庫：%s"
 
 #: builtin/add.c
 msgid ""
@@ -2221,29 +2232,29 @@
 "Turn this message off by running\n"
 "\"git config advice.addIgnoredFile false\""
 msgstr ""
-"如果您真的想加入，請使用 -f。\n"
+"若您真的想加入，請傳入 -f。\n"
 "如要關閉此訊息，請執行\n"
-"\"git config advice.addIgnoredFile false\""
+"“git config advice.addIgnoredFile false”"
 
 #: builtin/add.c
 msgid "adding files failed"
-msgstr "新增檔案失敗"
+msgstr "加入檔案失敗"
 
 #: builtin/add.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "--chmod param '%s' must be either -x or +x"
-msgstr "參數 --chmod 取值 '%s' 必須是 -x 或 +x"
+msgstr "--chmod 的參數 “%s” 必須是 -x 或 +x"
 
 #: builtin/add.c builtin/checkout.c builtin/commit.c builtin/reset.c
 #: builtin/rm.c builtin/stash.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "'%s' and pathspec arguments cannot be used together"
-msgstr "「%s」和路徑規格引數不得同時使用"
+msgstr "“%s” 和路徑規格引數不得同時使用"
 
 #: builtin/add.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "Nothing specified, nothing added.\n"
-msgstr "沒有指定檔案，也沒有檔案被新增。\n"
+msgstr "沒有指定，亦未加入檔案。\n"
 
 #: builtin/add.c
 msgid ""
@@ -2251,9 +2262,9 @@
 "Turn this message off by running\n"
 "\"git config advice.addEmptyPathspec false\""
 msgstr ""
-"可能你要做的是 'git add .'？\n"
+"可能您想做 “git add .”？\n"
 "如要關閉此訊息，請執行\n"
-"\"git config advice.addEmptyPathspec false\""
+"“git config advice.addEmptyPathspec false”"
 
 #: builtin/add.c builtin/check-ignore.c builtin/checkout.c builtin/clean.c
 #: builtin/commit.c builtin/diff-tree.c builtin/grep.c builtin/mv.c
@@ -2265,43 +2276,43 @@
 #: builtin/am.c builtin/mailinfo.c mailinfo.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "bad action '%s' for '%s'"
-msgstr "「%s」動作對「%s」無效"
+msgstr "“%s” 動作對 “%s” 無效"
 
 #: builtin/am.c builtin/blame.c builtin/fetch.c builtin/pack-objects.c
 #: builtin/pull.c diff-merges.c gpg-interface.c ls-refs.c parallel-checkout.c
 #: sequencer.c setup.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "invalid value for '%s': '%s'"
-msgstr "「%s」的值無效：「%s」"
+msgstr "“%s” 的值無效：“%s”"
 
 #: builtin/am.c builtin/commit.c builtin/merge.c sequencer.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "could not read '%s'"
-msgstr "不能讀取 '%s'"
+msgstr "無法讀取 “%s”"
 
 #: builtin/am.c
 msgid "could not parse author script"
-msgstr "不能解析作者腳本"
+msgstr "無法解析作者文稿"
 
 #: builtin/am.c builtin/replace.c commit.c sequencer.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "could not parse %s"
-msgstr "不能解析 %s"
+msgstr "無法解析 %s"
 
 #: builtin/am.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "'%s' was deleted by the applypatch-msg hook"
-msgstr "'%s' 被 applypatch-msg 掛鉤刪除"
+msgstr "“%s” 被 applypatch-msg 掛鉤刪除"
 
 #: builtin/am.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "Malformed input line: '%s'."
-msgstr "非法的輸入行：'%s'。"
+msgstr "格式錯誤的輸入列：“%s”。"
 
 #: builtin/am.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "Failed to copy notes from '%s' to '%s'"
-msgstr "從 '%s' 複製註解到 '%s' 時失敗"
+msgstr "從 “%s” 拷貝註解到 “%s” 失敗"
 
 #: builtin/am.c
 msgid "fseek failed"
@@ -2310,21 +2321,21 @@
 #: builtin/am.c builtin/rebase.c sequencer.c wrapper.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "could not open '%s' for reading"
-msgstr "無法開啟 '%s' 進行讀取"
+msgstr "無法開啟 “%s” 進行讀取"
 
 #: builtin/am.c builtin/rebase.c sequencer.c strbuf.c wrapper.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "could not open '%s' for writing"
-msgstr "無法開啟 '%s' 進行寫入"
+msgstr "無法開啟 “%s” 進行寫入"
 
 #: builtin/am.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "could not parse patch '%s'"
-msgstr "無法解析修補檔 '%s'"
+msgstr "無法解析修補檔 “%s”"
 
 #: builtin/am.c
 msgid "Only one StGIT patch series can be applied at once"
-msgstr "一次只能有一個 StGIT 修補檔佇列被套用"
+msgstr "一次只能套用一個 StGIT 修補檔序列"
 
 #: builtin/am.c
 msgid "invalid timestamp"
@@ -2332,11 +2343,11 @@
 
 #: builtin/am.c
 msgid "invalid Date line"
-msgstr "無效的日期行"
+msgstr "無效的 Date 列"
 
 #: builtin/am.c
 msgid "invalid timezone offset"
-msgstr "無效的時區位移值"
+msgstr "無效的時區偏移"
 
 #: builtin/am.c
 msgid "Patch format detection failed."
@@ -2345,74 +2356,74 @@
 #: builtin/am.c builtin/clone.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "failed to create directory '%s'"
-msgstr "建立目錄 '%s' 失敗"
+msgstr "無法建立目錄 “%s”"
 
 #: builtin/am.c
 msgid "Failed to split patches."
-msgstr "分割修補檔失敗。"
+msgstr "無法切割修補檔。"
 
 #: builtin/am.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "When you have resolved this problem, run \"%s --continue\"."
-msgstr "當您解決這一問題，執行 \"%s --continue\"。"
+msgstr "解決此問題後，請執行 “%s --continue”。"
 
 #: builtin/am.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "If you prefer to skip this patch, run \"%s --skip\" instead."
-msgstr "如果您想要略過這一修補檔，則執行 \"%s --skip\"。"
+msgstr "若要略過此修補，請改執行 “%s --skip”。"
 
 #: builtin/am.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "To record the empty patch as an empty commit, run \"%s --allow-empty\"."
-msgstr "若要將空白修補檔錄製為空白提交，請執行「%s --allow-empty」。"
+msgstr "若要將空白修補檔錄入為空白提交，請執行 “%s --allow-empty”。"
 
 #: builtin/am.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "To restore the original branch and stop patching, run \"%s --abort\"."
-msgstr "若要復原至原始分支並停止修補動作，執行 \"%s --abort\"。"
+msgstr "若要還原至原始分支，並停止修補動作，請執行 “%s --abort”。"
 
 #: builtin/am.c
 msgid "Patch sent with format=flowed; space at the end of lines might be lost."
-msgstr "修補檔使用 format=flowed 格式傳送，行尾的空格可能會遺失。"
+msgstr "修補檔使用 format=flowed 格式傳送：列尾的空格可能會遺失。"
 
 #: builtin/am.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "missing author line in commit %s"
-msgstr "在提交 %s 中缺少作者行"
+msgstr "在提交 %s 中缺少作者列"
 
 #: builtin/am.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "invalid ident line: %.*s"
-msgstr "無效的身份標記：%.*s"
+msgstr "ident 列無效：%.*s"
 
 #: builtin/am.c builtin/checkout.c builtin/clone.c commit-graph.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "unable to parse commit %s"
-msgstr "不能解析提交 %s"
+msgstr "無法解析 %s 提交"
 
 #: builtin/am.c
 msgid "Repository lacks necessary blobs to fall back on 3-way merge."
-msgstr "版本庫缺乏必要的資料物件以進行三方合併。"
+msgstr "版本庫缺少必要的資料物件，無法進行三方合併。"
 
 #: builtin/am.c
 msgid "Using index info to reconstruct a base tree..."
-msgstr "使用索引來重建一個（三方合併的）基礎目錄樹..."
+msgstr "正在使用索引資訊重建基礎樹……"
 
 #: builtin/am.c
 msgid ""
 "Did you hand edit your patch?\n"
 "It does not apply to blobs recorded in its index."
 msgstr ""
-"您是否曾手動編輯過您的修補檔？\n"
-"無法套用修補檔到索引中的資料物件上。"
+"您是否曾自行編輯過您的修補檔？\n"
+"未能套用至索引錄入的資料物件。"
 
 #: builtin/am.c
 msgid "Falling back to patching base and 3-way merge..."
-msgstr "回落到基礎版本上修補及進行三方合併..."
+msgstr "正在回復到修補基礎處，並進行三方合併……"
 
 #: builtin/am.c
 msgid "Failed to merge in the changes."
-msgstr "無法合併變更。"
+msgstr "無法合併更動。"
 
 #: builtin/am.c builtin/merge.c sequencer.c
 msgid "git write-tree failed to write a tree"
@@ -2420,12 +2431,12 @@
 
 #: builtin/am.c
 msgid "applying to an empty history"
-msgstr "正套用到一個空歷史上"
+msgstr "正在套用至空白歷史記錄上"
 
 #: builtin/am.c builtin/commit.c builtin/merge.c sequencer.c
 #: t/helper/test-fast-rebase.c
 msgid "failed to write commit object"
-msgstr "寫提交物件失敗"
+msgstr "無法寫入提交物件"
 
 #: builtin/am.c
 #, c-format
@@ -2434,7 +2445,7 @@
 
 #: builtin/am.c
 msgid "Commit Body is:"
-msgstr "提交內容為："
+msgstr "提交內文為："
 
 #  譯者：請維持句尾空格
 #. TRANSLATORS: Make sure to include [y], [n], [e], [v] and [a]
@@ -2444,7 +2455,7 @@
 #: builtin/am.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "Apply? [y]es/[n]o/[e]dit/[v]iew patch/[a]ccept all: "
-msgstr "套用？是[y]/否[n]/編輯[e]/檢視修補檔[v]/全部接受[a]： "
+msgstr "是否套用？是[y]/否[n]/編輯[e]/檢視修補檔[v]/全部接受[a]: "
 
 #: builtin/am.c builtin/commit.c
 msgid "unable to write index file"
@@ -2453,7 +2464,7 @@
 #: builtin/am.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "Dirty index: cannot apply patches (dirty: %s)"
-msgstr "髒索引：不能套用修補檔（髒檔案：%s）"
+msgstr "有異動索引：無法套用修補檔（異動處：%s）"
 
 #: builtin/am.c
 #, c-format
@@ -2467,7 +2478,7 @@
 
 #: builtin/am.c
 msgid "Patch is empty."
-msgstr "修補檔為空。"
+msgstr "修補檔空白。"
 
 #: builtin/am.c
 #, c-format
@@ -2476,20 +2487,20 @@
 
 #: builtin/am.c
 msgid "No changes -- Patch already applied."
-msgstr "沒有變更——修補檔已經套用過。"
+msgstr "沒有變更——修補檔已套用過。"
 
 #: builtin/am.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "Patch failed at %s %.*s"
-msgstr "打修補檔失敗於 %s %.*s"
+msgstr "在 %s %.*s 處修補失敗"
 
 #: builtin/am.c
 msgid "Use 'git am --show-current-patch=diff' to see the failed patch"
-msgstr "用 'git am --show-current-patch=diff' 命令檢視失敗的修補檔"
+msgstr "使用 “git am --show-current-patch=diff” 命令檢視失敗的修補檔"
 
 #: builtin/am.c
 msgid "No changes - recorded it as an empty commit."
-msgstr "沒有變更 － 將其錄製為空白提交。"
+msgstr "沒有變更：將其錄入為空白提交。"
 
 #: builtin/am.c
 msgid ""
@@ -2497,9 +2508,9 @@
 "If there is nothing left to stage, chances are that something else\n"
 "already introduced the same changes; you might want to skip this patch."
 msgstr ""
-"沒有變更 —— 您是不是忘了執行 'git add'？\n"
-"如果沒有什麼要新增到暫存區的，則很可能是其它提交已經引入了相同的變更。\n"
-"您也許想要略過這個修補檔。"
+"沒有變更：是否忘記執行 “git add”？\n"
+"如果沒有其他要新增到暫存區的，則很可能是其它提交\n"
+"已經引入了相同的變更。您也許想要略過這個修補檔。"
 
 #: builtin/am.c
 msgid ""
@@ -2508,59 +2519,61 @@
 "such.\n"
 "You might run `git rm` on a file to accept \"deleted by them\" for it."
 msgstr ""
-"在您的索引中仍存在未合併的路徑。\n"
-"您應該對已經衝突解決的每一個檔案執行 'git add' 來標記已經完成。 \n"
-"你可以對 \"由他們刪除\" 的檔案執行 `git rm` 指令。"
+"索引中仍有未合併路徑。\n"
+"您應該對已經解決衝突的每一個檔案執行 `git add`，標記為已經完成。\n"
+"你可以對「由他們刪除」的檔案，執行 `git rm` 指令。"
 
 #: builtin/am.c builtin/checkout.c builtin/clone.c builtin/stash.c merge.c
 #: rerere.c
 msgid "unable to write new index file"
-msgstr "無法寫新的索引檔案"
+msgstr "無法寫入新的索引檔案"
 
 #: builtin/am.c builtin/reset.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "Could not parse object '%s'."
-msgstr "不能解析物件 '%s'。"
+msgstr "無法解析 “%s” 物件。"
 
 #: builtin/am.c
 msgid "failed to clean index"
-msgstr "清空索引失敗"
+msgstr "無法清除索引"
 
 #: builtin/am.c
 msgid ""
 "You seem to have moved HEAD since the last 'am' failure.\n"
 "Not rewinding to ORIG_HEAD"
-msgstr "您好像在上一次 'am' 失敗後移動了 HEAD。未還原至 ORIG_HEAD"
+msgstr ""
+"您似乎在上一次 “am” 失敗後移動了 HEAD。\n"
+"未倒轉回 ORIG_HEAD"
 
 #: builtin/am.c builtin/bisect--helper.c worktree.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "failed to read '%s'"
-msgstr "讀取 '%s' 失敗"
+msgstr "無法讀取 “%s”"
 
 #: builtin/am.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "options '%s=%s' and '%s=%s' cannot be used together"
-msgstr "「%s=%s」和「%s=%s」選項不得同時使用"
+msgstr "“%s=%s” 和 “%s=%s” 選項不得同時使用"
 
 #: builtin/am.c
 msgid "git am [<options>] [(<mbox> | <Maildir>)...]"
-msgstr "git am [<選項>] [(<mbox> | <Maildir>)...]"
+msgstr "git am [<options>] [(<mbox> | <Maildir>)...]"
 
 #: builtin/am.c
 msgid "git am [<options>] (--continue | --skip | --abort)"
-msgstr "git am [<選項>] (--continue | --skip | --abort)"
+msgstr "git am [<options>] (--continue | --skip | --abort)"
 
 #: builtin/am.c
 msgid "run interactively"
-msgstr "以互動式方式執行"
+msgstr "互動式執行"
 
 #: builtin/am.c
 msgid "historical option -- no-op"
-msgstr "老的參數 —— 無作用"
+msgstr "歷史遺留選項——無作用"
 
 #: builtin/am.c
 msgid "allow fall back on 3way merging if needed"
-msgstr "如果必要，允許使用三方合併"
+msgstr "必要時允許回復至三方合併"
 
 #: builtin/am.c builtin/init-db.c builtin/prune-packed.c builtin/repack.c
 #: builtin/stash.c
@@ -2569,7 +2582,7 @@
 
 #: builtin/am.c
 msgid "add a Signed-off-by trailer to the commit message"
-msgstr "在提交說明結尾加入 Signed-off-by"
+msgstr "在提交說明結尾處加入 Signed-off-by"
 
 #: builtin/am.c
 msgid "recode into utf8 (default)"
@@ -2577,35 +2590,35 @@
 
 #: builtin/am.c
 msgid "pass -k flag to git-mailinfo"
-msgstr "向 git-mailinfo 傳遞 -k 參數"
+msgstr "向 git-mailinfo 傳入 -k 參數"
 
 #: builtin/am.c
 msgid "pass -b flag to git-mailinfo"
-msgstr "向 git-mailinfo 傳遞 -b 參數"
+msgstr "向 git-mailinfo 傳入 -b 參數"
 
 #: builtin/am.c
 msgid "pass -m flag to git-mailinfo"
-msgstr "向 git-mailinfo 傳遞 -m 參數"
+msgstr "向 git-mailinfo 傳入 -m 參數"
 
 #: builtin/am.c
 msgid "pass --keep-cr flag to git-mailsplit for mbox format"
-msgstr "針對 mbox 格式，向 git-mailsplit 傳遞 --keep-cr 參數"
+msgstr "若為 mbox 格式，向 git-mailsplit 傳入 --keep-cr 標記"
 
 #: builtin/am.c
 msgid "do not pass --keep-cr flag to git-mailsplit independent of am.keepcr"
-msgstr "不向 git-mailsplit 傳遞 --keep-cr 參數，覆蓋 am.keepcr 的設定"
+msgstr "不向 git-mailsplit 傳入 --keep-cr 標記，無視 am.keepcr 的設定"
 
 #: builtin/am.c
 msgid "strip everything before a scissors line"
-msgstr "捨棄裁切線前的所有內容"
+msgstr "截掉裁切線前的所有內容"
 
 #: builtin/am.c
 msgid "pass it through git-mailinfo"
-msgstr "透過 git-mailinfo 傳遞"
+msgstr "透過 git-mailinfo 傳入"
 
 #: builtin/am.c
 msgid "pass it through git-apply"
-msgstr "傳遞給 git-apply"
+msgstr "透過 git-apply 傳入"
 
 #: builtin/am.c builtin/commit.c builtin/fmt-merge-msg.c builtin/grep.c
 #: builtin/merge.c builtin/pull.c builtin/rebase.c builtin/repack.c
@@ -2617,7 +2630,7 @@
 #: builtin/diagnose.c builtin/for-each-ref.c builtin/ls-files.c
 #: builtin/ls-tree.c builtin/replace.c builtin/tag.c builtin/verify-tag.c
 msgid "format"
-msgstr "格式"
+msgstr "format"
 
 #: builtin/am.c
 msgid "format the patch(es) are in"
@@ -2625,7 +2638,7 @@
 
 #: builtin/am.c
 msgid "override error message when patch failure occurs"
-msgstr "打修補檔失敗時顯示的錯誤訊息"
+msgstr "覆蓋修補失敗時顯示的錯誤訊息"
 
 #: builtin/am.c
 msgid "continue applying patches after resolving a conflict"
@@ -2645,7 +2658,7 @@
 
 #: builtin/am.c
 msgid "abort the patching operation but keep HEAD where it is"
-msgstr "終止修補動作但保持 HEAD 不變"
+msgstr "中止修補動作但保持 HEAD 不變"
 
 #: builtin/am.c
 msgid "show the patch being applied"
@@ -2653,15 +2666,15 @@
 
 #: builtin/am.c
 msgid "record the empty patch as an empty commit"
-msgstr "將空白修補檔錄製為空白提交"
+msgstr "將空白修補檔錄入為空白提交"
 
 #: builtin/am.c
 msgid "lie about committer date"
-msgstr "將作者日期作為提交日期"
+msgstr "將作者日期當作提交日期"
 
 #: builtin/am.c
 msgid "use current timestamp for author date"
-msgstr "用目前時間作為作者日期"
+msgstr "把目前時間戳當作是作者日期"
 
 #: builtin/am.c builtin/commit-tree.c builtin/commit.c builtin/merge.c
 #: builtin/pull.c builtin/rebase.c builtin/revert.c builtin/tag.c
@@ -2685,8 +2698,8 @@
 "The -b/--binary option has been a no-op for long time, and\n"
 "it will be removed. Please do not use it anymore."
 msgstr ""
-"參數 -b/--binary 已經很長時間不做任何實質動作了，並且將被移除。\n"
-"請不要再使用它了。"
+"-b/--binary 選項已經有很長時間不做任何實質動作了，\n"
+"並且將被移除。請不要再使用它了。"
 
 #: builtin/am.c
 msgid "failed to read the index"
@@ -2703,49 +2716,49 @@
 "Stray %s directory found.\n"
 "Use \"git am --abort\" to remove it."
 msgstr ""
-"發現了錯誤的 %s 目錄。\n"
-"使用 \"git am --abort\" 刪除它。"
+"發現失散的 %s 目錄。\n"
+"使用 “git am --abort” 移除。"
 
 #: builtin/am.c
 msgid "Resolve operation not in progress, we are not resuming."
-msgstr "解決動作未進行，我們不會繼續。"
+msgstr "未在進行解決動作，不會繼續。"
 
 #: builtin/am.c
 msgid "interactive mode requires patches on the command line"
-msgstr "互動式模式需要指令列上提供修補檔"
+msgstr "互動模式需要命令列上提供修補檔"
 
 #: builtin/apply.c
 msgid "git apply [<options>] [<patch>...]"
-msgstr "git apply [<選項>] [<修補檔>...]"
+msgstr "git apply [<options>] [<patch>...]"
 
 #: builtin/archive.c diagnose.c
 msgid "could not redirect output"
-msgstr "不能重定向輸出"
+msgstr "無法重新導向輸出"
 
 #: builtin/archive.c
 msgid "git archive: Remote with no URL"
-msgstr "git archive：未提供遠端 URL"
+msgstr "git archive: 未提供遠端 URL"
 
 #: builtin/archive.c
 msgid "git archive: expected ACK/NAK, got a flush packet"
-msgstr "git archive：期望是 ACK/NAK，卻得到 flush 包"
+msgstr "git archive：預期是 ACK/NAK，卻收到 flush 封包"
 
 #: builtin/archive.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "git archive: NACK %s"
-msgstr "git archive：NACK %s"
+msgstr "git archive: NACK %s"
 
 #: builtin/archive.c
 msgid "git archive: protocol error"
-msgstr "git archive：協定錯誤"
+msgstr "git archive：通訊協定錯誤"
 
 #: builtin/archive.c
 msgid "git archive: expected a flush"
-msgstr "git archive：應有一個 flush 包"
+msgstr "git archive：預期收到 flush 封包"
 
 #: builtin/bisect--helper.c
 msgid "git bisect--helper --bisect-reset [<commit>]"
-msgstr "git bisect--helper --bisect-reset [<提交>]"
+msgstr "git bisect--helper --bisect-reset [<commit>]"
 
 #: builtin/bisect--helper.c
 msgid ""
@@ -2753,24 +2766,25 @@
 "=<term>] [--no-checkout] [--first-parent] [<bad> [<good>...]] [--] "
 "[<paths>...]"
 msgstr ""
-"git bisect--helper --bisect-start [--term-{new,bad}=<術語> --term-{old,good}"
-"=<術語>] [--no-checkout] [--first-parent] [<壞> [<好>...]] [--] [<路徑>...]"
+"git bisect--helper --bisect-start [--term-{new,bad}=<term> --term-{old,good}"
+"=<term>] [--no-checkout] [--first-parent] [<bad> [<good>...]] [--] "
+"[<paths>...]"
 
 #: builtin/bisect--helper.c
 msgid "git bisect--helper --bisect-state (bad|new) [<rev>]"
-msgstr "git bisect--helper --bisect-state (bad|new) [<修訂版>]"
+msgstr "git bisect--helper --bisect-state (bad|new) [<rev>]"
 
 #: builtin/bisect--helper.c
 msgid "git bisect--helper --bisect-state (good|old) [<rev>...]"
-msgstr "git bisect--helper --bisect-state (good|old) [<修訂版>...]"
+msgstr "git bisect--helper --bisect-state (good|old) [<rev>...]"
 
 #: builtin/bisect--helper.c
 msgid "git bisect--helper --bisect-replay <filename>"
-msgstr "git bisect--helper --bisect-replay <檔名>"
+msgstr "git bisect--helper --bisect-replay <filename>"
 
 #: builtin/bisect--helper.c
 msgid "git bisect--helper --bisect-skip [(<rev>|<range>)...]"
-msgstr "git bisect--helper --bisect-skip [(<修訂版>|<範圍>)...]"
+msgstr "git bisect--helper --bisect-skip [(<rev>|<range>)...]"
 
 #: builtin/bisect--helper.c
 msgid "git bisect--helper --bisect-run <cmd>..."
@@ -2779,32 +2793,32 @@
 #: builtin/bisect--helper.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "cannot open file '%s' in mode '%s'"
-msgstr "無法以 '%2$s' 模式開啟 '%1$s' 檔案"
+msgstr "無法以 “%2$s” 模式開啟 “%1$s” 檔案"
 
 #: builtin/bisect--helper.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "could not write to file '%s'"
-msgstr "無法寫入 '%s' 檔案"
+msgstr "無法寫入 “%s” 檔案"
 
 #: builtin/bisect--helper.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "cannot open file '%s' for reading"
-msgstr "無法開啟「%s」檔案進行讀取"
+msgstr "無法開啟 “%s” 檔案進行讀取"
 
 #: builtin/bisect--helper.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "'%s' is not a valid term"
-msgstr "'%s' 不是一個有效的術語"
+msgstr "“%s” 不是有效術語"
 
 #: builtin/bisect--helper.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "can't use the builtin command '%s' as a term"
-msgstr "不能使用內建指令 '%s' 作為術語"
+msgstr "不能將內建命令 “%s” 當作術語使用"
 
 #: builtin/bisect--helper.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "can't change the meaning of the term '%s'"
-msgstr "不能修改術語 '%s' 的含義"
+msgstr "不能變更術語 “%s” 的含義"
 
 #: builtin/bisect--helper.c
 msgid "please use two different terms"
@@ -2818,33 +2832,33 @@
 #: builtin/bisect--helper.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "'%s' is not a valid commit"
-msgstr "'%s' 不是一個有效的提交"
+msgstr "“%s” 不是有效的提交"
 
 #: builtin/bisect--helper.c
 #, c-format
 msgid ""
 "could not check out original HEAD '%s'. Try 'git bisect reset <commit>'."
-msgstr "不能簽出原始 HEAD '%s'。嘗試 'git bisect reset <提交>'。"
+msgstr "不能簽出原始 HEAD “%s”。請嘗試 “git bisect reset <commit>”。"
 
 #: builtin/bisect--helper.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "Bad bisect_write argument: %s"
-msgstr "壞的 bisect_write 參數：%s"
+msgstr "bisect_write 引數無效：%s"
 
 #: builtin/bisect--helper.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "couldn't get the oid of the rev '%s'"
-msgstr "無法取得版本 '%s' 的物件 ID"
+msgstr "無法取得修訂版 “%s” 的物件 ID"
 
 #: builtin/bisect--helper.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "couldn't open the file '%s'"
-msgstr "無法開啟檔案 '%s'"
+msgstr "無法開啟檔案 “%s”"
 
 #: builtin/bisect--helper.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "Invalid command: you're currently in a %s/%s bisect"
-msgstr "無效的指令：您目前正處於一個 %s/%s 二分搜尋中"
+msgstr "命令無效：您目前正處於二分搜尋 %s/%s 的狀態"
 
 #: builtin/bisect--helper.c
 #, c-format
@@ -2852,8 +2866,8 @@
 "You need to give me at least one %s and %s revision.\n"
 "You can use \"git bisect %s\" and \"git bisect %s\" for that."
 msgstr ""
-"您需要給我至少一個 %s 和一個 %s 版本。\n"
-"為此您可以用 \"git bisect %s\" 和 \"git bisect %s\"。"
+"需指定至少一個 %s 和一個 %s 修訂版。\n"
+"為此您可以用 “git bisect %s” 和 “git bisect %s”。"
 
 #: builtin/bisect--helper.c
 #, c-format
@@ -2862,9 +2876,9 @@
 "You then need to give me at least one %s and %s revision.\n"
 "You can use \"git bisect %s\" and \"git bisect %s\" for that."
 msgstr ""
-"您需要執行 \"git bisect start\" 來開始。\n"
-"然後需要提供我至少一個 %s 和一個 %s 版本。\n"
-"為此您可以用 \"git bisect %s\" 和 \"git bisect %s\" 指令。"
+"要開始，請執行 “git bisect start”。\n"
+"接著提供至少一個 %s 和一個 %s 修訂版。\n"
+"為此您可以用 “git bisect %s” 和 “git bisect %s”。"
 
 #: builtin/bisect--helper.c
 #, c-format
@@ -2878,7 +2892,7 @@
 #.
 #: builtin/bisect--helper.c
 msgid "Are you sure [Y/n]? "
-msgstr "您確認嗎[Y/n]？ "
+msgstr "是否確定 [Y/n]? "
 
 #: builtin/bisect--helper.c
 msgid "status: waiting for both good and bad commits\n"
@@ -2903,7 +2917,9 @@
 msgid ""
 "Your current terms are %s for the old state\n"
 "and %s for the new state.\n"
-msgstr "您目前針對舊狀態的術語是 %s，對新狀態的術語是 %s。\n"
+msgstr ""
+"您目前針對舊狀態的術語是 %s；\n"
+"對新狀態的術語是 %s。\n"
 
 #: builtin/bisect--helper.c
 #, c-format
@@ -2911,57 +2927,57 @@
 "invalid argument %s for 'git bisect terms'.\n"
 "Supported options are: --term-good|--term-old and --term-bad|--term-new."
 msgstr ""
-"指令 'git bisect terms' 的參數 %s 無效。\n"
+"傳入 “git bisect terms” 的 %s 引數無效。\n"
 "支援的選項有：--term-good|--term-old 和 --term-bad|--term-new。"
 
 #: builtin/bisect--helper.c
 msgid "revision walk setup failed\n"
-msgstr "版本遍歷設定失敗\n"
+msgstr "修訂版遍歷設定失敗\n"
 
 #: builtin/bisect--helper.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "could not open '%s' for appending"
-msgstr "無法開啟 '%s' 進行附加"
+msgstr "無法開啟 “%s” 進行附加"
 
 #: builtin/bisect--helper.c
 msgid "'' is not a valid term"
-msgstr "'' 不是一個有效的術語"
+msgstr "“ ” 不是有效術語"
 
 #: builtin/bisect--helper.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "unrecognized option: '%s'"
-msgstr "未識別的選項：'%s'"
+msgstr "無法識別選項：“%s”"
 
 #: builtin/bisect--helper.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "'%s' does not appear to be a valid revision"
-msgstr "'%s' 看起來不是一個有效的版本"
+msgstr "“%s” 似乎不是有效修訂版"
 
 #: builtin/bisect--helper.c
 msgid "bad HEAD - I need a HEAD"
-msgstr "壞的 HEAD - 我需要一個 HEAD"
+msgstr "HEAD 無效 — 需要一個 HEAD"
 
 #: builtin/bisect--helper.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "checking out '%s' failed. Try 'git bisect start <valid-branch>'."
-msgstr "簽出 '%s' 失敗。嘗試 'git bisect start <有效分支>'。"
+msgstr "簽出 “%s” 失敗。請嘗試 “git bisect start <valid-branch>”。"
 
 #: builtin/bisect--helper.c
 msgid "won't bisect on cg-seek'ed tree"
-msgstr "不會在做了 cg-seek 的樹上做二分搜尋"
+msgstr "不會在做了 cg-seek 的樹狀物件上進行二分搜尋"
 
 #: builtin/bisect--helper.c
 msgid "bad HEAD - strange symbolic ref"
-msgstr "壞的 HEAD - 奇怪的符號引用"
+msgstr "HEAD 無效 — 異常符號引用"
 
 #: builtin/bisect--helper.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "invalid ref: '%s'"
-msgstr "無效的引用：'%s'"
+msgstr "引用無效：“%s”"
 
 #: builtin/bisect--helper.c
 msgid "You need to start by \"git bisect start\"\n"
-msgstr "您需要執行 \"git bisect start\" 來開始\n"
+msgstr "要開始，請執行 “git bisect start”\n"
 
 #  譯者：請維持句尾空格
 #. TRANSLATORS: Make sure to include [Y] and [n] in your
@@ -2970,7 +2986,7 @@
 #.
 #: builtin/bisect--helper.c
 msgid "Do you want me to do it for you [Y/n]? "
-msgstr "您想讓我為您這樣做嗎[Y/n]？ "
+msgstr "是否要這麼做 [Y/n]? "
 
 #: builtin/bisect--helper.c
 msgid "Please call `--bisect-state` with at least one argument"
@@ -2979,17 +2995,17 @@
 #: builtin/bisect--helper.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "'git bisect %s' can take only one argument."
-msgstr "'git bisect %s' 只能有一個參數。"
+msgstr "“git bisect %s” 只取一個引數。"
 
 #: builtin/bisect--helper.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "Bad rev input: %s"
-msgstr "<修訂版> 輸入格式錯誤：%s"
+msgstr "rev 輸入格式錯誤：%s"
 
 #: builtin/bisect--helper.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "Bad rev input (not a commit): %s"
-msgstr "修訂版輸入有誤（不是提交）：%s"
+msgstr "rev 輸入有誤（不是提交）：%s"
 
 #: builtin/bisect--helper.c
 msgid "We are not bisecting."
@@ -3003,7 +3019,7 @@
 #: builtin/bisect--helper.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "cannot read file '%s' for replaying"
-msgstr "無法讀取「%s」檔案來重放"
+msgstr "無法讀取「%s」檔案進行重放"
 
 #: builtin/bisect--helper.c
 #, c-format
@@ -3012,27 +3028,27 @@
 
 #: builtin/bisect--helper.c
 msgid "bisect run failed: no command provided."
-msgstr "二分搜尋執行失敗：沒有提供指令。"
+msgstr "二分搜尋執行失敗：沒有提供命令。"
 
 #: builtin/bisect--helper.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "unable to verify '%s' on good revision"
-msgstr "無法在正確修訂版上驗證「%s」"
+msgstr "無法在好的修訂版上驗證 “%s”"
 
 #: builtin/bisect--helper.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "bogus exit code %d for good revision"
-msgstr "正確修訂版回傳偽造的錯誤代碼 %d"
+msgstr "好的修訂版回傳偽造的錯誤碼 %d"
 
 #: builtin/bisect--helper.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "bisect run failed: exit code %d from '%s' is < 0 or >= 128"
-msgstr "二分搜尋執行失敗：「%2$s」返回的離開碼 %1$d 小於 0 或 >= 128"
+msgstr "二分搜尋執行失敗：“%2$s” 回傳的離開碼 %1$d 小於 0 或 >= 128"
 
 #: builtin/bisect--helper.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "cannot open file '%s' for writing"
-msgstr "無法開啟「%s」檔案進行寫入"
+msgstr "無法開啟 “%s” 檔案進行寫入"
 
 #: builtin/bisect--helper.c
 msgid "bisect run cannot continue any more"
@@ -3054,63 +3070,15 @@
 "bisect run failed: 'git bisect--helper --bisect-state %s' exited with error "
 "code %d"
 msgstr ""
-"二分搜尋執行失敗：'git bisect--helper --bisect-state %s' 以錯誤代碼 %d 離開"
-
-#: builtin/bisect--helper.c
-msgid "reset the bisection state"
-msgstr "清除二分搜尋狀態"
-
-#: builtin/bisect--helper.c
-msgid "check whether bad or good terms exist"
-msgstr "檢查壞的或好的術語是否存在"
-
-#: builtin/bisect--helper.c
-msgid "print out the bisect terms"
-msgstr "列印二分搜尋術語"
-
-#: builtin/bisect--helper.c
-msgid "start the bisect session"
-msgstr "啟動二分搜尋過程"
-
-#: builtin/bisect--helper.c
-msgid "find the next bisection commit"
-msgstr "尋找下一個二分搜尋提交"
-
-#: builtin/bisect--helper.c
-msgid "mark the state of ref (or refs)"
-msgstr "標記 ref (或 refs) 的狀態"
-
-#: builtin/bisect--helper.c
-msgid "list the bisection steps so far"
-msgstr "列出迄今的二分搜尋步驟"
-
-#: builtin/bisect--helper.c
-msgid "replay the bisection process from the given file"
-msgstr "從指定檔案重放二分搜尋過程"
-
-#: builtin/bisect--helper.c
-msgid "skip some commits for checkout"
-msgstr "略過要簽出的部分提交"
-
-#: builtin/bisect--helper.c
-msgid "visualize the bisection"
-msgstr "視覺化二分搜尋過程"
-
-#: builtin/bisect--helper.c
-msgid "use <cmd>... to automatically bisect"
-msgstr "使用 <cmd>... 自動進行二分搜尋"
-
-#: builtin/bisect--helper.c
-msgid "no log for BISECT_WRITE"
-msgstr "BISECT_WRITE 無日誌"
+"二分搜尋執行失敗：“git bisect--helper --bisect-state %s” 以錯誤碼 %d 離開"
 
 #: builtin/bisect--helper.c
 msgid "--bisect-reset requires either no argument or a commit"
-msgstr "--bisect-reset 無需參數或者需要一個提交"
+msgstr "--bisect-reset 可以不需要引數，或者得傳入一個提交"
 
 #: builtin/bisect--helper.c
 msgid "--bisect-terms requires 0 or 1 argument"
-msgstr "--bisect-terms 需要 0 或 1 個參數"
+msgstr "--bisect-terms 需要 0 或 1 個引數"
 
 #: builtin/bisect--helper.c
 msgid "--bisect-next requires 0 arguments"
@@ -3129,6 +3097,10 @@
 msgstr "git blame [<選項>] [<版本選項>] [<版本>] [--] <檔案>"
 
 #: builtin/blame.c
+msgid "git annotate [<options>] [<rev-opts>] [<rev>] [--] <file>"
+msgstr "git annotate [<選項>] [<版本選項>] [<版本>] [--] <檔案>"
+
+#: builtin/blame.c
 msgid "<rev-opts> are documented in git-rev-list(1)"
 msgstr "<版本選項> 的檔案記錄在 git-rev-list(1) 中"
 
@@ -3367,10 +3339,6 @@
 msgstr "不能將 -a 和 -d 同時使用"
 
 #: builtin/branch.c
-msgid "Couldn't look up commit object for HEAD"
-msgstr "無法查詢 HEAD 指向的提交物件"
-
-#: builtin/branch.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "Cannot delete branch '%s' checked out at '%s'"
 msgstr "無法刪除在「%2$s」簽出的「%1$s」分支"
@@ -3419,19 +3387,21 @@
 msgstr "分支 %s 正被二分搜尋於 %s"
 
 #: builtin/branch.c
-msgid "cannot copy the current branch while not on any."
-msgstr "無法複製目前分支因為不處於任何分支上。"
-
-#: builtin/branch.c
-msgid "cannot rename the current branch while not on any."
-msgstr "無法重新命名目前分支因為不處於任何分支上。"
-
-#: builtin/branch.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "Invalid branch name: '%s'"
 msgstr "無效的分支名：'%s'"
 
 #: builtin/branch.c
+#, c-format
+msgid "No commit on branch '%s' yet."
+msgstr "分支 '%s' 尚無提交。"
+
+#: builtin/branch.c
+#, c-format
+msgid "No branch named '%s'."
+msgstr "沒有分支 '%s'。"
+
+#: builtin/branch.c
 msgid "Branch rename failed"
 msgstr "分支重新命名失敗"
 
@@ -3638,14 +3608,12 @@
 msgstr "不能為一個以上的分支編輯描述"
 
 #: builtin/branch.c
-#, c-format
-msgid "No commit on branch '%s' yet."
-msgstr "分支 '%s' 尚無提交。"
+msgid "cannot copy the current branch while not on any."
+msgstr "無法複製目前分支因為不處於任何分支上。"
 
 #: builtin/branch.c
-#, c-format
-msgid "No branch named '%s'."
-msgstr "沒有分支 '%s'。"
+msgid "cannot rename the current branch while not on any."
+msgstr "無法重新命名目前分支因為不處於任何分支上。"
 
 #: builtin/branch.c
 msgid "too many branches for a copy operation"
@@ -3726,11 +3694,11 @@
 
 #: builtin/bugreport.c
 msgid ""
-"git bugreport [-o|--output-directory <file>] [-s|--suffix <format>] [--"
-"diagnose[=<mode>]"
+"git bugreport [(-o | --output-directory) <path>] [(-s | --suffix) <format>]\n"
+"              [--diagnose[=<mode>]]"
 msgstr ""
-"git bugreport [-o|--output-directory <file>] [-s|--suffix <format>] [--"
-"diagnose[=<mode>]"
+"git bugreport [(-o | --output-directory) <path>] [(-s | --suffix) <format>]\n"
+"              [--diagnose[=<mode>]]"
 
 #: builtin/bugreport.c
 msgid ""
@@ -3778,7 +3746,7 @@
 
 #: builtin/bugreport.c
 msgid "specify a destination for the bugreport file(s)"
-msgstr "指定錯誤報告檔案的目的地"
+msgstr "請指定臭蟲報告檔案的目的地"
 
 #: builtin/bugreport.c
 msgid "specify a strftime format suffix for the filename(s)"
@@ -3813,20 +3781,26 @@
 msgstr "已在「%s」建立新報告。\n"
 
 #: builtin/bundle.c
-msgid "git bundle create [<options>] <file> <git-rev-list args>"
-msgstr "git bundle create [<選項>] <檔案> <git-rev-list 參數>"
+msgid ""
+"git bundle create [-q | --quiet | --progress | --all-progress] [--all-"
+"progress-implied]\n"
+"                  [--version=<version>] <file> <git-rev-list-args>"
+msgstr ""
+"git bundle create [-q | --quiet | --progress | --all-progress] [--all-"
+"progress-implied]\n"
+"                  [--version=<version>] <file> <git-rev-list-args>"
 
 #: builtin/bundle.c
-msgid "git bundle verify [<options>] <file>"
-msgstr "git bundle verify [<選項>] <檔案>"
+msgid "git bundle verify [-q | --quiet] <file>"
+msgstr "git bundle verify [-q | --quiet] <file>"
 
 #: builtin/bundle.c
 msgid "git bundle list-heads <file> [<refname>...]"
 msgstr "git bundle list-heads <檔案> [<引用名稱>...]"
 
 #: builtin/bundle.c
-msgid "git bundle unbundle <file> [<refname>...]"
-msgstr "git bundle unbundle <檔案> [<引用名稱>...]"
+msgid "git bundle unbundle [--progress] <file> [<refname>...]"
+msgstr "git bundle unbundle [--progress] <file> [<refname>...]"
 
 #: builtin/bundle.c builtin/pack-objects.c
 msgid "do not show progress meter"
@@ -3846,15 +3820,15 @@
 
 #: builtin/bundle.c
 msgid "specify bundle format version"
-msgstr "指定套件的格式版本"
+msgstr "指定套件包的格式版本"
 
 #: builtin/bundle.c
 msgid "Need a repository to create a bundle."
-msgstr "需要版本庫來建立套件。"
+msgstr "需要版本庫來建立套件包。"
 
 #: builtin/bundle.c
 msgid "do not show bundle details"
-msgstr "不顯示套件詳細資訊"
+msgstr "不顯示套件包的詳細資訊"
 
 #: builtin/bundle.c
 #, c-format
@@ -3863,7 +3837,7 @@
 
 #: builtin/bundle.c
 msgid "Need a repository to unbundle."
-msgstr "需要版本庫才能拆分套件。"
+msgstr "需要版本庫才能拆分套件包。"
 
 #: builtin/bundle.c
 msgid "Unbundling objects"
@@ -3923,12 +3897,12 @@
 "git cat-file (--batch | --batch-check | --batch-command) [--batch-all-"
 "objects]\n"
 "             [--buffer] [--follow-symlinks] [--unordered]\n"
-"             [--textconv | --filters]"
+"             [--textconv | --filters] [-z]"
 msgstr ""
 "git cat-file (--batch | --batch-check | --batch-command) [--batch-all-"
 "objects]\n"
 "             [--buffer] [--follow-symlinks] [--unordered]\n"
-"             [--textconv | --filters]"
+"             [--textconv | --filters] [-z]"
 
 #: builtin/cat-file.c
 msgid ""
@@ -3984,7 +3958,7 @@
 
 #: builtin/cat-file.c
 msgid "stdin is NUL-terminated"
-msgstr "標準輸入的結尾是 NUL"
+msgstr "標準輸入以 NUL 字元終止"
 
 #: builtin/cat-file.c
 msgid "read commands from stdin"
@@ -4065,11 +4039,6 @@
 msgid "<object> required with '-%c'"
 msgstr "<object> 需要搭配「-%c」"
 
-#: builtin/cat-file.c builtin/notes.c builtin/prune-packed.c
-#: builtin/receive-pack.c builtin/tag.c
-msgid "too many arguments"
-msgstr "太多參數"
-
 #: builtin/cat-file.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "only two arguments allowed in <type> <object> mode, not %d"
@@ -4714,9 +4683,10 @@
 
 #: builtin/clean.c
 msgid ""
-"git clean [-d] [-f] [-i] [-n] [-q] [-e <pattern>] [-x | -X] [--] <paths>..."
+"git clean [-d] [-f] [-i] [-n] [-q] [-e <pattern>] [-x | -X] [--] "
+"[<pathspec>...]"
 msgstr ""
-"git clean [-d] [-f] [-i] [-n] [-q] [-e <模式>] [-x | -X] [--] <路徑>..."
+"git clean [-d] [-f] [-i] [-n] [-q] [-e <模式>] [-x | -X] [--] [<路徑規格>...]"
 
 #: builtin/clean.c
 #, c-format
@@ -5059,7 +5029,7 @@
 
 #: builtin/clone.c
 msgid "a URI for downloading bundles before fetching from origin remote"
-msgstr "在從 origin 遠端抓取前，用來下載套件的 URI"
+msgstr "在從 origin 遠端抓取前，用來下載套件包的 URI"
 
 #: builtin/clone.c
 #, c-format
@@ -5081,6 +5051,11 @@
 msgid "failed to start iterator over '%s'"
 msgstr "無法在 '%s' 上啟動疊代器"
 
+#: builtin/clone.c
+#, c-format
+msgid "symlink '%s' exists, refusing to clone with --local"
+msgstr "「%s」符號連結已存在，拒絕使用 --local 複製"
+
 #: builtin/clone.c compat/precompose_utf8.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "failed to unlink '%s'"
@@ -5136,7 +5111,7 @@
 
 #: builtin/clone.c
 msgid "remote HEAD refers to nonexistent ref, unable to checkout"
-msgstr "遠端 HEAD 指向不存在的引用，無法簽出"
+msgstr "遠端 HEAD 指向一個不存在的引用，無法簽出"
 
 #: builtin/clone.c
 msgid "unable to checkout working tree"
@@ -5163,11 +5138,6 @@
 msgstr "您必須指定要複製的版本庫。"
 
 #: builtin/clone.c
-#, c-format
-msgid "options '%s' and '%s %s' cannot be used together"
-msgstr "「%s」和「%s %s」選項不得同時使用"
-
-#: builtin/clone.c
 msgid ""
 "--bundle-uri is incompatible with --depth, --shallow-since, and --shallow-"
 "exclude"
@@ -5259,16 +5229,16 @@
 
 #: builtin/clone.c
 msgid "cannot clone from filtered bundle"
-msgstr "無法從過濾後的套件複製"
+msgstr "無法從過濾後的套件包複製"
 
 #: builtin/clone.c
 msgid "failed to initialize the repo, skipping bundle URI"
-msgstr "無法初始化版本庫，略過套件 URI"
+msgstr "無法初始化版本庫，略過套件包 URI"
 
 #: builtin/clone.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "failed to fetch objects from bundle URI '%s'"
-msgstr "無法從套件 URL “%s” 抓取物件"
+msgstr "無法從套件包 URL “%s” 抓取物件"
 
 #: builtin/clone.c
 msgid "remote transport reported error"
@@ -5317,22 +5287,27 @@
 
 #: builtin/commit-graph.c
 msgid ""
-"git commit-graph verify [--object-dir <objdir>] [--shallow] [--[no-]progress]"
+"git commit-graph verify [--object-dir <dir>] [--shallow] [--[no-]progress]"
 msgstr ""
-"git commit-graph verify [--object-dir <物件目錄>] [--shallow] [--"
-"[no-]progress]"
+"git commit-graph verify [--object-dir <目錄>] [--shallow] [--[no-]progress]"
 
 #: builtin/commit-graph.c
 msgid ""
-"git commit-graph write [--object-dir <objdir>] [--append] [--"
-"split[=<strategy>]] [--reachable|--stdin-packs|--stdin-commits] [--changed-"
-"paths] [--[no-]max-new-filters <n>] [--[no-]progress] <split options>"
+"git commit-graph write [--object-dir <dir>] [--append]\n"
+"                       [--split[=<strategy>]] [--reachable | --stdin-packs | "
+"--stdin-commits]\n"
+"                       [--changed-paths] [--[no-]max-new-filters <n>] [--"
+"[no-]progress]\n"
+"                       <split options>"
 msgstr ""
-"git commit-graph write [--object-dir <objdir>] [--append] [--"
-"split[=<strategy>]] [--reachable|--stdin-packs|--stdin-commits] [--changed-"
-"paths] [--[no-]max-new-filters <n>] [--[no-]progress] <split options>"
+"git commit-graph write [--object-dir <dir>] [--append]\n"
+"                       [--split[=<strategy>]] [--reachable | --stdin-packs | "
+"--stdin-commits]\n"
+"                       [--changed-paths] [--[no-]max-new-filters <n>] [--"
+"[no-]progress]\n"
+"                       <split options>"
 
-#: builtin/commit-graph.c builtin/fetch.c builtin/log.c
+#: builtin/commit-graph.c builtin/fetch.c builtin/log.c builtin/repack.c
 msgid "dir"
 msgstr "目錄"
 
@@ -5418,12 +5393,16 @@
 msgstr "正在從輸入收集提交"
 
 #: builtin/commit-tree.c
+msgid "git commit-tree <tree> [(-p <parent>)...]"
+msgstr "git commit-tree <tree> [(-p <parent>)...]"
+
+#: builtin/commit-tree.c
 msgid ""
-"git commit-tree [(-p <parent>)...] [-S[<keyid>]] [(-m <message>)...] [(-F "
-"<file>)...] <tree>"
+"git commit-tree [(-p <parent>)...] [-S[<keyid>]] [(-m <message>)...]\n"
+"                [(-F <file>)...] <tree>"
 msgstr ""
-"git commit-tree [(-p <父提交>)...] [-S[<keyid>]] [(-m <消息>)...] [(-F <檔案"
-">)...] <樹>"
+"git commit-tree [(-p <parent>)...] [-S[<keyid>]] [(-m <message>)...]\n"
+"                [(-F <file>)...] <tree>"
 
 #: builtin/commit-tree.c
 #, c-format
@@ -5480,12 +5459,30 @@
 msgstr "git commit-tree：讀取失敗"
 
 #: builtin/commit.c
-msgid "git commit [<options>] [--] <pathspec>..."
-msgstr "git commit [<選項>] [--] <路徑規格>..."
+msgid ""
+"git commit [-a | --interactive | --patch] [-s] [-v] [-u<mode>] [--amend]\n"
+"           [--dry-run] [(-c | -C | --squash) <commit> | --fixup [(amend|"
+"reword):]<commit>)]\n"
+"           [-F <file> | -m <msg>] [--reset-author] [--allow-empty]\n"
+"           [--allow-empty-message] [--no-verify] [-e] [--author=<author>]\n"
+"           [--date=<date>] [--cleanup=<mode>] [--[no-]status]\n"
+"           [-i | -o] [--pathspec-from-file=<file> [--pathspec-file-nul]]\n"
+"           [(--trailer <token>[(=|:)<value>])...] [-S[<keyid>]]\n"
+"           [--] [<pathspec>...]"
+msgstr ""
+"git commit [-a | --interactive | --patch] [-s] [-v] [-u<mode>] [--amend]\n"
+"           [--dry-run] [(-c | -C | --squash) <commit> | --fixup [(amend|"
+"reword):]<commit>)]\n"
+"           [-F <file> | -m <msg>] [--reset-author] [--allow-empty]\n"
+"           [--allow-empty-message] [--no-verify] [-e] [--author=<author>]\n"
+"           [--date=<date>] [--cleanup=<mode>] [--[no-]status]\n"
+"           [-i | -o] [--pathspec-from-file=<file> [--pathspec-file-nul]]\n"
+"           [(--trailer <token>[(=|:)<value>])...] [-S[<keyid>]]\n"
+"           [--] [<pathspec>...]"
 
 #: builtin/commit.c
-msgid "git status [<options>] [--] <pathspec>..."
-msgstr "git status [<選項>] [--] <路徑規格>..."
+msgid "git status [<options>] [--] [<pathspec>...]"
+msgstr "git status [<選項>] [--] [<路徑規格>...]"
 
 #: builtin/commit.c
 msgid ""
@@ -5827,7 +5824,7 @@
 
 #: builtin/commit.c
 msgid "show stash information"
-msgstr "顯示儲藏區訊息"
+msgstr "顯示貯存區訊息"
 
 #: builtin/commit.c
 msgid "compute full ahead/behind values"
@@ -6100,7 +6097,7 @@
 msgid "use per-worktree config file"
 msgstr "使用工作區級別的設定檔案"
 
-#: builtin/config.c
+#: builtin/config.c builtin/gc.c
 msgid "use given config file"
 msgstr "使用指定的設定檔案"
 
@@ -6226,11 +6223,11 @@
 
 #: builtin/config.c
 msgid "respect include directives on lookup"
-msgstr "查詢時參照 include 指令遞迴尋找"
+msgstr "查詢時引用 include 指令遞迴尋找"
 
 #: builtin/config.c
 msgid "show origin of config (file, standard input, blob, command line)"
-msgstr "顯示設定的來源（檔案、標準輸入、資料物件，或指令列）"
+msgstr "顯示設定的來源（檔案、標準輸入、資料物件，或命令列）"
 
 #: builtin/config.c
 msgid "show scope of config (worktree, local, global, system, command)"
@@ -6323,7 +6320,7 @@
 msgid "--worktree can only be used inside a git repository"
 msgstr "--worktree 只能在 git 版本庫中使用"
 
-#: builtin/config.c
+#: builtin/config.c builtin/gc.c
 msgid "$HOME not set"
 msgstr "$HOME 未設定"
 
@@ -6433,12 +6430,20 @@
 msgstr "無法在 %d 毫秒內取得憑證儲存空間的鎖"
 
 #: builtin/describe.c
-msgid "git describe [<options>] [<commit-ish>...]"
-msgstr "git describe [<選項>] [<提交號>...]"
+msgid ""
+"git describe [--all] [--tags] [--contains] [--abbrev=<n>] [<commit-ish>...]"
+msgstr ""
+"git describe [--all] [--tags] [--contains] [--abbrev=<n>] [<commit-ish>...]"
 
 #: builtin/describe.c
-msgid "git describe [<options>] --dirty"
-msgstr "git describe [<選項>] --dirty"
+msgid ""
+"git describe [--all] [--tags] [--contains] [--abbrev=<n>] --dirty[=<mark>]"
+msgstr ""
+"git describe [--all] [--tags] [--contains] [--abbrev=<n>] --dirty[=<mark>]"
+
+#: builtin/describe.c
+msgid "git describe <blob>"
+msgstr "git describe <blob>"
 
 #: builtin/describe.c
 msgid "head"
@@ -6591,15 +6596,15 @@
 
 #: builtin/diagnose.c
 msgid ""
-"git diagnose [-o|--output-directory <path>] [-s|--suffix <format>] [--"
-"mode=<mode>]"
+"git diagnose [(-o | --output-directory) <path>] [(-s | --suffix) <format>]\n"
+"             [--mode=<mode>]"
 msgstr ""
-"git diagnose [-o|--output-directory <path>] [-s|--suffix <format>] [--"
-"mode=<mode>]"
+"git diagnose [(-o | --output-directory) <path>] [(-s | --suffix) <format>]\n"
+"             [--mode=<mode>]"
 
 #: builtin/diagnose.c
 msgid "specify a destination for the diagnostics archive"
-msgstr "指定診斷封存檔的目的地"
+msgstr "請指定診斷封存檔的目的地"
 
 #: builtin/diagnose.c
 msgid "specify a strftime format suffix for the filename"
@@ -6619,6 +6624,10 @@
 msgstr "'%s'：不是一個正規檔案或符號連結"
 
 #: builtin/diff.c
+msgid "no merge given, only parents."
+msgstr "沒有提供合併提交，只有提供父提交。"
+
+#: builtin/diff.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "invalid option: %s"
 msgstr "無效選項：%s"
@@ -6781,8 +6790,8 @@
 #: builtin/env--helper.c
 #, c-format
 msgid ""
-"option `--default' expects an unsigned long value with `--type=ulong`, not `"
-"%s`"
+"option `--default' expects an unsigned long value with `--type=ulong`, not "
+"`%s`"
 msgstr "選項「--default」預期收到「--type=ulong」的無號 long 數值，而非「%s」"
 
 #: builtin/fast-export.c
@@ -7410,8 +7419,8 @@
 msgstr "只列印不包含該提交的引用"
 
 #: builtin/for-each-repo.c
-msgid "git for-each-repo --config=<config> <command-args>"
-msgstr "git for-each-repo --config=<設定> <命令引數>"
+msgid "git for-each-repo --config=<config> [--] <arguments>"
+msgstr "git for-each-repo --config=<config> [--] <arguments>"
 
 #: builtin/for-each-repo.c
 msgid "config"
@@ -7628,8 +7637,16 @@
 msgstr "%s：resolve-undo 的 sha1 指針無效"
 
 #: builtin/fsck.c
-msgid "git fsck [<options>] [<object>...]"
-msgstr "git fsck [<選項>] [<物件>...]"
+msgid ""
+"git fsck [--tags] [--root] [--unreachable] [--cache] [--no-reflogs]\n"
+"         [--[no-]full] [--strict] [--verbose] [--lost-found]\n"
+"         [--[no-]dangling] [--[no-]progress] [--connectivity-only]\n"
+"         [--[no-]name-objects] [<object>...]"
+msgstr ""
+"git fsck [--tags] [--root] [--unreachable] [--cache] [--no-reflogs]\n"
+"         [--[no-]full] [--strict] [--verbose] [--lost-found]\n"
+"         [--[no-]dangling] [--[no-]progress] [--connectivity-only]\n"
+"         [--[no-]name-objects] [<object>...]"
 
 #: builtin/fsck.c
 msgid "show unreachable objects"
@@ -7702,14 +7719,6 @@
 msgstr "git fsmonitor--daemon run [<options>]"
 
 #: builtin/fsmonitor--daemon.c
-msgid "git fsmonitor--daemon stop"
-msgstr "git fsmonitor--daemon stop"
-
-#: builtin/fsmonitor--daemon.c
-msgid "git fsmonitor--daemon status"
-msgstr "git fsmonitor--daemon status"
-
-#: builtin/fsmonitor--daemon.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "value of '%s' out of range: %d"
 msgstr "「%s」的數值超出範圍：%d"
@@ -7809,7 +7818,7 @@
 msgid "invalid 'ipc-threads' value (%d)"
 msgstr "無效的「ipc-threads」數值（%d）"
 
-#: builtin/fsmonitor--daemon.c
+#: builtin/fsmonitor--daemon.c t/helper/test-cache-tree.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "Unhandled subcommand '%s'"
 msgstr "未處理的子命令「%s」"
@@ -7857,7 +7866,7 @@
 
 #: builtin/gc.c
 msgid "pack unreferenced objects separately"
-msgstr "獨立封裝無參照物件"
+msgstr "獨立封裝無引用物件"
 
 #: builtin/gc.c
 msgid "be more thorough (increased runtime)"
@@ -8008,8 +8017,23 @@
 msgstr "--auto 和 --schedule=<頻率> 請任選一"
 
 #: builtin/gc.c
-msgid "failed to run 'git config'"
-msgstr "無法執行 ‘git config’"
+#, c-format
+msgid "unable to add '%s' value of '%s'"
+msgstr "無法為「%2$s」的值加上「%1$s」"
+
+#: builtin/gc.c
+msgid "return success even if repository was not registered"
+msgstr "即便版本庫未註冊仍回傳成功狀態"
+
+#: builtin/gc.c
+#, c-format
+msgid "unable to unset '%s' value of '%s'"
+msgstr "無法取消設定「%2$s」的「%1$s」值"
+
+#: builtin/gc.c
+#, c-format
+msgid "repository '%s' is not registered"
+msgstr "版本庫「%s」未註冊"
 
 #: builtin/gc.c
 #, c-format
@@ -8386,11 +8410,15 @@
 
 #: builtin/hash-object.c
 msgid ""
-"git hash-object [-t <type>] [-w] [--path=<file> | --no-filters] [--stdin] "
-"[--] <file>..."
+"git hash-object [-t <type>] [-w] [--path=<file> | --no-filters]\n"
+"                [--stdin [--literally]] [--] <file>..."
 msgstr ""
-"git hash-object [-t <類型>] [-w] [--path=<檔案> | --no-filters] [--stdin] "
-"[--] <檔案>..."
+"git hash-object [-t <type>] [-w] [--path=<file> | --no-filters]\n"
+"                [--stdin [--literally]] [--] <file>..."
+
+#: builtin/hash-object.c
+msgid "git hash-object [-t <type>] [-w] --stdin-paths [--no-filters]"
+msgstr "git hash-object [-t <type>] [-w] --stdin-paths [--no-filters]"
 
 #: builtin/hash-object.c
 msgid "object type"
@@ -8918,11 +8946,15 @@
 
 #: builtin/init-db.c
 msgid ""
-"git init [-q | --quiet] [--bare] [--template=<template-directory>] [--"
-"shared[=<permissions>]] [<directory>]"
+"git init [-q | --quiet] [--bare] [--template=<template-directory>]\n"
+"         [--separate-git-dir <git-dir>] [--object-format=<format>]\n"
+"         [-b <branch-name> | --initial-branch=<branch-name>]\n"
+"         [--shared[=<permissions>]] [<directory>]"
 msgstr ""
-"git init [-q | --quiet] [--bare] [--template=<範本目錄>] [--shared[=<權限>]] "
-"[<目錄>]"
+"git init [-q | --quiet] [--bare] [--template=<template-directory>]\n"
+"         [--separate-git-dir <git-dir>] [--object-format=<format>]\n"
+"         [-b <branch-name> | --initial-branch=<branch-name>]\n"
+"         [--shared[=<permissions>]] [<directory>]"
 
 #: builtin/init-db.c
 msgid "permissions"
@@ -8972,11 +9004,13 @@
 
 #: builtin/interpret-trailers.c
 msgid ""
-"git interpret-trailers [--in-place] [--trim-empty] [(--trailer "
-"<token>[(=|:)<value>])...] [<file>...]"
+"git interpret-trailers [--in-place] [--trim-empty]\n"
+"                       [(--trailer <token>[(=|:)<value>])...]\n"
+"                       [--parse] [<file>...]"
 msgstr ""
-"git interpret-trailers [--in-place] [--trim-empty] [(--trailer <鍵>[(=|:)<值"
-">])...] [<檔案>...]"
+"git interpret-trailers [--in-place] [--trim-empty]\n"
+"                       [(--trailer <token>[(=|:)<value>])...]\n"
+"                       [--parse] [<file>...]"
 
 #: builtin/interpret-trailers.c
 msgid "edit files in place"
@@ -9594,12 +9628,12 @@
 #: builtin/ls-remote.c
 msgid ""
 "git ls-remote [--heads] [--tags] [--refs] [--upload-pack=<exec>]\n"
-"              [-q | --quiet] [--exit-code] [--get-url]\n"
+"              [-q | --quiet] [--exit-code] [--get-url] [--sort=<key>]\n"
 "              [--symref] [<repository> [<refs>...]]"
 msgstr ""
 "git ls-remote [--heads] [--tags] [--refs] [--upload-pack=<exec>]\n"
-"              [-q | --quiet] [--exit-code] [--get-url]\n"
-"              [--symref] [<版本庫> [<引用>...]]"
+"              [-q | --quiet] [--exit-code] [--get-url] [--sort=<key>]\n"
+"              [--symref] [<repository> [<refs>...]]"
 
 #: builtin/ls-remote.c
 msgid "do not print remote URL"
@@ -9752,7 +9786,7 @@
 
 #: builtin/mailsplit.c
 msgid "reading patches from stdin/tty..."
-msgstr "正在從標準輸入或 tty 讀取修補檔內容⋯⋯"
+msgstr "正在從標準輸入或 tty 讀取修補檔內容……"
 
 #: builtin/mailsplit.c
 #, c-format
@@ -9768,14 +9802,14 @@
 msgstr "git merge-base [-a | --all] --octopus <提交>..."
 
 #: builtin/merge-base.c
-msgid "git merge-base --independent <commit>..."
-msgstr "git merge-base --independent <提交>..."
-
-#: builtin/merge-base.c
 msgid "git merge-base --is-ancestor <commit> <commit>"
 msgstr "git merge-base --is-ancestor <提交> <提交>"
 
 #: builtin/merge-base.c
+msgid "git merge-base --independent <commit>..."
+msgstr "git merge-base --independent <提交>..."
+
+#: builtin/merge-base.c
 msgid "git merge-base --fork-point <ref> [<commit>]"
 msgstr "git merge-base --fork-point <引用> [<提交>]"
 
@@ -9914,9 +9948,23 @@
 msgstr "允許合並不相關的歷史"
 
 #: builtin/merge-tree.c
+msgid "perform multiple merges, one per line of input"
+msgstr "執行多次合併，一次執行輸入一列"
+
+#: builtin/merge-tree.c
 msgid "--trivial-merge is incompatible with all other options"
 msgstr "--trivial-merge 和其他所有選項都不相容"
 
+#: builtin/merge-tree.c builtin/notes.c
+#, c-format
+msgid "malformed input line: '%s'."
+msgstr "格式錯誤的輸入行：'%s'。"
+
+#: builtin/merge-tree.c
+#, c-format
+msgid "merging cannot continue; got unclean result of %d"
+msgstr "無法繼續合併：從 %d 收到的結果不乾淨"
+
 #: builtin/merge.c
 msgid "git merge [<options>] [<commit>...]"
 msgstr "git merge [<選項>] [<提交>...]"
@@ -10029,11 +10077,11 @@
 
 #: builtin/merge.c
 msgid "could not run stash."
-msgstr "不能執行儲藏。"
+msgstr "不能執行貯存。"
 
 #: builtin/merge.c
 msgid "stash failed"
-msgstr "儲藏失敗"
+msgstr "貯存失敗"
 
 #: builtin/merge.c
 #, c-format
@@ -10286,7 +10334,7 @@
 #: builtin/merge.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "When finished, apply stashed changes with `git stash pop`\n"
-msgstr "完成時，使用 `git stash pop` 套用儲藏更改\n"
+msgstr "完成時，使用 `git stash pop` 套用貯存更改\n"
 
 #: builtin/mktag.c
 #, c-format
@@ -10406,7 +10454,7 @@
 
 #: builtin/mv.c
 msgid "Please stage your changes to .gitmodules or stash them to proceed"
-msgstr "請將您的修改暫存到 .gitmodules 中或儲藏後再繼續"
+msgstr "請將您的修改暫存到 .gitmodules 中或貯存後再繼續"
 
 #: builtin/mv.c
 #, c-format
@@ -10490,7 +10538,7 @@
 msgid "Renaming %s to %s\n"
 msgstr "重新命名 %s 至 %s\n"
 
-#: builtin/mv.c builtin/remote.c builtin/repack.c
+#: builtin/mv.c builtin/remote.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "renaming '%s' failed"
 msgstr "重新命名 '%s' 失敗"
@@ -10693,11 +10741,6 @@
 
 #: builtin/notes.c
 #, c-format
-msgid "malformed input line: '%s'."
-msgstr "格式錯誤的輸入行：'%s'。"
-
-#: builtin/notes.c
-#, c-format
 msgid "failed to copy notes from '%s' to '%s'"
 msgstr "從 '%s' 複製註解到 '%s' 時失敗"
 
@@ -10928,14 +10971,13 @@
 msgstr "未知子指令：「%s」"
 
 #: builtin/pack-objects.c
-msgid ""
-"git pack-objects --stdout [<options>...] [< <ref-list> | < <object-list>]"
-msgstr "git pack-objects --stdout [<選項>...] [< <引用列表> | < <物件列表>]"
+msgid "git pack-objects --stdout [<options>] [< <ref-list> | < <object-list>]"
+msgstr "git pack-objects --stdout [<選項>] [< <引用列表> | < <物件列表>]"
 
 #: builtin/pack-objects.c
 msgid ""
-"git pack-objects [<options>...] <base-name> [< <ref-list> | < <object-list>]"
-msgstr "git pack-objects [<選項>...] <前綴名稱> [< <引用列表> | < <物件列表>]"
+"git pack-objects [<options>] <base-name> [< <ref-list> | < <object-list>]"
+msgstr "git pack-objects [<選項>] <前綴名稱> [< <引用列表> | < <物件列表>]"
 
 #: builtin/pack-objects.c
 #, c-format
@@ -11406,8 +11448,8 @@
 "感謝。\n"
 
 #: builtin/pack-refs.c
-msgid "git pack-refs [<options>]"
-msgstr "git pack-refs [<選項>]"
+msgid "git pack-refs [--all] [--no-prune]"
+msgstr "git pack-refs [--all] [--no-prune]"
 
 #: builtin/pack-refs.c
 msgid "pack everything"
@@ -11417,6 +11459,22 @@
 msgid "prune loose refs (default)"
 msgstr "剪除鬆散引用（預設）"
 
+#: builtin/patch-id.c
+msgid "git patch-id [--stable | --unstable | --verbatim]"
+msgstr "git patch-id [--stable | --unstable | --verbatim]"
+
+#: builtin/patch-id.c
+msgid "use the unstable patch-id algorithm"
+msgstr "使用不穩定的 patch-id 演算法"
+
+#: builtin/patch-id.c
+msgid "use the stable patch-id algorithm"
+msgstr "使用穩定的 patch-id 演算法"
+
+#: builtin/patch-id.c
+msgid "don't strip whitespace from the patch"
+msgstr "不要去除修補檔的空白字元"
+
 #: builtin/prune.c
 msgid "git prune [-n] [-v] [--progress] [--expire <time>] [--] [<head>...]"
 msgstr "git prune [-n] [-v] [--progress] [--expire <時間>] [--] [<head>...]"
@@ -11463,7 +11521,7 @@
 
 #: builtin/pull.c parse-options.h
 msgid "automatically stash/stash pop before and after"
-msgstr "在動作前後執行自動儲藏和彈出儲藏"
+msgstr "在動作前後執行自動貯存和彈出貯存"
 
 #: builtin/pull.c
 msgid "Options related to fetching"
@@ -11502,7 +11560,7 @@
 "for your current branch, you must specify a branch on the command line."
 msgstr ""
 "您要求從遠端 '%s' 拉取，但是未指定一個分支。因為這不是目前\n"
-"分支預設的遠端版本庫，您必須在指令列中指定一個分支名。"
+"分支預設的遠端版本庫，您必須在命令列中指定一個分支名。"
 
 #: builtin/pull.c builtin/rebase.c
 msgid "You are not currently on a branch."
@@ -11594,7 +11652,7 @@
 
 #: builtin/pull.c
 msgid "please commit or stash them."
-msgstr "請提交或儲藏它們。"
+msgstr "請提交或貯存它們。"
 
 #: builtin/pull.c
 #, c-format
@@ -11666,14 +11724,14 @@
 #: builtin/push.c
 msgid ""
 "\n"
-"To avoid automatically configuring upstream branches when their name\n"
-"doesn't match the local branch, see option 'simple' of branch."
-"autoSetupMerge\n"
+"To avoid automatically configuring an upstream branch when its name\n"
+"won't match the local branch, see option 'simple' of branch.autoSetupMerge\n"
 "in 'git help config'.\n"
 msgstr ""
 "\n"
-"為了避免自動在上游分支的名稱與本機不符時，設定上游的分支，請參閱\n"
-"“git help config” 中 branch.autoSetupMerge 的 “simple” 選項。\n"
+"若要避免在名稱與本機分支不同時自動設定上游分支，\n"
+"請參閱 “git help config” 中 branch.autoSetupMerge 的\n"
+"“simple” 選項。\n"
 
 #: builtin/push.c
 #, c-format
@@ -11827,6 +11885,12 @@
 msgid "failed to push some refs to '%s'"
 msgstr "推送一些引用到 '%s' 失敗"
 
+#: builtin/push.c
+msgid ""
+"recursing into submodule with push.recurseSubmodules=only; using on-demand "
+"instead"
+msgstr "在有 push.recurseSubmodules=only; 的情況嘗試遞迴子模組；改用 on-demand"
+
 #: builtin/push.c builtin/send-pack.c submodule-config.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "invalid value for '%s'"
@@ -11999,13 +12063,15 @@
 
 #: builtin/read-tree.c
 msgid ""
-"git read-tree [(-m [--trivial] [--aggressive] | --reset | --prefix=<prefix>) "
-"[-u | -i]] [--no-sparse-checkout] [--index-output=<file>] (--empty | <tree-"
-"ish1> [<tree-ish2> [<tree-ish3>]])"
+"git read-tree [(-m [--trivial] [--aggressive] | --reset | --"
+"prefix=<prefix>)\n"
+"              [-u | -i]] [--index-output=<file>] [--no-sparse-checkout]\n"
+"              (--empty | <tree-ish1> [<tree-ish2> [<tree-ish3>]])"
 msgstr ""
-"git read-tree [(-m [--trivial] [--aggressive] | --reset | --prefix=<前綴>) [-"
-"u | -i]] [--no-sparse-checkout] [--index-output=<檔案>] (--empty | <樹狀物件"
-"1> [<樹狀物件2> [<樹狀物件3>]])"
+"git read-tree [(-m [--trivial] [--aggressive] | --reset | --"
+"prefix=<prefix>)\n"
+"              [-u | -i]] [--index-output=<file>] [--no-sparse-checkout]\n"
+"              (--empty | <tree-ish1> [<tree-ish2> [<tree-ish3>]])"
 
 #: builtin/read-tree.c
 msgid "write resulting index to <file>"
@@ -12122,8 +12188,8 @@
 
 #: builtin/rebase.c
 #, c-format
-msgid "could not get 'onto': '%s'"
-msgstr "無法取得 'onto'：'%s'"
+msgid "invalid onto: '%s'"
+msgstr "無效的 onto：「%s」"
 
 #: builtin/rebase.c
 #, c-format
@@ -12179,8 +12245,8 @@
 #: builtin/rebase.c
 #, c-format
 msgid ""
-"unrecognized empty type '%s'; valid values are \"drop\", \"keep\", and \"ask"
-"\"."
+"unrecognized empty type '%s'; valid values are \"drop\", \"keep\", and "
+"\"ask\"."
 msgstr "無法識別的 '%s' 空類型；有效的數值有 \"drop\"、\"keep\" 跟 \"ask\"。"
 
 #: builtin/rebase.c
@@ -12488,8 +12554,8 @@
 msgstr "沒有這樣的引用：%s"
 
 #: builtin/rebase.c
-msgid "Could not resolve HEAD to a revision"
-msgstr "無法將 HEAD 解析為一個版本"
+msgid "Could not resolve HEAD to a commit"
+msgstr "無法將 HEAD 解析成提交"
 
 #: builtin/rebase.c
 #, c-format
@@ -12508,7 +12574,7 @@
 
 #: builtin/rebase.c
 msgid "Please commit or stash them."
-msgstr "請提交或儲藏修改。"
+msgstr "請提交或貯存修改。"
 
 #: builtin/rebase.c
 msgid "HEAD is up to date."
@@ -13288,6 +13354,11 @@
 msgstr "無法關閉 refs 的快照暫存檔"
 
 #: builtin/repack.c
+#, c-format
+msgid "could not remove stale bitmap: %s"
+msgstr "無法移除過時位圖：%s"
+
+#: builtin/repack.c
 msgid "pack everything in a single pack"
 msgstr "所有內容打包到一個包檔案中"
 
@@ -13384,6 +13455,10 @@
 msgstr "寫入結果包的多包索引"
 
 #: builtin/repack.c
+msgid "pack prefix to store a pack containing pruned objects"
+msgstr "封裝前綴，儲存為包含過時物件的套件包"
+
+#: builtin/repack.c
 msgid "cannot delete packs in a precious-objects repo"
 msgstr "不能刪除珍品版本庫中的封包"
 
@@ -13398,11 +13473,16 @@
 
 #: builtin/repack.c
 #, c-format
-msgid "missing required file: %s"
-msgstr "缺少必要檔案：%s"
+msgid "renaming pack to '%s' failed"
+msgstr "無法將包重新命名為「%s」"
 
 #: builtin/repack.c
 #, c-format
+msgid "pack-objects did not write a '%s' file for pack %s-%s"
+msgstr "pack-objects 沒有為 %2$s-%3$s 套件包寫入 “%1$s” 檔案"
+
+#: builtin/repack.c sequencer.c
+#, c-format
 msgid "could not unlink: %s"
 msgstr "無法取消連結：%s"
 
@@ -13643,8 +13723,10 @@
 msgstr "只能為 -l 提供一個模式"
 
 #: builtin/rerere.c
-msgid "git rerere [clear | forget <path>... | status | remaining | diff | gc]"
-msgstr "git rerere [clear | forget <路徑>... | status | remaining | diff | gc]"
+msgid ""
+"git rerere [clear | forget <pathspec>... | diff | status | remaining | gc]"
+msgstr ""
+"git rerere [clear | forget <pathspec>... | diff | status | remaining | gc]"
 
 #: builtin/rerere.c
 msgid "register clean resolutions in index"
@@ -13902,6 +13984,18 @@
 msgid "unknown mode for --abbrev-ref: %s"
 msgstr "--abbrev-ref 的模式未知：%s"
 
+#: builtin/rev-parse.c revision.c
+msgid "--exclude-hidden cannot be used together with --branches"
+msgstr "--exclude-hidden 無法與 --branches 同時使用"
+
+#: builtin/rev-parse.c revision.c
+msgid "--exclude-hidden cannot be used together with --tags"
+msgstr "--exclude-hidden 無法與 --tags 同時使用"
+
+#: builtin/rev-parse.c revision.c
+msgid "--exclude-hidden cannot be used together with --remotes"
+msgstr "--exclude-hidden 無法與 --remotes 同時使用"
+
 #: builtin/rev-parse.c setup.c
 msgid "this operation must be run in a work tree"
 msgstr "該動作必須在一個工作區中執行"
@@ -13912,20 +14006,28 @@
 msgstr "--show-object-format 的模式未知：%s"
 
 #: builtin/revert.c
-msgid "git revert [<options>] <commit-ish>..."
-msgstr "git revert [<選項>] <提交號>..."
+msgid ""
+"git revert [--[no-]edit] [-n] [-m <parent-number>] [-s] [-S[<keyid>]] "
+"<commit>..."
+msgstr ""
+"git revert [--[no-]edit] [-n] [-m <parent-number>] [-s] [-S[<keyid>]] "
+"<commit>..."
 
 #: builtin/revert.c
-msgid "git revert <subcommand>"
-msgstr "git revert <子指令>"
+msgid "git revert (--continue | --skip | --abort | --quit)"
+msgstr "git revert (--continue | --skip | --abort | --quit)"
 
 #: builtin/revert.c
-msgid "git cherry-pick [<options>] <commit-ish>..."
-msgstr "git cherry-pick [<選項>] <提交號>..."
+msgid ""
+"git cherry-pick [--edit] [-n] [-m <parent-number>] [-s] [-x] [--ff]\n"
+"                [-S[<keyid>]] <commit>..."
+msgstr ""
+"git cherry-pick [--edit] [-n] [-m <parent-number>] [-s] [-x] [--ff]\n"
+"                [-S[<keyid>]] <commit>..."
 
 #: builtin/revert.c
-msgid "git cherry-pick <subcommand>"
-msgstr "git cherry-pick <子指令>"
+msgid "git cherry-pick (--continue | --skip | --abort | --quit)"
+msgstr "git cherry-pick (--continue | --skip | --abort | --quit)"
 
 #: builtin/revert.c
 #, c-format
@@ -14006,8 +14108,14 @@
 msgstr "揀選失敗"
 
 #: builtin/rm.c
-msgid "git rm [<options>] [--] <file>..."
-msgstr "git rm [<選項>] [--] <檔案>..."
+msgid ""
+"git rm [-f | --force] [-n] [-r] [--cached] [--ignore-unmatch]\n"
+"       [--quiet] [--pathspec-from-file=<file> [--pathspec-file-nul]]\n"
+"       [--] [<pathspec>...]"
+msgstr ""
+"git rm [-f | --force] [-n] [-r] [--cached] [--ignore-unmatch]\n"
+"       [--quiet] [--pathspec-from-file=<file> [--pathspec-file-nul]]\n"
+"       [--] [<pathspec>...]"
 
 #: builtin/rm.c
 msgid ""
@@ -14070,7 +14178,7 @@
 
 #: builtin/rm.c
 msgid "please stage your changes to .gitmodules or stash them to proceed"
-msgstr "請將您的修改暫存到 .gitmodules 中或儲藏後再繼續"
+msgstr "請將您的修改暫存到 .gitmodules 中或貯存後再繼續"
 
 #: builtin/rm.c
 #, c-format
@@ -14087,12 +14195,14 @@
 "git send-pack [--mirror] [--dry-run] [--force]\n"
 "              [--receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>]\n"
 "              [--verbose] [--thin] [--atomic]\n"
+"              [--[no-]signed | --signed=(true|false|if-asked)]\n"
 "              [<host>:]<directory> (--all | <ref>...)"
 msgstr ""
 "git send-pack [--mirror] [--dry-run] [--force]\n"
 "              [--receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>]\n"
 "              [--verbose] [--thin] [--atomic]\n"
-"              [<主機>:]<目錄> (--all | <引用>...)"
+"              [--[no-]signed | --signed=(true|false|if-asked)]\n"
+"              [<host>:]<directory> (--all | <ref>...)"
 
 #: builtin/send-pack.c
 msgid "remote name"
@@ -14123,8 +14233,9 @@
 msgstr "不支援在標準輸入使用多個 --group 選項"
 
 #: builtin/shortlog.c
-msgid "using --group=trailer with stdin is not supported"
-msgstr "不支援在標準輸入使用 --group=trailer"
+#, c-format
+msgid "using %s with stdin is not supported"
+msgstr "不支援對 %s 使用 stdin"
 
 #: builtin/shortlog.c
 #, c-format
@@ -14172,13 +14283,14 @@
 "git show-branch [-a | --all] [-r | --remotes] [--topo-order | --date-order]\n"
 "                [--current] [--color[=<when>] | --no-color] [--sparse]\n"
 "                [--more=<n> | --list | --independent | --merge-base]\n"
-"                [--no-name | --sha1-name] [--topics] [(<rev> | <glob>)...]"
+"                [--no-name | --sha1-name] [--topics]\n"
+"                [(<rev> | <glob>)...]"
 msgstr ""
 "git show-branch [-a | --all] [-r | --remotes] [--topo-order | --date-order]\n"
-"                [--current] [--color[=<何時>] | --no-color] [--sparse]\n"
+"                [--current] [--color[=<when>] | --no-color] [--sparse]\n"
 "                [--more=<n> | --list | --independent | --merge-base]\n"
-"                [--no-name | --sha1-name] [--topics] [(<版本> | <萬用字元"
-">)...]"
+"                [--no-name | --sha1-name] [--topics]\n"
+"                [(<rev> | <glob>)...]"
 
 #: builtin/show-branch.c
 msgid "git show-branch (-g | --reflog)[=<n>[,<base>]] [--list] [<ref>]"
@@ -14304,11 +14416,13 @@
 
 #: builtin/show-ref.c
 msgid ""
-"git show-ref [-q | --quiet] [--verify] [--head] [-d | --dereference] [-s | --"
-"hash[=<n>]] [--abbrev[=<n>]] [--tags] [--heads] [--] [<pattern>...]"
+"git show-ref [-q | --quiet] [--verify] [--head] [-d | --dereference]\n"
+"             [-s | --hash[=<n>]] [--abbrev[=<n>]] [--tags]\n"
+"             [--heads] [--] [<pattern>...]"
 msgstr ""
-"git show-ref [-q | --quiet] [--verify] [--head] [-d | --dereference] [-s | --"
-"hash[=<n>]] [--abbrev[=<n>]] [--tags] [--heads] [--] [<模式>...]"
+"git show-ref [-q | --quiet] [--verify] [--head] [-d | --dereference]\n"
+"             [-s | --hash[=<n>]] [--abbrev[=<n>]] [--tags]\n"
+"             [--heads] [--] [<pattern>...]"
 
 #: builtin/show-ref.c
 msgid "git show-ref --exclude-existing[=<pattern>]"
@@ -14347,8 +14461,10 @@
 msgstr "顯示從標準輸入中讀入的不在本機版本庫中的引用"
 
 #: builtin/sparse-checkout.c
-msgid "git sparse-checkout (init|list|set|add|reapply|disable) <options>"
-msgstr "git sparse-checkout (init|list|set|add|reapply|disable) <選項>"
+msgid ""
+"git sparse-checkout (init | list | set | add | reapply | disable) [<options>]"
+msgstr ""
+"git sparse-checkout (init | list | set | add | reapply | disable) [<options>]"
 
 #: builtin/sparse-checkout.c
 msgid "this worktree is not sparse"
@@ -14490,83 +14606,71 @@
 msgstr "重新整理工作目錄時發生錯誤"
 
 #: builtin/stash.c
-msgid "git stash list [<options>]"
-msgstr "git stash list [<選項>]"
+msgid "git stash list [<log-options>]"
+msgstr "git stash list [<log-options>]"
 
 #: builtin/stash.c
-msgid "git stash show [<options>] [<stash>]"
-msgstr "git stash show [<選項>] [<stash>]"
+msgid ""
+"git stash show [-u | --include-untracked | --only-untracked] [<diff-"
+"options>] [<stash>]"
+msgstr ""
+"git stash show [-u | --include-untracked | --only-untracked] [<diff-"
+"options>] [<stash>]"
 
 #: builtin/stash.c
-msgid "git stash drop [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]"
-msgstr "git stash drop [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]"
+msgid "git stash drop [-q | --quiet] [<stash>]"
+msgstr "git stash drop [-q | --quiet] [<stash>]"
 
 #: builtin/stash.c
-msgid "git stash ( pop | apply ) [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]"
-msgstr "git stash ( pop | apply ) [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]"
+msgid "git stash pop [--index] [-q | --quiet] [<stash>]"
+msgstr "git stash pop [--index] [-q | --quiet] [<stash>]"
+
+#: builtin/stash.c
+msgid "git stash apply [--index] [-q | --quiet] [<stash>]"
+msgstr "git stash apply [--index] [-q | --quiet] [<stash>]"
 
 #: builtin/stash.c
 msgid "git stash branch <branchname> [<stash>]"
 msgstr "git stash branch <分支名> [<stash>]"
 
 #: builtin/stash.c
+msgid "git stash store [(-m | --message) <message>] [-q | --quiet] <commit>"
+msgstr "git stash store [(-m | --message) <message>] [-q | --quiet] <commit>"
+
+#: builtin/stash.c
 msgid ""
-"git stash [push [-p|--patch] [-S|--staged] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--"
-"quiet]\n"
-"          [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-m|--message <message>]\n"
+"git stash [push [-p | --patch] [-S | --staged] [-k | --[no-]keep-index] [-q "
+"| --quiet]\n"
+"          [-u | --include-untracked] [-a | --all] [(-m | --message) "
+"<message>]\n"
 "          [--pathspec-from-file=<file> [--pathspec-file-nul]]\n"
 "          [--] [<pathspec>...]]"
 msgstr ""
-"git stash [push [-p|--patch] [-S|--staged] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--"
-"quiet]\n"
-"          [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-m|--message <訊息>]\n"
-"          [--pathspec-from-file=<檔案> [--pathspec-file-nul]]\n"
-"          [--] [<路徑規格>...]]"
-
-#: builtin/stash.c
-msgid ""
-"git stash save [-p|--patch] [-S|--staged] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--"
-"quiet]\n"
-"          [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [<message>]"
-msgstr ""
-"git stash save [-p|--patch] [-S|--staged] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--"
-"quiet]\n"
-"          [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [<訊息>]"
-
-#: builtin/stash.c
-msgid "git stash pop [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]"
-msgstr "git stash pop [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]"
-
-#: builtin/stash.c
-msgid "git stash apply [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]"
-msgstr "git stash apply [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]"
-
-#: builtin/stash.c
-msgid "git stash store [-m|--message <message>] [-q|--quiet] <commit>"
-msgstr "git stash store [-m|--message <消息>] [-q|--quiet] <提交>"
-
-#: builtin/stash.c
-msgid ""
-"git stash [push [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet]\n"
-"          [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-m|--message <message>]\n"
+"git stash [push [-p | --patch] [-S | --staged] [-k | --[no-]keep-index] [-q "
+"| --quiet]\n"
+"          [-u | --include-untracked] [-a | --all] [(-m | --message) "
+"<message>]\n"
+"          [--pathspec-from-file=<file> [--pathspec-file-nul]]\n"
 "          [--] [<pathspec>...]]"
-msgstr ""
-"git stash [push [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet]\n"
-"          [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-m|--message <消息>]\n"
-"          [--] [<路徑規格>...]]"
 
 #: builtin/stash.c
 msgid ""
-"git stash save [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet]\n"
-"               [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [<message>]"
+"git stash save [-p | --patch] [-S | --staged] [-k | --[no-]keep-index] [-q | "
+"--quiet]\n"
+"          [-u | --include-untracked] [-a | --all] [<message>]"
 msgstr ""
-"git stash save [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet]\n"
-"               [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [<消息>]"
+"git stash save [-p | --patch] [-S | --staged] [-k | --[no-]keep-index] [-q | "
+"--quiet]\n"
+"          [-u | --include-untracked] [-a | --all] [<message>]"
+
+#: builtin/stash.c
+msgid "git stash create [<message>]"
+msgstr "git stash create [<message>]"
 
 #: builtin/stash.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "'%s' is not a stash-like commit"
-msgstr "'%s' 不像是一個儲藏提交"
+msgstr "'%s' 不像是一個貯存提交"
 
 #: builtin/stash.c
 #, c-format
@@ -14575,7 +14679,7 @@
 
 #: builtin/stash.c
 msgid "No stash entries found."
-msgstr "未發現儲藏條目。"
+msgstr "未發現貯存條目。"
 
 #: builtin/stash.c
 #, c-format
@@ -14599,7 +14703,7 @@
 
 #: builtin/stash.c
 msgid "cannot apply a stash in the middle of a merge"
-msgstr "無法在合併過程套用儲藏"
+msgstr "無法在合併過程套用貯存"
 
 #: builtin/stash.c
 #, c-format
@@ -14621,11 +14725,11 @@
 
 #: builtin/stash.c
 msgid "Index was not unstashed."
-msgstr "索引未從儲藏中復原。"
+msgstr "索引未從貯存中復原。"
 
 #: builtin/stash.c
 msgid "could not restore untracked files from stash"
-msgstr "無法從儲藏條目中復原未追蹤檔案"
+msgstr "無法從貯存條目中復原未追蹤檔案"
 
 #: builtin/stash.c
 msgid "attempt to recreate the index"
@@ -14639,16 +14743,16 @@
 #: builtin/stash.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "%s: Could not drop stash entry"
-msgstr "%s：無法捨棄儲藏條目"
+msgstr "%s：無法捨棄貯存條目"
 
 #: builtin/stash.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "'%s' is not a stash reference"
-msgstr "'%s' 不是一個儲藏引用"
+msgstr "'%s' 不是一個貯存引用"
 
 #: builtin/stash.c
 msgid "The stash entry is kept in case you need it again."
-msgstr "儲藏條目被保留以備您再次需要。"
+msgstr "貯存條目被保留以備您再次需要。"
 
 #: builtin/stash.c
 msgid "No branch name specified"
@@ -14664,11 +14768,11 @@
 
 #: builtin/stash.c
 msgid "include untracked files in the stash"
-msgstr "在儲藏區包含未追蹤檔案"
+msgstr "在貯存區包含未追蹤檔案"
 
 #: builtin/stash.c
 msgid "only show untracked files in the stash"
-msgstr "只在儲藏區顯示未追蹤檔案"
+msgstr "只在貯存區顯示未追蹤檔案"
 
 #: builtin/stash.c
 #, c-format
@@ -14677,7 +14781,7 @@
 
 #: builtin/stash.c
 msgid "stash message"
-msgstr "儲藏說明"
+msgstr "貯存說明"
 
 #: builtin/stash.c
 msgid "\"git stash store\" requires one <commit> argument"
@@ -14733,7 +14837,7 @@
 
 #: builtin/stash.c
 msgid "Cannot initialize stash"
-msgstr "無法初始化儲藏"
+msgstr "無法初始化貯存"
 
 #: builtin/stash.c
 msgid "Cannot save the current status"
@@ -14754,11 +14858,11 @@
 
 #: builtin/stash.c
 msgid "stash staged changes only"
-msgstr "只儲藏暫存變更"
+msgstr "只貯存暫存變更"
 
 #: builtin/stash.c
 msgid "stash in patch mode"
-msgstr "以修補檔模式儲藏"
+msgstr "以修補檔模式貯存"
 
 #: builtin/stash.c
 msgid "quiet mode"
@@ -14766,7 +14870,7 @@
 
 #: builtin/stash.c
 msgid "include untracked files in stash"
-msgstr "儲藏中包含未追蹤檔案"
+msgstr "貯存中包含未追蹤檔案"
 
 #: builtin/stash.c
 msgid "include ignore files"
@@ -15249,10 +15353,6 @@
 msgstr "不從遠端站台取得新物件"
 
 #: builtin/submodule--helper.c
-msgid "path into the working tree"
-msgstr "到工作區的路徑"
-
-#: builtin/submodule--helper.c
 msgid "use the 'checkout' update strategy (default)"
 msgstr "使用 “checkout” 更新策略（預設值）"
 
@@ -15297,34 +15397,10 @@
 "[--] [<path>...]"
 
 #: builtin/submodule--helper.c
-msgid "recurse into submodules"
-msgstr "在子模組中遞迴"
-
-#: builtin/submodule--helper.c
 msgid "git submodule absorbgitdirs [<options>] [<path>...]"
 msgstr "git submodule absorbgitdirs [<options>] [<path>...]"
 
 #: builtin/submodule--helper.c
-msgid "check if it is safe to write to the .gitmodules file"
-msgstr "檢查寫入 .gitmodules 檔案是否安全"
-
-#: builtin/submodule--helper.c
-msgid "unset the config in the .gitmodules file"
-msgstr "取消 .gitmodules 檔案中的設定"
-
-#: builtin/submodule--helper.c
-msgid "git submodule--helper config <name> [<value>]"
-msgstr "git submodule--helper config <名稱> [<值>]"
-
-#: builtin/submodule--helper.c
-msgid "git submodule--helper config --unset <name>"
-msgstr "git submodule--helper config --unset <名稱>"
-
-#: builtin/submodule--helper.c
-msgid "please make sure that the .gitmodules file is in the working tree"
-msgstr "請確認 .gitmodules 檔案在工作區裡"
-
-#: builtin/submodule--helper.c
 msgid "suppress output for setting url of a submodule"
 msgstr "隱藏子模組設定 URL 的輸出"
 
@@ -15418,6 +15494,10 @@
 msgstr "無法簽出「%s」子模組"
 
 #: builtin/submodule--helper.c
+msgid "please make sure that the .gitmodules file is in the working tree"
+msgstr "請確認 .gitmodules 檔案在工作區裡"
+
+#: builtin/submodule--helper.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "Failed to add submodule '%s'"
 msgstr "無法加入子模組「%s」"
@@ -15478,23 +15558,26 @@
 msgid "'%s' is not a valid submodule name"
 msgstr "「%s」不是有效的子模組名稱"
 
+#: builtin/submodule--helper.c
+msgid "git submodule--helper <command>"
+msgstr "git submodule--helper <command>"
+
 #: builtin/submodule--helper.c git.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "%s doesn't support --super-prefix"
 msgstr "%s 不支援 --super-prefix"
 
-#: builtin/submodule--helper.c
-#, c-format
-msgid "'%s' is not a valid submodule--helper subcommand"
-msgstr "'%s' 不是一個有效的 submodule--helper 子指令"
+#: builtin/symbolic-ref.c
+msgid "git symbolic-ref [-m <reason>] <name> <ref>"
+msgstr "git symbolic-ref [-m <reason>] <name> <ref>"
 
 #: builtin/symbolic-ref.c
-msgid "git symbolic-ref [<options>] <name> [<ref>]"
-msgstr "git symbolic-ref [<選項>] <名稱> [<引用>]"
+msgid "git symbolic-ref [-q] [--short] [--no-recurse] <name>"
+msgstr "git symbolic-ref [-q] [--short] [--no-recurse] <name>"
 
 #: builtin/symbolic-ref.c
-msgid "git symbolic-ref -d [-q] <name>"
-msgstr "git symbolic-ref -d [-q] <名稱>"
+msgid "git symbolic-ref --delete [-q] <name>"
+msgstr "git symbolic-ref --delete [-q] <name>"
 
 #: builtin/symbolic-ref.c
 msgid "suppress error message for non-symbolic (detached) refs"
@@ -15508,6 +15591,10 @@
 msgid "shorten ref output"
 msgstr "縮短引用輸出"
 
+#: builtin/symbolic-ref.c
+msgid "recursively dereference (default)"
+msgstr "遞迴反解引用（預設）"
+
 #: builtin/symbolic-ref.c builtin/update-ref.c
 msgid "reason"
 msgstr "原因"
@@ -15518,11 +15605,11 @@
 
 #: builtin/tag.c
 msgid ""
-"git tag [-a | -s | -u <key-id>] [-f] [-m <msg> | -F <file>]\n"
-"        <tagname> [<head>]"
+"git tag [-a | -s | -u <key-id>] [-f] [-m <msg> | -F <file>] [-e]\n"
+"        <tagname> [<commit> | <object>]"
 msgstr ""
-"git tag [-a | -s | -u <key-id>] [-f] [-m <消息> | -F <檔案>]\n"
-"        <標籤名> [<head>]"
+"git tag [-a | -s | -u <key-id>] [-f] [-m <msg> | -F <file>] [-e]\n"
+"        <tagname> [<commit> | <object>]"
 
 #: builtin/tag.c
 msgid "git tag -d <tagname>..."
@@ -15530,14 +15617,15 @@
 
 #: builtin/tag.c
 msgid ""
-"git tag -l [-n[<num>]] [--contains <commit>] [--no-contains <commit>] [--"
-"points-at <object>]\n"
-"        [--format=<format>] [--merged <commit>] [--no-merged <commit>] "
-"[<pattern>...]"
+"git tag [-n[<num>]] -l [--contains <commit>] [--no-contains <commit>]\n"
+"        [--points-at <object>] [--column[=<options>] | --no-column]\n"
+"        [--create-reflog] [--sort=<key>] [--format=<format>]\n"
+"        [--merged <commit>] [--no-merged <commit>] [<pattern>...]"
 msgstr ""
-"git tag -l [-n[<數字>]] [--contains <提交>] [--no-contains <提交>] [--points-"
-"at <物件>]\n"
-"        [--format=<格式>] [--merged <提交>] [--no-merged <提交>] [<模式>...]"
+"git tag [-n[<num>]] -l [--contains <commit>] [--no-contains <commit>]\n"
+"        [--points-at <object>] [--column[=<options>] | --no-column]\n"
+"        [--create-reflog] [--sort=<key>] [--format=<format>]\n"
+"        [--merged <commit>] [--no-merged <commit>] [<pattern>...]"
 
 #: builtin/tag.c
 msgid "git tag -v [--format=<format>] <tagname>..."
@@ -16007,8 +16095,12 @@
 msgstr "從頭開始更新檔案訊息"
 
 #: builtin/upload-pack.c
-msgid "git upload-pack [<options>] <dir>"
-msgstr "git upload-pack [<選項>] <目錄>"
+msgid ""
+"git-upload-pack [--[no-]strict] [--timeout=<n>] [--stateless-rpc]\n"
+"                [--advertise-refs] <directory>"
+msgstr ""
+"git-upload-pack [--[no-]strict] [--timeout=<n>] [--stateless-rpc]\n"
+"                [--advertise-refs] <directory>"
 
 #: builtin/upload-pack.c t/helper/test-serve-v2.c
 msgid "quit after a single request/response exchange"
@@ -16027,8 +16119,8 @@
 msgstr "不活動 <n> 秒鐘後終止傳輸"
 
 #: builtin/verify-commit.c
-msgid "git verify-commit [-v | --verbose] <commit>..."
-msgstr "git verify-commit [-v | --verbose] <提交>..."
+msgid "git verify-commit [-v | --verbose] [--raw] <commit>..."
+msgstr "git verify-commit [-v | --verbose] [--raw] <commit>..."
 
 #: builtin/verify-commit.c
 msgid "print commit contents"
@@ -16039,8 +16131,8 @@
 msgstr "列印原始 gpg 狀態輸出"
 
 #: builtin/verify-pack.c
-msgid "git verify-pack [-v | --verbose] [-s | --stat-only] <pack>..."
-msgstr "git verify-pack [-v | --verbose] [-s | --stat-only] <包>..."
+msgid "git verify-pack [-v | --verbose] [-s | --stat-only] [--] <pack>.idx..."
+msgstr "git verify-pack [-v | --verbose] [-s | --stat-only] [--] <pack>.idx..."
 
 #: builtin/verify-pack.c
 msgid "verbose"
@@ -16051,44 +16143,48 @@
 msgstr "只顯示統計"
 
 #: builtin/verify-tag.c
-msgid "git verify-tag [-v | --verbose] [--format=<format>] <tag>..."
-msgstr "git verify-tag [-v | --verbose] [--format=<格式>] <標籤>..."
+msgid "git verify-tag [-v | --verbose] [--format=<format>] [--raw] <tag>..."
+msgstr "git verify-tag [-v | --verbose] [--format=<format>] [--raw] <tag>..."
 
 #: builtin/verify-tag.c
 msgid "print tag contents"
 msgstr "列印標籤內容"
 
 #: builtin/worktree.c
-msgid "git worktree add [<options>] <path> [<commit-ish>]"
-msgstr "git worktree add [<選項>] <路徑> [<提交>]"
+msgid ""
+"git worktree add [-f] [--detach] [--checkout] [--lock [--reason <string>]]\n"
+"                 [-b <new-branch>] <path> [<commit-ish>]"
+msgstr ""
+"git worktree add [-f] [--detach] [--checkout] [--lock [--reason <string>]]\n"
+"                 [-b <new-branch>] <path> [<commit-ish>]"
 
 #: builtin/worktree.c
-msgid "git worktree list [<options>]"
-msgstr "git worktree list [<選項>]"
+msgid "git worktree list [-v | --porcelain [-z]]"
+msgstr "git worktree list [-v | --porcelain [-z]]"
 
 #: builtin/worktree.c
-msgid "git worktree lock [<options>] <path>"
-msgstr "git worktree lock [<選項>] <路徑>"
+msgid "git worktree lock [--reason <string>] <worktree>"
+msgstr "git worktree lock [--reason <string>] <worktree>"
 
 #: builtin/worktree.c
 msgid "git worktree move <worktree> <new-path>"
 msgstr "git worktree move <工作區> <新路徑>"
 
 #: builtin/worktree.c
-msgid "git worktree prune [<options>]"
-msgstr "git worktree prune [<選項>]"
+msgid "git worktree prune [-n] [-v] [--expire <expire>]"
+msgstr "git worktree prune [-n] [-v] [--expire <expire>]"
 
 #: builtin/worktree.c
-msgid "git worktree remove [<options>] <worktree>"
-msgstr "git worktree remove [<選項>] <工作區>"
+msgid "git worktree remove [-f] <worktree>"
+msgstr "git worktree remove [-f] <worktree>"
 
 #: builtin/worktree.c
 msgid "git worktree repair [<path>...]"
 msgstr "git worktree repair [<路徑>...]"
 
 #: builtin/worktree.c
-msgid "git worktree unlock <path>"
-msgstr "git worktree unlock <路徑>"
+msgid "git worktree unlock <worktree>"
+msgstr "git worktree unlock <worktree>"
 
 #: builtin/worktree.c
 #, c-format
@@ -16373,6 +16469,11 @@
 msgstr "core.fsyncMethod = batch 不支援本平台"
 
 #: bundle-uri.c
+#, c-format
+msgid "bundle list at '%s' has no mode"
+msgstr "位於 “%s” 的套件包清單沒有模式"
+
+#: bundle-uri.c
 msgid "failed to create temporary file"
 msgstr "無法建立暫存檔"
 
@@ -16382,23 +16483,40 @@
 
 #: bundle-uri.c
 #, c-format
+msgid "unrecognized bundle mode from URI '%s'"
+msgstr "無法識別從 URI “%s” 取回的套件包模式"
+
+#: bundle-uri.c
+#, c-format
+msgid "exceeded bundle URI recursion limit (%d)"
+msgstr "超出套件包 URI 遞迴限制 (%d)"
+
+#: bundle-uri.c
+#, c-format
 msgid "failed to download bundle from URI '%s'"
-msgstr "無法從 “%s” URI 下載套件"
+msgstr "無法從 “%s” URI 下載套件包"
 
 #: bundle-uri.c
 #, c-format
-msgid "file at URI '%s' is not a bundle"
-msgstr "位於 URI “%s” 的檔案不是套件"
+msgid "file at URI '%s' is not a bundle or bundle list"
+msgstr "位於 URI “%s” 的檔案不是套件包或套件包清單"
 
 #: bundle-uri.c
-#, c-format
-msgid "failed to unbundle bundle from URI '%s'"
-msgstr "無法解開源自 URI “%s” 的套件"
+msgid "bundle-uri: got an empty line"
+msgstr "bundle-uri: 收到空白列"
+
+#: bundle-uri.c
+msgid "bundle-uri: line is not of the form 'key=value'"
+msgstr "bundle-uri: 列的格式不是 “key=value”"
+
+#: bundle-uri.c
+msgid "bundle-uri: line has empty key or value"
+msgstr "bundle-uri: 列有空鍵或空值"
 
 #: bundle.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "unrecognized bundle hash algorithm: %s"
-msgstr "無法識別的套件雜湊演算法：%s"
+msgstr "無法識別的套件包雜湊演算法：%s"
 
 #: bundle.c
 #, c-format
@@ -16408,7 +16526,7 @@
 #: bundle.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "'%s' does not look like a v2 or v3 bundle file"
-msgstr "'%s' 不像是一個 v2 或 v3 版本的套件檔案"
+msgstr "“%s” 不像是一個 v2 或 v3 版本的套件包檔案"
 
 #: bundle.c
 #, c-format
@@ -16421,27 +16539,27 @@
 
 #: bundle.c
 msgid "need a repository to verify a bundle"
-msgstr "需要版本庫驗證套件"
+msgstr "需要版本庫驗證套件包"
 
 #: bundle.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "The bundle contains this ref:"
 msgid_plural "The bundle contains these %<PRIuMAX> refs:"
-msgstr[0] "這個套件含有這 %<PRIuMAX> 個引用："
+msgstr[0] "這個套件包，含有這 %<PRIuMAX> 個引用："
 
 #: bundle.c
 msgid "The bundle records a complete history."
-msgstr "這個套件記錄完整歷史紀錄。"
+msgstr "這個套件包記下了完整歷史紀錄。"
 
 #: bundle.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "The bundle requires this ref:"
 msgid_plural "The bundle requires these %<PRIuMAX> refs:"
-msgstr[0] "這個套件需要這 %<PRIuMAX> 個引用："
+msgstr[0] "這個套件包需要這 %<PRIuMAX> 個引用："
 
 #: bundle.c
 msgid "unable to dup bundle descriptor"
-msgstr "無法複製套件描述符"
+msgstr "無法複製套件包描述元"
 
 #: bundle.c
 msgid "Could not spawn pack-objects"
@@ -16459,16 +16577,16 @@
 #: bundle.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "unsupported bundle version %d"
-msgstr "不支援的套件版本 %d"
+msgstr "不支援的套件包版本 %d"
 
 #: bundle.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "cannot write bundle version %d with algorithm %s"
-msgstr "無法寫入 %2$s 演算法的套件版本 %1$d"
+msgstr "無法寫入使用 %2$s 演算法的套件包版本 %1$d"
 
 #: bundle.c
 msgid "Refusing to create empty bundle."
-msgstr "不能建立空套件。"
+msgstr "不能建立空套件包。"
 
 #: bundle.c
 #, c-format
@@ -17015,7 +17133,7 @@
 
 #: command-list.h
 msgid "Stash the changes in a dirty working directory away"
-msgstr "儲藏髒工作區中的修改"
+msgstr "貯存髒工作區中的修改"
 
 #: command-list.h
 msgid "Show the working tree status"
@@ -17111,7 +17229,7 @@
 
 #: command-list.h
 msgid "Git command-line interface and conventions"
-msgstr "Git 指令列介面和約定"
+msgstr "Git 命令列介面和約定"
 
 #: command-list.h
 msgid "A Git core tutorial for developers"
@@ -17139,14 +17257,14 @@
 
 #: command-list.h
 msgid "The bundle file format"
-msgstr "套件檔案格式"
+msgstr "套件包檔案格式"
 
 #: command-list.h
 msgid "Chunk-based file formats"
 msgstr "以區塊為基礎的檔案格式"
 
 #: command-list.h
-msgid "Git commit graph format"
+msgid "Git commit-graph format"
 msgstr "Git 提交圖格式"
 
 #: command-list.h
@@ -17571,6 +17689,11 @@
 msgid "health thread wait failed [GLE %ld]"
 msgstr "健康監聽執行緒等待失敗 [GLE %ld]"
 
+#: compat/fsmonitor/fsm-ipc-darwin.c
+#, c-format
+msgid "Invalid path: %s"
+msgstr "無效路徑：%s"
+
 #: compat/fsmonitor/fsm-listen-darwin.c
 msgid "Unable to create FSEventStream."
 msgstr "無法建立 FSEventStream。"
@@ -17609,12 +17732,32 @@
 msgid "could not read directory changes [GLE %ld]"
 msgstr "無法讀取目錄變化 [GLE %ld]"
 
-#: compat/fsmonitor/fsm-settings-win32.c
+#: compat/fsmonitor/fsm-path-utils-darwin.c
+#, c-format
+msgid "opendir('%s') failed"
+msgstr "opendir('%s') 失敗"
+
+#: compat/fsmonitor/fsm-path-utils-darwin.c
+#, c-format
+msgid "lstat('%s') failed"
+msgstr "lstat('%s') 失敗"
+
+#: compat/fsmonitor/fsm-path-utils-darwin.c
+#, c-format
+msgid "strbuf_readlink('%s') failed"
+msgstr "strbuf_readlink('%s') 失敗"
+
+#: compat/fsmonitor/fsm-path-utils-darwin.c
+#, c-format
+msgid "closedir('%s') failed"
+msgstr "closedir('%s') 失敗"
+
+#: compat/fsmonitor/fsm-path-utils-win32.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "[GLE %ld] unable to open for read '%ls'"
 msgstr "[GLE %ld] 無法開啟以讀取「%ls」"
 
-#: compat/fsmonitor/fsm-settings-win32.c
+#: compat/fsmonitor/fsm-path-utils-win32.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "[GLE %ld] unable to get protocol information for '%ls'"
 msgstr "[GLE %ld] 無法取得「%ls」的通訊協定資訊"
@@ -17879,7 +18022,7 @@
 #: config.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "bad config line %d in command line %s"
-msgstr "指令列 %2$s 中錯誤的設定行 %1$d"
+msgstr "命令列 %2$s 中錯誤的設定行 %1$d"
 
 #: config.c
 #, c-format
@@ -17922,7 +18065,7 @@
 #: config.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "bad numeric config value '%s' for '%s' in command line %s: %s"
-msgstr "指令列 %3$s 中設定變數 '%2$s' 錯誤的取值 '%1$s'：%4$s"
+msgstr "命令列 %3$s 中設定變數 '%2$s' 錯誤的取值 '%1$s'：%4$s"
 
 #: config.c
 #, c-format
@@ -18018,7 +18161,7 @@
 
 #: config.c
 msgid "unable to parse command-line config"
-msgstr "無法解析指令列中的設定"
+msgstr "無法解析命令列中的設定"
 
 #: config.c
 msgid "unknown error occurred while reading the configuration files"
@@ -18037,7 +18180,7 @@
 #: config.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "unable to parse '%s' from command-line config"
-msgstr "無法解析指令列設定中的 '%s'"
+msgstr "無法解析命令列設定中的 '%s'"
 
 #: config.c
 #, c-format
@@ -19242,7 +19385,7 @@
 "Please specify a directory on the command line"
 msgstr ""
 "無法猜到目錄名。\n"
-"請在指令列指定一個目錄"
+"請在命令列指定一個目錄"
 
 #: dir.c
 #, c-format
@@ -19573,8 +19716,9 @@
 #: fsmonitor-settings.c
 #, c-format
 msgid ""
-"repository '%s' is incompatible with fsmonitor due to lack of Unix sockets"
-msgstr "版本庫 “%s” 因缺少 Unix 通訊端而與 fsmonitor 不相容"
+"socket directory '%s' is incompatible with fsmonitor due to lack of Unix "
+"sockets support"
+msgstr "通訊端 “%s” 因缺少 Unix 通訊端支援，而與 fsmonitor 不相容"
 
 #: git.c
 msgid ""
@@ -19609,7 +19753,7 @@
 #: git.c help.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "unsupported command listing type '%s'"
-msgstr "不支援的指令列表類型 '%s'"
+msgstr "不支援的命令列表類型 '%s'"
 
 #: git.c
 #, c-format
@@ -19958,8 +20102,8 @@
 "最類似的指令有"
 
 #: help.c
-msgid "git version [<options>]"
-msgstr "git version [<選項>]"
+msgid "git version [--build-options]"
+msgstr "git version [--build-options]"
 
 #: help.c
 #, c-format
@@ -20642,8 +20786,8 @@
 #: merge-recursive.c
 #, c-format
 msgid ""
-"CONFLICT (rename/rename): Rename \"%s\"->\"%s\" in branch \"%s\" rename \"%s"
-"\"->\"%s\" in \"%s\"%s"
+"CONFLICT (rename/rename): Rename \"%s\"->\"%s\" in branch \"%s\" rename "
+"\"%s\"->\"%s\" in \"%s\"%s"
 msgstr ""
 "衝突（重新命名/重新命名）：在分支 \"%3$s\" 中重新命名 \"%1$s\"->\"%2$s\"，在"
 "分支 \"%6$s\" 中重新命名 \"%4$s\"->\"%5$s\"%7$s"
@@ -21033,11 +21177,6 @@
 msgstr "%s：忽略備用物件庫，嵌套太深"
 
 #: object-file.c
-#, c-format
-msgid "unable to normalize object directory: %s"
-msgstr "無法規範化物件目錄: %s"
-
-#: object-file.c
 msgid "unable to fdopen alternates lockfile"
 msgstr "無法 fdopen 取代鎖檔案"
 
@@ -22047,6 +22186,11 @@
 msgid "promisor remote name cannot begin with '/': %s"
 msgstr "promisor 遠端名稱不能以 '/' 開始：%s"
 
+#: promisor-remote.c
+#, c-format
+msgid "could not fetch %s from promisor remote"
+msgstr "無法從承諾者遠端抓取 %s"
+
 #: protocol-caps.c
 msgid "object-info: expected flush after arguments"
 msgstr "object-info：引數後預期要有 flush"
@@ -23320,6 +23464,15 @@
 
 #: revision.c
 #, c-format
+msgid "unsupported section for hidden refs: %s"
+msgstr "不支援的隱藏引用區塊：%s"
+
+#: revision.c
+msgid "--exclude-hidden= passed more than once"
+msgstr "--exclude-hidden= 傳入了不止一次"
+
+#: revision.c
+#, c-format
 msgid "resolve-undo records `%s` which is missing"
 msgstr "resolve-undo 不存在的「%s」記錄"
 
@@ -23505,6 +23658,16 @@
 
 #: scalar.c
 #, c-format
+msgid "could not remove stale scalar.repo '%s'"
+msgstr "無法移除過時的 scalar.repo “%s”"
+
+#: scalar.c
+#, c-format
+msgid "removing stale scalar.repo '%s'"
+msgstr "正在移除過時的 scalar.repo “%s”"
+
+#: scalar.c
+#, c-format
 msgid "git repository gone in '%s'"
 msgstr "git 版本庫在「%s」遺失"
 
@@ -23636,7 +23799,7 @@
 
 #: sequencer.c
 msgid "rebase"
-msgstr "rebase"
+msgstr "重定基底"
 
 #: sequencer.c
 #, c-format
@@ -23710,7 +23873,7 @@
 
 #: sequencer.c
 msgid "commit your changes or stash them to proceed."
-msgstr "提交您的修改或儲藏後再繼續。"
+msgstr "提交您的修改或貯存後再繼續。"
 
 #. TRANSLATORS: %s will be "revert", "cherry-pick" or
 #. "rebase".
@@ -24244,7 +24407,7 @@
 msgstr ""
 "執行成功：%s\n"
 "但是在索引和/或工作區中存在變更\n"
-"提交或儲藏修改，然後執行\n"
+"提交或貯存修改，然後執行\n"
 "\n"
 "  git rebase --continue\n"
 "\n"
@@ -24255,6 +24418,11 @@
 msgstr "非法的標籤名稱：'%.*s'"
 
 #: sequencer.c
+#, c-format
+msgid "could not resolve '%s'"
+msgstr "無法解析 '%s'"
+
+#: sequencer.c
 msgid "writing fake root commit"
 msgstr "寫偽根提交"
 
@@ -24263,11 +24431,6 @@
 msgstr "寫入 squash-onto"
 
 #: sequencer.c
-#, c-format
-msgid "could not resolve '%s'"
-msgstr "無法解析 '%s'"
-
-#: sequencer.c
 msgid "cannot merge without a current revision"
 msgstr "沒有目前版本不能合併"
 
@@ -24364,16 +24527,16 @@
 "You can run \"git stash pop\" or \"git stash drop\" at any time.\n"
 msgstr ""
 "%s\n"
-"您的修改安全地儲存在儲藏區中。\n"
+"您的修改安全地儲存在貯存區中。\n"
 "您可以在任何時候執行 \"git stash pop\" 或 \"git stash drop\"。\n"
 
 #: sequencer.c
 msgid "Applying autostash resulted in conflicts."
-msgstr "因套用自動儲藏而導致衝突。"
+msgstr "因套用自動貯存而導致衝突。"
 
 #: sequencer.c
 msgid "Autostash exists; creating a new stash entry."
-msgstr "已有自動儲藏；建立新儲藏項目。"
+msgstr "已有自動貯存；建立新貯存項目。"
 
 #: sequencer.c
 msgid "could not detach HEAD"
@@ -24778,7 +24941,7 @@
 #: submodule-config.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "ignoring '%s' which may be interpreted as a command-line option: %s"
-msgstr "忽略可能被解析為指令列選項的 '%s'：%s"
+msgstr "忽略可能被解析為命令列選項的 '%s'：%s"
 
 #: submodule-config.c
 #, c-format
@@ -24976,6 +25139,18 @@
 msgid "failed to lstat '%s'"
 msgstr "無法 lstat “%s”"
 
+#: t/helper/test-cache-tree.c
+msgid "test-tool cache-tree <options> (control|prime|update)"
+msgstr "test-tool cache-tree <options> (control|prime|update)"
+
+#: t/helper/test-cache-tree.c
+msgid "clear the cache tree before each iteration"
+msgstr "每次迭代前清除快取樹狀物件"
+
+#: t/helper/test-cache-tree.c
+msgid "number of entries in the cache tree to invalidate (default 0)"
+msgstr "在快取樹狀物件中，要使失效的項目數量（預設值為 0）"
+
 #: t/helper/test-fast-rebase.c
 msgid "unhandled options"
 msgstr "未處理選項"
@@ -25317,7 +25492,7 @@
 #: transport.c
 #, c-format
 msgid "could not read bundle '%s'"
-msgstr "無法讀取「%s」套件"
+msgstr "無法讀取「%s」套件包"
 
 #: transport.c
 #, c-format
@@ -25423,7 +25598,7 @@
 "%%sPlease commit your changes or stash them before you switch branches."
 msgstr ""
 "您對下列檔案的本機修改將被簽出動作覆蓋：\n"
-"%%s請在切換分支前提交或儲藏您的修改。"
+"%%s請在切換分支前提交或貯存您的修改。"
 
 #: unpack-trees.c
 #, c-format
@@ -25441,7 +25616,7 @@
 "%%sPlease commit your changes or stash them before you merge."
 msgstr ""
 "您對下列檔案的本機修改將被合併動作覆蓋：\n"
-"%%s請在合併前提交或儲藏您的修改。"
+"%%s請在合併前提交或貯存您的修改。"
 
 #: unpack-trees.c
 #, c-format
@@ -25459,7 +25634,7 @@
 "%%sPlease commit your changes or stash them before you %s."
 msgstr ""
 "您對下列檔案的本機修改將被 %s 覆蓋：\n"
-"%%s請在 %s 之前提交或儲藏您的修改。"
+"%%s請在 %s 之前提交或貯存您的修改。"
 
 #: unpack-trees.c
 #, c-format
@@ -25710,19 +25885,19 @@
 
 #: usage.c
 msgid "usage: "
-msgstr "用法："
+msgstr "用法: "
 
 #: usage.c
 msgid "fatal: "
-msgstr "致命錯誤："
+msgstr "致命錯誤: "
 
 #: usage.c
 msgid "error: "
-msgstr "錯誤："
+msgstr "錯誤: "
 
 #: usage.c
 msgid "warning: "
-msgstr "警告："
+msgstr "警告: "
 
 #: walker.c
 msgid "Fetching objects"
@@ -26001,7 +26176,7 @@
 #, c-format
 msgid "Your stash currently has %d entry"
 msgid_plural "Your stash currently has %d entries"
-msgstr[0] "您的儲藏區目前有 %d 條紀錄"
+msgstr[0] "您的貯存區目前有 %d 條紀錄"
 
 #: wt-status.c
 msgid "Submodules changed but not updated:"
@@ -26511,31 +26686,31 @@
 msgid ""
 "If the patch applies cleanly, the edited hunk will immediately be\n"
 "marked for staging."
-msgstr "如果修補檔能乾淨地套用，編輯區塊將立即標記為暫存。"
+msgstr "如果修補檔能完全套用，編輯區塊將立即標記為暫存。"
 
 #: git-add--interactive.perl
 msgid ""
 "If the patch applies cleanly, the edited hunk will immediately be\n"
 "marked for stashing."
-msgstr "如果修補檔能乾淨地套用，編輯區塊將立即標記為儲藏。"
+msgstr "如果修補檔能完全套用，編輯區塊將立即標記為貯存。"
 
 #: git-add--interactive.perl
 msgid ""
 "If the patch applies cleanly, the edited hunk will immediately be\n"
 "marked for unstaging."
-msgstr "如果修補檔能乾淨地套用，編輯區塊將立即標記為未暫存。"
+msgstr "如果修補檔能完全套用，編輯區塊將立即標記為未暫存。"
 
 #: git-add--interactive.perl
 msgid ""
 "If the patch applies cleanly, the edited hunk will immediately be\n"
 "marked for applying."
-msgstr "如果修補檔能乾淨地套用，編輯區塊將立即標記為套用。"
+msgstr "如果修補檔能完全套用，編輯區塊將立即標記為套用。"
 
 #: git-add--interactive.perl
 msgid ""
 "If the patch applies cleanly, the edited hunk will immediately be\n"
 "marked for discarding."
-msgstr "如果修補檔能乾淨地套用，編輯塊將立即標記為捨棄。"
+msgstr "如果修補檔能完全套用，編輯塊將立即標記為捨棄。"
 
 #: git-add--interactive.perl
 #, perl-format
@@ -26582,11 +26757,11 @@
 "a - stash this hunk and all later hunks in the file\n"
 "d - do not stash this hunk or any of the later hunks in the file"
 msgstr ""
-"y - 儲藏此區塊\n"
-"n - 不要儲藏此區塊\n"
-"q - 離開。不儲藏此區塊及後面的全部區塊\n"
-"a - 儲藏此區塊和本檔案中後面的全部區塊\n"
-"d - 不儲藏此區塊和本檔案中後面的全部區塊"
+"y - 貯存此區塊\n"
+"n - 不要貯存此區塊\n"
+"q - 離開。不貯存此區塊及後面的全部區塊\n"
+"a - 貯存此區塊和本檔案中後面的全部區塊\n"
+"d - 不貯存此區塊和本檔案中後面的全部區塊"
 
 #: git-add--interactive.perl
 msgid ""
@@ -26801,7 +26976,7 @@
 
 #: git-send-email.perl
 msgid "the editor exited uncleanly, aborting everything"
-msgstr "編輯器非正常離開，終止所有動作"
+msgstr "編輯器非正常離開，中止所有動作"
 
 #: git-send-email.perl
 #, perl-format
@@ -26836,7 +27011,7 @@
 msgid ""
 "`batch-size` and `relogin` must be specified together (via command-line or "
 "configuration option)\n"
-msgstr "`batch-size` 和 `relogin` 必須同時定義（透過指令列或者設定選項）\n"
+msgstr "`batch-size` 和 `relogin` 必須同時定義（透過命令列或者設定選項）\n"
 
 #: git-send-email.perl
 #, perl-format
@@ -27158,3 +27333,147 @@
 #, perl-format
 msgid "Do you really want to send %s? [y|N]: "
 msgstr "您真的要傳送 %s？[y|N]： "
+
+#, c-format
+#~ msgid "unable to normalize object directory: %s"
+#~ msgstr "無法規範化物件目錄: %s"
+
+#~ msgid "reset the bisection state"
+#~ msgstr "清除二分搜尋狀態"
+
+#~ msgid "check whether bad or good terms exist"
+#~ msgstr "檢查壞的或好的術語是否存在"
+
+#~ msgid "print out the bisect terms"
+#~ msgstr "列印二分搜尋術語"
+
+#~ msgid "start the bisect session"
+#~ msgstr "啟動二分搜尋過程"
+
+#~ msgid "find the next bisection commit"
+#~ msgstr "尋找下一個二分搜尋提交"
+
+#~ msgid "mark the state of ref (or refs)"
+#~ msgstr "標記 ref (或 refs) 的狀態"
+
+#~ msgid "list the bisection steps so far"
+#~ msgstr "列出迄今的二分搜尋步驟"
+
+#~ msgid "replay the bisection process from the given file"
+#~ msgstr "從指定檔案重放二分搜尋過程"
+
+#~ msgid "skip some commits for checkout"
+#~ msgstr "略過要簽出的部分提交"
+
+#~ msgid "visualize the bisection"
+#~ msgstr "視覺化二分搜尋過程"
+
+#~ msgid "use <cmd>... to automatically bisect"
+#~ msgstr "使用 <cmd>... 自動進行二分搜尋"
+
+#~ msgid "no log for BISECT_WRITE"
+#~ msgstr "BISECT_WRITE 無日誌"
+
+#~ msgid "Couldn't look up commit object for HEAD"
+#~ msgstr "無法查詢 HEAD 指向的提交物件"
+
+#~ msgid "git bundle create [<options>] <file> <git-rev-list args>"
+#~ msgstr "git bundle create [<選項>] <檔案> <git-rev-list 參數>"
+
+#, c-format
+#~ msgid "options '%s' and '%s %s' cannot be used together"
+#~ msgstr "「%s」和「%s %s」選項不得同時使用"
+
+#~ msgid "git commit [<options>] [--] <pathspec>..."
+#~ msgstr "git commit [<選項>] [--] <路徑規格>..."
+
+#~ msgid "git fsck [<options>] [<object>...]"
+#~ msgstr "git fsck [<選項>] [<物件>...]"
+
+#~ msgid "git fsmonitor--daemon stop"
+#~ msgstr "git fsmonitor--daemon stop"
+
+#~ msgid "git fsmonitor--daemon status"
+#~ msgstr "git fsmonitor--daemon status"
+
+#~ msgid "failed to run 'git config'"
+#~ msgstr "無法執行 ‘git config’"
+
+#, c-format
+#~ msgid "could not get 'onto': '%s'"
+#~ msgstr "無法取得 'onto'：'%s'"
+
+#~ msgid "Could not resolve HEAD to a revision"
+#~ msgstr "無法將 HEAD 解析為一個版本"
+
+#, c-format
+#~ msgid "missing required file: %s"
+#~ msgstr "缺少必要檔案：%s"
+
+#~ msgid "git revert [<options>] <commit-ish>..."
+#~ msgstr "git revert [<選項>] <提交號>..."
+
+#~ msgid "git revert <subcommand>"
+#~ msgstr "git revert <子指令>"
+
+#~ msgid "git cherry-pick [<options>] <commit-ish>..."
+#~ msgstr "git cherry-pick [<選項>] <提交號>..."
+
+#~ msgid "git cherry-pick <subcommand>"
+#~ msgstr "git cherry-pick <子指令>"
+
+#~ msgid "git rm [<options>] [--] <file>..."
+#~ msgstr "git rm [<選項>] [--] <檔案>..."
+
+#~ msgid "using --group=trailer with stdin is not supported"
+#~ msgstr "不支援在標準輸入使用 --group=trailer"
+
+#~ msgid "git stash show [<options>] [<stash>]"
+#~ msgstr "git stash show [<選項>] [<stash>]"
+
+#~ msgid "git stash ( pop | apply ) [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]"
+#~ msgstr "git stash ( pop | apply ) [--index] [-q|--quiet] [<stash>]"
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "git stash [push [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet]\n"
+#~ "          [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-m|--message <message>]\n"
+#~ "          [--] [<pathspec>...]]"
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "git stash [push [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet]\n"
+#~ "          [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [-m|--message <消息>]\n"
+#~ "          [--] [<路徑規格>...]]"
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "git stash save [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet]\n"
+#~ "               [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [<message>]"
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "git stash save [-p|--patch] [-k|--[no-]keep-index] [-q|--quiet]\n"
+#~ "               [-u|--include-untracked] [-a|--all] [<消息>]"
+
+#~ msgid "path into the working tree"
+#~ msgstr "到工作區的路徑"
+
+#~ msgid "recurse into submodules"
+#~ msgstr "在子模組中遞迴"
+
+#~ msgid "check if it is safe to write to the .gitmodules file"
+#~ msgstr "檢查寫入 .gitmodules 檔案是否安全"
+
+#~ msgid "unset the config in the .gitmodules file"
+#~ msgstr "取消 .gitmodules 檔案中的設定"
+
+#~ msgid "git submodule--helper config --unset <name>"
+#~ msgstr "git submodule--helper config --unset <名稱>"
+
+#, c-format
+#~ msgid "'%s' is not a valid submodule--helper subcommand"
+#~ msgstr "'%s' 不是一個有效的 submodule--helper 子指令"
+
+#~ msgid "git upload-pack [<options>] <dir>"
+#~ msgstr "git upload-pack [<選項>] <目錄>"
+
+#~ msgid "git worktree add [<options>] <path> [<commit-ish>]"
+#~ msgstr "git worktree add [<選項>] <路徑> [<提交>]"
+
+#~ msgid "git worktree lock [<options>] <path>"
+#~ msgstr "git worktree lock [<選項>] <路徑>"
diff --git a/promisor-remote.c b/promisor-remote.c
index 68f46f5..faa7612 100644
--- a/promisor-remote.c
+++ b/promisor-remote.c
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 #include "config.h"
 #include "transport.h"
 #include "strvec.h"
+#include "packfile.h"
 
 struct promisor_remote_config {
 	struct promisor_remote *promisors;
@@ -230,18 +231,18 @@ static int remove_fetched_oids(struct repository *repo,
 	return remaining_nr;
 }
 
-int promisor_remote_get_direct(struct repository *repo,
-			       const struct object_id *oids,
-			       int oid_nr)
+void promisor_remote_get_direct(struct repository *repo,
+				const struct object_id *oids,
+				int oid_nr)
 {
 	struct promisor_remote *r;
 	struct object_id *remaining_oids = (struct object_id *)oids;
 	int remaining_nr = oid_nr;
 	int to_free = 0;
-	int res = -1;
+	int i;
 
 	if (oid_nr == 0)
-		return 0;
+		return;
 
 	promisor_remote_init(repo);
 
@@ -256,12 +257,16 @@ int promisor_remote_get_direct(struct repository *repo,
 				continue;
 			}
 		}
-		res = 0;
-		break;
+		goto all_fetched;
 	}
 
+	for (i = 0; i < remaining_nr; i++) {
+		if (is_promisor_object(&remaining_oids[i]))
+			die(_("could not fetch %s from promisor remote"),
+			    oid_to_hex(&remaining_oids[i]));
+	}
+
+all_fetched:
 	if (to_free)
 		free(remaining_oids);
-
-	return res;
 }
diff --git a/promisor-remote.h b/promisor-remote.h
index edc45ab..df36eb0 100644
--- a/promisor-remote.h
+++ b/promisor-remote.h
@@ -39,13 +39,12 @@ static inline int has_promisor_remote(void)
 
 /*
  * Fetches all requested objects from all promisor remotes, trying them one at
- * a time until all objects are fetched. Returns 0 upon success, and non-zero
- * otherwise.
+ * a time until all objects are fetched.
  *
- * If oid_nr is 0, this function returns 0 (success) immediately.
+ * If oid_nr is 0, this function returns immediately.
  */
-int promisor_remote_get_direct(struct repository *repo,
-			       const struct object_id *oids,
-			       int oid_nr);
+void promisor_remote_get_direct(struct repository *repo,
+				const struct object_id *oids,
+				int oid_nr);
 
 #endif /* PROMISOR_REMOTE_H */
diff --git a/read-cache.c b/read-cache.c
index 3202402..46f5e49 100644
--- a/read-cache.c
+++ b/read-cache.c
@@ -2531,7 +2531,7 @@ int is_index_unborn(struct index_state *istate)
 	return (!istate->cache_nr && !istate->timestamp.sec);
 }
 
-int discard_index(struct index_state *istate)
+void discard_index(struct index_state *istate)
 {
 	/*
 	 * Cache entries in istate->cache[] should have been allocated
@@ -2562,8 +2562,6 @@ int discard_index(struct index_state *istate)
 		mem_pool_discard(istate->ce_mem_pool, should_validate_cache_entries());
 		FREE_AND_NULL(istate->ce_mem_pool);
 	}
-
-	return 0;
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/ref-filter.c b/ref-filter.c
index 914908f..9dc2cd1 100644
--- a/ref-filter.c
+++ b/ref-filter.c
@@ -1375,12 +1375,12 @@ static void find_subpos(const char *buf,
 	/* subject is first non-empty line */
 	*sub = buf;
 	/* subject goes to first empty line before signature begins */
-	if ((eol = strstr(*sub, "\n\n"))) {
+	if ((eol = strstr(*sub, "\n\n")) ||
+	    (eol = strstr(*sub, "\r\n\r\n"))) {
 		eol = eol < sigstart ? eol : sigstart;
-	/* check if message uses CRLF */
-	} else if (! (eol = strstr(*sub, "\r\n\r\n"))) {
+	} else {
 		/* treat whole message as subject */
-		eol = strrchr(*sub, '\0');
+		eol = sigstart;
 	}
 	buf = eol;
 	*sublen = buf - *sub;
diff --git a/reflog-walk.c b/reflog-walk.c
index 7aa6595..8a4d8fa 100644
--- a/reflog-walk.c
+++ b/reflog-walk.c
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ static void free_complete_reflog(struct complete_reflogs *array)
 	free(array);
 }
 
-static void complete_reflogs_clear(void *util, const char *str)
+static void complete_reflogs_clear(void *util, const char *str UNUSED)
 {
 	struct complete_reflogs *array = util;
 	free_complete_reflog(array);
diff --git a/reflog.c b/reflog.c
index d258fd3..78e9350 100644
--- a/reflog.c
+++ b/reflog.c
@@ -312,16 +312,9 @@ static int push_tip_to_list(const char *refname UNUSED,
 
 static int is_head(const char *refname)
 {
-	switch (ref_type(refname)) {
-	case REF_TYPE_OTHER_PSEUDOREF:
-	case REF_TYPE_MAIN_PSEUDOREF:
-		if (parse_worktree_ref(refname, NULL, NULL, &refname))
-			BUG("not a worktree ref: %s", refname);
-		break;
-	default:
-		break;
-	}
-	return !strcmp(refname, "HEAD");
+	const char *stripped_refname;
+	parse_worktree_ref(refname, NULL, NULL, &stripped_refname);
+	return !strcmp(stripped_refname, "HEAD");
 }
 
 void reflog_expiry_prepare(const char *refname,
diff --git a/refs.c b/refs.c
index c89d558..2c7e88b 100644
--- a/refs.c
+++ b/refs.c
@@ -811,7 +811,7 @@ int dwim_log(const char *str, int len, struct object_id *oid, char **log)
 	return repo_dwim_log(the_repository, str, len, oid, log);
 }
 
-static int is_per_worktree_ref(const char *refname)
+int is_per_worktree_ref(const char *refname)
 {
 	return starts_with(refname, "refs/worktree/") ||
 	       starts_with(refname, "refs/bisect/") ||
@@ -827,37 +827,63 @@ static int is_pseudoref_syntax(const char *refname)
 			return 0;
 	}
 
+	/*
+	 * HEAD is not a pseudoref, but it certainly uses the
+	 * pseudoref syntax.
+	 */
 	return 1;
 }
 
-static int is_main_pseudoref_syntax(const char *refname)
-{
-	return skip_prefix(refname, "main-worktree/", &refname) &&
-		*refname &&
-		is_pseudoref_syntax(refname);
+static int is_current_worktree_ref(const char *ref) {
+	return is_pseudoref_syntax(ref) || is_per_worktree_ref(ref);
 }
 
-static int is_other_pseudoref_syntax(const char *refname)
+enum ref_worktree_type parse_worktree_ref(const char *maybe_worktree_ref,
+					  const char **worktree_name, int *worktree_name_length,
+					  const char **bare_refname)
 {
-	if (!skip_prefix(refname, "worktrees/", &refname))
-		return 0;
-	refname = strchr(refname, '/');
-	if (!refname || !refname[1])
-		return 0;
-	return is_pseudoref_syntax(refname + 1);
-}
+	const char *name_dummy;
+	int name_length_dummy;
+	const char *ref_dummy;
 
-enum ref_type ref_type(const char *refname)
-{
-	if (is_per_worktree_ref(refname))
-		return REF_TYPE_PER_WORKTREE;
-	if (is_pseudoref_syntax(refname))
-		return REF_TYPE_PSEUDOREF;
-	if (is_main_pseudoref_syntax(refname))
-		return REF_TYPE_MAIN_PSEUDOREF;
-	if (is_other_pseudoref_syntax(refname))
-		return REF_TYPE_OTHER_PSEUDOREF;
-	return REF_TYPE_NORMAL;
+	if (!worktree_name)
+		worktree_name = &name_dummy;
+	if (!worktree_name_length)
+		worktree_name_length = &name_length_dummy;
+	if (!bare_refname)
+		bare_refname = &ref_dummy;
+
+	if (skip_prefix(maybe_worktree_ref, "worktrees/", bare_refname)) {
+		const char *slash = strchr(*bare_refname, '/');
+
+		*worktree_name = *bare_refname;
+		if (!slash) {
+			*worktree_name_length = strlen(*worktree_name);
+
+			/* This is an error condition, and the caller tell because the bare_refname is "" */
+			*bare_refname = *worktree_name + *worktree_name_length;
+			return REF_WORKTREE_OTHER;
+		}
+
+		*worktree_name_length = slash - *bare_refname;
+		*bare_refname = slash + 1;
+
+		if (is_current_worktree_ref(*bare_refname))
+			return REF_WORKTREE_OTHER;
+	}
+
+	*worktree_name = NULL;
+	*worktree_name_length = 0;
+
+	if (skip_prefix(maybe_worktree_ref, "main-worktree/", bare_refname)
+	    && is_current_worktree_ref(*bare_refname))
+		return REF_WORKTREE_MAIN;
+
+	*bare_refname = maybe_worktree_ref;
+	if (is_current_worktree_ref(maybe_worktree_ref))
+		return REF_WORKTREE_CURRENT;
+
+	return REF_WORKTREE_SHARED;
 }
 
 long get_files_ref_lock_timeout_ms(void)
@@ -1388,9 +1414,8 @@ char *shorten_unambiguous_ref(const char *refname, int strict)
 					    refname, strict);
 }
 
-static struct string_list *hide_refs;
-
-int parse_hide_refs_config(const char *var, const char *value, const char *section)
+int parse_hide_refs_config(const char *var, const char *value, const char *section,
+			   struct string_list *hide_refs)
 {
 	const char *key;
 	if (!strcmp("transfer.hiderefs", var) ||
@@ -1405,21 +1430,16 @@ int parse_hide_refs_config(const char *var, const char *value, const char *secti
 		len = strlen(ref);
 		while (len && ref[len - 1] == '/')
 			ref[--len] = '\0';
-		if (!hide_refs) {
-			CALLOC_ARRAY(hide_refs, 1);
-			hide_refs->strdup_strings = 1;
-		}
-		string_list_append(hide_refs, ref);
+		string_list_append_nodup(hide_refs, ref);
 	}
 	return 0;
 }
 
-int ref_is_hidden(const char *refname, const char *refname_full)
+int ref_is_hidden(const char *refname, const char *refname_full,
+		  const struct string_list *hide_refs)
 {
 	int i;
 
-	if (!hide_refs)
-		return 0;
 	for (i = hide_refs->nr - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
 		const char *match = hide_refs->items[i].string;
 		const char *subject;
diff --git a/refs.h b/refs.h
index d6575b8..3266fd8 100644
--- a/refs.h
+++ b/refs.h
@@ -808,7 +808,8 @@ int update_ref(const char *msg, const char *refname,
 	       const struct object_id *new_oid, const struct object_id *old_oid,
 	       unsigned int flags, enum action_on_err onerr);
 
-int parse_hide_refs_config(const char *var, const char *value, const char *);
+int parse_hide_refs_config(const char *var, const char *value, const char *,
+			   struct string_list *);
 
 /*
  * Check whether a ref is hidden. If no namespace is set, both the first and
@@ -818,17 +819,36 @@ int parse_hide_refs_config(const char *var, const char *value, const char *);
  * the ref is outside that namespace, the first parameter is NULL. The second
  * parameter always points to the full ref name.
  */
-int ref_is_hidden(const char *, const char *);
+int ref_is_hidden(const char *, const char *, const struct string_list *);
 
-enum ref_type {
-	REF_TYPE_PER_WORKTREE,	  /* refs inside refs/ but not shared       */
-	REF_TYPE_PSEUDOREF,	  /* refs outside refs/ in current worktree */
-	REF_TYPE_MAIN_PSEUDOREF,  /* pseudo refs from the main worktree     */
-	REF_TYPE_OTHER_PSEUDOREF, /* pseudo refs from other worktrees       */
-	REF_TYPE_NORMAL,	  /* normal/shared refs inside refs/        */
+/* Is this a per-worktree ref living in the refs/ namespace? */
+int is_per_worktree_ref(const char *refname);
+
+/* Describes how a refname relates to worktrees */
+enum ref_worktree_type {
+	REF_WORKTREE_CURRENT, /* implicitly per worktree, eg. HEAD or
+				 refs/bisect/SOMETHING */
+	REF_WORKTREE_MAIN, /* explicitly in main worktree, eg.
+			      main-worktree/HEAD */
+	REF_WORKTREE_OTHER, /* explicitly in named worktree, eg.
+			       worktrees/bla/HEAD */
+	REF_WORKTREE_SHARED, /* the default, eg. refs/heads/main */
 };
 
-enum ref_type ref_type(const char *refname);
+/*
+ * Parse a `maybe_worktree_ref` as a ref that possibly refers to a worktree ref
+ * (ie. either REFNAME, main-worktree/REFNAME or worktree/WORKTREE/REFNAME). It
+ * returns what kind of ref was found, and in case of REF_WORKTREE_OTHER, the
+ * worktree name is returned in `worktree_name` (pointing into
+ * `maybe_worktree_ref`) and `worktree_name_length`. The bare refname (the
+ * refname stripped of prefixes) is returned in `bare_refname`. The
+ * `worktree_name`, `worktree_name_length` and `bare_refname` arguments may be
+ * NULL.
+ */
+enum ref_worktree_type parse_worktree_ref(const char *maybe_worktree_ref,
+					  const char **worktree_name,
+					  int *worktree_name_length,
+					  const char **bare_refname);
 
 enum expire_reflog_flags {
 	EXPIRE_REFLOGS_DRY_RUN = 1 << 0,
diff --git a/refs/files-backend.c b/refs/files-backend.c
index e4009b3..b899543 100644
--- a/refs/files-backend.c
+++ b/refs/files-backend.c
@@ -138,44 +138,30 @@ static struct files_ref_store *files_downcast(struct ref_store *ref_store,
 	return refs;
 }
 
-static void files_reflog_path_other_worktrees(struct files_ref_store *refs,
-					      struct strbuf *sb,
-					      const char *refname)
-{
-	const char *real_ref;
-	const char *worktree_name;
-	int length;
-
-	if (parse_worktree_ref(refname, &worktree_name, &length, &real_ref))
-		BUG("refname %s is not a other-worktree ref", refname);
-
-	if (worktree_name)
-		strbuf_addf(sb, "%s/worktrees/%.*s/logs/%s", refs->gitcommondir,
-			    length, worktree_name, real_ref);
-	else
-		strbuf_addf(sb, "%s/logs/%s", refs->gitcommondir,
-			    real_ref);
-}
-
 static void files_reflog_path(struct files_ref_store *refs,
 			      struct strbuf *sb,
 			      const char *refname)
 {
-	switch (ref_type(refname)) {
-	case REF_TYPE_PER_WORKTREE:
-	case REF_TYPE_PSEUDOREF:
+	const char *bare_refname;
+	const char *wtname;
+	int wtname_len;
+	enum ref_worktree_type wt_type = parse_worktree_ref(
+		refname, &wtname, &wtname_len, &bare_refname);
+
+	switch (wt_type) {
+	case REF_WORKTREE_CURRENT:
 		strbuf_addf(sb, "%s/logs/%s", refs->base.gitdir, refname);
 		break;
-	case REF_TYPE_OTHER_PSEUDOREF:
-	case REF_TYPE_MAIN_PSEUDOREF:
-		files_reflog_path_other_worktrees(refs, sb, refname);
+	case REF_WORKTREE_SHARED:
+	case REF_WORKTREE_MAIN:
+		strbuf_addf(sb, "%s/logs/%s", refs->gitcommondir, bare_refname);
 		break;
-	case REF_TYPE_NORMAL:
-		strbuf_addf(sb, "%s/logs/%s", refs->gitcommondir, refname);
+	case REF_WORKTREE_OTHER:
+		strbuf_addf(sb, "%s/worktrees/%.*s/logs/%s", refs->gitcommondir,
+			    wtname_len, wtname, bare_refname);
 		break;
 	default:
-		BUG("unknown ref type %d of ref %s",
-		    ref_type(refname), refname);
+		BUG("unknown ref type %d of ref %s", wt_type, refname);
 	}
 }
 
@@ -183,22 +169,25 @@ static void files_ref_path(struct files_ref_store *refs,
 			   struct strbuf *sb,
 			   const char *refname)
 {
-	switch (ref_type(refname)) {
-	case REF_TYPE_PER_WORKTREE:
-	case REF_TYPE_PSEUDOREF:
+	const char *bare_refname;
+	const char *wtname;
+	int wtname_len;
+	enum ref_worktree_type wt_type = parse_worktree_ref(
+		refname, &wtname, &wtname_len, &bare_refname);
+	switch (wt_type) {
+	case REF_WORKTREE_CURRENT:
 		strbuf_addf(sb, "%s/%s", refs->base.gitdir, refname);
 		break;
-	case REF_TYPE_MAIN_PSEUDOREF:
-		if (!skip_prefix(refname, "main-worktree/", &refname))
-			BUG("ref %s is not a main pseudoref", refname);
-		/* fallthrough */
-	case REF_TYPE_OTHER_PSEUDOREF:
-	case REF_TYPE_NORMAL:
-		strbuf_addf(sb, "%s/%s", refs->gitcommondir, refname);
+	case REF_WORKTREE_OTHER:
+		strbuf_addf(sb, "%s/worktrees/%.*s/%s", refs->gitcommondir,
+			    wtname_len, wtname, bare_refname);
+		break;
+	case REF_WORKTREE_SHARED:
+	case REF_WORKTREE_MAIN:
+		strbuf_addf(sb, "%s/%s", refs->gitcommondir, bare_refname);
 		break;
 	default:
-		BUG("unknown ref type %d of ref %s",
-		    ref_type(refname), refname);
+		BUG("unknown ref type %d of ref %s", wt_type, refname);
 	}
 }
 
@@ -771,7 +760,8 @@ static int files_ref_iterator_advance(struct ref_iterator *ref_iterator)
 
 	while ((ok = ref_iterator_advance(iter->iter0)) == ITER_OK) {
 		if (iter->flags & DO_FOR_EACH_PER_WORKTREE_ONLY &&
-		    ref_type(iter->iter0->refname) != REF_TYPE_PER_WORKTREE)
+		    parse_worktree_ref(iter->iter0->refname, NULL, NULL,
+				       NULL) != REF_WORKTREE_CURRENT)
 			continue;
 
 		if ((iter->flags & DO_FOR_EACH_OMIT_DANGLING_SYMREFS) &&
@@ -1178,7 +1168,8 @@ static int should_pack_ref(const char *refname,
 			   unsigned int pack_flags)
 {
 	/* Do not pack per-worktree refs: */
-	if (ref_type(refname) != REF_TYPE_NORMAL)
+	if (parse_worktree_ref(refname, NULL, NULL, NULL) !=
+	    REF_WORKTREE_SHARED)
 		return 0;
 
 	/* Do not pack non-tags unless PACK_REFS_ALL is set: */
@@ -2267,7 +2258,8 @@ static enum iterator_selection reflog_iterator_select(
 		 */
 		return ITER_SELECT_0;
 	} else if (iter_common) {
-		if (ref_type(iter_common->refname) == REF_TYPE_NORMAL)
+		if (parse_worktree_ref(iter_common->refname, NULL, NULL,
+				       NULL) == REF_WORKTREE_SHARED)
 			return ITER_SELECT_1;
 
 		/*
diff --git a/refs/packed-backend.c b/refs/packed-backend.c
index 43cdb97..c1c71d1 100644
--- a/refs/packed-backend.c
+++ b/refs/packed-backend.c
@@ -862,7 +862,7 @@ static int packed_ref_iterator_advance(struct ref_iterator *ref_iterator)
 
 	while ((ok = next_record(iter)) == ITER_OK) {
 		if (iter->flags & DO_FOR_EACH_PER_WORKTREE_ONLY &&
-		    ref_type(iter->base.refname) != REF_TYPE_PER_WORKTREE)
+		    !is_per_worktree_ref(iter->base.refname))
 			continue;
 
 		if (!(iter->flags & DO_FOR_EACH_INCLUDE_BROKEN) &&
diff --git a/repo-settings.c b/repo-settings.c
index e8b5815..3021921 100644
--- a/repo-settings.c
+++ b/repo-settings.c
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@ void prepare_repo_settings(struct repository *r)
 	/* Defaults modified by feature.* */
 	if (experimental) {
 		r->settings.fetch_negotiation_algorithm = FETCH_NEGOTIATION_SKIPPING;
+		r->settings.gc_cruft_packs = 1;
 	}
 	if (manyfiles) {
 		r->settings.index_version = 4;
diff --git a/repository.c b/repository.c
index 5d166b6..3427085 100644
--- a/repository.c
+++ b/repository.c
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
  * not really _using_ the compat macros, just make sure the_index
  * declaration matches the definition in this file.
  */
-#define USE_THE_INDEX_COMPATIBILITY_MACROS
+#define USE_THE_INDEX_VARIABLE
 #include "cache.h"
 #include "repository.h"
 #include "object-store.h"
diff --git a/repository.h b/repository.h
index 24316ac..6c461c5 100644
--- a/repository.h
+++ b/repository.h
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ struct repo_settings {
 	int commit_graph_generation_version;
 	int commit_graph_read_changed_paths;
 	int gc_write_commit_graph;
+	int gc_cruft_packs;
 	int fetch_write_commit_graph;
 	int command_requires_full_index;
 	int sparse_index;
diff --git a/reset.c b/reset.c
index e3383a9..5ded236 100644
--- a/reset.c
+++ b/reset.c
@@ -128,6 +128,7 @@ int reset_head(struct repository *r, const struct reset_head_opts *opts)
 	unpack_tree_opts.update = 1;
 	unpack_tree_opts.merge = 1;
 	unpack_tree_opts.preserve_ignored = 0; /* FIXME: !overwrite_ignore */
+	unpack_tree_opts.skip_cache_tree_update = 1;
 	init_checkout_metadata(&unpack_tree_opts.meta, switch_to_branch, oid, NULL);
 	if (reset_hard)
 		unpack_tree_opts.reset = UNPACK_RESET_PROTECT_UNTRACKED;
diff --git a/revision.c b/revision.c
index 8f2623b..439e34a 100644
--- a/revision.c
+++ b/revision.c
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #include "cache.h"
+#include "config.h"
 #include "object-store.h"
 #include "tag.h"
 #include "blob.h"
@@ -1517,6 +1518,69 @@ static void add_rev_cmdline_list(struct rev_info *revs,
 	}
 }
 
+int ref_excluded(const struct ref_exclusions *exclusions, const char *path)
+{
+	const char *stripped_path = strip_namespace(path);
+	struct string_list_item *item;
+
+	for_each_string_list_item(item, &exclusions->excluded_refs) {
+		if (!wildmatch(item->string, path, 0))
+			return 1;
+	}
+
+	if (ref_is_hidden(stripped_path, path, &exclusions->hidden_refs))
+		return 1;
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+void init_ref_exclusions(struct ref_exclusions *exclusions)
+{
+	struct ref_exclusions blank = REF_EXCLUSIONS_INIT;
+	memcpy(exclusions, &blank, sizeof(*exclusions));
+}
+
+void clear_ref_exclusions(struct ref_exclusions *exclusions)
+{
+	string_list_clear(&exclusions->excluded_refs, 0);
+	string_list_clear(&exclusions->hidden_refs, 0);
+	exclusions->hidden_refs_configured = 0;
+}
+
+void add_ref_exclusion(struct ref_exclusions *exclusions, const char *exclude)
+{
+	string_list_append(&exclusions->excluded_refs, exclude);
+}
+
+struct exclude_hidden_refs_cb {
+	struct ref_exclusions *exclusions;
+	const char *section;
+};
+
+static int hide_refs_config(const char *var, const char *value, void *cb_data)
+{
+	struct exclude_hidden_refs_cb *cb = cb_data;
+	cb->exclusions->hidden_refs_configured = 1;
+	return parse_hide_refs_config(var, value, cb->section,
+				      &cb->exclusions->hidden_refs);
+}
+
+void exclude_hidden_refs(struct ref_exclusions *exclusions, const char *section)
+{
+	struct exclude_hidden_refs_cb cb;
+
+	if (strcmp(section, "receive") && strcmp(section, "uploadpack"))
+		die(_("unsupported section for hidden refs: %s"), section);
+
+	if (exclusions->hidden_refs_configured)
+		die(_("--exclude-hidden= passed more than once"));
+
+	cb.exclusions = exclusions;
+	cb.section = section;
+
+	git_config(hide_refs_config, &cb);
+}
+
 struct all_refs_cb {
 	int all_flags;
 	int warned_bad_reflog;
@@ -1525,19 +1589,6 @@ struct all_refs_cb {
 	struct worktree *wt;
 };
 
-int ref_excluded(struct string_list *ref_excludes, const char *path)
-{
-	struct string_list_item *item;
-
-	if (!ref_excludes)
-		return 0;
-	for_each_string_list_item(item, ref_excludes) {
-		if (!wildmatch(item->string, path, 0))
-			return 1;
-	}
-	return 0;
-}
-
 static int handle_one_ref(const char *path, const struct object_id *oid,
 			  int flag UNUSED,
 			  void *cb_data)
@@ -1545,7 +1596,7 @@ static int handle_one_ref(const char *path, const struct object_id *oid,
 	struct all_refs_cb *cb = cb_data;
 	struct object *object;
 
-	if (ref_excluded(cb->all_revs->ref_excludes, path))
+	if (ref_excluded(&cb->all_revs->ref_excludes, path))
 	    return 0;
 
 	object = get_reference(cb->all_revs, path, oid, cb->all_flags);
@@ -1563,24 +1614,6 @@ static void init_all_refs_cb(struct all_refs_cb *cb, struct rev_info *revs,
 	cb->wt = NULL;
 }
 
-void clear_ref_exclusion(struct string_list **ref_excludes_p)
-{
-	if (*ref_excludes_p) {
-		string_list_clear(*ref_excludes_p, 0);
-		free(*ref_excludes_p);
-	}
-	*ref_excludes_p = NULL;
-}
-
-void add_ref_exclusion(struct string_list **ref_excludes_p, const char *exclude)
-{
-	if (!*ref_excludes_p) {
-		CALLOC_ARRAY(*ref_excludes_p, 1);
-		(*ref_excludes_p)->strdup_strings = 1;
-	}
-	string_list_append(*ref_excludes_p, exclude);
-}
-
 static void handle_refs(struct ref_store *refs,
 			struct rev_info *revs, unsigned flags,
 			int (*for_each)(struct ref_store *, each_ref_fn, void *))
@@ -1865,30 +1898,15 @@ void repo_init_revisions(struct repository *r,
 			 struct rev_info *revs,
 			 const char *prefix)
 {
-	memset(revs, 0, sizeof(*revs));
+	struct rev_info blank = REV_INFO_INIT;
+	memcpy(revs, &blank, sizeof(*revs));
 
 	revs->repo = r;
-	revs->abbrev = DEFAULT_ABBREV;
-	revs->simplify_history = 1;
 	revs->pruning.repo = r;
-	revs->pruning.flags.recursive = 1;
-	revs->pruning.flags.quick = 1;
 	revs->pruning.add_remove = file_add_remove;
 	revs->pruning.change = file_change;
 	revs->pruning.change_fn_data = revs;
-	revs->sort_order = REV_SORT_IN_GRAPH_ORDER;
-	revs->dense = 1;
 	revs->prefix = prefix;
-	revs->max_age = -1;
-	revs->max_age_as_filter = -1;
-	revs->min_age = -1;
-	revs->skip_count = -1;
-	revs->max_count = -1;
-	revs->max_parents = -1;
-	revs->expand_tabs_in_log = -1;
-
-	revs->commit_format = CMIT_FMT_DEFAULT;
-	revs->expand_tabs_in_log_default = 8;
 
 	grep_init(&revs->grep_filter, revs->repo);
 	revs->grep_filter.status_only = 1;
@@ -1901,6 +1919,7 @@ void repo_init_revisions(struct repository *r,
 
 	init_display_notes(&revs->notes_opt);
 	list_objects_filter_init(&revs->filter);
+	init_ref_exclusions(&revs->ref_excludes);
 }
 
 static void add_pending_commit_list(struct rev_info *revs,
@@ -2113,9 +2132,8 @@ static int handle_revision_arg_1(const char *arg_, struct rev_info *revs, int fl
 		int exclude_parent = 1;
 
 		if (mark[2]) {
-			char *end;
-			exclude_parent = strtoul(mark + 2, &end, 10);
-			if (*end != '\0' || !exclude_parent)
+			if (strtol_i(mark + 2, 10, &exclude_parent) ||
+			    exclude_parent < 1)
 				return -1;
 		}
 
@@ -2226,7 +2244,7 @@ static int handle_revision_opt(struct rev_info *revs, int argc, const char **arg
 	    !strcmp(arg, "--bisect") || starts_with(arg, "--glob=") ||
 	    !strcmp(arg, "--indexed-objects") ||
 	    !strcmp(arg, "--alternate-refs") ||
-	    starts_with(arg, "--exclude=") ||
+	    starts_with(arg, "--exclude=") || starts_with(arg, "--exclude-hidden=") ||
 	    starts_with(arg, "--branches=") || starts_with(arg, "--tags=") ||
 	    starts_with(arg, "--remotes=") || starts_with(arg, "--no-walk="))
 	{
@@ -2690,10 +2708,12 @@ static int handle_revision_pseudo_opt(struct rev_info *revs,
 			init_all_refs_cb(&cb, revs, *flags);
 			other_head_refs(handle_one_ref, &cb);
 		}
-		clear_ref_exclusion(&revs->ref_excludes);
+		clear_ref_exclusions(&revs->ref_excludes);
 	} else if (!strcmp(arg, "--branches")) {
+		if (revs->ref_excludes.hidden_refs_configured)
+			return error(_("--exclude-hidden cannot be used together with --branches"));
 		handle_refs(refs, revs, *flags, refs_for_each_branch_ref);
-		clear_ref_exclusion(&revs->ref_excludes);
+		clear_ref_exclusions(&revs->ref_excludes);
 	} else if (!strcmp(arg, "--bisect")) {
 		read_bisect_terms(&term_bad, &term_good);
 		handle_refs(refs, revs, *flags, for_each_bad_bisect_ref);
@@ -2701,35 +2721,48 @@ static int handle_revision_pseudo_opt(struct rev_info *revs,
 			    for_each_good_bisect_ref);
 		revs->bisect = 1;
 	} else if (!strcmp(arg, "--tags")) {
+		if (revs->ref_excludes.hidden_refs_configured)
+			return error(_("--exclude-hidden cannot be used together with --tags"));
 		handle_refs(refs, revs, *flags, refs_for_each_tag_ref);
-		clear_ref_exclusion(&revs->ref_excludes);
+		clear_ref_exclusions(&revs->ref_excludes);
 	} else if (!strcmp(arg, "--remotes")) {
+		if (revs->ref_excludes.hidden_refs_configured)
+			return error(_("--exclude-hidden cannot be used together with --remotes"));
 		handle_refs(refs, revs, *flags, refs_for_each_remote_ref);
-		clear_ref_exclusion(&revs->ref_excludes);
+		clear_ref_exclusions(&revs->ref_excludes);
 	} else if ((argcount = parse_long_opt("glob", argv, &optarg))) {
 		struct all_refs_cb cb;
 		init_all_refs_cb(&cb, revs, *flags);
 		for_each_glob_ref(handle_one_ref, optarg, &cb);
-		clear_ref_exclusion(&revs->ref_excludes);
+		clear_ref_exclusions(&revs->ref_excludes);
 		return argcount;
 	} else if ((argcount = parse_long_opt("exclude", argv, &optarg))) {
 		add_ref_exclusion(&revs->ref_excludes, optarg);
 		return argcount;
+	} else if ((argcount = parse_long_opt("exclude-hidden", argv, &optarg))) {
+		exclude_hidden_refs(&revs->ref_excludes, optarg);
+		return argcount;
 	} else if (skip_prefix(arg, "--branches=", &optarg)) {
 		struct all_refs_cb cb;
+		if (revs->ref_excludes.hidden_refs_configured)
+			return error(_("--exclude-hidden cannot be used together with --branches"));
 		init_all_refs_cb(&cb, revs, *flags);
 		for_each_glob_ref_in(handle_one_ref, optarg, "refs/heads/", &cb);
-		clear_ref_exclusion(&revs->ref_excludes);
+		clear_ref_exclusions(&revs->ref_excludes);
 	} else if (skip_prefix(arg, "--tags=", &optarg)) {
 		struct all_refs_cb cb;
+		if (revs->ref_excludes.hidden_refs_configured)
+			return error(_("--exclude-hidden cannot be used together with --tags"));
 		init_all_refs_cb(&cb, revs, *flags);
 		for_each_glob_ref_in(handle_one_ref, optarg, "refs/tags/", &cb);
-		clear_ref_exclusion(&revs->ref_excludes);
+		clear_ref_exclusions(&revs->ref_excludes);
 	} else if (skip_prefix(arg, "--remotes=", &optarg)) {
 		struct all_refs_cb cb;
+		if (revs->ref_excludes.hidden_refs_configured)
+			return error(_("--exclude-hidden cannot be used together with --remotes"));
 		init_all_refs_cb(&cb, revs, *flags);
 		for_each_glob_ref_in(handle_one_ref, optarg, "refs/remotes/", &cb);
-		clear_ref_exclusion(&revs->ref_excludes);
+		clear_ref_exclusions(&revs->ref_excludes);
 	} else if (!strcmp(arg, "--reflog")) {
 		add_reflogs_to_pending(revs, *flags);
 	} else if (!strcmp(arg, "--indexed-objects")) {
diff --git a/revision.h b/revision.h
index afe1b77..30febad 100644
--- a/revision.h
+++ b/revision.h
@@ -81,6 +81,35 @@ struct rev_cmdline_info {
 	} *rev;
 };
 
+struct ref_exclusions {
+	/*
+	 * Excluded refs is a list of wildmatch patterns. If any of the
+	 * patterns matches, the reference will be excluded.
+	 */
+	struct string_list excluded_refs;
+
+	/*
+	 * Hidden refs is a list of patterns that is to be hidden via
+	 * `ref_is_hidden()`.
+	 */
+	struct string_list hidden_refs;
+
+	/*
+	 * Indicates whether hidden refs have been configured. This is to
+	 * distinguish between no hidden refs existing and hidden refs not
+	 * being parsed.
+	 */
+	char hidden_refs_configured;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Initialize a `struct ref_exclusions` with a macro.
+ */
+#define REF_EXCLUSIONS_INIT { \
+	.excluded_refs = STRING_LIST_INIT_DUP, \
+	.hidden_refs = STRING_LIST_INIT_DUP, \
+}
+
 struct oidset;
 struct topo_walk_info;
 
@@ -103,7 +132,7 @@ struct rev_info {
 	struct list_objects_filter_options filter;
 
 	/* excluding from --branches, --refs, etc. expansion */
-	struct string_list *ref_excludes;
+	struct ref_exclusions ref_excludes;
 
 	/* Basic information */
 	const char *prefix;
@@ -357,7 +386,23 @@ struct rev_info {
  * called before release_revisions() the "struct rev_info" can be left
  * uninitialized.
  */
-#define REV_INFO_INIT { 0 }
+#define REV_INFO_INIT { \
+	.abbrev = DEFAULT_ABBREV, \
+	.simplify_history = 1, \
+	.pruning.flags.recursive = 1, \
+	.pruning.flags.quick = 1, \
+	.sort_order = REV_SORT_IN_GRAPH_ORDER, \
+	.dense = 1, \
+	.max_age = -1, \
+	.max_age_as_filter = -1, \
+	.min_age = -1, \
+	.skip_count = -1, \
+	.max_count = -1, \
+	.max_parents = -1, \
+	.expand_tabs_in_log = -1, \
+	.commit_format = CMIT_FMT_DEFAULT, \
+	.expand_tabs_in_log_default = 8, \
+}
 
 /**
  * Initialize a rev_info structure with default values. The third parameter may
@@ -439,12 +484,14 @@ void mark_trees_uninteresting_sparse(struct repository *r, struct oidset *trees)
 void show_object_with_name(FILE *, struct object *, const char *);
 
 /**
- * Helpers to check if a "struct string_list" item matches with
- * wildmatch().
+ * Helpers to check if a reference should be excluded.
  */
-int ref_excluded(struct string_list *, const char *path);
-void clear_ref_exclusion(struct string_list **);
-void add_ref_exclusion(struct string_list **, const char *exclude);
+
+int ref_excluded(const struct ref_exclusions *exclusions, const char *path);
+void init_ref_exclusions(struct ref_exclusions *);
+void clear_ref_exclusions(struct ref_exclusions *);
+void add_ref_exclusion(struct ref_exclusions *, const char *exclude);
+void exclude_hidden_refs(struct ref_exclusions *, const char *section);
 
 /**
  * This function can be used if you want to add commit objects as revision
diff --git a/run-command.c b/run-command.c
index 5ec3a46..48b9ba6 100644
--- a/run-command.c
+++ b/run-command.c
@@ -1004,41 +1004,6 @@ int run_command(struct child_process *cmd)
 	return finish_command(cmd);
 }
 
-int run_command_v_opt(const char **argv, int opt)
-{
-	return run_command_v_opt_cd_env(argv, opt, NULL, NULL);
-}
-
-int run_command_v_opt_tr2(const char **argv, int opt, const char *tr2_class)
-{
-	return run_command_v_opt_cd_env_tr2(argv, opt, NULL, NULL, tr2_class);
-}
-
-int run_command_v_opt_cd_env(const char **argv, int opt, const char *dir, const char *const *env)
-{
-	return run_command_v_opt_cd_env_tr2(argv, opt, dir, env, NULL);
-}
-
-int run_command_v_opt_cd_env_tr2(const char **argv, int opt, const char *dir,
-				 const char *const *env, const char *tr2_class)
-{
-	struct child_process cmd = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
-	strvec_pushv(&cmd.args, argv);
-	cmd.no_stdin = opt & RUN_COMMAND_NO_STDIN ? 1 : 0;
-	cmd.git_cmd = opt & RUN_GIT_CMD ? 1 : 0;
-	cmd.stdout_to_stderr = opt & RUN_COMMAND_STDOUT_TO_STDERR ? 1 : 0;
-	cmd.silent_exec_failure = opt & RUN_SILENT_EXEC_FAILURE ? 1 : 0;
-	cmd.use_shell = opt & RUN_USING_SHELL ? 1 : 0;
-	cmd.clean_on_exit = opt & RUN_CLEAN_ON_EXIT ? 1 : 0;
-	cmd.wait_after_clean = opt & RUN_WAIT_AFTER_CLEAN ? 1 : 0;
-	cmd.close_object_store = opt & RUN_CLOSE_OBJECT_STORE ? 1 : 0;
-	cmd.dir = dir;
-	if (env)
-		strvec_pushv(&cmd.env, (const char **)env);
-	cmd.trace2_child_class = tr2_class;
-	return run_command(&cmd);
-}
-
 #ifndef NO_PTHREADS
 static pthread_t main_thread;
 static int main_thread_set;
@@ -1496,16 +1461,8 @@ enum child_state {
 	GIT_CP_WAIT_CLEANUP,
 };
 
-int run_processes_parallel_ungroup;
 struct parallel_processes {
-	void *data;
-
-	int max_processes;
-	int nr_processes;
-
-	get_next_task_fn get_next_task;
-	start_failure_fn start_failure;
-	task_finished_fn task_finished;
+	size_t nr_processes;
 
 	struct {
 		enum child_state state;
@@ -1520,81 +1477,60 @@ struct parallel_processes {
 	struct pollfd *pfd;
 
 	unsigned shutdown : 1;
-	unsigned ungroup : 1;
 
-	int output_owner;
+	size_t output_owner;
 	struct strbuf buffered_output; /* of finished children */
 };
 
-static int default_start_failure(struct strbuf *out,
-				 void *pp_cb,
-				 void *pp_task_cb)
-{
-	return 0;
-}
+struct parallel_processes_for_signal {
+	const struct run_process_parallel_opts *opts;
+	const struct parallel_processes *pp;
+};
 
-static int default_task_finished(int result,
-				 struct strbuf *out,
-				 void *pp_cb,
-				 void *pp_task_cb)
+static void kill_children(const struct parallel_processes *pp,
+			  const struct run_process_parallel_opts *opts,
+			  int signo)
 {
-	return 0;
-}
-
-static void kill_children(struct parallel_processes *pp, int signo)
-{
-	int i, n = pp->max_processes;
-
-	for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < opts->processes; i++)
 		if (pp->children[i].state == GIT_CP_WORKING)
 			kill(pp->children[i].process.pid, signo);
 }
 
-static struct parallel_processes *pp_for_signal;
+static void kill_children_signal(const struct parallel_processes_for_signal *pp_sig,
+				 int signo)
+{
+	kill_children(pp_sig->pp, pp_sig->opts, signo);
+}
+
+static struct parallel_processes_for_signal *pp_for_signal;
 
 static void handle_children_on_signal(int signo)
 {
-	kill_children(pp_for_signal, signo);
+	kill_children_signal(pp_for_signal, signo);
 	sigchain_pop(signo);
 	raise(signo);
 }
 
 static void pp_init(struct parallel_processes *pp,
-		    int n,
-		    get_next_task_fn get_next_task,
-		    start_failure_fn start_failure,
-		    task_finished_fn task_finished,
-		    void *data, int ungroup)
+		    const struct run_process_parallel_opts *opts,
+		    struct parallel_processes_for_signal *pp_sig)
 {
-	int i;
+	const size_t n = opts->processes;
 
-	if (n < 1)
-		n = online_cpus();
+	if (!n)
+		BUG("you must provide a non-zero number of processes!");
 
-	pp->max_processes = n;
+	trace_printf("run_processes_parallel: preparing to run up to %"PRIuMAX" tasks",
+		     (uintmax_t)n);
 
-	trace_printf("run_processes_parallel: preparing to run up to %d tasks", n);
-
-	pp->data = data;
-	if (!get_next_task)
+	if (!opts->get_next_task)
 		BUG("you need to specify a get_next_task function");
-	pp->get_next_task = get_next_task;
 
-	pp->start_failure = start_failure ? start_failure : default_start_failure;
-	pp->task_finished = task_finished ? task_finished : default_task_finished;
-
-	pp->nr_processes = 0;
-	pp->output_owner = 0;
-	pp->shutdown = 0;
-	pp->ungroup = ungroup;
 	CALLOC_ARRAY(pp->children, n);
-	if (pp->ungroup)
-		pp->pfd = NULL;
-	else
+	if (!opts->ungroup)
 		CALLOC_ARRAY(pp->pfd, n);
-	strbuf_init(&pp->buffered_output, 0);
 
-	for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
 		strbuf_init(&pp->children[i].err, 0);
 		child_process_init(&pp->children[i].process);
 		if (pp->pfd) {
@@ -1603,16 +1539,17 @@ static void pp_init(struct parallel_processes *pp,
 		}
 	}
 
-	pp_for_signal = pp;
+	pp_sig->pp = pp;
+	pp_sig->opts = opts;
+	pp_for_signal = pp_sig;
 	sigchain_push_common(handle_children_on_signal);
 }
 
-static void pp_cleanup(struct parallel_processes *pp)
+static void pp_cleanup(struct parallel_processes *pp,
+		       const struct run_process_parallel_opts *opts)
 {
-	int i;
-
 	trace_printf("run_processes_parallel: done");
-	for (i = 0; i < pp->max_processes; i++) {
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < opts->processes; i++) {
 		strbuf_release(&pp->children[i].err);
 		child_process_clear(&pp->children[i].process);
 	}
@@ -1637,39 +1574,45 @@ static void pp_cleanup(struct parallel_processes *pp)
  * <0 no new job was started, user wishes to shutdown early. Use negative code
  *    to signal the children.
  */
-static int pp_start_one(struct parallel_processes *pp)
+static int pp_start_one(struct parallel_processes *pp,
+			const struct run_process_parallel_opts *opts)
 {
-	int i, code;
+	size_t i;
+	int code;
 
-	for (i = 0; i < pp->max_processes; i++)
+	for (i = 0; i < opts->processes; i++)
 		if (pp->children[i].state == GIT_CP_FREE)
 			break;
-	if (i == pp->max_processes)
+	if (i == opts->processes)
 		BUG("bookkeeping is hard");
 
-	code = pp->get_next_task(&pp->children[i].process,
-				 pp->ungroup ? NULL : &pp->children[i].err,
-				 pp->data,
-				 &pp->children[i].data);
+	code = opts->get_next_task(&pp->children[i].process,
+				   opts->ungroup ? NULL : &pp->children[i].err,
+				   opts->data,
+				   &pp->children[i].data);
 	if (!code) {
-		if (!pp->ungroup) {
+		if (!opts->ungroup) {
 			strbuf_addbuf(&pp->buffered_output, &pp->children[i].err);
 			strbuf_reset(&pp->children[i].err);
 		}
 		return 1;
 	}
-	if (!pp->ungroup) {
+	if (!opts->ungroup) {
 		pp->children[i].process.err = -1;
 		pp->children[i].process.stdout_to_stderr = 1;
 	}
 	pp->children[i].process.no_stdin = 1;
 
 	if (start_command(&pp->children[i].process)) {
-		code = pp->start_failure(pp->ungroup ? NULL :
-					 &pp->children[i].err,
-					 pp->data,
-					 pp->children[i].data);
-		if (!pp->ungroup) {
+		if (opts->start_failure)
+			code = opts->start_failure(opts->ungroup ? NULL :
+						   &pp->children[i].err,
+						   opts->data,
+						   pp->children[i].data);
+		else
+			code = 0;
+
+		if (!opts->ungroup) {
 			strbuf_addbuf(&pp->buffered_output, &pp->children[i].err);
 			strbuf_reset(&pp->children[i].err);
 		}
@@ -1685,19 +1628,21 @@ static int pp_start_one(struct parallel_processes *pp)
 	return 0;
 }
 
-static void pp_buffer_stderr(struct parallel_processes *pp, int output_timeout)
+static void pp_buffer_stderr(struct parallel_processes *pp,
+			     const struct run_process_parallel_opts *opts,
+			     int output_timeout)
 {
 	int i;
 
-	while ((i = poll(pp->pfd, pp->max_processes, output_timeout)) < 0) {
+	while ((i = poll(pp->pfd, opts->processes, output_timeout) < 0)) {
 		if (errno == EINTR)
 			continue;
-		pp_cleanup(pp);
+		pp_cleanup(pp, opts);
 		die_errno("poll");
 	}
 
 	/* Buffer output from all pipes. */
-	for (i = 0; i < pp->max_processes; i++) {
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < opts->processes; i++) {
 		if (pp->children[i].state == GIT_CP_WORKING &&
 		    pp->pfd[i].revents & (POLLIN | POLLHUP)) {
 			int n = strbuf_read_once(&pp->children[i].err,
@@ -1712,9 +1657,9 @@ static void pp_buffer_stderr(struct parallel_processes *pp, int output_timeout)
 	}
 }
 
-static void pp_output(struct parallel_processes *pp)
+static void pp_output(const struct parallel_processes *pp)
 {
-	int i = pp->output_owner;
+	size_t i = pp->output_owner;
 
 	if (pp->children[i].state == GIT_CP_WORKING &&
 	    pp->children[i].err.len) {
@@ -1723,24 +1668,28 @@ static void pp_output(struct parallel_processes *pp)
 	}
 }
 
-static int pp_collect_finished(struct parallel_processes *pp)
+static int pp_collect_finished(struct parallel_processes *pp,
+			       const struct run_process_parallel_opts *opts)
 {
-	int i, code;
-	int n = pp->max_processes;
+	int code;
+	size_t i;
 	int result = 0;
 
 	while (pp->nr_processes > 0) {
-		for (i = 0; i < pp->max_processes; i++)
+		for (i = 0; i < opts->processes; i++)
 			if (pp->children[i].state == GIT_CP_WAIT_CLEANUP)
 				break;
-		if (i == pp->max_processes)
+		if (i == opts->processes)
 			break;
 
 		code = finish_command(&pp->children[i].process);
 
-		code = pp->task_finished(code, pp->ungroup ? NULL :
-					 &pp->children[i].err, pp->data,
-					 pp->children[i].data);
+		if (opts->task_finished)
+			code = opts->task_finished(code, opts->ungroup ? NULL :
+						   &pp->children[i].err, opts->data,
+						   pp->children[i].data);
+		else
+			code = 0;
 
 		if (code)
 			result = code;
@@ -1753,12 +1702,14 @@ static int pp_collect_finished(struct parallel_processes *pp)
 			pp->pfd[i].fd = -1;
 		child_process_init(&pp->children[i].process);
 
-		if (pp->ungroup) {
+		if (opts->ungroup) {
 			; /* no strbuf_*() work to do here */
 		} else if (i != pp->output_owner) {
 			strbuf_addbuf(&pp->buffered_output, &pp->children[i].err);
 			strbuf_reset(&pp->children[i].err);
 		} else {
+			const size_t n = opts->processes;
+
 			strbuf_write(&pp->children[i].err, stderr);
 			strbuf_reset(&pp->children[i].err);
 
@@ -1783,76 +1734,60 @@ static int pp_collect_finished(struct parallel_processes *pp)
 	return result;
 }
 
-int run_processes_parallel(int n,
-			   get_next_task_fn get_next_task,
-			   start_failure_fn start_failure,
-			   task_finished_fn task_finished,
-			   void *pp_cb)
+void run_processes_parallel(const struct run_process_parallel_opts *opts)
 {
 	int i, code;
 	int output_timeout = 100;
 	int spawn_cap = 4;
-	int ungroup = run_processes_parallel_ungroup;
-	struct parallel_processes pp;
+	struct parallel_processes_for_signal pp_sig;
+	struct parallel_processes pp = {
+		.buffered_output = STRBUF_INIT,
+	};
+	/* options */
+	const char *tr2_category = opts->tr2_category;
+	const char *tr2_label = opts->tr2_label;
+	const int do_trace2 = tr2_category && tr2_label;
 
-	/* unset for the next API user */
-	run_processes_parallel_ungroup = 0;
+	if (do_trace2)
+		trace2_region_enter_printf(tr2_category, tr2_label, NULL,
+					   "max:%d", opts->processes);
 
-	pp_init(&pp, n, get_next_task, start_failure, task_finished, pp_cb,
-		ungroup);
+	pp_init(&pp, opts, &pp_sig);
 	while (1) {
 		for (i = 0;
 		    i < spawn_cap && !pp.shutdown &&
-		    pp.nr_processes < pp.max_processes;
+		    pp.nr_processes < opts->processes;
 		    i++) {
-			code = pp_start_one(&pp);
+			code = pp_start_one(&pp, opts);
 			if (!code)
 				continue;
 			if (code < 0) {
 				pp.shutdown = 1;
-				kill_children(&pp, -code);
+				kill_children(&pp, opts, -code);
 			}
 			break;
 		}
 		if (!pp.nr_processes)
 			break;
-		if (ungroup) {
-			int i;
-
-			for (i = 0; i < pp.max_processes; i++)
+		if (opts->ungroup) {
+			for (size_t i = 0; i < opts->processes; i++)
 				pp.children[i].state = GIT_CP_WAIT_CLEANUP;
 		} else {
-			pp_buffer_stderr(&pp, output_timeout);
+			pp_buffer_stderr(&pp, opts, output_timeout);
 			pp_output(&pp);
 		}
-		code = pp_collect_finished(&pp);
+		code = pp_collect_finished(&pp, opts);
 		if (code) {
 			pp.shutdown = 1;
 			if (code < 0)
-				kill_children(&pp, -code);
+				kill_children(&pp, opts,-code);
 		}
 	}
 
-	pp_cleanup(&pp);
-	return 0;
-}
+	pp_cleanup(&pp, opts);
 
-int run_processes_parallel_tr2(int n, get_next_task_fn get_next_task,
-			       start_failure_fn start_failure,
-			       task_finished_fn task_finished, void *pp_cb,
-			       const char *tr2_category, const char *tr2_label)
-{
-	int result;
-
-	trace2_region_enter_printf(tr2_category, tr2_label, NULL, "max:%d",
-				   ((n < 1) ? online_cpus() : n));
-
-	result = run_processes_parallel(n, get_next_task, start_failure,
-					task_finished, pp_cb);
-
-	trace2_region_leave(tr2_category, tr2_label, NULL);
-
-	return result;
+	if (do_trace2)
+		trace2_region_leave(tr2_category, tr2_label, NULL);
 }
 
 int run_auto_maintenance(int quiet)
diff --git a/run-command.h b/run-command.h
index 0e85e58..072db56 100644
--- a/run-command.h
+++ b/run-command.h
@@ -150,9 +150,7 @@ struct child_process {
 }
 
 /**
- * The functions: child_process_init, start_command, finish_command,
- * run_command, run_command_v_opt, run_command_v_opt_cd_env, child_process_clear
- * do the following:
+ * The functions: start_command, finish_command, run_command do the following:
  *
  * - If a system call failed, errno is set and -1 is returned. A diagnostic
  *   is printed.
@@ -224,36 +222,6 @@ int run_command(struct child_process *);
  */
 int run_auto_maintenance(int quiet);
 
-#define RUN_COMMAND_NO_STDIN		(1<<0)
-#define RUN_GIT_CMD			(1<<1)
-#define RUN_COMMAND_STDOUT_TO_STDERR	(1<<2)
-#define RUN_SILENT_EXEC_FAILURE		(1<<3)
-#define RUN_USING_SHELL			(1<<4)
-#define RUN_CLEAN_ON_EXIT		(1<<5)
-#define RUN_WAIT_AFTER_CLEAN		(1<<6)
-#define RUN_CLOSE_OBJECT_STORE		(1<<7)
-
-/**
- * Convenience functions that encapsulate a sequence of
- * start_command() followed by finish_command(). The argument argv
- * specifies the program and its arguments. The argument opt is zero
- * or more of the flags `RUN_COMMAND_NO_STDIN`, `RUN_GIT_CMD`,
- * `RUN_COMMAND_STDOUT_TO_STDERR`, or `RUN_SILENT_EXEC_FAILURE`
- * that correspond to the members .no_stdin, .git_cmd,
- * .stdout_to_stderr, .silent_exec_failure of `struct child_process`.
- * The argument dir corresponds the member .dir. The argument env
- * corresponds to the member .env.
- */
-int run_command_v_opt(const char **argv, int opt);
-int run_command_v_opt_tr2(const char **argv, int opt, const char *tr2_class);
-/*
- * env (the environment) is to be formatted like environ: "VAR=VALUE".
- * To unset an environment variable use just "VAR".
- */
-int run_command_v_opt_cd_env(const char **argv, int opt, const char *dir, const char *const *env);
-int run_command_v_opt_cd_env_tr2(const char **argv, int opt, const char *dir,
-				 const char *const *env, const char *tr2_class);
-
 /**
  * Execute the given command, sending "in" to its stdin, and capturing its
  * stdout and stderr in the "out" and "err" strbufs. Any of the three may
@@ -459,17 +427,64 @@ typedef int (*task_finished_fn)(int result,
 				void *pp_task_cb);
 
 /**
- * Runs up to n processes at the same time. Whenever a process can be
- * started, the callback get_next_task_fn is called to obtain the data
+ * Option used by run_processes_parallel(), { 0 }-initialized means no
+ * options.
+ */
+struct run_process_parallel_opts
+{
+	/**
+	 * tr2_category & tr2_label: sets the trace2 category and label for
+	 * logging. These must either be unset, or both of them must be set.
+	 */
+	const char *tr2_category;
+	const char *tr2_label;
+
+	/**
+	 * processes: see 'processes' in run_processes_parallel() below.
+	 */
+	size_t processes;
+
+	/**
+	 * ungroup: see 'ungroup' in run_processes_parallel() below.
+	 */
+	unsigned int ungroup:1;
+
+	/**
+	 * get_next_task: See get_next_task_fn() above. This must be
+	 * specified.
+	 */
+	get_next_task_fn get_next_task;
+
+	/**
+	 * start_failure: See start_failure_fn() above. This can be
+	 * NULL to omit any special handling.
+	 */
+	start_failure_fn start_failure;
+
+	/**
+	 * task_finished: See task_finished_fn() above. This can be
+	 * NULL to omit any special handling.
+	 */
+	task_finished_fn task_finished;
+
+	/**
+	 * data: user data, will be passed as "pp_cb" to the callback
+	 * parameters.
+	 */
+	void *data;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Options are passed via the "struct run_process_parallel_opts" above.
+ *
+ * Runs N 'processes' at the same time. Whenever a process can be
+ * started, the callback opts.get_next_task is called to obtain the data
  * required to start another child process.
  *
  * The children started via this function run in parallel. Their output
  * (both stdout and stderr) is routed to stderr in a manner that output
  * from different tasks does not interleave (but see "ungroup" below).
  *
- * start_failure_fn and task_finished_fn can be NULL to omit any
- * special handling.
- *
  * If the "ungroup" option isn't specified, the API will set the
  * "stdout_to_stderr" parameter in "struct child_process" and provide
  * the callbacks with a "struct strbuf *out" parameter to write output
@@ -479,20 +494,8 @@ typedef int (*task_finished_fn)(int result,
  * NULL "struct strbuf *out" parameter, and are responsible for
  * emitting their own output, including dealing with any race
  * conditions due to writing in parallel to stdout and stderr.
- * The "ungroup" option can be enabled by setting the global
- * "run_processes_parallel_ungroup" to "1" before invoking
- * run_processes_parallel(), it will be set back to "0" as soon as the
- * API reads that setting.
  */
-extern int run_processes_parallel_ungroup;
-int run_processes_parallel(int n,
-			   get_next_task_fn,
-			   start_failure_fn,
-			   task_finished_fn,
-			   void *pp_cb);
-int run_processes_parallel_tr2(int n, get_next_task_fn, start_failure_fn,
-			       task_finished_fn, void *pp_cb,
-			       const char *tr2_category, const char *tr2_label);
+void run_processes_parallel(const struct run_process_parallel_opts *opts);
 
 /**
  * Convenience function which prepares env for a command to be run in a
diff --git a/scalar.c b/scalar.c
index c5c1ce6..6c52243 100644
--- a/scalar.c
+++ b/scalar.c
@@ -69,21 +69,18 @@ static void setup_enlistment_directory(int argc, const char **argv,
 
 static int run_git(const char *arg, ...)
 {
-	struct strvec argv = STRVEC_INIT;
+	struct child_process cmd = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
 	va_list args;
 	const char *p;
-	int res;
 
 	va_start(args, arg);
-	strvec_push(&argv, arg);
+	strvec_push(&cmd.args, arg);
 	while ((p = va_arg(args, const char *)))
-		strvec_push(&argv, p);
+		strvec_push(&cmd.args, p);
 	va_end(args);
 
-	res = run_command_v_opt(argv.v, RUN_GIT_CMD);
-
-	strvec_clear(&argv);
-	return res;
+	cmd.git_cmd = 1;
+	return run_command(&cmd);
 }
 
 struct scalar_config {
@@ -207,7 +204,10 @@ static int set_recommended_config(int reconfigure)
 
 static int toggle_maintenance(int enable)
 {
-	return run_git("maintenance", enable ? "start" : "unregister", NULL);
+	return run_git("maintenance",
+		       enable ? "start" : "unregister",
+		       enable ? NULL : "--force",
+		       NULL);
 }
 
 static int add_or_remove_enlistment(int add)
@@ -596,6 +596,24 @@ static int get_scalar_repos(const char *key, const char *value, void *data)
 	return 0;
 }
 
+static int remove_deleted_enlistment(struct strbuf *path)
+{
+	int res = 0;
+	strbuf_realpath_forgiving(path, path->buf, 1);
+
+	if (run_git("config", "--global",
+		    "--unset", "--fixed-value",
+		    "scalar.repo", path->buf, NULL) < 0)
+		res = -1;
+
+	if (run_git("config", "--global",
+		    "--unset", "--fixed-value",
+		    "maintenance.repo", path->buf, NULL) < 0)
+		res = -1;
+
+	return res;
+}
+
 static int cmd_reconfigure(int argc, const char **argv)
 {
 	int all = 0;
@@ -635,8 +653,22 @@ static int cmd_reconfigure(int argc, const char **argv)
 		strbuf_reset(&gitdir);
 
 		if (chdir(dir) < 0) {
-			warning_errno(_("could not switch to '%s'"), dir);
-			res = -1;
+			struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
+
+			if (errno != ENOENT) {
+				warning_errno(_("could not switch to '%s'"), dir);
+				res = -1;
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			strbuf_addstr(&buf, dir);
+			if (remove_deleted_enlistment(&buf))
+				res = error(_("could not remove stale "
+					      "scalar.repo '%s'"), dir);
+			else
+				warning(_("removing stale scalar.repo '%s'"),
+					dir);
+			strbuf_release(&buf);
 		} else if (discover_git_directory(&commondir, &gitdir) < 0) {
 			warning_errno(_("git repository gone in '%s'"), dir);
 			res = -1;
@@ -722,24 +754,6 @@ static int cmd_run(int argc, const char **argv)
 	return 0;
 }
 
-static int remove_deleted_enlistment(struct strbuf *path)
-{
-	int res = 0;
-	strbuf_realpath_forgiving(path, path->buf, 1);
-
-	if (run_git("config", "--global",
-		    "--unset", "--fixed-value",
-		    "scalar.repo", path->buf, NULL) < 0)
-		res = -1;
-
-	if (run_git("config", "--global",
-		    "--unset", "--fixed-value",
-		    "maintenance.repo", path->buf, NULL) < 0)
-		res = -1;
-
-	return res;
-}
-
 static int cmd_unregister(int argc, const char **argv)
 {
 	struct option options[] = {
diff --git a/sequencer.c b/sequencer.c
index 0cf3842..9827e1a 100644
--- a/sequencer.c
+++ b/sequencer.c
@@ -375,6 +375,7 @@ int sequencer_remove_state(struct replay_opts *opts)
 	}
 
 	free(opts->gpg_sign);
+	free(opts->reflog_action);
 	free(opts->default_strategy);
 	free(opts->strategy);
 	for (i = 0; i < opts->xopts_nr; i++)
@@ -1050,6 +1051,8 @@ static int run_git_commit(const char *defmsg,
 			     gpg_opt, gpg_opt);
 	}
 
+	strvec_pushf(&cmd.env, GIT_REFLOG_ACTION "=%s", opts->reflog_message);
+
 	if (opts->committer_date_is_author_date)
 		strvec_pushf(&cmd.env, "GIT_COMMITTER_DATE=%s",
 			     opts->ignore_date ?
@@ -1589,8 +1592,8 @@ static int try_to_commit(struct repository *r,
 		goto out;
 	}
 
-	if (update_head_with_reflog(current_head, oid,
-				    getenv("GIT_REFLOG_ACTION"), msg, &err)) {
+	if (update_head_with_reflog(current_head, oid, opts->reflog_message,
+				    msg, &err)) {
 		res = error("%s", err.buf);
 		goto out;
 	}
@@ -3183,18 +3186,15 @@ static int rollback_is_safe(void)
 
 static int reset_merge(const struct object_id *oid)
 {
-	int ret;
-	struct strvec argv = STRVEC_INIT;
+	struct child_process cmd = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
 
-	strvec_pushl(&argv, "reset", "--merge", NULL);
+	cmd.git_cmd = 1;
+	strvec_pushl(&cmd.args, "reset", "--merge", NULL);
 
 	if (!is_null_oid(oid))
-		strvec_push(&argv, oid_to_hex(oid));
+		strvec_push(&cmd.args, oid_to_hex(oid));
 
-	ret = run_command_v_opt(argv.v, RUN_GIT_CMD);
-	strvec_clear(&argv);
-
-	return ret;
+	return run_command(&cmd);
 }
 
 static int rollback_single_pick(struct repository *r)
@@ -3558,15 +3558,17 @@ static int error_failed_squash(struct repository *r,
 
 static int do_exec(struct repository *r, const char *command_line)
 {
-	const char *child_argv[] = { NULL, NULL };
+	struct child_process cmd = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
 	int dirty, status;
 
 	fprintf(stderr, _("Executing: %s\n"), command_line);
-	child_argv[0] = command_line;
-	status = run_command_v_opt(child_argv, RUN_USING_SHELL);
+	cmd.use_shell = 1;
+	strvec_push(&cmd.args, command_line);
+	status = run_command(&cmd);
 
 	/* force re-reading of the cache */
-	if (discard_index(r->index) < 0 || repo_read_index(r) < 0)
+	discard_index(r->index);
+	if (repo_read_index(r) < 0)
 		return error(_("could not read index"));
 
 	dirty = require_clean_work_tree(r, "rebase", NULL, 1, 1);
@@ -3674,17 +3676,28 @@ static int do_label(struct repository *r, const char *name, int len)
 	return ret;
 }
 
+static const char *sequencer_reflog_action(struct replay_opts *opts)
+{
+	if (!opts->reflog_action) {
+		opts->reflog_action = getenv(GIT_REFLOG_ACTION);
+		opts->reflog_action =
+			xstrdup(opts->reflog_action ? opts->reflog_action
+						    : action_name(opts));
+	}
+
+	return opts->reflog_action;
+}
+
 __attribute__((format (printf, 3, 4)))
 static const char *reflog_message(struct replay_opts *opts,
 	const char *sub_action, const char *fmt, ...)
 {
 	va_list ap;
 	static struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
-	char *reflog_action = getenv(GIT_REFLOG_ACTION);
 
 	va_start(ap, fmt);
 	strbuf_reset(&buf);
-	strbuf_addstr(&buf, reflog_action ? reflog_action : action_name(opts));
+	strbuf_addstr(&buf, sequencer_reflog_action(opts));
 	if (sub_action)
 		strbuf_addf(&buf, " (%s)", sub_action);
 	if (fmt) {
@@ -3696,6 +3709,28 @@ static const char *reflog_message(struct replay_opts *opts,
 	return buf.buf;
 }
 
+static struct commit *lookup_label(struct repository *r, const char *label,
+				   int len, struct strbuf *buf)
+{
+	struct commit *commit;
+	struct object_id oid;
+
+	strbuf_reset(buf);
+	strbuf_addf(buf, "refs/rewritten/%.*s", len, label);
+	if (!read_ref(buf->buf, &oid)) {
+		commit = lookup_commit_object(r, &oid);
+	} else {
+		/* fall back to non-rewritten ref or commit */
+		strbuf_splice(buf, 0, strlen("refs/rewritten/"), "", 0);
+		commit = lookup_commit_reference_by_name(buf->buf);
+	}
+
+	if (!commit)
+		error(_("could not resolve '%s'"), buf->buf);
+
+	return commit;
+}
+
 static int do_reset(struct repository *r,
 		    const char *name, int len,
 		    struct replay_opts *opts)
@@ -3727,6 +3762,7 @@ static int do_reset(struct repository *r,
 		oidcpy(&oid, &opts->squash_onto);
 	} else {
 		int i;
+		struct commit *commit;
 
 		/* Determine the length of the label */
 		for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
@@ -3734,12 +3770,12 @@ static int do_reset(struct repository *r,
 				break;
 		len = i;
 
-		strbuf_addf(&ref_name, "refs/rewritten/%.*s", len, name);
-		if (get_oid(ref_name.buf, &oid) &&
-		    get_oid(ref_name.buf + strlen("refs/rewritten/"), &oid)) {
-			ret = error(_("could not read '%s'"), ref_name.buf);
+		commit = lookup_label(r, name, len, &ref_name);
+		if (!commit) {
+			ret = -1;
 			goto cleanup;
 		}
+		oid = commit->object.oid;
 	}
 
 	setup_unpack_trees_porcelain(&unpack_tree_opts, "reset");
@@ -3750,6 +3786,7 @@ static int do_reset(struct repository *r,
 	unpack_tree_opts.merge = 1;
 	unpack_tree_opts.update = 1;
 	unpack_tree_opts.preserve_ignored = 0; /* FIXME: !overwrite_ignore */
+	unpack_tree_opts.skip_cache_tree_update = 1;
 	init_checkout_metadata(&unpack_tree_opts.meta, name, &oid, NULL);
 
 	if (repo_read_index_unmerged(r)) {
@@ -3786,26 +3823,6 @@ static int do_reset(struct repository *r,
 	return ret;
 }
 
-static struct commit *lookup_label(const char *label, int len,
-				   struct strbuf *buf)
-{
-	struct commit *commit;
-
-	strbuf_reset(buf);
-	strbuf_addf(buf, "refs/rewritten/%.*s", len, label);
-	commit = lookup_commit_reference_by_name(buf->buf);
-	if (!commit) {
-		/* fall back to non-rewritten ref or commit */
-		strbuf_splice(buf, 0, strlen("refs/rewritten/"), "", 0);
-		commit = lookup_commit_reference_by_name(buf->buf);
-	}
-
-	if (!commit)
-		error(_("could not resolve '%s'"), buf->buf);
-
-	return commit;
-}
-
 static int do_merge(struct repository *r,
 		    struct commit *commit,
 		    const char *arg, int arg_len,
@@ -3853,7 +3870,7 @@ static int do_merge(struct repository *r,
 		k = strcspn(p, " \t\n");
 		if (!k)
 			continue;
-		merge_commit = lookup_label(p, k, &ref_name);
+		merge_commit = lookup_label(r, p, k, &ref_name);
 		if (!merge_commit) {
 			ret = error(_("unable to parse '%.*s'"), k, p);
 			goto leave_merge;
@@ -4030,9 +4047,11 @@ static int do_merge(struct repository *r,
 		ret = run_command(&cmd);
 
 		/* force re-reading of the cache */
-		if (!ret && (discard_index(r->index) < 0 ||
-			     repo_read_index(r) < 0))
-			ret = error(_("could not read index"));
+		if (!ret) {
+			discard_index(r->index);
+			if (repo_read_index(r) < 0)
+				ret = error(_("could not read index"));
+		}
 		goto leave_merge;
 	}
 
@@ -4405,8 +4424,8 @@ void create_autostash(struct repository *r, const char *path)
 		printf(_("Created autostash: %s\n"), buf.buf);
 		if (reset_head(r, &ropts) < 0)
 			die(_("could not reset --hard"));
-		if (discard_index(r->index) < 0 ||
-			repo_read_index(r) < 0)
+		discard_index(r->index);
+		if (repo_read_index(r) < 0)
 			die(_("could not read index"));
 	}
 	strbuf_release(&buf);
@@ -4500,7 +4519,7 @@ static int checkout_onto(struct repository *r, struct replay_opts *opts,
 				RESET_HEAD_RUN_POST_CHECKOUT_HOOK,
 		.head_msg = reflog_message(opts, "start", "checkout %s",
 					   onto_name),
-		.default_reflog_action = "rebase"
+		.default_reflog_action = sequencer_reflog_action(opts)
 	};
 	if (reset_head(r, &ropts)) {
 		apply_autostash(rebase_path_autostash());
@@ -4569,11 +4588,8 @@ static int pick_commits(struct repository *r,
 			struct replay_opts *opts)
 {
 	int res = 0, reschedule = 0;
-	char *prev_reflog_action;
 
-	/* Note that 0 for 3rd parameter of setenv means set only if not set */
-	setenv(GIT_REFLOG_ACTION, action_name(opts), 0);
-	prev_reflog_action = xstrdup(getenv(GIT_REFLOG_ACTION));
+	opts->reflog_message = sequencer_reflog_action(opts);
 	if (opts->allow_ff)
 		assert(!(opts->signoff || opts->no_commit ||
 			 opts->record_origin || should_edit(opts) ||
@@ -4621,14 +4637,12 @@ static int pick_commits(struct repository *r,
 		}
 		if (item->command <= TODO_SQUASH) {
 			if (is_rebase_i(opts))
-				setenv(GIT_REFLOG_ACTION, reflog_message(opts,
-					command_to_string(item->command), NULL),
-					1);
+				opts->reflog_message = reflog_message(opts,
+				      command_to_string(item->command), NULL);
+
 			res = do_pick_commit(r, item, opts,
 					     is_final_fixup(todo_list),
 					     &check_todo);
-			if (is_rebase_i(opts))
-				setenv(GIT_REFLOG_ACTION, prev_reflog_action, 1);
 			if (is_rebase_i(opts) && res < 0) {
 				/* Reschedule */
 				advise(_(rescheduled_advice),
@@ -4870,14 +4884,14 @@ static int pick_commits(struct repository *r,
 
 static int continue_single_pick(struct repository *r, struct replay_opts *opts)
 {
-	struct strvec argv = STRVEC_INIT;
-	int ret;
+	struct child_process cmd = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
 
 	if (!refs_ref_exists(get_main_ref_store(r), "CHERRY_PICK_HEAD") &&
 	    !refs_ref_exists(get_main_ref_store(r), "REVERT_HEAD"))
 		return error(_("no cherry-pick or revert in progress"));
 
-	strvec_push(&argv, "commit");
+	cmd.git_cmd = 1;
+	strvec_push(&cmd.args, "commit");
 
 	/*
 	 * continue_single_pick() handles the case of recovering from a
@@ -4890,11 +4904,9 @@ static int continue_single_pick(struct repository *r, struct replay_opts *opts)
 		 * Include --cleanup=strip as well because we don't want the
 		 * "# Conflicts:" messages.
 		 */
-		strvec_pushl(&argv, "--no-edit", "--cleanup=strip", NULL);
+		strvec_pushl(&cmd.args, "--no-edit", "--cleanup=strip", NULL);
 
-	ret = run_command_v_opt(argv.v, RUN_GIT_CMD);
-	strvec_clear(&argv);
-	return ret;
+	return run_command(&cmd);
 }
 
 static int commit_staged_changes(struct repository *r,
@@ -5063,6 +5075,7 @@ int sequencer_continue(struct repository *r, struct replay_opts *opts)
 			unlink(rebase_path_dropped());
 		}
 
+		opts->reflog_message = reflog_message(opts, "continue", NULL);
 		if (commit_staged_changes(r, opts, &todo_list)) {
 			res = -1;
 			goto release_todo_list;
@@ -5114,7 +5127,7 @@ static int single_pick(struct repository *r,
 			TODO_PICK : TODO_REVERT;
 	item.commit = cmit;
 
-	setenv(GIT_REFLOG_ACTION, action_name(opts), 0);
+	opts->reflog_message = sequencer_reflog_action(opts);
 	return do_pick_commit(r, &item, opts, 0, &check_todo);
 }
 
diff --git a/sequencer.h b/sequencer.h
index 563fe59..888c18a 100644
--- a/sequencer.h
+++ b/sequencer.h
@@ -63,6 +63,9 @@ struct replay_opts {
 	char **xopts;
 	size_t xopts_nr, xopts_alloc;
 
+	/* Reflog */
+	char *reflog_action;
+
 	/* Used by fixup/squash */
 	struct strbuf current_fixups;
 	int current_fixup_count;
@@ -73,6 +76,9 @@ struct replay_opts {
 
 	/* Only used by REPLAY_NONE */
 	struct rev_info *revs;
+
+	/* Private use */
+	const char *reflog_message;
 };
 #define REPLAY_OPTS_INIT { .edit = -1, .action = -1, .current_fixups = STRBUF_INIT }
 
diff --git a/sha1dc_git.h b/sha1dc_git.h
index 41e1c3f..60e3ce8 100644
--- a/sha1dc_git.h
+++ b/sha1dc_git.h
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ void git_SHA1DCInit(SHA1_CTX *);
 void git_SHA1DCFinal(unsigned char [20], SHA1_CTX *);
 void git_SHA1DCUpdate(SHA1_CTX *ctx, const void *data, unsigned long len);
 
+#define platform_SHA_IS_SHA1DC /* used by "test-tool sha1-is-sha1dc" */
 #define platform_SHA_CTX SHA1_CTX
 #define platform_SHA1_Init git_SHA1DCInit
 #define platform_SHA1_Update git_SHA1DCUpdate
diff --git a/shared.mak b/shared.mak
index 33f43ed..aeb80fc 100644
--- a/shared.mak
+++ b/shared.mak
@@ -37,13 +37,13 @@
 QUIET_SUBDIR0  = +$(MAKE) -C # space to separate -C and subdir
 QUIET_SUBDIR1  =
 
-ifneq ($(findstring w,$(MAKEFLAGS)),w)
+ifneq ($(findstring w,$(firstword -$(MAKEFLAGS))),w)
 PRINT_DIR = --no-print-directory
 else # "make -w"
 NO_SUBDIR = :
 endif
 
-ifneq ($(findstring s,$(MAKEFLAGS)),s)
+ifneq ($(findstring s,$(firstword -$(MAKEFLAGS))),s)
 ifndef V
 ## common
 	QUIET_SUBDIR0  = +@subdir=
@@ -60,6 +60,7 @@
 	QUIET_AR       = @echo '   ' AR $@;
 	QUIET_LINK     = @echo '   ' LINK $@;
 	QUIET_BUILT_IN = @echo '   ' BUILTIN $@;
+	QUIET_CP       = @echo '   ' CP $< $@;
 	QUIET_LNCP     = @echo '   ' LN/CP $@;
 	QUIET_XGETTEXT = @echo '   ' XGETTEXT $@;
 	QUIET_MSGINIT  = @echo '   ' MSGINIT $@;
@@ -69,8 +70,11 @@
 	QUIET_SP       = @echo '   ' SP $<;
 	QUIET_HDR      = @echo '   ' HDR $(<:hcc=h);
 	QUIET_RC       = @echo '   ' RC $@;
-	QUIET_SPATCH   = @echo '   ' SPATCH $<;
-	QUIET_SPATCH_T = @echo '   ' SPATCH TEST $(@:.build/%=%);
+
+## Used in "Makefile": SPATCH
+	QUIET_SPATCH			= @echo '   ' SPATCH $< \>$@;
+	QUIET_SPATCH_TEST		= @echo '   ' SPATCH TEST $(@:.build/%=%);
+	QUIET_SPATCH_CAT		= @echo '   ' SPATCH CAT $(@:%.patch=%.d/)\*\*.patch \>$@;
 
 ## Used in "Documentation/Makefile"
 	QUIET_ASCIIDOC	= @echo '   ' ASCIIDOC $@;
diff --git a/shell.c b/shell.c
index 7ff4109..af0d7c7 100644
--- a/shell.c
+++ b/shell.c
@@ -52,21 +52,24 @@ static void cd_to_homedir(void)
 static void run_shell(void)
 {
 	int done = 0;
-	static const char *help_argv[] = { HELP_COMMAND, NULL };
+	struct child_process help_cmd = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
 
 	if (!access(NOLOGIN_COMMAND, F_OK)) {
 		/* Interactive login disabled. */
-		const char *argv[] = { NOLOGIN_COMMAND, NULL };
+		struct child_process nologin_cmd = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
 		int status;
 
-		status = run_command_v_opt(argv, 0);
+		strvec_push(&nologin_cmd.args, NOLOGIN_COMMAND);
+		status = run_command(&nologin_cmd);
 		if (status < 0)
 			exit(127);
 		exit(status);
 	}
 
 	/* Print help if enabled */
-	run_command_v_opt(help_argv, RUN_SILENT_EXEC_FAILURE);
+	help_cmd.silent_exec_failure = 1;
+	strvec_push(&help_cmd.args, HELP_COMMAND);
+	run_command(&help_cmd);
 
 	do {
 		const char *prog;
@@ -125,9 +128,13 @@ static void run_shell(void)
 			   !strcmp(prog, "exit") || !strcmp(prog, "bye")) {
 			done = 1;
 		} else if (is_valid_cmd_name(prog)) {
+			struct child_process cmd = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
+
 			full_cmd = make_cmd(prog);
 			argv[0] = full_cmd;
-			code = run_command_v_opt(argv, RUN_SILENT_EXEC_FAILURE);
+			cmd.silent_exec_failure = 1;
+			strvec_pushv(&cmd.args, argv);
+			code = run_command(&cmd);
 			if (code == -1 && errno == ENOENT) {
 				fprintf(stderr, "unrecognized command '%s'\n", prog);
 			}
diff --git a/shortlog.h b/shortlog.h
index 3f7e9aa..28d04f9 100644
--- a/shortlog.h
+++ b/shortlog.h
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 #define SHORTLOG_H
 
 #include "string-list.h"
+#include "date.h"
 
 struct commit;
 
@@ -15,13 +16,16 @@ struct shortlog {
 	int in2;
 	int user_format;
 	int abbrev;
+	struct date_mode date_mode;
 
 	enum {
 		SHORTLOG_GROUP_AUTHOR = (1 << 0),
 		SHORTLOG_GROUP_COMMITTER = (1 << 1),
 		SHORTLOG_GROUP_TRAILER = (1 << 2),
+		SHORTLOG_GROUP_FORMAT = (1 << 3),
 	} groups;
 	struct string_list trailers;
+	struct string_list format;
 
 	int email;
 	struct string_list mailmap;
@@ -29,6 +33,7 @@ struct shortlog {
 };
 
 void shortlog_init(struct shortlog *log);
+void shortlog_finish_setup(struct shortlog *log);
 
 void shortlog_add_commit(struct shortlog *log, struct commit *commit);
 
diff --git a/sparse-index.c b/sparse-index.c
index e4a54ce..8c269da 100644
--- a/sparse-index.c
+++ b/sparse-index.c
@@ -493,24 +493,42 @@ void clear_skip_worktree_from_present_files(struct index_state *istate)
 	int dir_found = 1;
 
 	int i;
+	int path_count[2] = {0, 0};
+	int restarted = 0;
 
 	if (!core_apply_sparse_checkout ||
 	    sparse_expect_files_outside_of_patterns)
 		return;
 
+	trace2_region_enter("index", "clear_skip_worktree_from_present_files",
+			    istate->repo);
 restart:
 	for (i = 0; i < istate->cache_nr; i++) {
 		struct cache_entry *ce = istate->cache[i];
 
-		if (ce_skip_worktree(ce) &&
-		    path_found(ce->name, &last_dirname, &dir_len, &dir_found)) {
-			if (S_ISSPARSEDIR(ce->ce_mode)) {
-				ensure_full_index(istate);
-				goto restart;
+		if (ce_skip_worktree(ce)) {
+			path_count[restarted]++;
+			if (path_found(ce->name, &last_dirname, &dir_len, &dir_found)) {
+				if (S_ISSPARSEDIR(ce->ce_mode)) {
+					if (restarted)
+						BUG("ensure-full-index did not fully flatten?");
+					ensure_full_index(istate);
+					restarted = 1;
+					goto restart;
+				}
+				ce->ce_flags &= ~CE_SKIP_WORKTREE;
 			}
-			ce->ce_flags &= ~CE_SKIP_WORKTREE;
 		}
 	}
+
+	if (path_count[0])
+		trace2_data_intmax("index", istate->repo,
+				   "sparse_path_count", path_count[0]);
+	if (restarted)
+		trace2_data_intmax("index", istate->repo,
+				   "sparse_path_count_full", path_count[1]);
+	trace2_region_leave("index", "clear_skip_worktree_from_present_files",
+			    istate->repo);
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/string-list.c b/string-list.c
index 549fc41..42bacae 100644
--- a/string-list.c
+++ b/string-list.c
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ void filter_string_list(struct string_list *list, int free_util,
 	list->nr = dst;
 }
 
-static int item_is_not_empty(struct string_list_item *item, void *unused)
+static int item_is_not_empty(struct string_list_item *item, void *data UNUSED)
 {
 	return *item->string != '\0';
 }
diff --git a/string-list.h b/string-list.h
index d5a744e..c7b0d5d 100644
--- a/string-list.h
+++ b/string-list.h
@@ -141,7 +141,12 @@ void string_list_clear_func(struct string_list *list, string_list_clear_func_t c
 int for_each_string_list(struct string_list *list,
 			 string_list_each_func_t func, void *cb_data);
 
-/** Iterate over each item, as a macro. */
+/**
+ * Iterate over each item, as a macro.
+ *
+ * Be sure that 'list' is non-NULL. The macro cannot perform NULL
+ * checks due to -Werror=address errors.
+ */
 #define for_each_string_list_item(item,list)            \
 	for (item = (list)->items;                      \
 	     item && item < (list)->items + (list)->nr; \
diff --git a/submodule-config.c b/submodule-config.c
index cd7ee23..4dc61b3 100644
--- a/submodule-config.c
+++ b/submodule-config.c
@@ -303,6 +303,8 @@ int parse_submodule_fetchjobs(const char *var, const char *value)
 	int fetchjobs = git_config_int(var, value);
 	if (fetchjobs < 0)
 		die(_("negative values not allowed for submodule.fetchJobs"));
+	if (!fetchjobs)
+		fetchjobs = online_cpus();
 	return fetchjobs;
 }
 
diff --git a/submodule.c b/submodule.c
index bf7a2c7..8ac2fca 100644
--- a/submodule.c
+++ b/submodule.c
@@ -1130,6 +1130,12 @@ static int push_submodule(const char *path,
 	if (for_each_remote_ref_submodule(path, has_remote, NULL) > 0) {
 		struct child_process cp = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
 		strvec_push(&cp.args, "push");
+		/*
+		 * When recursing into a submodule, treat any "only" configurations as "on-
+		 * demand", since "only" would not work (we need all submodules to be pushed
+		 * in order to be able to push the superproject).
+		 */
+		strvec_push(&cp.args, "--recurse-submodules=only-is-on-demand");
 		if (dry_run)
 			strvec_push(&cp.args, "--dry-run");
 
@@ -1819,6 +1825,17 @@ int fetch_submodules(struct repository *r,
 {
 	int i;
 	struct submodule_parallel_fetch spf = SPF_INIT;
+	const struct run_process_parallel_opts opts = {
+		.tr2_category = "submodule",
+		.tr2_label = "parallel/fetch",
+
+		.processes = max_parallel_jobs,
+
+		.get_next_task = get_next_submodule,
+		.start_failure = fetch_start_failure,
+		.task_finished = fetch_finish,
+		.data = &spf,
+	};
 
 	spf.r = r;
 	spf.command_line_option = command_line_option;
@@ -1840,12 +1857,7 @@ int fetch_submodules(struct repository *r,
 
 	calculate_changed_submodule_paths(r, &spf.changed_submodule_names);
 	string_list_sort(&spf.changed_submodule_names);
-	run_processes_parallel_tr2(max_parallel_jobs,
-				   get_next_submodule,
-				   fetch_start_failure,
-				   fetch_finish,
-				   &spf,
-				   "submodule", "parallel/fetch");
+	run_processes_parallel(&opts);
 
 	if (spf.submodules_with_errors.len > 0)
 		fprintf(stderr, _("Errors during submodule fetch:\n%s"),
@@ -2133,8 +2145,7 @@ int submodule_move_head(const char *path,
 	if (!(flags & SUBMODULE_MOVE_HEAD_DRY_RUN)) {
 		if (old_head) {
 			if (!submodule_uses_gitfile(path))
-				absorb_git_dir_into_superproject(path,
-					ABSORB_GITDIR_RECURSE_SUBMODULES);
+				absorb_git_dir_into_superproject(path);
 		} else {
 			struct strbuf gitdir = STRBUF_INIT;
 			submodule_name_to_gitdir(&gitdir, the_repository,
@@ -2304,13 +2315,29 @@ static void relocate_single_git_dir_into_superproject(const char *path)
 	strbuf_release(&new_gitdir);
 }
 
+static void absorb_git_dir_into_superproject_recurse(const char *path)
+{
+
+	struct child_process cp = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
+
+	cp.dir = path;
+	cp.git_cmd = 1;
+	cp.no_stdin = 1;
+	strvec_pushf(&cp.args, "--super-prefix=%s%s/",
+		     get_super_prefix_or_empty(), path);
+	strvec_pushl(&cp.args, "submodule--helper",
+		     "absorbgitdirs", NULL);
+	prepare_submodule_repo_env(&cp.env);
+	if (run_command(&cp))
+		die(_("could not recurse into submodule '%s'"), path);
+}
+
 /*
  * Migrate the git directory of the submodule given by path from
  * having its git directory within the working tree to the git dir nested
  * in its superprojects git dir under modules/.
  */
-void absorb_git_dir_into_superproject(const char *path,
-				      unsigned flags)
+void absorb_git_dir_into_superproject(const char *path)
 {
 	int err_code;
 	const char *sub_git_dir;
@@ -2359,29 +2386,7 @@ void absorb_git_dir_into_superproject(const char *path,
 	}
 	strbuf_release(&gitdir);
 
-	if (flags & ABSORB_GITDIR_RECURSE_SUBMODULES) {
-		struct child_process cp = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
-		struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;
-
-		if (flags & ~ABSORB_GITDIR_RECURSE_SUBMODULES)
-			BUG("we don't know how to pass the flags down?");
-
-		strbuf_addstr(&sb, get_super_prefix_or_empty());
-		strbuf_addstr(&sb, path);
-		strbuf_addch(&sb, '/');
-
-		cp.dir = path;
-		cp.git_cmd = 1;
-		cp.no_stdin = 1;
-		strvec_pushl(&cp.args, "--super-prefix", sb.buf,
-			     "submodule--helper",
-			     "absorbgitdirs", NULL);
-		prepare_submodule_repo_env(&cp.env);
-		if (run_command(&cp))
-			die(_("could not recurse into submodule '%s'"), path);
-
-		strbuf_release(&sb);
-	}
+	absorb_git_dir_into_superproject_recurse(path);
 }
 
 int get_superproject_working_tree(struct strbuf *buf)
diff --git a/submodule.h b/submodule.h
index 6a9fec6..b52a4ff 100644
--- a/submodule.h
+++ b/submodule.h
@@ -164,9 +164,7 @@ void submodule_unset_core_worktree(const struct submodule *sub);
  */
 void prepare_submodule_repo_env(struct strvec *env);
 
-#define ABSORB_GITDIR_RECURSE_SUBMODULES (1<<0)
-void absorb_git_dir_into_superproject(const char *path,
-				      unsigned flags);
+void absorb_git_dir_into_superproject(const char *path);
 
 /*
  * Return the absolute path of the working tree of the superproject, which this
diff --git a/t/Makefile b/t/Makefile
index 882782a..2c2b252 100644
--- a/t/Makefile
+++ b/t/Makefile
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@
 		done \
 	} >'$(CHAINLINTTMP_SQ)'/expect && \
 	$(CHAINLINT) --emit-all '$(CHAINLINTTMP_SQ)'/tests | \
-		grep -v '^[ 	]*$$' >'$(CHAINLINTTMP_SQ)'/actual && \
+		sed -e 's/^[1-9][0-9]* //;/^[ 	]*$$/d' >'$(CHAINLINTTMP_SQ)'/actual && \
 	if test -f ../GIT-BUILD-OPTIONS; then \
 		. ../GIT-BUILD-OPTIONS; \
 	fi && \
diff --git a/t/chainlint.pl b/t/chainlint.pl
index 976db4b..e966412 100755
--- a/t/chainlint.pl
+++ b/t/chainlint.pl
@@ -67,6 +67,7 @@
 	bless {
 		parser => $parser,
 		buff => $s,
+		lineno => 1,
 		heretags => []
 	} => $class;
 }
@@ -75,7 +76,9 @@
 	my $self = shift @_;
 	${$self->{buff}} =~ /\G(-?)/gc;
 	my $indented = $1;
-	my $tag = $self->scan_token();
+	my $token = $self->scan_token();
+	return "<<$indented" unless $token;
+	my $tag = $token->[0];
 	$tag =~ s/['"\\]//g;
 	push(@{$self->{heretags}}, $indented ? "\t$tag" : "$tag");
 	return "<<$indented$tag";
@@ -95,7 +98,9 @@
 sub scan_sqstring {
 	my $self = shift @_;
 	${$self->{buff}} =~ /\G([^']*'|.*\z)/sgc;
-	return "'" . $1;
+	my $s = $1;
+	$self->{lineno} += () = $s =~ /\n/sg;
+	return "'" . $s;
 }
 
 sub scan_dqstring {
@@ -113,7 +118,7 @@
 		if ($c eq '\\') {
 			$s .= '\\', last unless $$b =~ /\G(.)/sgc;
 			$c = $1;
-			next if $c eq "\n"; # line splice
+			$self->{lineno}++, next if $c eq "\n"; # line splice
 			# backslash escapes only $, `, ", \ in dq-string
 			$s .= '\\' unless $c =~ /^[\$`"\\]$/;
 			$s .= $c;
@@ -121,6 +126,7 @@
 		}
 		die("internal error scanning dq-string '$c'\n");
 	}
+	$self->{lineno} += () = $s =~ /\n/sg;
 	return $s;
 }
 
@@ -135,6 +141,7 @@
 		$depth--;
 		last if $depth == 0;
 	}
+	$self->{lineno} += () = $s =~ /\n/sg;
 	return $s;
 }
 
@@ -149,7 +156,7 @@
 	my $self = shift @_;
 	my $b = $self->{buff};
 	return $self->scan_balanced('(', ')') if $$b =~ /\G\((?=\()/gc; # $((...))
-	return '(' . join(' ', $self->scan_subst()) . ')' if $$b =~ /\G\(/gc; # $(...)
+	return '(' . join(' ', map {$_->[0]} $self->scan_subst()) . ')' if $$b =~ /\G\(/gc; # $(...)
 	return $self->scan_balanced('{', '}') if $$b =~ /\G\{/gc; # ${...}
 	return $1 if $$b =~ /\G(\w+)/gc; # $var
 	return $1 if $$b =~ /\G([@*#?$!0-9-])/gc; # $*, $1, $$, etc.
@@ -161,8 +168,11 @@
 	my $b = $self->{buff};
 	my $tags = $self->{heretags};
 	while (my $tag = shift @$tags) {
+		my $start = pos($$b);
 		my $indent = $tag =~ s/^\t// ? '\\s*' : '';
 		$$b =~ /(?:\G|\n)$indent\Q$tag\E(?:\n|\z)/gc;
+		my $body = substr($$b, $start, pos($$b) - $start);
+		$self->{lineno} += () = $body =~ /\n/sg;
 	}
 }
 
@@ -170,34 +180,37 @@
 	my $self = shift @_;
 	my $b = $self->{buff};
 	my $token = '';
+	my ($start, $startln);
 RESTART:
+	$startln = $self->{lineno};
 	$$b =~ /\G[ \t]+/gc; # skip whitespace (but not newline)
-	return "\n" if $$b =~ /\G#[^\n]*(?:\n|\z)/gc; # comment
+	$start = pos($$b) || 0;
+	$self->{lineno}++, return ["\n", $start, pos($$b), $startln, $startln] if $$b =~ /\G#[^\n]*(?:\n|\z)/gc; # comment
 	while (1) {
 		# slurp up non-special characters
 		$token .= $1 if $$b =~ /\G([^\\;&|<>(){}'"\$\s]+)/gc;
 		# handle special characters
 		last unless $$b =~ /\G(.)/sgc;
 		my $c = $1;
-		last if $c =~ /^[ \t]$/; # whitespace ends token
+		pos($$b)--, last if $c =~ /^[ \t]$/; # whitespace ends token
 		pos($$b)--, last if length($token) && $c =~ /^[;&|<>(){}\n]$/;
 		$token .= $self->scan_sqstring(), next if $c eq "'";
 		$token .= $self->scan_dqstring(), next if $c eq '"';
 		$token .= $c . $self->scan_dollar(), next if $c eq '$';
-		$self->swallow_heredocs(), $token = $c, last if $c eq "\n";
+		$self->{lineno}++, $self->swallow_heredocs(), $token = $c, last if $c eq "\n";
 		$token = $self->scan_op($c), last if $c =~ /^[;&|<>]$/;
 		$token = $c, last if $c =~ /^[(){}]$/;
 		if ($c eq '\\') {
 			$token .= '\\', last unless $$b =~ /\G(.)/sgc;
 			$c = $1;
-			next if $c eq "\n" && length($token); # line splice
-			goto RESTART if $c eq "\n"; # line splice
+			$self->{lineno}++, next if $c eq "\n" && length($token); # line splice
+			$self->{lineno}++, goto RESTART if $c eq "\n"; # line splice
 			$token .= '\\' . $c;
 			next;
 		}
 		die("internal error scanning character '$c'\n");
 	}
-	return length($token) ? $token : undef;
+	return length($token) ? [$token, $start, pos($$b), $startln, $self->{lineno}] : undef;
 }
 
 # ShellParser parses POSIX shell scripts (with minor extensions for Bash). It
@@ -239,14 +252,14 @@
 	my ($self, $token) = @_;
 	return 1 unless defined($token);
 	my $stop = ${$self->{stop}}[-1] if @{$self->{stop}};
-	return defined($stop) && $token =~ $stop;
+	return defined($stop) && $token->[0] =~ $stop;
 }
 
 sub expect {
 	my ($self, $expect) = @_;
 	my $token = $self->next_token();
-	return $token if defined($token) && $token eq $expect;
-	push(@{$self->{output}}, "?!ERR?! expected '$expect' but found '" . (defined($token) ? $token : "<end-of-input>") . "'\n");
+	return $token if defined($token) && $token->[0] eq $expect;
+	push(@{$self->{output}}, "?!ERR?! expected '$expect' but found '" . (defined($token) ? $token->[0] : "<end-of-input>") . "'\n");
 	$self->untoken($token) if defined($token);
 	return ();
 }
@@ -255,7 +268,7 @@
 	my $self = shift @_;
 	my @tokens;
 	while (my $token = $self->peek()) {
-		last unless $token eq "\n";
+		last unless $token->[0] eq "\n";
 		push(@tokens, $self->next_token());
 	}
 	return @tokens;
@@ -278,7 +291,7 @@
 	my @tokens;
 	while (defined(my $token = $self->next_token())) {
 		push(@tokens, $token);
-		last if $token eq ')';
+		last if $token->[0] eq ')';
 	}
 	return @tokens;
 }
@@ -293,13 +306,13 @@
 	     $self->optional_newlines());
 	while (1) {
 		my $token = $self->peek();
-		last unless defined($token) && $token ne 'esac';
+		last unless defined($token) && $token->[0] ne 'esac';
 		push(@tokens,
 		     $self->parse_case_pattern(),
 		     $self->optional_newlines(),
 		     $self->parse(qr/^(?:;;|esac)$/)); # item body
 		$token = $self->peek();
-		last unless defined($token) && $token ne 'esac';
+		last unless defined($token) && $token->[0] ne 'esac';
 		push(@tokens,
 		     $self->expect(';;'),
 		     $self->optional_newlines());
@@ -315,7 +328,7 @@
 	     $self->next_token(), # variable
 	     $self->optional_newlines());
 	my $token = $self->peek();
-	if (defined($token) && $token eq 'in') {
+	if (defined($token) && $token->[0] eq 'in') {
 		push(@tokens,
 		     $self->expect('in'),
 		     $self->optional_newlines());
@@ -339,11 +352,11 @@
 		     $self->optional_newlines(),
 		     $self->parse(qr/^(?:elif|else|fi)$/)); # if/elif body
 		my $token = $self->peek();
-		last unless defined($token) && $token eq 'elif';
+		last unless defined($token) && $token->[0] eq 'elif';
 		push(@tokens, $self->expect('elif'));
 	}
 	my $token = $self->peek();
-	if (defined($token) && $token eq 'else') {
+	if (defined($token) && $token->[0] eq 'else') {
 		push(@tokens,
 		     $self->expect('else'),
 		     $self->optional_newlines(),
@@ -380,7 +393,7 @@
 	my @tokens = $self->expect('(');
 	while (defined(my $token = $self->next_token())) {
 		push(@tokens, $token);
-		last if $token eq ')';
+		last if $token->[0] eq ')';
 	}
 	return @tokens;
 }
@@ -398,29 +411,31 @@
 	my $self = shift @_;
 	my $cmd = $self->next_token();
 	return () unless defined($cmd);
-	return $cmd if $cmd eq "\n";
+	return $cmd if $cmd->[0] eq "\n";
 
 	my $token;
 	my @tokens = $cmd;
-	if ($cmd eq '!') {
+	if ($cmd->[0] eq '!') {
 		push(@tokens, $self->parse_cmd());
 		return @tokens;
-	} elsif (my $f = $compound{$cmd}) {
+	} elsif (my $f = $compound{$cmd->[0]}) {
 		push(@tokens, $self->$f());
-	} elsif (defined($token = $self->peek()) && $token eq '(') {
-		if ($cmd !~ /\w=$/) {
+	} elsif (defined($token = $self->peek()) && $token->[0] eq '(') {
+		if ($cmd->[0] !~ /\w=$/) {
 			push(@tokens, $self->parse_func());
 			return @tokens;
 		}
-		$tokens[-1] .= join(' ', $self->parse_bash_array_assignment());
+		my @array = $self->parse_bash_array_assignment();
+		$tokens[-1]->[0] .= join(' ', map {$_->[0]} @array);
+		$tokens[-1]->[2] = $array[$#array][2] if @array;
 	}
 
 	while (defined(my $token = $self->next_token())) {
 		$self->untoken($token), last if $self->stop_at($token);
 		push(@tokens, $token);
-		last if $token =~ /^(?:[;&\n|]|&&|\|\|)$/;
+		last if $token->[0] =~ /^(?:[;&\n|]|&&|\|\|)$/;
 	}
-	push(@tokens, $self->next_token()) if $tokens[-1] ne "\n" && defined($token = $self->peek()) && $token eq "\n";
+	push(@tokens, $self->next_token()) if $tokens[-1]->[0] ne "\n" && defined($token = $self->peek()) && $token->[0] eq "\n";
 	return @tokens;
 }
 
@@ -453,11 +468,18 @@
 
 use base 'ShellParser';
 
+sub new {
+	my $class = shift @_;
+	my $self = $class->SUPER::new(@_);
+	$self->{problems} = [];
+	return $self;
+}
+
 sub find_non_nl {
 	my $tokens = shift @_;
 	my $n = shift @_;
 	$n = $#$tokens if !defined($n);
-	$n-- while $n >= 0 && $$tokens[$n] eq "\n";
+	$n-- while $n >= 0 && $$tokens[$n]->[0] eq "\n";
 	return $n;
 }
 
@@ -467,7 +489,7 @@
 	for my $needle (reverse(@$needles)) {
 		return undef if $n < 0;
 		$n = find_non_nl($tokens, $n), next if $needle eq "\n";
-		return undef if $$tokens[$n] !~ $needle;
+		return undef if $$tokens[$n]->[0] !~ $needle;
 		$n--;
 	}
 	return 1;
@@ -486,13 +508,13 @@
 	my $self = shift @_;
 	my @tokens = $self->SUPER::parse_loop_body(@_);
 	# did loop signal failure via "|| return" or "|| exit"?
-	return @tokens if !@tokens || grep(/^(?:return|exit|\$\?)$/, @tokens);
+	return @tokens if !@tokens || grep {$_->[0] =~ /^(?:return|exit|\$\?)$/} @tokens;
 	# did loop upstream of a pipe signal failure via "|| echo 'impossible
 	# text'" as the final command in the loop body?
 	return @tokens if ends_with(\@tokens, [qr/^\|\|$/, "\n", qr/^echo$/, qr/^.+$/]);
 	# flag missing "return/exit" handling explicit failure in loop body
 	my $n = find_non_nl(\@tokens);
-	splice(@tokens, $n + 1, 0, '?!LOOP?!');
+	push(@{$self->{problems}}, ['LOOP', $tokens[$n]]);
 	return @tokens;
 }
 
@@ -505,8 +527,13 @@
 
 sub accumulate {
 	my ($self, $tokens, $cmd) = @_;
+	my $problems = $self->{problems};
+
+	# no previous command to check for missing "&&"
 	goto DONE unless @$tokens;
-	goto DONE if @$cmd == 1 && $$cmd[0] eq "\n";
+
+	# new command is empty line; can't yet check if previous is missing "&&"
+	goto DONE if @$cmd == 1 && $$cmd[0]->[0] eq "\n";
 
 	# did previous command end with "&&", "|", "|| return" or similar?
 	goto DONE if match_ending($tokens, \@safe_endings);
@@ -514,20 +541,20 @@
 	# if this command handles "$?" specially, then okay for previous
 	# command to be missing "&&"
 	for my $token (@$cmd) {
-		goto DONE if $token =~ /\$\?/;
+		goto DONE if $token->[0] =~ /\$\?/;
 	}
 
 	# if this command is "false", "return 1", or "exit 1" (which signal
 	# failure explicitly), then okay for all preceding commands to be
 	# missing "&&"
-	if ($$cmd[0] =~ /^(?:false|return|exit)$/) {
-		@$tokens = grep(!/^\?!AMP\?!$/, @$tokens);
+	if ($$cmd[0]->[0] =~ /^(?:false|return|exit)$/) {
+		@$problems = grep {$_->[0] ne 'AMP'} @$problems;
 		goto DONE;
 	}
 
 	# flag missing "&&" at end of previous command
 	my $n = find_non_nl($tokens);
-	splice(@$tokens, $n + 1, 0, '?!AMP?!') unless $n < 0;
+	push(@$problems, ['AMP', $tokens->[$n]]) unless $n < 0;
 
 DONE:
 	$self->SUPER::accumulate($tokens, $cmd);
@@ -553,7 +580,7 @@
 # composition of multiple strings and non-string character runs; for instance,
 # `"test body"` unwraps to `test body`; `word"a b"42'c d'` to `worda b42c d`
 sub unwrap {
-	my $token = @_ ? shift @_ : $_;
+	my $token = (@_ ? shift @_ : $_)->[0];
 	# simple case: 'sqstring' or "dqstring"
 	return $token if $token =~ s/^'([^']*)'$/$1/;
 	return $token if $token =~ s/^"([^"]*)"$/$1/;
@@ -584,13 +611,25 @@
 	$self->{ntests}++;
 	my $parser = TestParser->new(\$body);
 	my @tokens = $parser->parse();
-	return unless $emit_all || grep(/\?![^?]+\?!/, @tokens);
+	my $problems = $parser->{problems};
+	return unless $emit_all || @$problems;
 	my $c = main::fd_colors(1);
-	my $checked = join(' ', @tokens);
-	$checked =~ s/^\n//;
-	$checked =~ s/^ //mg;
-	$checked =~ s/ $//mg;
+	my $lineno = $_[1]->[3];
+	my $start = 0;
+	my $checked = '';
+	for (sort {$a->[1]->[2] <=> $b->[1]->[2]} @$problems) {
+		my ($label, $token) = @$_;
+		my $pos = $token->[2];
+		$checked .= substr($body, $start, $pos - $start) . " ?!$label?! ";
+		$start = $pos;
+	}
+	$checked .= substr($body, $start);
+	$checked =~ s/^/$lineno++ . ' '/mge;
+	$checked =~ s/^\d+ \n//;
+	$checked =~ s/(\s) \?!/$1?!/mg;
+	$checked =~ s/\?! (\s)/?!$1/mg;
 	$checked =~ s/(\?![^?]+\?!)/$c->{rev}$c->{red}$1$c->{reset}/mg;
+	$checked =~ s/^\d+/$c->{dim}$&$c->{reset}/mg;
 	$checked .= "\n" unless $checked =~ /\n$/;
 	push(@{$self->{output}}, "$c->{blue}# chainlint: $title$c->{reset}\n$checked");
 }
@@ -598,9 +637,9 @@
 sub parse_cmd {
 	my $self = shift @_;
 	my @tokens = $self->SUPER::parse_cmd();
-	return @tokens unless @tokens && $tokens[0] =~ /^test_expect_(?:success|failure)$/;
+	return @tokens unless @tokens && $tokens[0]->[0] =~ /^test_expect_(?:success|failure)$/;
 	my $n = $#tokens;
-	$n-- while $n >= 0 && $tokens[$n] =~ /^(?:[;&\n|]|&&|\|\|)$/;
+	$n-- while $n >= 0 && $tokens[$n]->[0] =~ /^(?:[;&\n|]|&&|\|\|)$/;
 	$self->check_test($tokens[1], $tokens[2]) if $n == 2; # title body
 	$self->check_test($tokens[2], $tokens[3]) if $n > 2;  # prereq title body
 	return @tokens;
@@ -622,25 +661,39 @@
 # thread and ignore %ENV changes in subthreads.
 $ENV{TERM} = $ENV{USER_TERM} if $ENV{USER_TERM};
 
-my @NOCOLORS = (bold => '', rev => '', reset => '', blue => '', green => '', red => '');
+my @NOCOLORS = (bold => '', rev => '', dim => '', reset => '', blue => '', green => '', red => '');
 my %COLORS = ();
 sub get_colors {
 	return \%COLORS if %COLORS;
-	if (exists($ENV{NO_COLOR}) ||
-	    system("tput sgr0 >/dev/null 2>&1") != 0 ||
-	    system("tput bold >/dev/null 2>&1") != 0 ||
-	    system("tput rev  >/dev/null 2>&1") != 0 ||
-	    system("tput setaf 1 >/dev/null 2>&1") != 0) {
+	if (exists($ENV{NO_COLOR})) {
 		%COLORS = @NOCOLORS;
 		return \%COLORS;
 	}
-	%COLORS = (bold  => `tput bold`,
-		   rev   => `tput rev`,
-		   reset => `tput sgr0`,
-		   blue  => `tput setaf 4`,
-		   green => `tput setaf 2`,
-		   red   => `tput setaf 1`);
-	chomp(%COLORS);
+	if ($ENV{TERM} =~ /xterm|xterm-\d+color|xterm-new|xterm-direct|nsterm|nsterm-\d+color|nsterm-direct/) {
+		%COLORS = (bold  => "\e[1m",
+			   rev   => "\e[7m",
+			   dim   => "\e[2m",
+			   reset => "\e[0m",
+			   blue  => "\e[34m",
+			   green => "\e[32m",
+			   red   => "\e[31m");
+		return \%COLORS;
+	}
+	if (system("tput sgr0 >/dev/null 2>&1") == 0 &&
+	    system("tput bold >/dev/null 2>&1") == 0 &&
+	    system("tput rev  >/dev/null 2>&1") == 0 &&
+	    system("tput dim  >/dev/null 2>&1") == 0 &&
+	    system("tput setaf 1 >/dev/null 2>&1") == 0) {
+		%COLORS = (bold  => `tput bold`,
+			   rev   => `tput rev`,
+			   dim   => `tput dim`,
+			   reset => `tput sgr0`,
+			   blue  => `tput setaf 4`,
+			   green => `tput setaf 2`,
+			   red   => `tput setaf 1`);
+		return \%COLORS;
+	}
+	%COLORS = @NOCOLORS;
 	return \%COLORS;
 }
 
@@ -656,7 +709,7 @@
 	# Windows
 	return $ENV{NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS} if exists($ENV{NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS});
 	# Linux / MSYS2 / Cygwin / WSL
-	do { local @ARGV='/proc/cpuinfo'; return scalar(grep(/^processor\s*:/, <>)); } if -r '/proc/cpuinfo';
+	do { local @ARGV='/proc/cpuinfo'; return scalar(grep(/^processor[\s\d]*:/, <>)); } if -r '/proc/cpuinfo';
 	# macOS & BSD
 	return qx/sysctl -n hw.ncpu/ if $^O =~ /(?:^darwin$|bsd)/;
 	return 1;
diff --git a/t/chainlint/block-comment.expect b/t/chainlint/block-comment.expect
index d10b2ee..df2beea 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/block-comment.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/block-comment.expect
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 (
 	{
+		# show a
 		echo a &&
+		# show b
 		echo b
 	}
 )
diff --git a/t/chainlint/case-comment.expect b/t/chainlint/case-comment.expect
index 1e4b054..641c157 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/case-comment.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/case-comment.expect
@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
 (
 	case "$x" in
+	# found foo
 	x) foo ;;
+	# found other
 	*)
+		# treat it as bar
 		bar
 		;;
 	esac
diff --git a/t/chainlint/close-subshell.expect b/t/chainlint/close-subshell.expect
index 0f87db9..2192a28 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/close-subshell.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/close-subshell.expect
@@ -15,7 +15,8 @@
 ) | wuzzle &&
 (
 	bop
-) | fazz 	fozz &&
+) | fazz \
+	fozz &&
 (
 	bup
 ) |
diff --git a/t/chainlint/comment.expect b/t/chainlint/comment.expect
index f76fde1..a68f1f9 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/comment.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/comment.expect
@@ -1,4 +1,8 @@
 (
+	# comment 1
 	nothing &&
+	# comment 2
 	something
+	# comment 3
+	# comment 4
 )
diff --git a/t/chainlint/double-here-doc.expect b/t/chainlint/double-here-doc.expect
index 75477bb..cd584a4 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/double-here-doc.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/double-here-doc.expect
@@ -1,2 +1,12 @@
-run_sub_test_lib_test_err run-inv-range-start "--run invalid range start" --run="a-5" <<-EOF &&
-check_sub_test_lib_test_err run-inv-range-start <<-EOF_OUT 3 <<-EOF_ERR
+run_sub_test_lib_test_err run-inv-range-start \
+	"--run invalid range start" \
+	--run="a-5" <<-\EOF &&
+test_expect_success "passing test #1" "true"
+test_done
+EOF
+check_sub_test_lib_test_err run-inv-range-start \
+	<<-\EOF_OUT 3<<-EOF_ERR
+> FATAL: Unexpected exit with code 1
+EOF_OUT
+> error: --run: invalid non-numeric in range start: ${SQ}a-5${SQ}
+EOF_ERR
diff --git a/t/chainlint/empty-here-doc.expect b/t/chainlint/empty-here-doc.expect
index f42f2d4..e8733c9 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/empty-here-doc.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/empty-here-doc.expect
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
 git ls-tree $tree path > current &&
-cat > expected <<EOF &&
+cat > expected <<\EOF &&
+EOF
 test_output
diff --git a/t/chainlint/for-loop.expect b/t/chainlint/for-loop.expect
index a5810c9..d65c821 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/for-loop.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/for-loop.expect
@@ -2,7 +2,9 @@
 	for i in a b c
 	do
 		echo $i ?!AMP?!
-		cat <<-EOF ?!LOOP?!
+		cat <<-\EOF ?!LOOP?!
+		bar
+		EOF
 	done ?!AMP?!
 	for i in a b c; do
 		echo $i &&
diff --git a/t/chainlint/here-doc-close-subshell.expect b/t/chainlint/here-doc-close-subshell.expect
index 2af9ced..7d9c2b5 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/here-doc-close-subshell.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/here-doc-close-subshell.expect
@@ -1,2 +1,4 @@
 (
-	cat <<-INPUT)
+	cat <<-\INPUT)
+	fizz
+	INPUT
diff --git a/t/chainlint/here-doc-indent-operator.expect b/t/chainlint/here-doc-indent-operator.expect
index fb6cf72..f92a7ce 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/here-doc-indent-operator.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/here-doc-indent-operator.expect
@@ -1,5 +1,11 @@
-cat > expect <<-EOF &&
+cat >expect <<- EOF &&
+header: 43475048 1 $(test_oid oid_version) $NUM_CHUNKS 0
+num_commits: $1
+chunks: oid_fanout oid_lookup commit_metadata generation_data bloom_indexes bloom_data
+EOF
 
-cat > expect <<-EOF ?!AMP?!
+cat >expect << -EOF ?!AMP?!
+this is not indented
+-EOF
 
 cleanup
diff --git a/t/chainlint/here-doc-multi-line-command-subst.expect b/t/chainlint/here-doc-multi-line-command-subst.expect
index f8b3aa7..b7364c8 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/here-doc-multi-line-command-subst.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/here-doc-multi-line-command-subst.expect
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 (
-	x=$(bobble <<-END &&
+	x=$(bobble <<-\END &&
+		fossil
+		vegetable
+		END
 		wiffle) ?!AMP?!
 	echo $x
 )
diff --git a/t/chainlint/here-doc-multi-line-string.expect b/t/chainlint/here-doc-multi-line-string.expect
index be64b26..6c13bdc 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/here-doc-multi-line-string.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/here-doc-multi-line-string.expect
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 (
-	cat <<-TXT && echo "multi-line
+	cat <<-\TXT && echo "multi-line
 	string" ?!AMP?!
+	fizzle
+	TXT
 	bap
 )
diff --git a/t/chainlint/here-doc.expect b/t/chainlint/here-doc.expect
index 110059b..1df3f78 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/here-doc.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/here-doc.expect
@@ -1,7 +1,25 @@
-boodle wobba        gorgo snoot        wafta snurb <<EOF &&
+boodle wobba \
+	gorgo snoot \
+	wafta snurb <<EOF &&
+quoth the raven,
+nevermore...
+EOF
 
 cat <<-Arbitrary_Tag_42 >foo &&
+snoz
+boz
+woz
+Arbitrary_Tag_42
 
-cat <<zump >boo &&
+cat <<"zump" >boo &&
+snoz
+boz
+woz
+zump
 
-horticulture <<EOF
+horticulture <<\EOF
+gomez
+morticia
+wednesday
+pugsly
+EOF
diff --git a/t/chainlint/if-then-else.expect b/t/chainlint/if-then-else.expect
index 44d86c3..cbaaf85 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/if-then-else.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/if-then-else.expect
@@ -8,7 +8,9 @@
 		echo foo
 	else
 		echo foo &&
-		cat <<-EOF
+		cat <<-\EOF
+		bar
+		EOF
 	fi ?!AMP?!
 	echo poodle
 ) &&
diff --git a/t/chainlint/incomplete-line.expect b/t/chainlint/incomplete-line.expect
index ffac8f9..134d3a1 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/incomplete-line.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/incomplete-line.expect
@@ -1,4 +1,10 @@
-line 1 line 2 line 3 line 4 &&
+line 1 \
+line 2 \
+line 3 \
+line 4 &&
 (
-	line 5 	line 6 	line 7 	line 8
+	line 5 \
+	line 6 \
+	line 7 \
+	line 8
 )
diff --git a/t/chainlint/inline-comment.expect b/t/chainlint/inline-comment.expect
index dd0dace..6bad218 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/inline-comment.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/inline-comment.expect
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 (
-	foobar &&
-	barfoo ?!AMP?!
+	foobar && # comment 1
+	barfoo ?!AMP?! # wrong position for &&
 	flibble "not a # comment"
 ) &&
 
diff --git a/t/chainlint/loop-detect-status.expect b/t/chainlint/loop-detect-status.expect
index 0ad23bb..24da9e8 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/loop-detect-status.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/loop-detect-status.expect
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 do
 	printf "Generating blob $i/$blobcount\r" >& 2 &&
 	printf "blob\nmark :$i\ndata $blobsize\n" &&
-
+	#test-tool genrandom $i $blobsize &&
 	printf "%-${blobsize}s" $i &&
 	echo "M 100644 :$i $i" >> commit &&
 	i=$(($i+1)) ||
diff --git a/t/chainlint/nested-here-doc.expect b/t/chainlint/nested-here-doc.expect
index e3bef63..29b3832 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/nested-here-doc.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/nested-here-doc.expect
@@ -1,7 +1,30 @@
 cat <<ARBITRARY >foop &&
+naddle
+fub <<EOF
+	nozzle
+	noodle
+EOF
+formp
+ARBITRARY
 
 (
-	cat <<-INPUT_END &&
-	cat <<-EOT ?!AMP?!
+	cat <<-\INPUT_END &&
+	fish are mice
+	but geese go slow
+	data <<EOF
+		perl is lerp
+		and nothing else
+	EOF
+	toink
+	INPUT_END
+
+	cat <<-\EOT ?!AMP?!
+	text goes here
+	data <<EOF
+		data goes here
+	EOF
+	more test here
+	EOT
+
 	foobar
 )
diff --git a/t/chainlint/nested-subshell-comment.expect b/t/chainlint/nested-subshell-comment.expect
index be4b27a..9138cf3 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/nested-subshell-comment.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/nested-subshell-comment.expect
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 	foo &&
 	(
 		bar &&
+		# bottles wobble while fiddles gobble
+		# minor numbers of cows (or do they?)
 		baz &&
 		snaff
 	) ?!AMP?!
diff --git a/t/chainlint/subshell-here-doc.expect b/t/chainlint/subshell-here-doc.expect
index 029d129..5278927 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/subshell-here-doc.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/subshell-here-doc.expect
@@ -1,10 +1,30 @@
 (
-	echo wobba 	       gorgo snoot 	       wafta snurb <<-EOF &&
+	echo wobba \
+		gorgo snoot \
+		wafta snurb <<-EOF &&
+	quoth the raven,
+	nevermore...
+	EOF
+
 	cat <<EOF >bip ?!AMP?!
-	echo <<-EOF >bop
+	fish fly high
+EOF
+
+	echo <<-\EOF >bop
+	gomez
+	morticia
+	wednesday
+	pugsly
+	EOF
 ) &&
 (
-	cat <<-ARBITRARY >bup &&
-	cat <<-ARBITRARY3 >bup3 &&
+	cat <<-\ARBITRARY >bup &&
+	glink
+	FIZZ
+	ARBITRARY
+	cat <<-"ARBITRARY3" >bup3 &&
+	glink
+	FIZZ
+	ARBITRARY3
 	meep
 )
diff --git a/t/chainlint/t7900-subtree.expect b/t/chainlint/t7900-subtree.expect
index 69167da..71b3b3b 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/t7900-subtree.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/t7900-subtree.expect
@@ -4,12 +4,16 @@
 sub3
 sub4" &&
 	chks_sub=$(cat <<TXT | sed "s,^,sub dir/,"
+$chks
+TXT
 ) &&
 	chkms="main-sub1
 main-sub2
 main-sub3
 main-sub4" &&
 	chkms_sub=$(cat <<TXT | sed "s,^,sub dir/,"
+$chkms
+TXT
 ) &&
 	subfiles=$(git ls-files) &&
 	check_equal "$subfiles" "$chkms
diff --git a/t/chainlint/while-loop.expect b/t/chainlint/while-loop.expect
index f272aa2..1f5eaea 100644
--- a/t/chainlint/while-loop.expect
+++ b/t/chainlint/while-loop.expect
@@ -2,7 +2,9 @@
 	while true
 	do
 		echo foo ?!AMP?!
-		cat <<-EOF ?!LOOP?!
+		cat <<-\EOF ?!LOOP?!
+		bar
+		EOF
 	done ?!AMP?!
 	while true; do
 		echo foo &&
diff --git a/t/check-non-portable-shell.pl b/t/check-non-portable-shell.pl
index fd33035..dd8107c 100755
--- a/t/check-non-portable-shell.pl
+++ b/t/check-non-portable-shell.pl
@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@
 	/\bhead\s+-c\b/ and err 'head -c is not portable (use test_copy_bytes BYTES <file >out)';
 	/(?:\$\(seq|^\s*seq\b)/ and err 'seq is not portable (use test_seq)';
 	/\bgrep\b.*--file\b/ and err 'grep --file FILE is not portable (use grep -f FILE)';
+	/\b[ef]grep\b/ and err 'egrep/fgrep obsolescent (use grep -E/-F)';
 	/\bexport\s+[A-Za-z0-9_]*=/ and err '"export FOO=bar" is not portable (use FOO=bar && export FOO)';
 	/^\s*([A-Z0-9_]+=(\w*|(["']).*?\3)\s+)+(\w+)/ and exists($func{$4}) and
 		err '"FOO=bar shell_func" assignment extends beyond "shell_func"';
diff --git a/t/helper/test-bundle-uri.c b/t/helper/test-bundle-uri.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..25afd39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/helper/test-bundle-uri.c
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+#include "test-tool.h"
+#include "parse-options.h"
+#include "bundle-uri.h"
+#include "strbuf.h"
+#include "string-list.h"
+
+enum input_mode {
+	KEY_VALUE_PAIRS,
+	CONFIG_FILE,
+};
+
+static int cmd__bundle_uri_parse(int argc, const char **argv, enum input_mode mode)
+{
+	const char *key_value_usage[] = {
+		"test-tool bundle-uri parse-key-values <input>",
+		NULL
+	};
+	const char *config_usage[] = {
+		"test-tool bundle-uri parse-config <input>",
+		NULL
+	};
+	const char **usage = key_value_usage;
+	struct option options[] = {
+		OPT_END(),
+	};
+	struct strbuf sb = STRBUF_INIT;
+	struct bundle_list list;
+	int err = 0;
+	FILE *fp;
+
+	if (mode == CONFIG_FILE)
+		usage = config_usage;
+
+	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, NULL, options, usage,
+			     PARSE_OPT_STOP_AT_NON_OPTION);
+
+	init_bundle_list(&list);
+
+	switch (mode) {
+	case KEY_VALUE_PAIRS:
+		if (argc != 1)
+			goto usage;
+		fp = fopen(argv[0], "r");
+		if (!fp)
+			die("failed to open '%s'", argv[0]);
+		while (strbuf_getline(&sb, fp) != EOF) {
+			if (bundle_uri_parse_line(&list, sb.buf))
+				err = error("bad line: '%s'", sb.buf);
+		}
+		fclose(fp);
+		break;
+
+	case CONFIG_FILE:
+		if (argc != 1)
+			goto usage;
+		err = bundle_uri_parse_config_format("<uri>", argv[0], &list);
+		break;
+	}
+	strbuf_release(&sb);
+
+	print_bundle_list(stdout, &list);
+
+	clear_bundle_list(&list);
+
+	return !!err;
+
+usage:
+	usage_with_options(usage, options);
+}
+
+int cmd__bundle_uri(int argc, const char **argv)
+{
+	const char *usage[] = {
+		"test-tool bundle-uri <subcommand> [<options>]",
+		NULL
+	};
+	struct option options[] = {
+		OPT_END(),
+	};
+
+	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, NULL, options, usage,
+			     PARSE_OPT_STOP_AT_NON_OPTION |
+			     PARSE_OPT_KEEP_ARGV0);
+	if (argc == 1)
+		goto usage;
+
+	if (!strcmp(argv[1], "parse-key-values"))
+		return cmd__bundle_uri_parse(argc - 1, argv + 1, KEY_VALUE_PAIRS);
+	if (!strcmp(argv[1], "parse-config"))
+		return cmd__bundle_uri_parse(argc - 1, argv + 1, CONFIG_FILE);
+	error("there is no test-tool bundle-uri tool '%s'", argv[1]);
+
+usage:
+	usage_with_options(usage, options);
+}
diff --git a/t/helper/test-cache-tree.c b/t/helper/test-cache-tree.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9159a17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/helper/test-cache-tree.c
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+#define USE_THE_INDEX_VARIABLE
+#include "test-tool.h"
+#include "cache.h"
+#include "tree.h"
+#include "cache-tree.h"
+#include "parse-options.h"
+
+static char const * const test_cache_tree_usage[] = {
+	N_("test-tool cache-tree <options> (control|prime|update)"),
+	NULL
+};
+
+int cmd__cache_tree(int argc, const char **argv)
+{
+	struct object_id oid;
+	struct tree *tree;
+	int empty = 0;
+	int invalidate_qty = 0;
+	int i;
+
+	struct option options[] = {
+		OPT_BOOL(0, "empty", &empty,
+			 N_("clear the cache tree before each iteration")),
+		OPT_INTEGER_F(0, "invalidate", &invalidate_qty,
+			      N_("number of entries in the cache tree to invalidate (default 0)"),
+			      PARSE_OPT_NONEG),
+		OPT_END()
+	};
+
+	setup_git_directory();
+
+	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, NULL, options, test_cache_tree_usage, 0);
+
+	if (repo_read_index(the_repository) < 0)
+		die(_("unable to read index file"));
+
+	oidcpy(&oid, &the_index.cache_tree->oid);
+	tree = parse_tree_indirect(&oid);
+	if (!tree)
+		die(_("not a tree object: %s"), oid_to_hex(&oid));
+
+	if (empty) {
+		/* clear the cache tree & allocate a new one */
+		cache_tree_free(&the_index.cache_tree);
+		the_index.cache_tree = cache_tree();
+	} else if (invalidate_qty) {
+		/* invalidate the specified number of unique paths */
+		float f_interval = (float)the_index.cache_nr / invalidate_qty;
+		int interval = f_interval < 1.0 ? 1 : (int)f_interval;
+		for (i = 0; i < invalidate_qty && i * interval < the_index.cache_nr; i++)
+			cache_tree_invalidate_path(&the_index, the_index.cache[i * interval]->name);
+	}
+
+	if (argc != 1)
+		usage_with_options(test_cache_tree_usage, options);
+	else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "prime"))
+		prime_cache_tree(the_repository, &the_index, tree);
+	else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "update"))
+		cache_tree_update(&the_index, WRITE_TREE_SILENT | WRITE_TREE_REPAIR);
+	/* use "control" subcommand to specify no-op */
+	else if (!!strcmp(argv[0], "control"))
+		die(_("Unhandled subcommand '%s'"), argv[0]);
+
+	return 0;
+}
diff --git a/t/helper/test-dump-cache-tree.c b/t/helper/test-dump-cache-tree.c
index 0d6d7f1..454f17b 100644
--- a/t/helper/test-dump-cache-tree.c
+++ b/t/helper/test-dump-cache-tree.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#define USE_THE_INDEX_VARIABLE
 #include "test-tool.h"
 #include "cache.h"
 #include "tree.h"
@@ -62,12 +63,12 @@ int cmd__dump_cache_tree(int ac, const char **av)
 	int ret;
 
 	setup_git_directory();
-	if (read_cache() < 0)
+	if (repo_read_index(the_repository) < 0)
 		die("unable to read index file");
 	istate = the_index;
 	istate.cache_tree = another;
 	cache_tree_update(&istate, WRITE_TREE_DRY_RUN);
-	ret = dump_cache_tree(active_cache_tree, another, "");
+	ret = dump_cache_tree(the_index.cache_tree, another, "");
 	cache_tree_free(&another);
 
 	return ret;
diff --git a/t/helper/test-dump-split-index.c b/t/helper/test-dump-split-index.c
index a209880..0ea97b8 100644
--- a/t/helper/test-dump-split-index.c
+++ b/t/helper/test-dump-split-index.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#define USE_THE_INDEX_VARIABLE
 #include "test-tool.h"
 #include "cache.h"
 #include "split-index.h"
diff --git a/t/helper/test-dump-untracked-cache.c b/t/helper/test-dump-untracked-cache.c
index 9901061..6d53683 100644
--- a/t/helper/test-dump-untracked-cache.c
+++ b/t/helper/test-dump-untracked-cache.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#define USE_THE_INDEX_COMPATIBILITY_MACROS
+#define USE_THE_INDEX_VARIABLE
 #include "test-tool.h"
 #include "cache.h"
 #include "dir.h"
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ int cmd__dump_untracked_cache(int ac, const char **av)
 	xsetenv("GIT_CONFIG_VALUE_0", "keep", 1);
 
 	setup_git_directory();
-	if (read_cache() < 0)
+	if (repo_read_index(the_repository) < 0)
 		die("unable to read index file");
 	uc = the_index.untracked;
 	if (!uc) {
diff --git a/t/helper/test-fake-ssh.c b/t/helper/test-fake-ssh.c
index 12beee9..2e576bc 100644
--- a/t/helper/test-fake-ssh.c
+++ b/t/helper/test-fake-ssh.c
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ int cmd_main(int argc, const char **argv)
 	struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
 	FILE *f;
 	int i;
-	const char *child_argv[] = { NULL, NULL };
+	struct child_process cmd = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
 
 	/* First, print all parameters into $TRASH_DIRECTORY/ssh-output */
 	if (!trash_directory)
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ int cmd_main(int argc, const char **argv)
 	/* Now, evaluate the *last* parameter */
 	if (argc < 2)
 		return 0;
-	child_argv[0] = argv[argc - 1];
-	return run_command_v_opt(child_argv, RUN_USING_SHELL);
+	cmd.use_shell = 1;
+	strvec_push(&cmd.args, argv[argc - 1]);
+	return run_command(&cmd);
 }
diff --git a/t/helper/test-fast-rebase.c b/t/helper/test-fast-rebase.c
index 45665ec..efc82dd 100644
--- a/t/helper/test-fast-rebase.c
+++ b/t/helper/test-fast-rebase.c
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
  * refactoring is the better route).
  */
 
-#define USE_THE_INDEX_COMPATIBILITY_MACROS
+#define USE_THE_INDEX_VARIABLE
 #include "test-tool.h"
 
 #include "cache-tree.h"
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ int cmd__fast_rebase(int argc, const char **argv)
 		die(_("Cannot read HEAD"));
 	assert(oideq(&onto->object.oid, &head));
 
-	hold_locked_index(&lock, LOCK_DIE_ON_ERROR);
+	repo_hold_locked_index(the_repository, &lock, LOCK_DIE_ON_ERROR);
 	if (repo_read_index(the_repository) < 0)
 		BUG("Could not read index");
 
diff --git a/t/helper/test-lazy-init-name-hash.c b/t/helper/test-lazy-init-name-hash.c
index cd1b4c9..ab86c14 100644
--- a/t/helper/test-lazy-init-name-hash.c
+++ b/t/helper/test-lazy-init-name-hash.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#define USE_THE_INDEX_VARIABLE
 #include "test-tool.h"
 #include "cache.h"
 #include "parse-options.h"
@@ -32,7 +33,7 @@ static void dump_run(void)
 	struct dir_entry *dir;
 	struct cache_entry *ce;
 
-	read_cache();
+	repo_read_index(the_repository);
 	if (single) {
 		test_lazy_init_name_hash(&the_index, 0);
 	} else {
@@ -49,7 +50,7 @@ static void dump_run(void)
 				ent /* member name */)
 		printf("name %08x %s\n", ce->ent.hash, ce->name);
 
-	discard_cache();
+	discard_index(&the_index);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -66,7 +67,7 @@ static uint64_t time_runs(int try_threaded)
 
 	for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
 		t0 = getnanotime();
-		read_cache();
+		repo_read_index(the_repository);
 		t1 = getnanotime();
 		nr_threads_used = test_lazy_init_name_hash(&the_index, try_threaded);
 		t2 = getnanotime();
@@ -89,7 +90,7 @@ static uint64_t time_runs(int try_threaded)
 				   the_index.cache_nr);
 		fflush(stdout);
 
-		discard_cache();
+		discard_index(&the_index);
 	}
 
 	avg = sum / count;
@@ -113,9 +114,9 @@ static void analyze_run(void)
 	int i;
 	int nr;
 
-	read_cache();
+	repo_read_index(the_repository);
 	cache_nr_limit = the_index.cache_nr;
-	discard_cache();
+	discard_index(&the_index);
 
 	nr = analyze;
 	while (1) {
@@ -128,23 +129,23 @@ static void analyze_run(void)
 			nr = cache_nr_limit;
 
 		for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-			read_cache();
+			repo_read_index(the_repository);
 			the_index.cache_nr = nr; /* cheap truncate of index */
 			t1s = getnanotime();
 			test_lazy_init_name_hash(&the_index, 0);
 			t2s = getnanotime();
 			sum_single += (t2s - t1s);
 			the_index.cache_nr = cache_nr_limit;
-			discard_cache();
+			discard_index(&the_index);
 
-			read_cache();
+			repo_read_index(the_repository);
 			the_index.cache_nr = nr; /* cheap truncate of index */
 			t1m = getnanotime();
 			nr_threads_used = test_lazy_init_name_hash(&the_index, 1);
 			t2m = getnanotime();
 			sum_multi += (t2m - t1m);
 			the_index.cache_nr = cache_nr_limit;
-			discard_cache();
+			discard_index(&the_index);
 
 			if (!nr_threads_used)
 				printf("    [size %8d] [single %f]   non-threaded code path used\n",
diff --git a/t/helper/test-path-utils.c b/t/helper/test-path-utils.c
index d20e1b7..f69709d 100644
--- a/t/helper/test-path-utils.c
+++ b/t/helper/test-path-utils.c
@@ -8,7 +8,8 @@
  * GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES.  If the path is unusable for some reason,
  * die with an explanation.
  */
-static int normalize_ceiling_entry(struct string_list_item *item, void *unused)
+static int normalize_ceiling_entry(struct string_list_item *item,
+				   void *data UNUSED)
 {
 	char *ceil = item->string;
 
diff --git a/t/helper/test-proc-receive.c b/t/helper/test-proc-receive.c
index cc08506..a4b305f 100644
--- a/t/helper/test-proc-receive.c
+++ b/t/helper/test-proc-receive.c
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 #include "test-tool.h"
 
 static const char *proc_receive_usage[] = {
-	"test-tool proc-receive [<options>...]",
+	"test-tool proc-receive [<options>]",
 	NULL
 };
 
diff --git a/t/helper/test-read-cache.c b/t/helper/test-read-cache.c
index b736ef1..23e9e27 100644
--- a/t/helper/test-read-cache.c
+++ b/t/helper/test-read-cache.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#define USE_THE_INDEX_VARIABLE
 #include "test-tool.h"
 #include "cache.h"
 #include "config.h"
@@ -20,7 +21,7 @@ int cmd__read_cache(int argc, const char **argv)
 	git_config(git_default_config, NULL);
 
 	for (i = 0; i < cnt; i++) {
-		read_cache();
+		repo_read_index(the_repository);
 		if (name) {
 			int pos;
 
@@ -33,7 +34,7 @@ int cmd__read_cache(int argc, const char **argv)
 			       ce_uptodate(the_index.cache[pos]) ? "" : " not");
 			write_file(name, "%d\n", i);
 		}
-		discard_cache();
+		discard_index(&the_index);
 	}
 	return 0;
 }
diff --git a/t/helper/test-run-command.c b/t/helper/test-run-command.c
index c9283b4..3ecb830 100644
--- a/t/helper/test-run-command.c
+++ b/t/helper/test-run-command.c
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ static const char * const testsuite_usage[] = {
 static int testsuite(int argc, const char **argv)
 {
 	struct testsuite suite = TESTSUITE_INIT;
-	int max_jobs = 1, i, ret;
+	int max_jobs = 1, i, ret = 0;
 	DIR *dir;
 	struct dirent *d;
 	struct option options[] = {
@@ -152,6 +152,12 @@ static int testsuite(int argc, const char **argv)
 			 "write JUnit-style XML files"),
 		OPT_END()
 	};
+	struct run_process_parallel_opts opts = {
+		.get_next_task = next_test,
+		.start_failure = test_failed,
+		.task_finished = test_finished,
+		.data = &suite,
+	};
 
 	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, NULL, options,
 			testsuite_usage, PARSE_OPT_STOP_AT_NON_OPTION);
@@ -192,8 +198,8 @@ static int testsuite(int argc, const char **argv)
 	fprintf(stderr, "Running %"PRIuMAX" tests (%d at a time)\n",
 		(uintmax_t)suite.tests.nr, max_jobs);
 
-	ret = run_processes_parallel(max_jobs, next_test, test_failed,
-				     test_finished, &suite);
+	opts.processes = max_jobs;
+	run_processes_parallel(&opts);
 
 	if (suite.failed.nr > 0) {
 		ret = 1;
@@ -206,7 +212,7 @@ static int testsuite(int argc, const char **argv)
 	string_list_clear(&suite.tests, 0);
 	string_list_clear(&suite.failed, 0);
 
-	return !!ret;
+	return ret;
 }
 
 static uint64_t my_random_next = 1234;
@@ -381,13 +387,17 @@ int cmd__run_command(int argc, const char **argv)
 {
 	struct child_process proc = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
 	int jobs;
+	int ret;
+	struct run_process_parallel_opts opts = {
+		.data = &proc,
+	};
 
 	if (argc > 1 && !strcmp(argv[1], "testsuite"))
-		exit(testsuite(argc - 1, argv + 1));
+		return testsuite(argc - 1, argv + 1);
 	if (!strcmp(argv[1], "inherited-handle"))
-		exit(inherit_handle(argv[0]));
+		return inherit_handle(argv[0]);
 	if (!strcmp(argv[1], "inherited-handle-child"))
-		exit(inherit_handle_child());
+		return inherit_handle_child();
 
 	if (argc >= 2 && !strcmp(argv[1], "quote-stress-test"))
 		return !!quote_stress_test(argc - 1, argv + 1);
@@ -404,41 +414,52 @@ int cmd__run_command(int argc, const char **argv)
 		argv += 2;
 		argc -= 2;
 	}
-	if (argc < 3)
-		return 1;
+	if (argc < 3) {
+		ret = 1;
+		goto cleanup;
+	}
 	strvec_pushv(&proc.args, (const char **)argv + 2);
 
 	if (!strcmp(argv[1], "start-command-ENOENT")) {
-		if (start_command(&proc) < 0 && errno == ENOENT)
-			return 0;
+		if (start_command(&proc) < 0 && errno == ENOENT) {
+			ret = 0;
+			goto cleanup;
+		}
 		fprintf(stderr, "FAIL %s\n", argv[1]);
 		return 1;
 	}
-	if (!strcmp(argv[1], "run-command"))
-		exit(run_command(&proc));
+	if (!strcmp(argv[1], "run-command")) {
+		ret = run_command(&proc);
+		goto cleanup;
+	}
 
 	if (!strcmp(argv[1], "--ungroup")) {
 		argv += 1;
 		argc -= 1;
-		run_processes_parallel_ungroup = 1;
+		opts.ungroup = 1;
 	}
 
 	jobs = atoi(argv[2]);
 	strvec_clear(&proc.args);
 	strvec_pushv(&proc.args, (const char **)argv + 3);
 
-	if (!strcmp(argv[1], "run-command-parallel"))
-		exit(run_processes_parallel(jobs, parallel_next,
-					    NULL, NULL, &proc));
-
-	if (!strcmp(argv[1], "run-command-abort"))
-		exit(run_processes_parallel(jobs, parallel_next,
-					    NULL, task_finished, &proc));
-
-	if (!strcmp(argv[1], "run-command-no-jobs"))
-		exit(run_processes_parallel(jobs, no_job,
-					    NULL, task_finished, &proc));
-
-	fprintf(stderr, "check usage\n");
-	return 1;
+	if (!strcmp(argv[1], "run-command-parallel")) {
+		opts.get_next_task = parallel_next;
+	} else if (!strcmp(argv[1], "run-command-abort")) {
+		opts.get_next_task = parallel_next;
+		opts.task_finished = task_finished;
+	} else if (!strcmp(argv[1], "run-command-no-jobs")) {
+		opts.get_next_task = no_job;
+		opts.task_finished = task_finished;
+	} else {
+		ret = 1;
+		fprintf(stderr, "check usage\n");
+		goto cleanup;
+	}
+	opts.processes = jobs;
+	run_processes_parallel(&opts);
+	ret = 0;
+cleanup:
+	child_process_clear(&proc);
+	return ret;
 }
diff --git a/t/helper/test-scrap-cache-tree.c b/t/helper/test-scrap-cache-tree.c
index 026c802..a26107e 100644
--- a/t/helper/test-scrap-cache-tree.c
+++ b/t/helper/test-scrap-cache-tree.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#define USE_THE_INDEX_VARIABLE
 #include "test-tool.h"
 #include "cache.h"
 #include "lockfile.h"
@@ -9,11 +10,11 @@ int cmd__scrap_cache_tree(int ac, const char **av)
 	struct lock_file index_lock = LOCK_INIT;
 
 	setup_git_directory();
-	hold_locked_index(&index_lock, LOCK_DIE_ON_ERROR);
-	if (read_cache() < 0)
+	repo_hold_locked_index(the_repository, &index_lock, LOCK_DIE_ON_ERROR);
+	if (repo_read_index(the_repository) < 0)
 		die("unable to read index file");
-	cache_tree_free(&active_cache_tree);
-	active_cache_tree = NULL;
+	cache_tree_free(&the_index.cache_tree);
+	the_index.cache_tree = NULL;
 	if (write_locked_index(&the_index, &index_lock, COMMIT_LOCK))
 		die("unable to write index file");
 	return 0;
diff --git a/t/helper/test-sha1.c b/t/helper/test-sha1.c
index d860c38..71fe5c6 100644
--- a/t/helper/test-sha1.c
+++ b/t/helper/test-sha1.c
@@ -5,3 +5,11 @@ int cmd__sha1(int ac, const char **av)
 {
 	return cmd_hash_impl(ac, av, GIT_HASH_SHA1);
 }
+
+int cmd__sha1_is_sha1dc(int argc UNUSED, const char **argv UNUSED)
+{
+#ifdef platform_SHA_IS_SHA1DC
+	return 0;
+#endif
+	return 1;
+}
diff --git a/t/helper/test-submodule.c b/t/helper/test-submodule.c
index b7d117c..e060cc6 100644
--- a/t/helper/test-submodule.c
+++ b/t/helper/test-submodule.c
@@ -111,10 +111,94 @@ static int cmd__submodule_resolve_relative_url(int argc, const char **argv)
 	return 0;
 }
 
+static int cmd__submodule_config_list(int argc, const char **argv)
+{
+	struct option options[] = {
+		OPT_END()
+	};
+	const char *const usage[] = {
+		"test-tool submodule config-list <key>",
+		NULL
+	};
+	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, "test-tools", options, usage,
+			     PARSE_OPT_KEEP_ARGV0);
+
+	setup_git_directory();
+
+	if (argc == 2)
+		return print_config_from_gitmodules(the_repository, argv[1]);
+	usage_with_options(usage, options);
+}
+
+static int cmd__submodule_config_set(int argc, const char **argv)
+{
+	struct option options[] = {
+		OPT_END()
+	};
+	const char *const usage[] = {
+		"test-tool submodule config-set <key> <value>",
+		NULL
+	};
+	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, "test-tools", options, usage,
+			     PARSE_OPT_KEEP_ARGV0);
+
+	setup_git_directory();
+
+	/* Equivalent to ACTION_SET in builtin/config.c */
+	if (argc == 3) {
+		if (!is_writing_gitmodules_ok())
+			die("please make sure that the .gitmodules file is in the working tree");
+
+		return config_set_in_gitmodules_file_gently(argv[1], argv[2]);
+	}
+	usage_with_options(usage, options);
+}
+
+static int cmd__submodule_config_unset(int argc, const char **argv)
+{
+	struct option options[] = {
+		OPT_END()
+	};
+	const char *const usage[] = {
+		"test-tool submodule config-unset <key>",
+		NULL
+	};
+
+	setup_git_directory();
+
+	if (argc == 2) {
+		if (!is_writing_gitmodules_ok())
+			die("please make sure that the .gitmodules file is in the working tree");
+		return config_set_in_gitmodules_file_gently(argv[1], NULL);
+	}
+	usage_with_options(usage, options);
+}
+
+static int cmd__submodule_config_writeable(int argc, const char **argv)
+{
+	struct option options[] = {
+		OPT_END()
+	};
+	const char *const usage[] = {
+		"test-tool submodule config-writeable",
+		NULL
+	};
+	setup_git_directory();
+
+	if (argc == 1)
+		return is_writing_gitmodules_ok() ? 0 : -1;
+
+	usage_with_options(usage, options);
+}
+
 static struct test_cmd cmds[] = {
 	{ "check-name", cmd__submodule_check_name },
 	{ "is-active", cmd__submodule_is_active },
 	{ "resolve-relative-url", cmd__submodule_resolve_relative_url},
+	{ "config-list", cmd__submodule_config_list },
+	{ "config-set", cmd__submodule_config_set },
+	{ "config-unset", cmd__submodule_config_unset },
+	{ "config-writeable", cmd__submodule_config_writeable },
 };
 
 int cmd__submodule(int argc, const char **argv)
diff --git a/t/helper/test-tool.c b/t/helper/test-tool.c
index d1d013b..7eb1a26 100644
--- a/t/helper/test-tool.c
+++ b/t/helper/test-tool.c
@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@ static struct test_cmd cmds[] = {
 	{ "advise", cmd__advise_if_enabled },
 	{ "bitmap", cmd__bitmap },
 	{ "bloom", cmd__bloom },
+	{ "bundle-uri", cmd__bundle_uri },
+	{ "cache-tree", cmd__cache_tree },
 	{ "chmtime", cmd__chmtime },
 	{ "config", cmd__config },
 	{ "crontab", cmd__crontab },
@@ -72,6 +74,7 @@ static struct test_cmd cmds[] = {
 	{ "scrap-cache-tree", cmd__scrap_cache_tree },
 	{ "serve-v2", cmd__serve_v2 },
 	{ "sha1", cmd__sha1 },
+	{ "sha1-is-sha1dc", cmd__sha1_is_sha1dc },
 	{ "sha256", cmd__sha256 },
 	{ "sigchain", cmd__sigchain },
 	{ "simple-ipc", cmd__simple_ipc },
diff --git a/t/helper/test-tool.h b/t/helper/test-tool.h
index 6b46b64..2e20a16 100644
--- a/t/helper/test-tool.h
+++ b/t/helper/test-tool.h
@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
 #ifndef TEST_TOOL_H
 #define TEST_TOOL_H
 
-#define USE_THE_INDEX_COMPATIBILITY_MACROS
 #include "git-compat-util.h"
 
 int cmd__advise_if_enabled(int argc, const char **argv);
 int cmd__bitmap(int argc, const char **argv);
 int cmd__bloom(int argc, const char **argv);
+int cmd__bundle_uri(int argc, const char **argv);
+int cmd__cache_tree(int argc, const char **argv);
 int cmd__chmtime(int argc, const char **argv);
 int cmd__config(int argc, const char **argv);
 int cmd__crontab(int argc, const char **argv);
@@ -65,6 +66,7 @@ int cmd__run_command(int argc, const char **argv);
 int cmd__scrap_cache_tree(int argc, const char **argv);
 int cmd__serve_v2(int argc, const char **argv);
 int cmd__sha1(int argc, const char **argv);
+int cmd__sha1_is_sha1dc(int argc, const char **argv);
 int cmd__oid_array(int argc, const char **argv);
 int cmd__sha256(int argc, const char **argv);
 int cmd__sigchain(int argc, const char **argv);
diff --git a/t/helper/test-trace2.c b/t/helper/test-trace2.c
index a714130..f374c21 100644
--- a/t/helper/test-trace2.c
+++ b/t/helper/test-trace2.c
@@ -132,6 +132,7 @@ static int ut_003error(int argc, const char **argv)
  */
 static int ut_004child(int argc, const char **argv)
 {
+	struct child_process cmd = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
 	int result;
 
 	/*
@@ -141,7 +142,8 @@ static int ut_004child(int argc, const char **argv)
 	if (!argc)
 		return 0;
 
-	result = run_command_v_opt(argv, 0);
+	strvec_pushv(&cmd.args, argv);
+	result = run_command(&cmd);
 	exit(result);
 }
 
@@ -229,6 +231,187 @@ static int ut_010bug_BUG(int argc, const char **argv)
 }
 
 /*
+ * Single-threaded timer test.  Create several intervals using the
+ * TEST1 timer.  The test script can verify that an aggregate Trace2
+ * "timer" event is emitted indicating that we started+stopped the
+ * timer the requested number of times.
+ */
+static int ut_100timer(int argc, const char **argv)
+{
+	const char *usage_error =
+		"expect <count> <ms_delay>";
+
+	int count = 0;
+	int delay = 0;
+	int k;
+
+	if (argc != 2)
+		die("%s", usage_error);
+	if (get_i(&count, argv[0]))
+		die("%s", usage_error);
+	if (get_i(&delay, argv[1]))
+		die("%s", usage_error);
+
+	for (k = 0; k < count; k++) {
+		trace2_timer_start(TRACE2_TIMER_ID_TEST1);
+		sleep_millisec(delay);
+		trace2_timer_stop(TRACE2_TIMER_ID_TEST1);
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+struct ut_101_data {
+	int count;
+	int delay;
+};
+
+static void *ut_101timer_thread_proc(void *_ut_101_data)
+{
+	struct ut_101_data *data = _ut_101_data;
+	int k;
+
+	trace2_thread_start("ut_101");
+
+	for (k = 0; k < data->count; k++) {
+		trace2_timer_start(TRACE2_TIMER_ID_TEST2);
+		sleep_millisec(data->delay);
+		trace2_timer_stop(TRACE2_TIMER_ID_TEST2);
+	}
+
+	trace2_thread_exit();
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Multi-threaded timer test.  Create several threads that each create
+ * several intervals using the TEST2 timer.  The test script can verify
+ * that an individual Trace2 "th_timer" events for each thread and an
+ * aggregate "timer" event are generated.
+ */
+static int ut_101timer(int argc, const char **argv)
+{
+	const char *usage_error =
+		"expect <count> <ms_delay> <threads>";
+
+	struct ut_101_data data = { 0, 0 };
+	int nr_threads = 0;
+	int k;
+	pthread_t *pids = NULL;
+
+	if (argc != 3)
+		die("%s", usage_error);
+	if (get_i(&data.count, argv[0]))
+		die("%s", usage_error);
+	if (get_i(&data.delay, argv[1]))
+		die("%s", usage_error);
+	if (get_i(&nr_threads, argv[2]))
+		die("%s", usage_error);
+
+	CALLOC_ARRAY(pids, nr_threads);
+
+	for (k = 0; k < nr_threads; k++) {
+		if (pthread_create(&pids[k], NULL, ut_101timer_thread_proc, &data))
+			die("failed to create thread[%d]", k);
+	}
+
+	for (k = 0; k < nr_threads; k++) {
+		if (pthread_join(pids[k], NULL))
+			die("failed to join thread[%d]", k);
+	}
+
+	free(pids);
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Single-threaded counter test.  Add several values to the TEST1 counter.
+ * The test script can verify that the final sum is reported in the "counter"
+ * event.
+ */
+static int ut_200counter(int argc, const char **argv)
+{
+	const char *usage_error =
+		"expect <v1> [<v2> [...]]";
+	int value;
+	int k;
+
+	if (argc < 1)
+		die("%s", usage_error);
+
+	for (k = 0; k < argc; k++) {
+		if (get_i(&value, argv[k]))
+			die("invalid value[%s] -- %s",
+			    argv[k], usage_error);
+		trace2_counter_add(TRACE2_COUNTER_ID_TEST1, value);
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Multi-threaded counter test.  Create seveal threads that each increment
+ * the TEST2 global counter.  The test script can verify that an individual
+ * "th_counter" event is generated with a partial sum for each thread and
+ * that a final aggregate "counter" event is generated.
+ */
+
+struct ut_201_data {
+	int v1;
+	int v2;
+};
+
+static void *ut_201counter_thread_proc(void *_ut_201_data)
+{
+	struct ut_201_data *data = _ut_201_data;
+
+	trace2_thread_start("ut_201");
+
+	trace2_counter_add(TRACE2_COUNTER_ID_TEST2, data->v1);
+	trace2_counter_add(TRACE2_COUNTER_ID_TEST2, data->v2);
+
+	trace2_thread_exit();
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+static int ut_201counter(int argc, const char **argv)
+{
+	const char *usage_error =
+		"expect <v1> <v2> <threads>";
+
+	struct ut_201_data data = { 0, 0 };
+	int nr_threads = 0;
+	int k;
+	pthread_t *pids = NULL;
+
+	if (argc != 3)
+		die("%s", usage_error);
+	if (get_i(&data.v1, argv[0]))
+		die("%s", usage_error);
+	if (get_i(&data.v2, argv[1]))
+		die("%s", usage_error);
+	if (get_i(&nr_threads, argv[2]))
+		die("%s", usage_error);
+
+	CALLOC_ARRAY(pids, nr_threads);
+
+	for (k = 0; k < nr_threads; k++) {
+		if (pthread_create(&pids[k], NULL, ut_201counter_thread_proc, &data))
+			die("failed to create thread[%d]", k);
+	}
+
+	for (k = 0; k < nr_threads; k++) {
+		if (pthread_join(pids[k], NULL))
+			die("failed to join thread[%d]", k);
+	}
+
+	free(pids);
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/*
  * Usage:
  *     test-tool trace2 <ut_name_1> <ut_usage_1>
  *     test-tool trace2 <ut_name_2> <ut_usage_2>
@@ -248,6 +431,12 @@ static struct unit_test ut_table[] = {
 	{ ut_008bug,      "008bug",    "" },
 	{ ut_009bug_BUG,  "009bug_BUG","" },
 	{ ut_010bug_BUG,  "010bug_BUG","" },
+
+	{ ut_100timer,    "100timer",  "<count> <ms_delay>" },
+	{ ut_101timer,    "101timer",  "<count> <ms_delay> <threads>" },
+
+	{ ut_200counter,  "200counter", "<v1> [<v2> [<v3> [...]]]" },
+	{ ut_201counter,  "201counter", "<v1> <v2> <threads>" },
 };
 /* clang-format on */
 
diff --git a/t/helper/test-write-cache.c b/t/helper/test-write-cache.c
index 8837717..7d45cd6 100644
--- a/t/helper/test-write-cache.c
+++ b/t/helper/test-write-cache.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#define USE_THE_INDEX_VARIABLE
 #include "test-tool.h"
 #include "cache.h"
 #include "lockfile.h"
@@ -9,9 +10,10 @@ int cmd__write_cache(int argc, const char **argv)
 	if (argc == 2)
 		cnt = strtol(argv[1], NULL, 0);
 	setup_git_directory();
-	read_cache();
+	repo_read_index(the_repository);
 	for (i = 0; i < cnt; i++) {
-		hold_locked_index(&index_lock, LOCK_DIE_ON_ERROR);
+		repo_hold_locked_index(the_repository, &index_lock,
+				       LOCK_DIE_ON_ERROR);
 		if (write_locked_index(&the_index, &index_lock, COMMIT_LOCK))
 			die("unable to write index file");
 	}
diff --git a/t/lib-httpd.sh b/t/lib-httpd.sh
index 1f6b9b0..608949e 100644
--- a/t/lib-httpd.sh
+++ b/t/lib-httpd.sh
@@ -65,7 +65,8 @@
 for DEFAULT_HTTPD_MODULE_PATH in '/usr/libexec/apache2' \
 				 '/usr/lib/apache2/modules' \
 				 '/usr/lib64/httpd/modules' \
-				 '/usr/lib/httpd/modules'
+				 '/usr/lib/httpd/modules' \
+				 '/usr/libexec/httpd'
 do
 	if test -d "$DEFAULT_HTTPD_MODULE_PATH"
 	then
@@ -174,6 +175,11 @@
 	fi
 }
 
+enable_http2 () {
+	HTTPD_PARA="$HTTPD_PARA -DHTTP2"
+	test_set_prereq HTTP2
+}
+
 start_httpd() {
 	prepare_httpd >&3 2>&4
 
diff --git a/t/lib-httpd/apache.conf b/t/lib-httpd/apache.conf
index 7067993..0294739 100644
--- a/t/lib-httpd/apache.conf
+++ b/t/lib-httpd/apache.conf
@@ -29,6 +29,11 @@
 	LoadModule setenvif_module modules/mod_setenvif.so
 </IfModule>
 
+<IfDefine HTTP2>
+LoadModule http2_module modules/mod_http2.so
+Protocols h2c
+</IfDefine>
+
 <IfVersion < 2.4>
 LockFile accept.lock
 </IfVersion>
@@ -64,12 +69,20 @@
 <IfModule !mod_access_compat.c>
 	LoadModule access_compat_module modules/mod_access_compat.so
 </IfModule>
-<IfModule !mod_mpm_prefork.c>
-	LoadModule mpm_prefork_module modules/mod_mpm_prefork.so
-</IfModule>
 <IfModule !mod_unixd.c>
 	LoadModule unixd_module modules/mod_unixd.so
 </IfModule>
+
+<IfDefine HTTP2>
+<IfModule !mod_mpm_event.c>
+	LoadModule mpm_event_module modules/mod_mpm_event.so
+</IfModule>
+</IfDefine>
+<IfDefine !HTTP2>
+<IfModule !mod_mpm_prefork.c>
+	LoadModule mpm_prefork_module modules/mod_mpm_prefork.so
+</IfModule>
+</IfDefine>
 </IfVersion>
 
 PassEnv GIT_VALGRIND
diff --git a/t/perf/p0006-read-tree-checkout.sh b/t/perf/p0006-read-tree-checkout.sh
index c481c01..325566e 100755
--- a/t/perf/p0006-read-tree-checkout.sh
+++ b/t/perf/p0006-read-tree-checkout.sh
@@ -49,6 +49,14 @@
 	git read-tree -n -m br_base br_ballast
 '
 
+test_perf "read-tree br_ballast_plus_1 ($nr_files)" '
+	# Run read-tree 100 times for clearer performance results & comparisons
+	for i in  $(test_seq 100)
+	do
+		git read-tree -n -m br_ballast_plus_1 || return 1
+	done
+'
+
 test_perf "switch between br_base br_ballast ($nr_files)" '
 	git checkout -q br_base &&
 	git checkout -q br_ballast
diff --git a/t/perf/p0090-cache-tree.sh b/t/perf/p0090-cache-tree.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..a8eabca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/perf/p0090-cache-tree.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+test_description="Tests performance of cache tree update operations"
+
+. ./perf-lib.sh
+
+test_perf_large_repo
+test_checkout_worktree
+
+count=100
+
+test_expect_success 'setup cache tree' '
+	git write-tree
+'
+
+test_cache_tree () {
+	test_perf "$1, $3" "
+		for i in \$(test_seq $count)
+		do
+			test-tool cache-tree $4 $2
+		done
+	"
+}
+
+test_cache_tree_update_functions () {
+	test_cache_tree 'no-op' 'control' "$1" "$2"
+	test_cache_tree 'prime_cache_tree' 'prime' "$1" "$2"
+	test_cache_tree 'cache_tree_update' 'update' "$1" "$2"
+}
+
+test_cache_tree_update_functions "clean" ""
+test_cache_tree_update_functions "invalidate 2" "--invalidate 2"
+test_cache_tree_update_functions "invalidate 50" "--invalidate 50"
+test_cache_tree_update_functions "empty" "--empty"
+
+test_done
diff --git a/t/perf/p2000-sparse-operations.sh b/t/perf/p2000-sparse-operations.sh
index fce8151..3242cfe 100755
--- a/t/perf/p2000-sparse-operations.sh
+++ b/t/perf/p2000-sparse-operations.sh
@@ -124,5 +124,6 @@
 test_perf_on_all git checkout-index -f --all
 test_perf_on_all git update-index --add --remove $SPARSE_CONE/a
 test_perf_on_all "git rm -f $SPARSE_CONE/a && git checkout HEAD -- $SPARSE_CONE/a"
+test_perf_on_all git grep --cached --sparse bogus -- "f2/f1/f1/*"
 
 test_done
diff --git a/t/perf/p7102-reset.sh b/t/perf/p7102-reset.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..9b039e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/perf/p7102-reset.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+test_description='performance of reset'
+. ./perf-lib.sh
+
+test_perf_default_repo
+test_checkout_worktree
+
+test_perf 'reset --hard with change in tree' '
+	base=$(git rev-parse HEAD) &&
+	test_commit --no-tag A &&
+	new=$(git rev-parse HEAD) &&
+
+	for i in $(test_seq 10)
+	do
+		git reset --hard $new &&
+		git reset --hard $base || return $?
+	done
+'
+
+test_done
diff --git a/t/perf/run b/t/perf/run
index 33da4d2..34115ed 100755
--- a/t/perf/run
+++ b/t/perf/run
@@ -232,10 +232,10 @@
 	)
 elif test -n "$GIT_PERF_SUBSECTION"
 then
-	egrep "^$GIT_PERF_SUBSECTION\$" "$TEST_RESULTS_DIR"/run_subsections.names >/dev/null ||
+	grep -E "^$GIT_PERF_SUBSECTION\$" "$TEST_RESULTS_DIR"/run_subsections.names >/dev/null ||
 		die "subsection '$GIT_PERF_SUBSECTION' not found in '$GIT_PERF_CONFIG_FILE'"
 
-	egrep "^$GIT_PERF_SUBSECTION\$" "$TEST_RESULTS_DIR"/run_subsections.names | while read -r subsec
+	grep -E "^$GIT_PERF_SUBSECTION\$" "$TEST_RESULTS_DIR"/run_subsections.names | while read -r subsec
 	do
 		(
 			GIT_PERF_SUBSECTION="$subsec"
diff --git a/t/t0013-sha1dc.sh b/t/t0013-sha1dc.sh
index 9ad7608..5324047 100755
--- a/t/t0013-sha1dc.sh
+++ b/t/t0013-sha1dc.sh
@@ -6,9 +6,11 @@
 . ./test-lib.sh
 TEST_DATA="$TEST_DIRECTORY/t0013"
 
-if test -z "$DC_SHA1"
+test_lazy_prereq SHA1_IS_SHA1DC 'test-tool sha1-is-sha1dc'
+
+if ! test_have_prereq SHA1_IS_SHA1DC
 then
-	skip_all='skipping sha1 collision tests, DC_SHA1 not set'
+	skip_all='skipping sha1 collision tests, not using sha1collisiondetection'
 	test_done
 fi
 
diff --git a/t/t0033-safe-directory.sh b/t/t0033-safe-directory.sh
index aecb308..dc34968 100755
--- a/t/t0033-safe-directory.sh
+++ b/t/t0033-safe-directory.sh
@@ -71,4 +71,13 @@
 	expect_rejected_dir
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'safe.directory in included file' '
+	cat >gitconfig-include <<-EOF &&
+	[safe]
+		directory = "$(pwd)"
+	EOF
+	git config --global --add include.path "$(pwd)/gitconfig-include" &&
+	git status
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t0035-safe-bare-repository.sh b/t/t0035-safe-bare-repository.sh
index ecbdc82..11c15a4 100755
--- a/t/t0035-safe-bare-repository.sh
+++ b/t/t0035-safe-bare-repository.sh
@@ -51,4 +51,13 @@
 		-c safe.bareRepository=all
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'safe.bareRepository in included file' '
+	cat >gitconfig-include <<-\EOF &&
+	[safe]
+		bareRepository = explicit
+	EOF
+	git config --global --add include.path "$(pwd)/gitconfig-include" &&
+	expect_rejected -C outer-repo/bare-repo
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t0040-parse-options.sh b/t/t0040-parse-options.sh
index 5cc6230..7d7ecfd 100755
--- a/t/t0040-parse-options.sh
+++ b/t/t0040-parse-options.sh
@@ -709,4 +709,16 @@
 	grep ^BUG err
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'negative magnitude' '
+	test_must_fail test-tool parse-options --magnitude -1 >out 2>err &&
+	grep "non-negative integer" err &&
+	test_must_be_empty out
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'magnitude with units but no numbers' '
+	test_must_fail test-tool parse-options --magnitude m >out 2>err &&
+	grep "non-negative integer" err &&
+	test_must_be_empty out
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t0061-run-command.sh b/t/t0061-run-command.sh
index 7b5423e..e2411f6 100755
--- a/t/t0061-run-command.sh
+++ b/t/t0061-run-command.sh
@@ -130,7 +130,8 @@
 EOF
 
 test_expect_success 'run_command runs in parallel with more jobs available than tasks' '
-	test-tool run-command run-command-parallel 5 sh -c "printf \"%s\n%s\n\" Hello World" 2>actual &&
+	test-tool run-command run-command-parallel 5 sh -c "printf \"%s\n%s\n\" Hello World" >out 2>actual &&
+	test_must_be_empty out &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
@@ -141,7 +142,8 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'run_command runs in parallel with as many jobs as tasks' '
-	test-tool run-command run-command-parallel 4 sh -c "printf \"%s\n%s\n\" Hello World" 2>actual &&
+	test-tool run-command run-command-parallel 4 sh -c "printf \"%s\n%s\n\" Hello World" >out 2>actual &&
+	test_must_be_empty out &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
@@ -152,7 +154,8 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'run_command runs in parallel with more tasks than jobs available' '
-	test-tool run-command run-command-parallel 3 sh -c "printf \"%s\n%s\n\" Hello World" 2>actual &&
+	test-tool run-command run-command-parallel 3 sh -c "printf \"%s\n%s\n\" Hello World" >out 2>actual &&
+	test_must_be_empty out &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
@@ -172,7 +175,8 @@
 EOF
 
 test_expect_success 'run_command is asked to abort gracefully' '
-	test-tool run-command run-command-abort 3 false 2>actual &&
+	test-tool run-command run-command-abort 3 false >out 2>actual &&
+	test_must_be_empty out &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
@@ -187,7 +191,8 @@
 EOF
 
 test_expect_success 'run_command outputs ' '
-	test-tool run-command run-command-no-jobs 3 sh -c "printf \"%s\n%s\n\" Hello World" 2>actual &&
+	test-tool run-command run-command-no-jobs 3 sh -c "printf \"%s\n%s\n\" Hello World" >out 2>actual &&
+	test_must_be_empty out &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t0068-for-each-repo.sh b/t/t0068-for-each-repo.sh
index 4675e85..c6e0d65 100755
--- a/t/t0068-for-each-repo.sh
+++ b/t/t0068-for-each-repo.sh
@@ -8,9 +8,11 @@
 	git init one &&
 	git init two &&
 	git init three &&
+	git init ~/four &&
 	git -C two commit --allow-empty -m "DID NOT RUN" &&
 	git config run.key "$TRASH_DIRECTORY/one" &&
 	git config --add run.key "$TRASH_DIRECTORY/three" &&
+	git config --add run.key "~/four" &&
 	git for-each-repo --config=run.key commit --allow-empty -m "ran" &&
 	git -C one log -1 --pretty=format:%s >message &&
 	grep ran message &&
@@ -18,12 +20,16 @@
 	! grep ran message &&
 	git -C three log -1 --pretty=format:%s >message &&
 	grep ran message &&
+	git -C ~/four log -1 --pretty=format:%s >message &&
+	grep ran message &&
 	git for-each-repo --config=run.key -- commit --allow-empty -m "ran again" &&
 	git -C one log -1 --pretty=format:%s >message &&
 	grep again message &&
 	git -C two log -1 --pretty=format:%s >message &&
 	! grep again message &&
 	git -C three log -1 --pretty=format:%s >message &&
+	grep again message &&
+	git -C ~/four log -1 --pretty=format:%s >message &&
 	grep again message
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t0211-trace2-perf.sh b/t/t0211-trace2-perf.sh
index 22d0845..b4e9135 100755
--- a/t/t0211-trace2-perf.sh
+++ b/t/t0211-trace2-perf.sh
@@ -173,4 +173,99 @@
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
+# Exercise the stopwatch timers in a loop and confirm that we have
+# as many start/stop intervals as expected.  We cannot really test the
+# actual (total, min, max) timer values, so we have to assume that they
+# are good, but we can verify the interval count.
+#
+# The timer "test/test1" should only emit a global summary "timer" event.
+# The timer "test/test2" should emit per-thread "th_timer" events and a
+# global summary "timer" event.
+
+have_timer_event () {
+	thread=$1 event=$2 category=$3 name=$4 intervals=$5 file=$6 &&
+
+	pattern="d0|${thread}|${event}||||${category}|name:${name} intervals:${intervals}" &&
+
+	grep "${pattern}" ${file}
+}
+
+test_expect_success 'stopwatch timer test/test1' '
+	test_when_finished "rm trace.perf actual" &&
+	test_config_global trace2.perfBrief 1 &&
+	test_config_global trace2.perfTarget "$(pwd)/trace.perf" &&
+
+	# Use the timer "test1" 5 times from "main".
+	test-tool trace2 100timer 5 10 &&
+
+	perl "$TEST_DIRECTORY/t0211/scrub_perf.perl" <trace.perf >actual &&
+
+	have_timer_event "main" "timer" "test" "test1" 5 actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success PTHREAD 'stopwatch timer test/test2' '
+	test_when_finished "rm trace.perf actual" &&
+	test_config_global trace2.perfBrief 1 &&
+	test_config_global trace2.perfTarget "$(pwd)/trace.perf" &&
+
+	# Use the timer "test2" 5 times each in 3 threads.
+	test-tool trace2 101timer 5 10 3 &&
+
+	perl "$TEST_DIRECTORY/t0211/scrub_perf.perl" <trace.perf >actual &&
+
+	# So we should have 3 per-thread events of 5 each.
+	have_timer_event "th01:ut_101" "th_timer" "test" "test2" 5 actual &&
+	have_timer_event "th02:ut_101" "th_timer" "test" "test2" 5 actual &&
+	have_timer_event "th03:ut_101" "th_timer" "test" "test2" 5 actual &&
+
+	# And we should have 15 total uses.
+	have_timer_event "main" "timer" "test" "test2" 15 actual
+'
+
+# Exercise the global counters and confirm that we get the expected values.
+#
+# The counter "test/test1" should only emit a global summary "counter" event.
+# The counter "test/test2" could emit per-thread "th_counter" events and a
+# global summary "counter" event.
+
+have_counter_event () {
+	thread=$1 event=$2 category=$3 name=$4 value=$5 file=$6 &&
+
+	pattern="d0|${thread}|${event}||||${category}|name:${name} value:${value}" &&
+
+	grep "${patern}" ${file}
+}
+
+test_expect_success 'global counter test/test1' '
+	test_when_finished "rm trace.perf actual" &&
+	test_config_global trace2.perfBrief 1 &&
+	test_config_global trace2.perfTarget "$(pwd)/trace.perf" &&
+
+	# Use the counter "test1" and add n integers.
+	test-tool trace2 200counter 1 2 3 4 5 &&
+
+	perl "$TEST_DIRECTORY/t0211/scrub_perf.perl" <trace.perf >actual &&
+
+	have_counter_event "main" "counter" "test" "test1" 15 actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success PTHREAD 'global counter test/test2' '
+	test_when_finished "rm trace.perf actual" &&
+	test_config_global trace2.perfBrief 1 &&
+	test_config_global trace2.perfTarget "$(pwd)/trace.perf" &&
+
+	# Add 2 integers to the counter "test2" in each of 3 threads.
+	test-tool trace2 201counter 7 13 3 &&
+
+	perl "$TEST_DIRECTORY/t0211/scrub_perf.perl" <trace.perf >actual &&
+
+	# So we should have 3 per-thread events of 5 each.
+	have_counter_event "th01:ut_201" "th_counter" "test" "test2" 20 actual &&
+	have_counter_event "th02:ut_201" "th_counter" "test" "test2" 20 actual &&
+	have_counter_event "th03:ut_201" "th_counter" "test" "test2" 20 actual &&
+
+	# And we should have a single event with the total across all threads.
+	have_counter_event "main" "counter" "test" "test2" 60 actual
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t0211/scrub_perf.perl b/t/t0211/scrub_perf.perl
index 299999f..7a50bae 100644
--- a/t/t0211/scrub_perf.perl
+++ b/t/t0211/scrub_perf.perl
@@ -64,6 +64,12 @@
 	    goto SKIP_LINE;
 	}
     }
+    elsif ($tokens[$col_event] =~ m/timer/) {
+	# This also captures "th_timer" events
+	$tokens[$col_rest] =~ s/ total:\d+\.\d*/ total:_T_TOTAL_/;
+	$tokens[$col_rest] =~ s/ min:\d+\.\d*/ min:_T_MIN_/;
+	$tokens[$col_rest] =~ s/ max:\d+\.\d*/ max:_T_MAX_/;
+    }
 
     # t_abs and t_rel are either blank or a float.  Replace the float
     # with a constant for matching the HEREDOC in the test script.
diff --git a/t/t0410-partial-clone.sh b/t/t0410-partial-clone.sh
index 1e864cf..5b7bee8 100755
--- a/t/t0410-partial-clone.sh
+++ b/t/t0410-partial-clone.sh
@@ -215,6 +215,20 @@
 	grep "$HASH" out
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'fetching of a promised object that promisor remote no longer has' '
+	rm -f err &&
+	test_create_repo unreliable-server &&
+	git -C unreliable-server config uploadpack.allowanysha1inwant 1 &&
+	git -C unreliable-server config uploadpack.allowfilter 1 &&
+	test_commit -C unreliable-server foo &&
+
+	git clone --filter=blob:none --no-checkout "file://$(pwd)/unreliable-server" unreliable-client &&
+
+	rm -rf unreliable-server/.git/objects/* &&
+	test_must_fail git -C unreliable-client checkout HEAD 2>err &&
+	grep "could not fetch.*from promisor remote" err
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'fetching of missing objects works with ref-in-want enabled' '
 	# ref-in-want requires protocol version 2
 	git -C server config protocol.version 2 &&
diff --git a/t/t0450-txt-doc-vs-help.sh b/t/t0450-txt-doc-vs-help.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..cd3969e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/t0450-txt-doc-vs-help.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+test_description='assert (unbuilt) Documentation/*.txt and -h output
+
+Run this with --debug to see a summary of where we still fail to make
+the two versions consistent with one another.'
+
+TEST_PASSES_SANITIZE_LEAK=true
+. ./test-lib.sh
+
+test_expect_success 'setup: list of builtins' '
+	git --list-cmds=builtins >builtins
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'list of txt and help mismatches is sorted' '
+	sort -u "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/t0450/txt-help-mismatches >expect &&
+	if ! test_cmp expect "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/t0450/txt-help-mismatches
+	then
+		BUG "please keep the list of txt and help mismatches sorted"
+	fi
+'
+
+help_to_synopsis () {
+	builtin="$1" &&
+	out_dir="out/$builtin" &&
+	out="$out_dir/help.synopsis" &&
+	if test -f "$out"
+	then
+		echo "$out" &&
+		return 0
+	fi &&
+	mkdir -p "$out_dir" &&
+	test_expect_code 129 git $builtin -h >"$out.raw" 2>&1 &&
+	sed -n \
+		-e '1,/^$/ {
+			/^$/d;
+			s/^usage: //;
+			s/^ *or: //;
+			p;
+		}' <"$out.raw" >"$out" &&
+	echo "$out"
+}
+
+builtin_to_txt () {
+       echo "$GIT_BUILD_DIR/Documentation/git-$1.txt"
+}
+
+txt_to_synopsis () {
+	builtin="$1" &&
+	out_dir="out/$builtin" &&
+	out="$out_dir/txt.synopsis" &&
+	if test -f "$out"
+	then
+		echo "$out" &&
+		return 0
+	fi &&
+	b2t="$(builtin_to_txt "$builtin")" &&
+	sed -n \
+		-e '/^\[verse\]$/,/^$/ {
+			/^$/d;
+			/^\[verse\]$/d;
+
+			s/{litdd}/--/g;
+			s/'\''\(git[ a-z-]*\)'\''/\1/g;
+
+			p;
+		}' \
+		<"$b2t" >"$out" &&
+	echo "$out"
+}
+
+check_dashed_labels () {
+	! grep -E "<[^>_-]+_" "$1"
+}
+
+HT="	"
+
+align_after_nl () {
+	builtin="$1" &&
+	len=$(printf "git %s " "$builtin" | wc -c) &&
+	pad=$(printf "%${len}s" "") &&
+
+	sed "s/^[ $HT][ $HT]*/$pad/"
+}
+
+test_debug '>failing'
+while read builtin
+do
+	# -h output assertions
+	test_expect_success "$builtin -h output has no \t" '
+		h2s="$(help_to_synopsis "$builtin")" &&
+		! grep "$HT" "$h2s"
+	'
+
+	test_expect_success "$builtin -h output has dashed labels" '
+		check_dashed_labels "$(help_to_synopsis "$builtin")"
+	'
+
+	test_expect_success "$builtin -h output has consistent spacing" '
+		h2s="$(help_to_synopsis "$builtin")" &&
+		sed -n \
+			-e "/^ / {
+				s/[^ ].*//;
+				p;
+			}" \
+			<"$h2s" >help &&
+		sort -u help >help.ws &&
+		if test -s help.ws
+		then
+			test_line_count = 1 help.ws
+		fi
+	'
+
+	txt="$(builtin_to_txt "$builtin")" &&
+	preq="$(echo BUILTIN_TXT_$builtin | tr '[:lower:]-' '[:upper:]_')" &&
+
+	if test -f "$txt"
+	then
+		test_set_prereq "$preq"
+	fi &&
+
+	# *.txt output assertions
+	test_expect_success "$preq" "$builtin *.txt SYNOPSIS has dashed labels" '
+		check_dashed_labels "$(txt_to_synopsis "$builtin")"
+	'
+
+	# *.txt output consistency assertions
+	result=
+	if grep -q "^$builtin$" "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/t0450/txt-help-mismatches
+	then
+		result=failure
+	else
+		result=success
+	fi &&
+	test_expect_$result "$preq" "$builtin -h output and SYNOPSIS agree" '
+		t2s="$(txt_to_synopsis "$builtin")" &&
+		if test "$builtin" = "merge-tree"
+		then
+			test_when_finished "rm -f t2s.new" &&
+			sed -e '\''s/ (deprecated)$//g'\'' <"$t2s" >t2s.new
+			t2s=t2s.new
+		fi &&
+		h2s="$(help_to_synopsis "$builtin")" &&
+
+		# The *.txt and -h use different spacing for the
+		# alignment of continued usage output, normalize it.
+		align_after_nl "$builtin" <"$t2s" >txt &&
+		align_after_nl "$builtin" <"$h2s" >help &&
+		test_cmp txt help
+	'
+
+	if test_have_prereq "$preq" && test -e txt && test -e help
+	then
+		test_debug '
+			if test_cmp txt help >cmp 2>/dev/null
+			then
+				echo "=== DONE: $builtin ==="
+			else
+				echo "=== TODO: $builtin ===" &&
+				cat cmp
+			fi >>failing
+		'
+
+		# Not in test_expect_success in case --run is being
+		# used with --debug
+		rm -f txt help tmp 2>/dev/null
+	fi
+done <builtins
+
+test_debug 'say "$(cat failing)"'
+
+test_done
diff --git a/t/t0450/txt-help-mismatches b/t/t0450/txt-help-mismatches
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a0777ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/t0450/txt-help-mismatches
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+add
+am
+apply
+archive
+bisect
+blame
+branch
+check-ref-format
+checkout
+checkout-index
+clone
+column
+config
+credential
+credential-cache
+credential-store
+fast-export
+fast-import
+fetch-pack
+fmt-merge-msg
+for-each-ref
+format-patch
+fsck-objects
+fsmonitor--daemon
+gc
+grep
+index-pack
+init-db
+log
+ls-files
+ls-tree
+mailinfo
+mailsplit
+maintenance
+merge
+merge-file
+merge-index
+merge-one-file
+multi-pack-index
+name-rev
+notes
+pack-objects
+push
+range-diff
+rebase
+remote
+remote-ext
+remote-fd
+repack
+reset
+restore
+rev-parse
+show
+stage
+switch
+update-index
+update-ref
+whatchanged
diff --git a/t/t1002-read-tree-m-u-2way.sh b/t/t1002-read-tree-m-u-2way.sh
index bd5313c..cdc077c 100755
--- a/t/t1002-read-tree-m-u-2way.sh
+++ b/t/t1002-read-tree-m-u-2way.sh
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@
      read_tree_u_must_succeed --reset -u $treeH &&
      echo frotz frotz >frotz &&
      git update-index --add frotz &&
-     if read_tree_u_must_succeed -m -u $treeH $treeM; then false; else :; fi'
+     ! read_tree_u_must_succeed -m -u $treeH $treeM'
 
 test_expect_success \
     '9 - conflicting addition.' \
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@
      echo frotz frotz >frotz &&
      git update-index --add frotz &&
      echo frotz >frotz &&
-     if read_tree_u_must_succeed -m -u $treeH $treeM; then false; else :; fi'
+     ! read_tree_u_must_succeed -m -u $treeH $treeM'
 
 test_expect_success \
     '10 - path removed.' \
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@
      echo rezrov >rezrov &&
      git update-index --add rezrov &&
      echo rezrov rezrov >rezrov &&
-     if read_tree_u_must_succeed -m -u $treeH $treeM; then false; else :; fi'
+     ! read_tree_u_must_succeed -m -u $treeH $treeM'
 
 test_expect_success \
     '12 - unmatching local changes being removed.' \
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@
      read_tree_u_must_succeed --reset -u $treeH &&
      echo rezrov rezrov >rezrov &&
      git update-index --add rezrov &&
-     if read_tree_u_must_succeed -m -u $treeH $treeM; then false; else :; fi'
+     ! read_tree_u_must_succeed -m -u $treeH $treeM'
 
 test_expect_success \
     '13 - unmatching local changes being removed.' \
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@
      echo rezrov rezrov >rezrov &&
      git update-index --add rezrov &&
      echo rezrov >rezrov &&
-     if read_tree_u_must_succeed -m -u $treeH $treeM; then false; else :; fi'
+     ! read_tree_u_must_succeed -m -u $treeH $treeM'
 
 cat >expected <<EOF
 -100644 X 0	nitfol
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@
      read_tree_u_must_succeed --reset -u $treeH &&
      echo bozbar bozbar >bozbar &&
      git update-index --add bozbar &&
-     if read_tree_u_must_succeed -m -u $treeH $treeM; then false; else :; fi'
+     ! read_tree_u_must_succeed -m -u $treeH $treeM'
 
 test_expect_success \
     '17 - conflicting local change.' \
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@
      echo bozbar bozbar >bozbar &&
      git update-index --add bozbar &&
      echo bozbar bozbar bozbar >bozbar &&
-     if read_tree_u_must_succeed -m -u $treeH $treeM; then false; else :; fi'
+     ! read_tree_u_must_succeed -m -u $treeH $treeM'
 
 test_expect_success \
     '18 - local change already having a good result.' \
@@ -316,7 +316,7 @@
      echo bozbar >bozbar &&
      git update-index --add bozbar &&
      echo gnusto gnusto >bozbar &&
-     if read_tree_u_must_succeed -m -u $treeH $treeM; then false; else :; fi'
+     ! read_tree_u_must_succeed -m -u $treeH $treeM'
 
 # Also make sure we did not break DF vs DF/DF case.
 test_expect_success \
diff --git a/t/t1022-read-tree-partial-clone.sh b/t/t1022-read-tree-partial-clone.sh
index a9953b6..da53971 100755
--- a/t/t1022-read-tree-partial-clone.sh
+++ b/t/t1022-read-tree-partial-clone.sh
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 	git -C server config uploadpack.allowfilter 1 &&
 	git -C server config uploadpack.allowanysha1inwant 1 &&
 	git clone --bare --filter=blob:none "file://$(pwd)/server" client &&
-	GIT_TRACE_PACKET="$(pwd)/trace" git -C client read-tree $TREE &&
+	GIT_TRACE_PACKET="$(pwd)/trace" git -C client read-tree $TREE $TREE &&
 
 	# "done" marks the end of negotiation (once per fetch). Expect that
 	# only one fetch occurs.
diff --git a/t/t1050-large.sh b/t/t1050-large.sh
index 4f3aa17..c71932b 100755
--- a/t/t1050-large.sh
+++ b/t/t1050-large.sh
@@ -5,6 +5,12 @@
 
 . ./test-lib.sh
 
+test_expect_success 'core.bigFileThreshold must be non-negative' '
+	test_must_fail git -c core.bigFileThreshold=-1 rev-parse >out 2>err &&
+	grep "bad numeric config value" err &&
+	test_must_be_empty out
+'
+
 test_expect_success setup '
 	# clone does not allow us to pass core.bigfilethreshold to
 	# new repos, so set core.bigfilethreshold globally
diff --git a/t/t1092-sparse-checkout-compatibility.sh b/t/t1092-sparse-checkout-compatibility.sh
index 4844922..8019190 100755
--- a/t/t1092-sparse-checkout-compatibility.sh
+++ b/t/t1092-sparse-checkout-compatibility.sh
@@ -162,6 +162,19 @@
 	git -C sparse-index sparse-checkout set deep
 }
 
+init_repos_as_submodules () {
+	git reset --hard &&
+	init_repos &&
+	git submodule add ./full-checkout &&
+	git submodule add ./sparse-checkout &&
+	git submodule add ./sparse-index &&
+
+	git submodule status >actual &&
+	grep full-checkout actual &&
+	grep sparse-checkout actual &&
+	grep sparse-index actual
+}
+
 run_on_sparse () {
 	(
 		cd sparse-checkout &&
@@ -1983,4 +1996,63 @@
 	ensure_not_expanded rm -r deep
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'grep with and --cached' '
+	init_repos &&
+
+	test_all_match git grep --cached a &&
+	test_all_match git grep --cached a -- "folder1/*"
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'grep is not expanded' '
+	init_repos &&
+
+	ensure_not_expanded grep a &&
+	ensure_not_expanded grep a -- deep/* &&
+
+	# All files within the folder1/* pathspec are sparse,
+	# so this command does not find any matches
+	ensure_not_expanded ! grep a -- folder1/* &&
+
+	# test out-of-cone pathspec with or without wildcard
+	ensure_not_expanded grep --cached a -- "folder1/a" &&
+	ensure_not_expanded grep --cached a -- "folder1/*" &&
+
+	# test in-cone pathspec with or without wildcard
+	ensure_not_expanded grep --cached a -- "deep/a" &&
+	ensure_not_expanded grep --cached a -- "deep/*"
+'
+
+# NEEDSWORK: when running `grep` in the superproject with --recurse-submodules,
+# Git expands the index of the submodules unexpectedly. Even though `grep`
+# builtin is marked as "command_requires_full_index = 0", this config is only
+# useful for the superproject. Namely, the submodules have their own configs,
+# which are _not_ populated by the one-time sparse-index feature switch.
+test_expect_failure 'grep within submodules is not expanded' '
+	init_repos_as_submodules &&
+
+	# do not use ensure_not_expanded() here, becasue `grep` should be
+	# run in the superproject, not in "./sparse-index"
+	GIT_TRACE2_EVENT="$(pwd)/trace2.txt" \
+	git grep --cached --recurse-submodules a -- "*/folder1/*" &&
+	test_region ! index ensure_full_index trace2.txt
+'
+
+# NEEDSWORK: this test is not actually testing the code. The design purpose
+# of this test is to verify the grep result when the submodules are using a
+# sparse-index. Namely, we want "folder1/" as a tree (a sparse directory); but
+# because of the index expansion, we are now grepping the "folder1/a" blob.
+# Because of the problem stated above 'grep within submodules is not expanded',
+# we don't have the ideal test environment yet.
+test_expect_success 'grep sparse directory within submodules' '
+	init_repos_as_submodules &&
+
+	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
+	full-checkout/folder1/a:a
+	sparse-checkout/folder1/a:a
+	sparse-index/folder1/a:a
+	EOF
+	git grep --cached --recurse-submodules a -- "*/folder1/*" >actual &&
+	test_cmp actual expect
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t1300-config.sh b/t/t1300-config.sh
index c6661e6..2575279 100755
--- a/t/t1300-config.sh
+++ b/t/t1300-config.sh
@@ -2228,6 +2228,12 @@
 	test_i18ngrep "unrecognized --type argument" error
 '
 
+test_expect_success '--type=int requires at least one digit' '
+	test_must_fail git config --type int --default m some.key >out 2>error &&
+	grep "bad numeric config value" error &&
+	test_must_be_empty out
+'
+
 test_expect_success '--replace-all does not invent newlines' '
 	q_to_tab >.git/config <<-\EOF &&
 	[abc]key
diff --git a/t/t1304-default-acl.sh b/t/t1304-default-acl.sh
index 335d3f3..c69ae41 100755
--- a/t/t1304-default-acl.sh
+++ b/t/t1304-default-acl.sh
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 	if setfacl -m d:m:rwx -m u:root:rwx . &&
 	   getfacl . | grep user:root:rwx &&
 	   touch should-have-readable-acl &&
-	   getfacl should-have-readable-acl | egrep "mask::?rw-"
+	   getfacl should-have-readable-acl | grep -E "mask::?rw-"
 	then
 		test_set_prereq SETFACL
 	fi
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
 	getfacl "$1" > actual &&
 	grep -q "user:root:rwx" actual &&
 	grep -q "user:${LOGNAME}:rwx" actual &&
-	egrep "mask::?r--" actual > /dev/null 2>&1 &&
+	grep -E "mask::?r--" actual > /dev/null 2>&1 &&
 	grep -q "group::---" actual || false
 }
 
diff --git a/t/t1401-symbolic-ref.sh b/t/t1401-symbolic-ref.sh
index 0c20408..d708acd 100755
--- a/t/t1401-symbolic-ref.sh
+++ b/t/t1401-symbolic-ref.sh
@@ -175,4 +175,18 @@
 	test_cmp_rev top-level HEAD
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'symbolic-ref pointing at another' '
+	git update-ref refs/heads/maint-2.37 HEAD &&
+	git symbolic-ref refs/heads/maint refs/heads/maint-2.37 &&
+	git checkout maint &&
+
+	git symbolic-ref HEAD >actual &&
+	echo refs/heads/maint-2.37 >expect &&
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
+
+	git symbolic-ref --no-recurse HEAD >actual &&
+	echo refs/heads/maint >expect &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t1800-hook.sh b/t/t1800-hook.sh
index 43fcb7c..2ef3579 100755
--- a/t/t1800-hook.sh
+++ b/t/t1800-hook.sh
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@
 test_expect_success 'git -c core.hooksPath=<PATH> hook run' '
 	mkdir my-hooks &&
 	write_script my-hooks/test-hook <<-\EOF &&
-	echo Hook ran $1 >>actual
+	echo Hook ran $1
 	EOF
 
 	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
diff --git a/t/t3200-branch.sh b/t/t3200-branch.sh
index c7ec1c7..5a169b6 100755
--- a/t/t3200-branch.sh
+++ b/t/t3200-branch.sh
@@ -201,8 +201,8 @@
 
 test_expect_success 'git branch -M baz bam should add entries to .git/logs/HEAD' '
 	msg="Branch: renamed refs/heads/baz to refs/heads/bam" &&
-	grep " 0\{40\}.*$msg$" .git/logs/HEAD &&
-	grep "^0\{40\}.*$msg$" .git/logs/HEAD
+	grep " $ZERO_OID.*$msg$" .git/logs/HEAD &&
+	grep "^$ZERO_OID.*$msg$" .git/logs/HEAD
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'git branch -M should leave orphaned HEAD alone' '
@@ -268,6 +268,53 @@
 	git branch -M topic topic
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'git branch -M and -C fail on detached HEAD' '
+	git checkout HEAD^{} &&
+	test_when_finished git checkout - &&
+	echo "fatal: cannot rename the current branch while not on any." >expect &&
+	test_must_fail git branch -M must-fail 2>err &&
+	test_cmp expect err &&
+	echo "fatal: cannot copy the current branch while not on any." >expect &&
+	test_must_fail git branch -C must-fail 2>err &&
+	test_cmp expect err
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'git branch -d on orphan HEAD (merged)' '
+	test_when_finished git checkout main &&
+	git checkout --orphan orphan &&
+	test_when_finished "rm -rf .git/objects/commit-graph*" &&
+	git commit-graph write --reachable &&
+	git branch --track to-delete main &&
+	git branch -d to-delete
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'git branch -d on orphan HEAD (merged, graph)' '
+	test_when_finished git checkout main &&
+	git checkout --orphan orphan &&
+	git branch --track to-delete main &&
+	git branch -d to-delete
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'git branch -d on orphan HEAD (unmerged)' '
+	test_when_finished git checkout main &&
+	git checkout --orphan orphan &&
+	test_when_finished "git branch -D to-delete" &&
+	git branch to-delete main &&
+	test_must_fail git branch -d to-delete 2>err &&
+	grep "not fully merged" err
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'git branch -d on orphan HEAD (unmerged, graph)' '
+	test_when_finished git checkout main &&
+	git checkout --orphan orphan &&
+	test_when_finished "git branch -D to-delete" &&
+	git branch to-delete main &&
+	test_when_finished "rm -rf .git/objects/commit-graph*" &&
+	git commit-graph write --reachable &&
+	test_must_fail git branch -d to-delete 2>err &&
+	grep "not fully merged" err
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'git branch -v -d t should work' '
 	git branch t &&
 	git rev-parse --verify refs/heads/t &&
@@ -1383,7 +1430,7 @@
 
 test_expect_success 'use --edit-description' '
 	EDITOR=: git branch --edit-description &&
-	test_must_fail git config branch.main.description &&
+	test_expect_code 1 git config branch.main.description &&
 
 	write_script editor <<-\EOF &&
 		echo "New contents" >"$1"
diff --git a/t/t3204-branch-name-interpretation.sh b/t/t3204-branch-name-interpretation.sh
index 993a6b5..793bf4d 100755
--- a/t/t3204-branch-name-interpretation.sh
+++ b/t/t3204-branch-name-interpretation.sh
@@ -133,4 +133,28 @@
 	expect_branch HEAD one
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'edit-description via @{-1}' '
+	git checkout -b desc-branch &&
+	git checkout -b non-desc-branch &&
+	write_script editor <<-\EOF &&
+		echo "Branch description" >"$1"
+	EOF
+	EDITOR=./editor git branch --edit-description @{-1} &&
+	test_must_fail git config branch.non-desc-branch.description &&
+	git config branch.desc-branch.description >actual &&
+	printf "Branch description\n\n" >expect &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'modify branch upstream via "@{-1}" and "@{-1}@{upstream}"' '
+	git checkout -b upstream-branch &&
+	git checkout -b upstream-other -t upstream-branch &&
+	git branch --set-upstream-to upstream-other @{-1} &&
+	git config branch.upstream-branch.merge >actual &&
+	echo "refs/heads/upstream-other" >expect &&
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
+	git branch --unset-upstream @{-1}@{upstream} &&
+	test_must_fail git config branch.upstream-other.merge
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t3305-notes-fanout.sh b/t/t3305-notes-fanout.sh
index 22ffe5b..1ec1fb6 100755
--- a/t/t3305-notes-fanout.sh
+++ b/t/t3305-notes-fanout.sh
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 	path=$1 &&
 	fanout=$2 &&
 	after_last_slash=$(($(test_oid hexsz) - $fanout * 2)) &&
-	echo $path | grep -q "^\([0-9a-f]\{2\}/\)\{$fanout\}[0-9a-f]\{$after_last_slash\}$"
+	echo $path | grep -q -E "^([0-9a-f]{2}/){$fanout}[0-9a-f]{$after_last_slash}$"
 }
 
 touched_one_note_with_fanout() {
diff --git a/t/t3404-rebase-interactive.sh b/t/t3404-rebase-interactive.sh
index f0a0a54..462cefd 100755
--- a/t/t3404-rebase-interactive.sh
+++ b/t/t3404-rebase-interactive.sh
@@ -1244,9 +1244,9 @@
 		test $colliding_id = "$(git rev-parse HEAD | cut -c 1-4)" &&
 		grep "^pick $colliding_id " \
 			.git/rebase-merge/git-rebase-todo.tmp &&
-		grep "^pick [0-9a-f]\{$hexsz\}" \
+		grep -E "^pick [0-9a-f]{$hexsz}" \
 			.git/rebase-merge/git-rebase-todo &&
-		grep "^pick [0-9a-f]\{$hexsz\}" \
+		grep -E "^pick [0-9a-f]{$hexsz}" \
 			.git/rebase-merge/git-rebase-todo.backup &&
 		git rebase --continue
 	) &&
@@ -1261,7 +1261,7 @@
 		set_cat_todo_editor &&
 		test_must_fail git rebase -i HEAD~4 >todo-list
 	) &&
-	test 4 = $(grep -c "pick [0-9a-f]\{12,\}" todo-list)
+	test 4 = $(grep -c -E "pick [0-9a-f]{12,}" todo-list)
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'todo count' '
diff --git a/t/t3406-rebase-message.sh b/t/t3406-rebase-message.sh
index d17b450..ceca160 100755
--- a/t/t3406-rebase-message.sh
+++ b/t/t3406-rebase-message.sh
@@ -10,10 +10,16 @@
 test_expect_success 'setup' '
 	test_commit O fileO &&
 	test_commit X fileX &&
+	git branch fast-forward &&
 	test_commit A fileA &&
 	test_commit B fileB &&
 	test_commit Y fileY &&
 
+	git checkout -b conflicts O &&
+	test_commit P &&
+	test_commit conflict-X fileX &&
+	test_commit Q &&
+
 	git checkout -b topic O &&
 	git cherry-pick A B &&
 	test_commit Z fileZ &&
@@ -79,54 +85,165 @@
 	test_i18ngrep "Invalid whitespace option" err
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'GIT_REFLOG_ACTION' '
-	git checkout start &&
-	test_commit reflog-onto &&
-	git checkout -b reflog-topic start &&
-	test_commit reflog-to-rebase &&
+write_reflog_expect () {
+	if test $mode = --apply
+	then
+		sed 's/(continue)/(pick)/'
+	else
+		cat
+	fi >expect
+}
 
-	git rebase reflog-onto &&
-	git log -g --format=%gs -3 >actual &&
-	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
-	rebase (finish): returning to refs/heads/reflog-topic
-	rebase (pick): reflog-to-rebase
-	rebase (start): checkout reflog-onto
+test_reflog () {
+	mode=$1
+	reflog_action="$2"
+
+	test_expect_success "rebase $mode reflog${reflog_action:+ GIT_REFLOG_ACTION=$reflog_action}" '
+	git checkout conflicts &&
+	test_when_finished "git reset --hard Q" &&
+
+	(
+		if test -n "$reflog_action"
+		then
+			GIT_REFLOG_ACTION="$reflog_action" &&
+			export GIT_REFLOG_ACTION
+		fi &&
+		test_must_fail git rebase $mode main &&
+		echo resolved >fileX &&
+		git add fileX &&
+		git rebase --continue
+	) &&
+
+	git log -g --format=%gs -5 >actual &&
+	write_reflog_expect <<-EOF &&
+	${reflog_action:-rebase} (finish): returning to refs/heads/conflicts
+	${reflog_action:-rebase} (pick): Q
+	${reflog_action:-rebase} (continue): conflict-X
+	${reflog_action:-rebase} (pick): P
+	${reflog_action:-rebase} (start): checkout main
 	EOF
 	test_cmp expect actual &&
 
-	git checkout -b reflog-prefix reflog-to-rebase &&
-	GIT_REFLOG_ACTION=change-the-reflog git rebase reflog-onto &&
-	git log -g --format=%gs -3 >actual &&
-	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
-	change-the-reflog (finish): returning to refs/heads/reflog-prefix
-	change-the-reflog (pick): reflog-to-rebase
-	change-the-reflog (start): checkout reflog-onto
-	EOF
-	test_cmp expect actual
-'
-
-test_expect_success 'rebase --apply reflog' '
-	git checkout -b reflog-apply start &&
-	old_head_reflog="$(git log -g --format=%gs -1 HEAD)" &&
-
-	git rebase --apply Y &&
-
-	git log -g --format=%gs -4 HEAD >actual &&
-	cat >expect <<-EOF &&
-	rebase finished: returning to refs/heads/reflog-apply
-	rebase: Z
-	rebase: checkout Y
-	$old_head_reflog
+	git log -g --format=%gs -1 conflicts >actual &&
+	write_reflog_expect <<-EOF &&
+	${reflog_action:-rebase} (finish): refs/heads/conflicts onto $(git rev-parse main)
 	EOF
 	test_cmp expect actual &&
 
-	git log -g --format=%gs -2 reflog-apply >actual &&
-	cat >expect <<-EOF &&
-	rebase finished: refs/heads/reflog-apply onto $(git rev-parse Y)
-	branch: Created from start
+	# check there is only one new entry in the branch reflog
+	test_cmp_rev conflicts@{1} Q
+	'
+
+	test_expect_success "rebase $mode fast-forward reflog${reflog_action:+ GIT_REFLOG_ACTION=$reflog_action}" '
+	git checkout fast-forward &&
+	test_when_finished "git reset --hard X" &&
+
+	(
+		if test -n "$reflog_action"
+		then
+			GIT_REFLOG_ACTION="$reflog_action" &&
+			export GIT_REFLOG_ACTION
+		fi &&
+		git rebase $mode main
+	) &&
+
+	git log -g --format=%gs -2 >actual &&
+	write_reflog_expect <<-EOF &&
+	${reflog_action:-rebase} (finish): returning to refs/heads/fast-forward
+	${reflog_action:-rebase} (start): checkout main
+	EOF
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
+
+	git log -g --format=%gs -1 fast-forward >actual &&
+	write_reflog_expect <<-EOF &&
+	${reflog_action:-rebase} (finish): refs/heads/fast-forward onto $(git rev-parse main)
+	EOF
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
+
+	# check there is only one new entry in the branch reflog
+	test_cmp_rev fast-forward@{1} X
+	'
+
+	test_expect_success "rebase $mode --skip reflog${reflog_action:+ GIT_REFLOG_ACTION=$reflog_action}" '
+	git checkout conflicts &&
+	test_when_finished "git reset --hard Q" &&
+
+	(
+		if test -n "$reflog_action"
+		then
+			GIT_REFLOG_ACTION="$reflog_action" &&
+			export GIT_REFLOG_ACTION
+		fi &&
+		test_must_fail git rebase $mode main &&
+		git rebase --skip
+	) &&
+
+	git log -g --format=%gs -4 >actual &&
+	write_reflog_expect <<-EOF &&
+	${reflog_action:-rebase} (finish): returning to refs/heads/conflicts
+	${reflog_action:-rebase} (pick): Q
+	${reflog_action:-rebase} (pick): P
+	${reflog_action:-rebase} (start): checkout main
 	EOF
 	test_cmp expect actual
-'
+	'
+
+	test_expect_success "rebase $mode --abort reflog${reflog_action:+ GIT_REFLOG_ACTION=$reflog_action}" '
+	git checkout conflicts &&
+	test_when_finished "git reset --hard Q" &&
+
+	git log -g -1 conflicts >branch-expect &&
+	(
+		if test -n "$reflog_action"
+		then
+			GIT_REFLOG_ACTION="$reflog_action" &&
+			export GIT_REFLOG_ACTION
+		fi &&
+		test_must_fail git rebase $mode main &&
+		git rebase --abort
+	) &&
+
+	git log -g --format=%gs -3 >actual &&
+	write_reflog_expect <<-EOF &&
+	${reflog_action:-rebase} (abort): returning to refs/heads/conflicts
+	${reflog_action:-rebase} (pick): P
+	${reflog_action:-rebase} (start): checkout main
+	EOF
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
+
+	# check branch reflog is unchanged
+	git log -g -1 conflicts >branch-actual &&
+	test_cmp branch-expect branch-actual
+	'
+
+	test_expect_success "rebase $mode --abort detached HEAD reflog${reflog_action:+ GIT_REFLOG_ACTION=$reflog_action}" '
+	git checkout Q &&
+	test_when_finished "git reset --hard Q" &&
+
+	(
+		if test -n "$reflog_action"
+		then
+			GIT_REFLOG_ACTION="$reflog_action" &&
+			export GIT_REFLOG_ACTION
+		fi &&
+		test_must_fail git rebase $mode main &&
+		git rebase --abort
+	) &&
+
+	git log -g --format=%gs -3 >actual &&
+	write_reflog_expect <<-EOF &&
+	${reflog_action:-rebase} (abort): returning to $(git rev-parse Q)
+	${reflog_action:-rebase} (pick): P
+	${reflog_action:-rebase} (start): checkout main
+	EOF
+	test_cmp expect actual
+	'
+}
+
+test_reflog --merge
+test_reflog --merge my-reflog-action
+test_reflog --apply
+test_reflog --apply my-reflog-action
 
 test_expect_success 'rebase -i onto unrelated history' '
 	git init unrelated &&
diff --git a/t/t3416-rebase-onto-threedots.sh b/t/t3416-rebase-onto-threedots.sh
index 3e04802..ea501f2 100755
--- a/t/t3416-rebase-onto-threedots.sh
+++ b/t/t3416-rebase-onto-threedots.sh
@@ -79,8 +79,10 @@
 	git reset --hard &&
 	git checkout topic &&
 	git reset --hard G &&
-	set_fake_editor &&
-	EXPECT_COUNT=1 git rebase -i --onto main...topic F &&
+	(
+		set_fake_editor &&
+		EXPECT_COUNT=1 git rebase -i --onto main...topic F
+	) &&
 	git rev-parse HEAD^1 >actual &&
 	git rev-parse C^0 >expect &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
@@ -90,20 +92,22 @@
 	git reset --hard &&
 	git checkout topic &&
 	git reset --hard G &&
-	set_fake_editor &&
-	EXPECT_COUNT=1 git rebase -i --onto main... F &&
+	(
+		set_fake_editor &&
+		EXPECT_COUNT=1 git rebase -i --onto main... F
+	) &&
 	git rev-parse HEAD^1 >actual &&
 	git rev-parse C^0 >expect &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'rebase -i --onto main...side' '
+test_expect_success 'rebase --onto main...side requires a single merge-base' '
 	git reset --hard &&
 	git checkout side &&
 	git reset --hard K &&
 
-	set_fake_editor &&
-	test_must_fail git rebase -i --onto main...side J
+	test_must_fail git rebase -i --onto main...side J 2>err &&
+	grep "need exactly one merge base" err
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'rebase --keep-base --onto incompatible' '
@@ -156,8 +160,10 @@
 	git checkout topic &&
 	git reset --hard G &&
 
-	set_fake_editor &&
-	EXPECT_COUNT=2 git rebase -i --keep-base main &&
+	(
+		set_fake_editor &&
+		EXPECT_COUNT=2 git rebase -i --keep-base main
+	) &&
 	git rev-parse C >base.expect &&
 	git merge-base main HEAD >base.actual &&
 	test_cmp base.expect base.actual &&
@@ -171,8 +177,10 @@
 	git checkout main &&
 	git branch -f topic G &&
 
-	set_fake_editor &&
-	EXPECT_COUNT=2 git rebase -i --keep-base main topic &&
+	(
+		set_fake_editor &&
+		EXPECT_COUNT=2 git rebase -i --keep-base main topic
+	) &&
 	git rev-parse C >base.expect &&
 	git merge-base main HEAD >base.actual &&
 	test_cmp base.expect base.actual &&
@@ -182,13 +190,39 @@
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'rebase -i --keep-base main from side' '
+test_expect_success 'rebase --keep-base requires a single merge base' '
 	git reset --hard &&
 	git checkout side &&
 	git reset --hard K &&
 
-	set_fake_editor &&
-	test_must_fail git rebase -i --keep-base main
+	test_must_fail git rebase -i --keep-base main 2>err &&
+	grep "need exactly one merge base with branch" err
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'rebase --keep-base keeps cherry picks' '
+	git checkout -f -B main E &&
+	git cherry-pick F &&
+	(
+		set_fake_editor &&
+		EXPECT_COUNT=2 git rebase -i --keep-base HEAD G
+	) &&
+	test_cmp_rev HEAD G
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'rebase --keep-base --no-reapply-cherry-picks' '
+	git checkout -f -B main E &&
+	git cherry-pick F &&
+	(
+		set_fake_editor &&
+		EXPECT_COUNT=1 git rebase -i --keep-base \
+					--no-reapply-cherry-picks HEAD G
+	) &&
+	test_cmp_rev HEAD^ C
+'
+
+# This must be the last test in this file
+test_expect_success '$EDITOR and friends are unchanged' '
+	test_editor_unchanged
 '
 
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t3419-rebase-patch-id.sh b/t/t3419-rebase-patch-id.sh
index 295040f..7181f17 100755
--- a/t/t3419-rebase-patch-id.sh
+++ b/t/t3419-rebase-patch-id.sh
@@ -43,15 +43,26 @@
 	git add newfile &&
 	git commit -q -m "add small file" &&
 
-	git cherry-pick main >/dev/null 2>&1
-'
+	git cherry-pick main >/dev/null 2>&1 &&
 
-test_expect_success 'setup attributes' '
-	echo "file binary" >.gitattributes
+	git branch -f squashed main &&
+	git checkout -q -f squashed &&
+	git reset -q --soft HEAD~2 &&
+	git commit -q -m squashed &&
+
+	git branch -f mode main &&
+	git checkout -q -f mode &&
+	test_chmod +x file &&
+	git commit -q -a --amend &&
+
+	git branch -f modeother other &&
+	git checkout -q -f modeother &&
+	test_chmod +x file &&
+	git commit -q -a --amend
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'detect upstream patch' '
-	git checkout -q main &&
+	git checkout -q main^{} &&
 	scramble file &&
 	git add file &&
 	git commit -q -m "change big file again" &&
@@ -61,14 +72,46 @@
 	test_must_be_empty revs
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'detect upstream patch binary' '
+	echo "file binary" >.gitattributes &&
+	git checkout -q other^{} &&
+	git rebase main &&
+	git rev-list main...HEAD~ >revs &&
+	test_must_be_empty revs &&
+	test_when_finished "rm .gitattributes"
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'detect upstream patch modechange' '
+	git checkout -q modeother^{} &&
+	git rebase mode &&
+	git rev-list mode...HEAD~ >revs &&
+	test_must_be_empty revs
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'do not drop patch' '
-	git branch -f squashed main &&
-	git checkout -q -f squashed &&
-	git reset -q --soft HEAD~2 &&
-	git commit -q -m squashed &&
 	git checkout -q other^{} &&
 	test_must_fail git rebase squashed &&
-	git rebase --quit
+	test_when_finished "git rebase --abort"
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'do not drop patch binary' '
+	echo "file binary" >.gitattributes &&
+	git checkout -q other^{} &&
+	test_must_fail git rebase squashed &&
+	test_when_finished "git rebase --abort" &&
+	test_when_finished "rm .gitattributes"
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'do not drop patch modechange' '
+	git checkout -q modeother^{} &&
+	git rebase other &&
+	cat >expected <<-\EOF &&
+	diff --git a/file b/file
+	old mode 100644
+	new mode 100755
+	EOF
+	git diff HEAD~ >modediff &&
+	test_cmp expected modediff
 '
 
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t3430-rebase-merges.sh b/t/t3430-rebase-merges.sh
index f351701..fa2a06c 100755
--- a/t/t3430-rebase-merges.sh
+++ b/t/t3430-rebase-merges.sh
@@ -138,6 +138,23 @@
 	git rebase --abort
 '
 
+test_expect_success '`reset` rejects trees' '
+	test_when_finished "test_might_fail git rebase --abort" &&
+	test_must_fail env GIT_SEQUENCE_EDITOR="echo reset A^{tree} >" \
+		git rebase -i B C >out 2>err &&
+	grep "object .* is a tree" err &&
+	test_must_be_empty out
+'
+
+test_expect_success '`reset` only looks for labels under refs/rewritten/' '
+	test_when_finished "test_might_fail git rebase --abort" &&
+	git branch refs/rewritten/my-label A &&
+	test_must_fail env GIT_SEQUENCE_EDITOR="echo reset my-label >" \
+		git rebase -i B C >out 2>err &&
+	grep "could not resolve ${SQ}my-label${SQ}" err &&
+	test_must_be_empty out
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'failed `merge -C` writes patch (may be rescheduled, too)' '
 	test_when_finished "test_might_fail git rebase --abort" &&
 	git checkout -b conflicting-merge A &&
diff --git a/t/t3431-rebase-fork-point.sh b/t/t3431-rebase-fork-point.sh
index 1d0b153..70e8136 100755
--- a/t/t3431-rebase-fork-point.sh
+++ b/t/t3431-rebase-fork-point.sh
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
 
 test_rebase 'G F E D B A'
 test_rebase 'G F D B A' --onto D
-test_rebase 'G F B A' --keep-base
+test_rebase 'G F C B A' --keep-base
 test_rebase 'G F C E D B A' --no-fork-point
 test_rebase 'G F C D B A' --no-fork-point --onto D
 test_rebase 'G F C B A' --no-fork-point --keep-base
diff --git a/t/t3700-add.sh b/t/t3700-add.sh
index 8689b48..51afbd7 100755
--- a/t/t3700-add.sh
+++ b/t/t3700-add.sh
@@ -291,7 +291,7 @@
 	git reset --hard &&
 	touch fo\[ou\]bar foobar &&
 	git add '\''fo\[ou\]bar'\'' &&
-	git ls-files fo\[ou\]bar | fgrep fo\[ou\]bar &&
+	git ls-files fo\[ou\]bar | grep -F fo\[ou\]bar &&
 	! ( git ls-files foobar | grep foobar )
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t3702-add-edit.sh b/t/t3702-add-edit.sh
index a1801a8..82bfb2f 100755
--- a/t/t3702-add-edit.sh
+++ b/t/t3702-add-edit.sh
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@
 
 echo "#!$SHELL_PATH" >fake-editor.sh
 cat >> fake-editor.sh <<\EOF
-egrep -v '^index' "$1" >orig-patch &&
+grep -E -v '^index' "$1" >orig-patch &&
 mv -f patch "$1"
 EOF
 
diff --git a/t/t4012-diff-binary.sh b/t/t4012-diff-binary.sh
index c509143..c64d9d2 100755
--- a/t/t4012-diff-binary.sh
+++ b/t/t4012-diff-binary.sh
@@ -113,20 +113,20 @@
 '
 
 cat >expect <<EOF
- binfile  |   Bin 0 -> 1026 bytes
- textfile | 10000 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+ binfilë  |   Bin 0 -> 1026 bytes
+ tëxtfilë | 10000 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 EOF
 
 test_expect_success 'diff --stat with binary files and big change count' '
-	printf "\01\00%1024d" 1 >binfile &&
-	git add binfile &&
+	printf "\01\00%1024d" 1 >binfilë &&
+	git add binfilë &&
 	i=0 &&
 	while test $i -lt 10000; do
 		echo $i &&
 		i=$(($i + 1)) || return 1
-	done >textfile &&
-	git add textfile &&
-	git diff --cached --stat binfile textfile >output &&
+	done >tëxtfilë &&
+	git add tëxtfilë &&
+	git -c core.quotepath=false diff --cached --stat binfilë tëxtfilë >output &&
 	grep " | " output >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
diff --git a/t/t4014-format-patch.sh b/t/t4014-format-patch.sh
index ad5c029..de1da46 100755
--- a/t/t4014-format-patch.sh
+++ b/t/t4014-format-patch.sh
@@ -1457,7 +1457,7 @@
 	C=$(git commit-tree HEAD^^{tree} -p HEAD) &&
 	git format-patch --stdout --signoff $C^..$C >append_signoff.patch &&
 	sed -n -e "1,/^---$/p" append_signoff.patch |
-		egrep -n "^Subject|Sign|^$"
+		grep -E -n "^Subject|Sign|^$"
 }
 
 test_expect_success 'signoff: commit with no body' '
@@ -2274,10 +2274,10 @@
 test_expect_success 'format-patch --attach cover-letter only is non-multipart' '
 	test_when_finished "rm -fr patches" &&
 	git format-patch -o patches --cover-letter --attach=mimemime --base=HEAD~ -1 &&
-	! egrep "^--+mimemime" patches/0000*.patch &&
-	egrep "^--+mimemime$" patches/0001*.patch >output &&
+	! grep -E "^--+mimemime" patches/0000*.patch &&
+	grep -E "^--+mimemime$" patches/0001*.patch >output &&
 	test_line_count = 2 output &&
-	egrep "^--+mimemime--$" patches/0001*.patch >output &&
+	grep -E "^--+mimemime--$" patches/0001*.patch >output &&
 	test_line_count = 1 output
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t4038-diff-combined.sh b/t/t4038-diff-combined.sh
index 9a292ba..2ce26e5 100755
--- a/t/t4038-diff-combined.sh
+++ b/t/t4038-diff-combined.sh
@@ -80,11 +80,21 @@
 	verify_helper sidewithone
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'check combined output (1) with git diff <rev>^!' '
+	git diff sidewithone^! -- >sidewithone &&
+	verify_helper sidewithone
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'check combined output (2)' '
 	git show sidesansone -- >sidesansone &&
 	verify_helper sidesansone
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'check combined output (2) with git diff <rev>^!' '
+	git diff sidesansone^! -- >sidesansone &&
+	verify_helper sidesansone
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'diagnose truncated file' '
 	>file &&
 	git add file &&
diff --git a/t/t4141-apply-too-large.sh b/t/t4141-apply-too-large.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..58742d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/t4141-apply-too-large.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+test_description='git apply with too-large patch'
+
+TEST_PASSES_SANITIZE_LEAK=true
+. ./test-lib.sh
+
+test_expect_success EXPENSIVE 'git apply rejects patches that are too large' '
+	sz=$((1024 * 1024 * 1023)) &&
+	{
+		cat <<-\EOF &&
+		diff --git a/file b/file
+		new file mode 100644
+		--- /dev/null
+		+++ b/file
+		@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+		EOF
+		test-tool genzeros
+	} | test_copy_bytes $sz | test_must_fail git apply 2>err &&
+	grep "git apply: failed to read" err
+'
+
+test_done
diff --git a/t/t4201-shortlog.sh b/t/t4201-shortlog.sh
index 3095b1b..8e4effe 100755
--- a/t/t4201-shortlog.sh
+++ b/t/t4201-shortlog.sh
@@ -83,6 +83,13 @@
 	test_cmp expect log.predictable
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'pretty format (with --date)' '
+	sed "s/SUBJECT/2005-04-07 OBJECT_NAME/" expect.template >expect &&
+	git shortlog --format="%ad %H" --date=short HEAD >log &&
+	fuzz log >log.predictable &&
+	test_cmp expect log.predictable
+'
+
 test_expect_success '--abbrev' '
 	sed s/SUBJECT/OBJID/ expect.template >expect &&
 	git shortlog --format="%h" --abbrev=35 HEAD >log &&
@@ -237,6 +244,26 @@
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'shortlog --group=format' '
+	git shortlog -s --date="format:%Y" --group="format:%cN (%cd)" \
+		HEAD >actual &&
+	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
+	     4	C O Mitter (2005)
+	     1	Sin Nombre (2005)
+	EOF
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'shortlog --group=<format> DWIM' '
+	git shortlog -s --date="format:%Y" --group="%cN (%cd)" HEAD >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'shortlog bogus --group' '
+	test_must_fail git shortlog --group=bogus HEAD 2>err &&
+	grep "unknown group type" err
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'trailer idents are split' '
 	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
 	     2	C O Mitter
@@ -319,6 +346,18 @@
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'shortlog can match multiple format groups' '
+	GIT_COMMITTER_NAME="$GIT_AUTHOR_NAME" \
+		git commit --allow-empty -m "identical names" &&
+	test_tick &&
+	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
+	     2	A U Thor
+	     1	C O Mitter
+	EOF
+	git shortlog -ns --group="%cn" --group="%an" -2 HEAD >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'set up option selection tests' '
 	git commit --allow-empty -F - <<-\EOF
 	subject
diff --git a/t/t4202-log.sh b/t/t4202-log.sh
index cc15cb4..2ce2b41 100755
--- a/t/t4202-log.sh
+++ b/t/t4202-log.sh
@@ -249,6 +249,15 @@
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
+for noop_opt in --invert-grep --all-match
+do
+	test_expect_success "log $noop_opt without --grep is a NOOP" '
+		git log >expect &&
+		git log $noop_opt >actual &&
+		test_cmp expect actual
+	'
+done
+
 cat > expect << EOF
 second
 initial
diff --git a/t/t4204-patch-id.sh b/t/t4204-patch-id.sh
index a730c0d..a7fa94c 100755
--- a/t/t4204-patch-id.sh
+++ b/t/t4204-patch-id.sh
@@ -8,13 +8,13 @@
 . ./test-lib.sh
 
 test_expect_success 'setup' '
-	as="a a a a a a a a" && # eight a
-	test_write_lines $as >foo &&
-	test_write_lines $as >bar &&
+	str="ab cd ef gh ij kl mn op" &&
+	test_write_lines $str >foo &&
+	test_write_lines $str >bar &&
 	git add foo bar &&
 	git commit -a -m initial &&
-	test_write_lines $as b >foo &&
-	test_write_lines $as b >bar &&
+	test_write_lines $str b >foo &&
+	test_write_lines $str b >bar &&
 	git commit -a -m first &&
 	git checkout -b same main &&
 	git commit --amend -m same-msg &&
@@ -22,8 +22,23 @@
 	echo c >foo &&
 	echo c >bar &&
 	git commit --amend -a -m notsame-msg &&
+	git checkout -b with_space main~ &&
+	cat >foo <<-\EOF &&
+	a  b
+	c d
+	e    f
+	  g   h
+	    i   j
+	k l
+	m   n
+	op
+	EOF
+	cp foo bar &&
+	git add foo bar &&
+	git commit --amend -m "with spaces" &&
 	test_write_lines bar foo >bar-then-foo &&
 	test_write_lines foo bar >foo-then-bar
+
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'patch-id output is well-formed' '
@@ -42,7 +57,7 @@
 }
 
 get_top_diff () {
-	git log -p -1 "$@" -O bar-then-foo --
+	git log -p -1 "$@" -O bar-then-foo --full-index --
 }
 
 get_patch_id () {
@@ -61,6 +76,33 @@
 	get_patch_id notsame &&
 	! test_cmp patch-id_main patch-id_notsame
 '
+test_expect_success 'patch-id detects equality binary' '
+	cat >.gitattributes <<-\EOF &&
+	foo binary
+	bar binary
+	EOF
+	get_patch_id main &&
+	get_patch_id same &&
+	git log -p -1 --binary main >top-diff.output &&
+	calc_patch_id <top-diff.output main_binpatch &&
+	git log -p -1 --binary same >top-diff.output &&
+	calc_patch_id <top-diff.output same_binpatch &&
+	test_cmp patch-id_main patch-id_main_binpatch &&
+	test_cmp patch-id_same patch-id_same_binpatch &&
+	test_cmp patch-id_main patch-id_same &&
+	test_when_finished "rm .gitattributes"
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'patch-id detects inequality binary' '
+	cat >.gitattributes <<-\EOF &&
+	foo binary
+	bar binary
+	EOF
+	get_patch_id main &&
+	get_patch_id notsame &&
+	! test_cmp patch-id_main patch-id_notsame &&
+	test_when_finished "rm .gitattributes"
+'
 
 test_expect_success 'patch-id supports git-format-patch output' '
 	get_patch_id main &&
@@ -101,9 +143,21 @@
 	git format-patch -1 --stdout -O foo-then-bar >format-patch.output &&
 	calc_patch_id <format-patch.output "ordered-$name" "$@" &&
 	cmp_patch_id $relevant "$name" "ordered-$name"
-
 }
 
+test_patch_id_whitespace () {
+	relevant="$1"
+	shift
+	name="ws-${1}-$relevant"
+	shift
+	get_top_diff "main~" >top-diff.output &&
+	calc_patch_id <top-diff.output "$name" "$@" &&
+	get_top_diff "with_space" >top-diff.output &&
+	calc_patch_id <top-diff.output "ws-$name" "$@" &&
+	cmp_patch_id $relevant "$name" "ws-$name"
+}
+
+
 # combined test for options: add more tests here to make them
 # run with all options
 test_patch_id () {
@@ -119,6 +173,14 @@
 	test_patch_id_file_order relevant --unstable --unstable
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'whitespace is relevant with --verbatim' '
+	test_patch_id_whitespace relevant --verbatim --verbatim
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'whitespace is irrelevant without --verbatim' '
+	test_patch_id_whitespace irrelevant --stable --stable
+'
+
 #Now test various option combinations.
 test_expect_success 'default is unstable' '
 	test_patch_id relevant default
@@ -134,6 +196,17 @@
 	test_patch_id relevant patchid.stable=false
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'patchid.verbatim = true is correct and stable' '
+	test_config patchid.verbatim true &&
+	test_patch_id_whitespace relevant patchid.verbatim=true &&
+	test_patch_id irrelevant patchid.verbatim=true
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'patchid.verbatim = false is unstable' '
+	test_config patchid.verbatim false &&
+	test_patch_id relevant patchid.verbatim=false
+'
+
 test_expect_success '--unstable overrides patchid.stable = true' '
 	test_config patchid.stable true &&
 	test_patch_id relevant patchid.stable=true--unstable --unstable
@@ -144,6 +217,11 @@
 	test_patch_id irrelevant patchid.stable=false--stable --stable
 '
 
+test_expect_success '--verbatim overrides patchid.stable = false' '
+	test_config patchid.stable false &&
+	test_patch_id_whitespace relevant stable=false--verbatim --verbatim
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'patch-id supports git-format-patch MIME output' '
 	get_patch_id main &&
 	git checkout same &&
@@ -198,7 +276,10 @@
 	EOF
 	calc_patch_id nonl <nonl &&
 	calc_patch_id withnl <withnl &&
-	test_cmp patch-id_nonl patch-id_withnl
+	test_cmp patch-id_nonl patch-id_withnl &&
+	calc_patch_id nonl-inc-ws --verbatim <nonl &&
+	calc_patch_id withnl-inc-ws --verbatim <withnl &&
+	! test_cmp patch-id_nonl-inc-ws patch-id_withnl-inc-ws
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'patch-id handles diffs with one line of before/after' '
diff --git a/t/t4301-merge-tree-write-tree.sh b/t/t4301-merge-tree-write-tree.sh
index 013b771..cac8559 100755
--- a/t/t4301-merge-tree-write-tree.sh
+++ b/t/t4301-merge-tree-write-tree.sh
@@ -819,4 +819,45 @@
 	test_must_fail git -C read-only merge-tree side1 side2
 '
 
+test_expect_success '--stdin with both a successful and a conflicted merge' '
+	printf "side1 side3\nside1 side2" | git merge-tree --stdin >actual &&
+
+	git checkout side1^0 &&
+	git merge side3 &&
+
+	printf "1\0" >expect &&
+	git rev-parse HEAD^{tree} | lf_to_nul >>expect &&
+	printf "\0" >>expect &&
+
+	git checkout side1^0 &&
+	test_must_fail git merge side2 &&
+	sed s/HEAD/side1/ greeting >tmp &&
+	mv tmp greeting &&
+	git add -u &&
+	git mv whatever~HEAD whatever~side1 &&
+
+	printf "0\0" >>expect &&
+	git write-tree | lf_to_nul >>expect &&
+
+	cat <<-EOF | q_to_tab | lf_to_nul >>expect &&
+	100644 $(git rev-parse side1~1:greeting) 1Qgreeting
+	100644 $(git rev-parse side1:greeting) 2Qgreeting
+	100644 $(git rev-parse side2:greeting) 3Qgreeting
+	100644 $(git rev-parse side1~1:whatever) 1Qwhatever~side1
+	100644 $(git rev-parse side1:whatever) 2Qwhatever~side1
+	EOF
+
+	q_to_nul <<-EOF >>expect &&
+	Q1QgreetingQAuto-mergingQAuto-merging greeting
+	Q1QgreetingQCONFLICT (contents)QCONFLICT (content): Merge conflict in greeting
+	Q1QnumbersQAuto-mergingQAuto-merging numbers
+	Q2Qwhatever~side1QwhateverQCONFLICT (file/directory)QCONFLICT (file/directory): directory in the way of whatever from side1; moving it to whatever~side1 instead.
+	Q1Qwhatever~side1QCONFLICT (modify/delete)QCONFLICT (modify/delete): whatever~side1 deleted in side2 and modified in side1.  Version side1 of whatever~side1 left in tree.
+	EOF
+
+	printf "\0\0" >>expect &&
+
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t5000-tar-tree.sh b/t/t5000-tar-tree.sh
index eaa0b22..d473048 100755
--- a/t/t5000-tar-tree.sh
+++ b/t/t5000-tar-tree.sh
@@ -342,6 +342,13 @@
 	test_cmp_bin remote.bar config.bar
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'invalid filter is reported only once' '
+	test_must_fail git -c tar.invalid.command= archive --format=invalid \
+		HEAD >out 2>err &&
+	test_must_be_empty out &&
+	test_line_count = 1 err
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'git archive --format=tgz' '
 	git archive --format=tgz HEAD >j.tgz
 '
diff --git a/t/t5304-prune.sh b/t/t5304-prune.sh
index 8ae314a..d65a5f9 100755
--- a/t/t5304-prune.sh
+++ b/t/t5304-prune.sh
@@ -29,6 +29,14 @@
 	git gc
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'bare repo prune is quiet without $GIT_DIR/objects/pack' '
+	git clone -q --shared --template= --bare . bare.git &&
+	rmdir bare.git/objects/pack &&
+	git --git-dir=bare.git prune --no-progress 2>prune.err &&
+	test_must_be_empty prune.err &&
+	rm -r bare.git prune.err
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'prune stale packs' '
 	orig_pack=$(echo .git/objects/pack/*.pack) &&
 	>.git/objects/tmp_1.pack &&
diff --git a/t/t5320-delta-islands.sh b/t/t5320-delta-islands.sh
index 124d476..4063633 100755
--- a/t/t5320-delta-islands.sh
+++ b/t/t5320-delta-islands.sh
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@
 	    repack -adfi &&
 	git verify-pack -v .git/objects/pack/*.pack |
 	cut -d" " -f1 |
-	egrep "$root|$two" >actual &&
+	grep -E "$root|$two" >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t5326-multi-pack-bitmaps.sh b/t/t5326-multi-pack-bitmaps.sh
index ad6eea5..0882cbb 100755
--- a/t/t5326-multi-pack-bitmaps.sh
+++ b/t/t5326-multi-pack-bitmaps.sh
@@ -410,4 +410,28 @@
 	)
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'tagged commits are selected for bitmapping' '
+	rm -fr repo &&
+	git init repo &&
+	test_when_finished "rm -fr repo" &&
+	(
+		cd repo &&
+
+		test_commit --annotate base &&
+		git repack -d &&
+
+		# Remove refs/heads/main which points at the commit directly,
+		# leaving only a reference to the annotated tag.
+		git branch -M main &&
+		git checkout base &&
+		git branch -d main &&
+
+		git multi-pack-index write --bitmap &&
+
+		git rev-parse HEAD >want &&
+		test-tool bitmap list-commits >actual &&
+		grep $(cat want) actual
+	)
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t5516-fetch-push.sh b/t/t5516-fetch-push.sh
index 79dc470..98a27a29 100755
--- a/t/t5516-fetch-push.sh
+++ b/t/t5516-fetch-push.sh
@@ -1853,55 +1853,24 @@
 	test_dir_is_empty testrepo/.git/objects/pack
 '
 
-test_expect_success LIBCURL 'fetch warns or fails when using username:password' '
-	message="URL '\''https://username:<redacted>@localhost/'\'' uses plaintext credentials" &&
-	test_must_fail git -c transfer.credentialsInUrl=allow fetch https://username:password@localhost 2>err &&
-	! grep "$message" err &&
-
-	test_must_fail git -c transfer.credentialsInUrl=warn fetch https://username:password@localhost 2>err &&
-	grep "warning: $message" err >warnings &&
-	test_line_count = 3 warnings &&
-
-	test_must_fail git -c transfer.credentialsInUrl=die fetch https://username:password@localhost 2>err &&
-	grep "fatal: $message" err >warnings &&
-	test_line_count = 1 warnings &&
-
-	test_must_fail git -c transfer.credentialsInUrl=die fetch https://username:@localhost 2>err &&
-	grep "fatal: $message" err >warnings &&
-	test_line_count = 1 warnings
-'
-
-
-test_expect_success LIBCURL 'push warns or fails when using username:password' '
-	message="URL '\''https://username:<redacted>@localhost/'\'' uses plaintext credentials" &&
-	test_must_fail git -c transfer.credentialsInUrl=allow push https://username:password@localhost 2>err &&
-	! grep "$message" err &&
-
-	test_must_fail git -c transfer.credentialsInUrl=warn push https://username:password@localhost 2>err &&
-	grep "warning: $message" err >warnings &&
-	test_must_fail git -c transfer.credentialsInUrl=die push https://username:password@localhost 2>err &&
-	grep "fatal: $message" err >warnings &&
-	test_line_count = 1 warnings
-'
-
 test_expect_success 'push with config push.useBitmaps' '
 	mk_test testrepo heads/main &&
 	git checkout main &&
 	test_unconfig push.useBitmaps &&
 	GIT_TRACE2_EVENT="$PWD/default" \
-	git push testrepo main:test &&
+	git push --quiet testrepo main:test &&
 	test_subcommand git pack-objects --all-progress-implied --revs --stdout \
 		--thin --delta-base-offset -q <default &&
 
 	test_config push.useBitmaps true &&
 	GIT_TRACE2_EVENT="$PWD/true" \
-	git push testrepo main:test2 &&
+	git push --quiet testrepo main:test2 &&
 	test_subcommand git pack-objects --all-progress-implied --revs --stdout \
 		--thin --delta-base-offset -q <true &&
 
 	test_config push.useBitmaps false &&
 	GIT_TRACE2_EVENT="$PWD/false" \
-	git push testrepo main:test3 &&
+	git push --quiet testrepo main:test3 &&
 	test_subcommand git pack-objects --all-progress-implied --revs --stdout \
 		--thin --delta-base-offset -q --no-use-bitmap-index <false
 '
diff --git a/t/t5526-fetch-submodules.sh b/t/t5526-fetch-submodules.sh
index 3c44f19..b9546ef 100755
--- a/t/t5526-fetch-submodules.sh
+++ b/t/t5526-fetch-submodules.sh
@@ -178,6 +178,7 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success "fetch --recurse-submodules -j2 has the same output behaviour" '
+	test_when_finished "rm -f trace.out" &&
 	add_submodule_commits &&
 	(
 		cd downstream &&
@@ -705,17 +706,30 @@
 
 test_expect_success 'fetching submodules respects parallel settings' '
 	git config fetch.recurseSubmodules true &&
+	test_when_finished "rm -f downstream/trace.out" &&
 	(
 		cd downstream &&
 		GIT_TRACE=$(pwd)/trace.out git fetch &&
 		grep "1 tasks" trace.out &&
+		>trace.out &&
+
 		GIT_TRACE=$(pwd)/trace.out git fetch --jobs 7 &&
 		grep "7 tasks" trace.out &&
+		>trace.out &&
+
 		git config submodule.fetchJobs 8 &&
 		GIT_TRACE=$(pwd)/trace.out git fetch &&
 		grep "8 tasks" trace.out &&
+		>trace.out &&
+
 		GIT_TRACE=$(pwd)/trace.out git fetch --jobs 9 &&
-		grep "9 tasks" trace.out
+		grep "9 tasks" trace.out &&
+		>trace.out &&
+
+		GIT_TRACE=$(pwd)/trace.out git -c submodule.fetchJobs=0 fetch &&
+		grep "preparing to run up to [0-9]* tasks" trace.out &&
+		! grep "up to 0 tasks" trace.out &&
+		>trace.out
 	)
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t5531-deep-submodule-push.sh b/t/t5531-deep-submodule-push.sh
index 3f58b51..302e4cb 100755
--- a/t/t5531-deep-submodule-push.sh
+++ b/t/t5531-deep-submodule-push.sh
@@ -512,6 +512,56 @@
 	test_cmp expected_pub actual_pub
 '
 
+setup_subsub () {
+	git init upstream &&
+	git init upstream/sub &&
+	git init upstream/sub/deepsub &&
+	test_commit -C upstream/sub/deepsub innermost &&
+	git -C upstream/sub submodule add ./deepsub deepsub &&
+	git -C upstream/sub commit -m middle &&
+	git -C upstream submodule add ./sub sub &&
+	git -C upstream commit -m outermost &&
+
+	git -c protocol.file.allow=always clone --recurse-submodules upstream downstream &&
+	git -C downstream/sub/deepsub checkout -b downstream-branch &&
+	git -C downstream/sub checkout -b downstream-branch &&
+	git -C downstream checkout -b downstream-branch
+}
+
+new_downstream_commits () {
+	test_commit -C downstream/sub/deepsub new-innermost &&
+	git -C downstream/sub add deepsub &&
+	git -C downstream/sub commit -m new-middle &&
+	git -C downstream add sub &&
+	git -C downstream commit -m new-outermost
+}
+
+test_expect_success 'push with push.recurseSubmodules=only on superproject' '
+	test_when_finished rm -rf upstream downstream &&
+	setup_subsub &&
+	new_downstream_commits &&
+	git -C downstream config push.recurseSubmodules only &&
+	git -C downstream push origin downstream-branch &&
+
+	test_must_fail git -C upstream rev-parse refs/heads/downstream-branch &&
+	git -C upstream/sub rev-parse refs/heads/downstream-branch &&
+	test_must_fail git -C upstream/sub/deepsub rev-parse refs/heads/downstream-branch
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'push with push.recurseSubmodules=only on superproject and top-level submodule' '
+	test_when_finished rm -rf upstream downstream &&
+	setup_subsub &&
+	new_downstream_commits &&
+	git -C downstream config push.recurseSubmodules only &&
+	git -C downstream/sub config push.recurseSubmodules only &&
+	git -C downstream push origin downstream-branch 2> err &&
+
+	test_must_fail git -C upstream rev-parse refs/heads/downstream-branch &&
+	git -C upstream/sub rev-parse refs/heads/downstream-branch &&
+	git -C upstream/sub/deepsub rev-parse refs/heads/downstream-branch &&
+	grep "recursing into submodule with push.recurseSubmodules=only; using on-demand instead" err
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'push propagating the remotes name to a submodule' '
 	git -C work remote add origin ../pub.git &&
 	git -C work remote add pub ../pub.git &&
diff --git a/t/t5550-http-fetch-dumb.sh b/t/t5550-http-fetch-dumb.sh
index d7cf85f..8f182a3 100755
--- a/t/t5550-http-fetch-dumb.sh
+++ b/t/t5550-http-fetch-dumb.sh
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@
 		--index-pack-arg=--keep \
 		"$HTTPD_URL"/dumb/repo_pack.git/$p >out &&
 
-	grep "^keep.[0-9a-f]\{16,\}$" out &&
+	grep -E "^keep.[0-9a-f]{16,}$" out &&
 	cut -c6- out >packhash &&
 
 	# Ensure that the expected files are generated
diff --git a/t/t5551-http-fetch-smart.sh b/t/t5551-http-fetch-smart.sh
index 6a38294..bc0719a 100755
--- a/t/t5551-http-fetch-smart.sh
+++ b/t/t5551-http-fetch-smart.sh
@@ -1,13 +1,19 @@
 #!/bin/sh
 
-test_description='test smart fetching over http via http-backend'
+: ${HTTP_PROTO:=HTTP}
+test_description="test smart fetching over http via http-backend ($HTTP_PROTO)"
 GIT_TEST_DEFAULT_INITIAL_BRANCH_NAME=main
 export GIT_TEST_DEFAULT_INITIAL_BRANCH_NAME
 
 . ./test-lib.sh
 . "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/lib-httpd.sh
+test "$HTTP_PROTO" = "HTTP/2" && enable_http2
 start_httpd
 
+test_expect_success HTTP2 'enable client-side http/2' '
+	git config --global http.version HTTP/2
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'setup repository' '
 	git config push.default matching &&
 	echo content >file &&
@@ -347,7 +353,10 @@
 test_expect_success 'large fetch-pack requests can be sent using chunked encoding' '
 	GIT_TRACE_CURL=true git -c http.postbuffer=65536 \
 		clone --bare "$HTTPD_URL/smart/repo.git" split.git 2>err &&
-	grep "^=> Send header: Transfer-Encoding: chunked" err
+	{
+		test_have_prereq HTTP2 ||
+		grep "^=> Send header: Transfer-Encoding: chunked" err
+	}
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'test allowreachablesha1inwant' '
@@ -580,4 +589,81 @@
 	git -c "http.curloptResolve=$BOGUS_HOST:$LIB_HTTPD_PORT:127.0.0.1" ls-remote "$BOGUS_HTTPD_URL/smart/repo.git" >/dev/null
 '
 
+# here user%40host is the URL-encoded version of user@host,
+# which is our intentionally-odd username to catch parsing errors
+url_user=$HTTPD_URL_USER/auth/smart/repo.git
+url_userpass=$HTTPD_URL_USER_PASS/auth/smart/repo.git
+url_userblank=$HTTPD_PROTO://user%40host:@$HTTPD_DEST/auth/smart/repo.git
+message="URL .*:<redacted>@.* uses plaintext credentials"
+
+test_expect_success 'clone warns or fails when using username:password' '
+	test_when_finished "rm -rf attempt*" &&
+
+	git -c transfer.credentialsInUrl=allow \
+		clone $url_userpass attempt1 2>err &&
+	! grep "$message" err &&
+
+	git -c transfer.credentialsInUrl=warn \
+		clone $url_userpass attempt2 2>err &&
+	grep "warning: $message" err >warnings &&
+	test_line_count -ge 1 warnings &&
+
+	test_must_fail git -c transfer.credentialsInUrl=die \
+		clone $url_userpass attempt3 2>err &&
+	grep "fatal: $message" err >warnings &&
+	test_line_count -ge 1 warnings &&
+
+	test_must_fail git -c transfer.credentialsInUrl=die \
+		clone $url_userblank attempt4 2>err &&
+	grep "fatal: $message" err >warnings &&
+	test_line_count -ge 1 warnings
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'clone does not detect username:password when it is https://username@domain:port/' '
+	test_when_finished "rm -rf attempt1" &&
+
+	# we are relying on lib-httpd for url construction, so document our
+	# assumptions
+	case "$HTTPD_URL_USER" in
+	*:[0-9]*) : ok ;;
+	*) BUG "httpd url does not have port: $HTTPD_URL_USER"
+	esac &&
+
+	git -c transfer.credentialsInUrl=warn clone $url_user attempt1 2>err &&
+	! grep "uses plaintext credentials" err
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'fetch warns or fails when using username:password' '
+	git -c transfer.credentialsInUrl=allow fetch $url_userpass 2>err &&
+	! grep "$message" err &&
+
+	git -c transfer.credentialsInUrl=warn fetch $url_userpass 2>err &&
+	grep "warning: $message" err >warnings &&
+	test_line_count -ge 1 warnings &&
+
+	test_must_fail git -c transfer.credentialsInUrl=die \
+		fetch $url_userpass 2>err &&
+	grep "fatal: $message" err >warnings &&
+	test_line_count -ge 1 warnings &&
+
+	test_must_fail git -c transfer.credentialsInUrl=die \
+		fetch $url_userblank 2>err &&
+	grep "fatal: $message" err >warnings &&
+	test_line_count -ge 1 warnings
+'
+
+
+test_expect_success 'push warns or fails when using username:password' '
+	git -c transfer.credentialsInUrl=allow push $url_userpass 2>err &&
+	! grep "$message" err &&
+
+	git -c transfer.credentialsInUrl=warn push $url_userpass 2>err &&
+	grep "warning: $message" err >warnings &&
+
+	test_must_fail git -c transfer.credentialsInUrl=die \
+		push $url_userpass 2>err &&
+	grep "fatal: $message" err >warnings &&
+	test_line_count -ge 1 warnings
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t5558-clone-bundle-uri.sh b/t/t5558-clone-bundle-uri.sh
index ad666a2..9155f31 100755
--- a/t/t5558-clone-bundle-uri.sh
+++ b/t/t5558-clone-bundle-uri.sh
@@ -41,6 +41,215 @@
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
+# To get interesting tests for bundle lists, we need to construct a
+# somewhat-interesting commit history.
+#
+# ---------------- bundle-4
+#
+#       4
+#      / \
+# ----|---|------- bundle-3
+#     |   |
+#     |   3
+#     |   |
+# ----|---|------- bundle-2
+#     |   |
+#     2   |
+#     |   |
+# ----|---|------- bundle-1
+#      \ /
+#       1
+#       |
+# (previous commits)
+test_expect_success 'construct incremental bundle list' '
+	(
+		cd clone-from &&
+		git checkout -b base &&
+		test_commit 1 &&
+		git checkout -b left &&
+		test_commit 2 &&
+		git checkout -b right base &&
+		test_commit 3 &&
+		git checkout -b merge left &&
+		git merge right -m "4" &&
+
+		git bundle create bundle-1.bundle base &&
+		git bundle create bundle-2.bundle base..left &&
+		git bundle create bundle-3.bundle base..right &&
+		git bundle create bundle-4.bundle merge --not left right
+	)
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'clone bundle list (file, no heuristic)' '
+	cat >bundle-list <<-EOF &&
+	[bundle]
+		version = 1
+		mode = all
+
+	[bundle "bundle-1"]
+		uri = file://$(pwd)/clone-from/bundle-1.bundle
+
+	[bundle "bundle-2"]
+		uri = file://$(pwd)/clone-from/bundle-2.bundle
+
+	[bundle "bundle-3"]
+		uri = file://$(pwd)/clone-from/bundle-3.bundle
+
+	[bundle "bundle-4"]
+		uri = file://$(pwd)/clone-from/bundle-4.bundle
+	EOF
+
+	git clone --bundle-uri="file://$(pwd)/bundle-list" \
+		clone-from clone-list-file 2>err &&
+	! grep "Repository lacks these prerequisite commits" err &&
+
+	git -C clone-from for-each-ref --format="%(objectname)" >oids &&
+	git -C clone-list-file cat-file --batch-check <oids &&
+
+	git -C clone-list-file for-each-ref --format="%(refname)" >refs &&
+	grep "refs/bundles/" refs >actual &&
+	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
+	refs/bundles/base
+	refs/bundles/left
+	refs/bundles/merge
+	refs/bundles/right
+	EOF
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'clone bundle list (file, all mode, some failures)' '
+	cat >bundle-list <<-EOF &&
+	[bundle]
+		version = 1
+		mode = all
+
+	# Does not exist. Should be skipped.
+	[bundle "bundle-0"]
+		uri = file://$(pwd)/clone-from/bundle-0.bundle
+
+	[bundle "bundle-1"]
+		uri = file://$(pwd)/clone-from/bundle-1.bundle
+
+	[bundle "bundle-2"]
+		uri = file://$(pwd)/clone-from/bundle-2.bundle
+
+	# No bundle-3 means bundle-4 will not apply.
+
+	[bundle "bundle-4"]
+		uri = file://$(pwd)/clone-from/bundle-4.bundle
+
+	# Does not exist. Should be skipped.
+	[bundle "bundle-5"]
+		uri = file://$(pwd)/clone-from/bundle-5.bundle
+	EOF
+
+	GIT_TRACE2_PERF=1 \
+	git clone --bundle-uri="file://$(pwd)/bundle-list" \
+		clone-from clone-all-some 2>err &&
+	! grep "Repository lacks these prerequisite commits" err &&
+	! grep "fatal" err &&
+	grep "warning: failed to download bundle from URI" err &&
+
+	git -C clone-from for-each-ref --format="%(objectname)" >oids &&
+	git -C clone-all-some cat-file --batch-check <oids &&
+
+	git -C clone-all-some for-each-ref --format="%(refname)" >refs &&
+	grep "refs/bundles/" refs >actual &&
+	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
+	refs/bundles/base
+	refs/bundles/left
+	EOF
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'clone bundle list (file, all mode, all failures)' '
+	cat >bundle-list <<-EOF &&
+	[bundle]
+		version = 1
+		mode = all
+
+	# Does not exist. Should be skipped.
+	[bundle "bundle-0"]
+		uri = file://$(pwd)/clone-from/bundle-0.bundle
+
+	# Does not exist. Should be skipped.
+	[bundle "bundle-5"]
+		uri = file://$(pwd)/clone-from/bundle-5.bundle
+	EOF
+
+	git clone --bundle-uri="file://$(pwd)/bundle-list" \
+		clone-from clone-all-fail 2>err &&
+	! grep "Repository lacks these prerequisite commits" err &&
+	! grep "fatal" err &&
+	grep "warning: failed to download bundle from URI" err &&
+
+	git -C clone-from for-each-ref --format="%(objectname)" >oids &&
+	git -C clone-all-fail cat-file --batch-check <oids &&
+
+	git -C clone-all-fail for-each-ref --format="%(refname)" >refs &&
+	! grep "refs/bundles/" refs
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'clone bundle list (file, any mode)' '
+	cat >bundle-list <<-EOF &&
+	[bundle]
+		version = 1
+		mode = any
+
+	# Does not exist. Should be skipped.
+	[bundle "bundle-0"]
+		uri = file://$(pwd)/clone-from/bundle-0.bundle
+
+	[bundle "bundle-1"]
+		uri = file://$(pwd)/clone-from/bundle-1.bundle
+
+	# Does not exist. Should be skipped.
+	[bundle "bundle-5"]
+		uri = file://$(pwd)/clone-from/bundle-5.bundle
+	EOF
+
+	git clone --bundle-uri="file://$(pwd)/bundle-list" \
+		clone-from clone-any-file 2>err &&
+	! grep "Repository lacks these prerequisite commits" err &&
+
+	git -C clone-from for-each-ref --format="%(objectname)" >oids &&
+	git -C clone-any-file cat-file --batch-check <oids &&
+
+	git -C clone-any-file for-each-ref --format="%(refname)" >refs &&
+	grep "refs/bundles/" refs >actual &&
+	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
+	refs/bundles/base
+	EOF
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'clone bundle list (file, any mode, all failures)' '
+	cat >bundle-list <<-EOF &&
+	[bundle]
+		version = 1
+		mode = any
+
+	# Does not exist. Should be skipped.
+	[bundle "bundle-0"]
+		uri = $HTTPD_URL/bundle-0.bundle
+
+	# Does not exist. Should be skipped.
+	[bundle "bundle-5"]
+		uri = $HTTPD_URL/bundle-5.bundle
+	EOF
+
+	git clone --bundle-uri="file://$(pwd)/bundle-list" \
+		clone-from clone-any-fail 2>err &&
+	! grep "fatal" err &&
+	grep "warning: failed to download bundle from URI" err &&
+
+	git -C clone-from for-each-ref --format="%(objectname)" >oids &&
+	git -C clone-any-fail cat-file --batch-check <oids &&
+
+	git -C clone-any-fail for-each-ref --format="%(refname)" >refs &&
+	! grep "refs/bundles/" refs
+'
+
 #########################################################################
 # HTTP tests begin here
 
@@ -75,6 +284,72 @@
 	test_config -C clone-http log.excludedecoration refs/bundle/
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'clone bundle list (HTTP, no heuristic)' '
+	cp clone-from/bundle-*.bundle "$HTTPD_DOCUMENT_ROOT_PATH/" &&
+	cat >"$HTTPD_DOCUMENT_ROOT_PATH/bundle-list" <<-EOF &&
+	[bundle]
+		version = 1
+		mode = all
+
+	[bundle "bundle-1"]
+		uri = $HTTPD_URL/bundle-1.bundle
+
+	[bundle "bundle-2"]
+		uri = $HTTPD_URL/bundle-2.bundle
+
+	[bundle "bundle-3"]
+		uri = $HTTPD_URL/bundle-3.bundle
+
+	[bundle "bundle-4"]
+		uri = $HTTPD_URL/bundle-4.bundle
+	EOF
+
+	git clone --bundle-uri="$HTTPD_URL/bundle-list" \
+		clone-from clone-list-http  2>err &&
+	! grep "Repository lacks these prerequisite commits" err &&
+
+	git -C clone-from for-each-ref --format="%(objectname)" >oids &&
+	git -C clone-list-http cat-file --batch-check <oids
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'clone bundle list (HTTP, any mode)' '
+	cp clone-from/bundle-*.bundle "$HTTPD_DOCUMENT_ROOT_PATH/" &&
+	cat >"$HTTPD_DOCUMENT_ROOT_PATH/bundle-list" <<-EOF &&
+	[bundle]
+		version = 1
+		mode = any
+
+	# Does not exist. Should be skipped.
+	[bundle "bundle-0"]
+		uri = $HTTPD_URL/bundle-0.bundle
+
+	[bundle "bundle-1"]
+		uri = $HTTPD_URL/bundle-1.bundle
+
+	# Does not exist. Should be skipped.
+	[bundle "bundle-5"]
+		uri = $HTTPD_URL/bundle-5.bundle
+	EOF
+
+	git clone --bundle-uri="$HTTPD_URL/bundle-list" \
+		clone-from clone-any-http 2>err &&
+	! grep "fatal" err &&
+	grep "warning: failed to download bundle from URI" err &&
+
+	git -C clone-from for-each-ref --format="%(objectname)" >oids &&
+	git -C clone-any-http cat-file --batch-check <oids &&
+
+	git -C clone-list-file for-each-ref --format="%(refname)" >refs &&
+	grep "refs/bundles/" refs >actual &&
+	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
+	refs/bundles/base
+	refs/bundles/left
+	refs/bundles/merge
+	refs/bundles/right
+	EOF
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
 # Do not add tests here unless they use the HTTP server, as they will
 # not run unless the HTTP dependencies exist.
 
diff --git a/t/t5559-http-fetch-smart-http2.sh b/t/t5559-http-fetch-smart-http2.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..9eece71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/t5559-http-fetch-smart-http2.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+HTTP_PROTO=HTTP/2
+. ./t5551-http-fetch-smart.sh
diff --git a/t/t5601-clone.sh b/t/t5601-clone.sh
index 45f0803..b2524a2 100755
--- a/t/t5601-clone.sh
+++ b/t/t5601-clone.sh
@@ -71,29 +71,6 @@
 
 '
 
-test_expect_success LIBCURL 'clone warns or fails when using username:password' '
-	message="URL '\''https://username:<redacted>@localhost/'\'' uses plaintext credentials" &&
-	test_must_fail git -c transfer.credentialsInUrl=allow clone https://username:password@localhost attempt1 2>err &&
-	! grep "$message" err &&
-
-	test_must_fail git -c transfer.credentialsInUrl=warn clone https://username:password@localhost attempt2 2>err &&
-	grep "warning: $message" err >warnings &&
-	test_line_count = 2 warnings &&
-
-	test_must_fail git -c transfer.credentialsInUrl=die clone https://username:password@localhost attempt3 2>err &&
-	grep "fatal: $message" err >warnings &&
-	test_line_count = 1 warnings &&
-
-	test_must_fail git -c transfer.credentialsInUrl=die clone https://username:@localhost attempt3 2>err &&
-	grep "fatal: $message" err >warnings &&
-	test_line_count = 1 warnings
-'
-
-test_expect_success LIBCURL 'clone does not detect username:password when it is https://username@domain:port/' '
-	test_must_fail git -c transfer.credentialsInUrl=warn clone https://username@localhost:8080 attempt3 2>err &&
-	! grep "uses plaintext credentials" err
-'
-
 test_expect_success 'clone from hooks' '
 
 	test_create_repo r0 &&
diff --git a/t/t5702-protocol-v2.sh b/t/t5702-protocol-v2.sh
index 5d42a35..b33cd4a 100755
--- a/t/t5702-protocol-v2.sh
+++ b/t/t5702-protocol-v2.sh
@@ -1001,7 +1001,7 @@
 	do
 		git verify-pack --object-format=$(test_oid algo) --verbose $idx >out &&
 		{
-			grep "^[0-9a-f]\{16,\} " out || :
+			grep -E "^[0-9a-f]{16,} " out || :
 		} >out.objectlist &&
 		if test_line_count = 1 out.objectlist
 		then
diff --git a/t/t5750-bundle-uri-parse.sh b/t/t5750-bundle-uri-parse.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..c2fe3f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/t5750-bundle-uri-parse.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+test_description="Test bundle-uri bundle_uri_parse_line()"
+
+TEST_NO_CREATE_REPO=1
+TEST_PASSES_SANITIZE_LEAK=true
+. ./test-lib.sh
+
+test_expect_success 'bundle_uri_parse_line() just URIs' '
+	cat >in <<-\EOF &&
+	bundle.one.uri=http://example.com/bundle.bdl
+	bundle.two.uri=https://example.com/bundle.bdl
+	bundle.three.uri=file:///usr/share/git/bundle.bdl
+	EOF
+
+	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
+	[bundle]
+		version = 1
+		mode = all
+	[bundle "one"]
+		uri = http://example.com/bundle.bdl
+	[bundle "two"]
+		uri = https://example.com/bundle.bdl
+	[bundle "three"]
+		uri = file:///usr/share/git/bundle.bdl
+	EOF
+
+	test-tool bundle-uri parse-key-values in >actual 2>err &&
+	test_must_be_empty err &&
+	test_cmp_config_output expect actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'bundle_uri_parse_line() parsing edge cases: empty key or value' '
+	cat >in <<-\EOF &&
+	=bogus-value
+	bogus-key=
+	EOF
+
+	cat >err.expect <<-EOF &&
+	error: bundle-uri: line has empty key or value
+	error: bad line: '\''=bogus-value'\''
+	error: bundle-uri: line has empty key or value
+	error: bad line: '\''bogus-key='\''
+	EOF
+
+	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
+	[bundle]
+		version = 1
+		mode = all
+	EOF
+
+	test_must_fail test-tool bundle-uri parse-key-values in >actual 2>err &&
+	test_cmp err.expect err &&
+	test_cmp_config_output expect actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'bundle_uri_parse_line() parsing edge cases: empty lines' '
+	cat >in <<-\EOF &&
+	bundle.one.uri=http://example.com/bundle.bdl
+
+	bundle.two.uri=https://example.com/bundle.bdl
+
+	bundle.three.uri=file:///usr/share/git/bundle.bdl
+	EOF
+
+	cat >err.expect <<-\EOF &&
+	error: bundle-uri: got an empty line
+	error: bad line: '\'''\''
+	error: bundle-uri: got an empty line
+	error: bad line: '\'''\''
+	EOF
+
+	# We fail, but try to continue parsing regardless
+	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
+	[bundle]
+		version = 1
+		mode = all
+	[bundle "one"]
+		uri = http://example.com/bundle.bdl
+	[bundle "two"]
+		uri = https://example.com/bundle.bdl
+	[bundle "three"]
+		uri = file:///usr/share/git/bundle.bdl
+	EOF
+
+	test_must_fail test-tool bundle-uri parse-key-values in >actual 2>err &&
+	test_cmp err.expect err &&
+	test_cmp_config_output expect actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'bundle_uri_parse_line() parsing edge cases: duplicate lines' '
+	cat >in <<-\EOF &&
+	bundle.one.uri=http://example.com/bundle.bdl
+	bundle.two.uri=https://example.com/bundle.bdl
+	bundle.one.uri=https://example.com/bundle-2.bdl
+	bundle.three.uri=file:///usr/share/git/bundle.bdl
+	EOF
+
+	cat >err.expect <<-\EOF &&
+	error: bad line: '\''bundle.one.uri=https://example.com/bundle-2.bdl'\''
+	EOF
+
+	# We fail, but try to continue parsing regardless
+	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
+	[bundle]
+		version = 1
+		mode = all
+	[bundle "one"]
+		uri = http://example.com/bundle.bdl
+	[bundle "two"]
+		uri = https://example.com/bundle.bdl
+	[bundle "three"]
+		uri = file:///usr/share/git/bundle.bdl
+	EOF
+
+	test_must_fail test-tool bundle-uri parse-key-values in >actual 2>err &&
+	test_cmp err.expect err &&
+	test_cmp_config_output expect actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'parse config format: just URIs' '
+	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
+	[bundle]
+		version = 1
+		mode = all
+	[bundle "one"]
+		uri = http://example.com/bundle.bdl
+	[bundle "two"]
+		uri = https://example.com/bundle.bdl
+	[bundle "three"]
+		uri = file:///usr/share/git/bundle.bdl
+	EOF
+
+	test-tool bundle-uri parse-config expect >actual 2>err &&
+	test_must_be_empty err &&
+	test_cmp_config_output expect actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'parse config format edge cases: empty key or value' '
+	cat >in1 <<-\EOF &&
+	= bogus-value
+	EOF
+
+	cat >err1 <<-EOF &&
+	error: bad config line 1 in file in1
+	EOF
+
+	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
+	[bundle]
+		version = 1
+		mode = all
+	EOF
+
+	test_must_fail test-tool bundle-uri parse-config in1 >actual 2>err &&
+	test_cmp err1 err &&
+	test_cmp_config_output expect actual &&
+
+	cat >in2 <<-\EOF &&
+	bogus-key =
+	EOF
+
+	cat >err2 <<-EOF &&
+	error: bad config line 1 in file in2
+	EOF
+
+	test_must_fail test-tool bundle-uri parse-config in2 >actual 2>err &&
+	test_cmp err2 err &&
+	test_cmp_config_output expect actual
+'
+
+test_done
diff --git a/t/t6018-rev-list-glob.sh b/t/t6018-rev-list-glob.sh
index e1abc5c..aabf590 100755
--- a/t/t6018-rev-list-glob.sh
+++ b/t/t6018-rev-list-glob.sh
@@ -187,6 +187,46 @@
 	compare rev-parse "--exclude=upstream/x --remotes=upstream/*" "upstream/one upstream/two"
 '
 
+for section in receive uploadpack
+do
+	test_expect_success "rev-parse --exclude-hidden=$section with --all" '
+		compare "-c transfer.hideRefs=refs/remotes/ rev-parse" "--branches --tags" "--exclude-hidden=$section --all"
+	'
+
+	test_expect_success "rev-parse --exclude-hidden=$section with --all" '
+		compare "-c transfer.hideRefs=refs/heads/subspace/ rev-parse" "--exclude=refs/heads/subspace/* --all" "--exclude-hidden=$section --all"
+	'
+
+	test_expect_success "rev-parse --exclude-hidden=$section with --glob" '
+		compare "-c transfer.hideRefs=refs/heads/subspace/ rev-parse" "--exclude=refs/heads/subspace/* --glob=refs/heads/*" "--exclude-hidden=$section --glob=refs/heads/*"
+	'
+
+	test_expect_success "rev-parse --exclude-hidden=$section can be passed once per pseudo-ref" '
+		compare "-c transfer.hideRefs=refs/remotes/ rev-parse" "--branches --tags --branches --tags" "--exclude-hidden=$section --all --exclude-hidden=$section --all"
+	'
+
+	test_expect_success "rev-parse --exclude-hidden=$section can only be passed once per pseudo-ref" '
+		echo "fatal: --exclude-hidden= passed more than once" >expected &&
+		test_must_fail git rev-parse --exclude-hidden=$section --exclude-hidden=$section 2>err &&
+		test_cmp expected err
+	'
+
+	for pseudoopt in branches tags remotes
+	do
+		test_expect_success "rev-parse --exclude-hidden=$section fails with --$pseudoopt" '
+			echo "error: --exclude-hidden cannot be used together with --$pseudoopt" >expected &&
+			test_must_fail git rev-parse --exclude-hidden=$section --$pseudoopt 2>err &&
+			test_cmp expected err
+		'
+
+		test_expect_success "rev-parse --exclude-hidden=$section fails with --$pseudoopt=pattern" '
+			echo "error: --exclude-hidden cannot be used together with --$pseudoopt" >expected &&
+			test_must_fail git rev-parse --exclude-hidden=$section --$pseudoopt=pattern 2>err &&
+			test_cmp expected err
+		'
+	done
+done
+
 test_expect_success 'rev-list --exclude=glob with --branches=glob' '
 	compare rev-list "--exclude=subspace-* --branches=sub*" "subspace/one subspace/two"
 '
diff --git a/t/t6021-rev-list-exclude-hidden.sh b/t/t6021-rev-list-exclude-hidden.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..32b2b09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/t6021-rev-list-exclude-hidden.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+test_description='git rev-list --exclude-hidden test'
+
+. ./test-lib.sh
+
+test_expect_success 'setup' '
+	test_commit_bulk --id=commit --ref=refs/heads/branch 1 &&
+	COMMIT=$(git rev-parse refs/heads/branch) &&
+	test_commit_bulk --id=tag --ref=refs/tags/lightweight 1 &&
+	TAG=$(git rev-parse refs/tags/lightweight) &&
+	test_commit_bulk --id=hidden --ref=refs/hidden/commit 1 &&
+	HIDDEN=$(git rev-parse refs/hidden/commit) &&
+	test_commit_bulk --id=namespace --ref=refs/namespaces/namespace/refs/namespaced/commit 1 &&
+	NAMESPACE=$(git rev-parse refs/namespaces/namespace/refs/namespaced/commit)
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'invalid section' '
+	echo "fatal: unsupported section for hidden refs: unsupported" >expected &&
+	test_must_fail git rev-list --exclude-hidden=unsupported 2>err &&
+	test_cmp expected err
+'
+
+for section in receive uploadpack
+do
+	test_expect_success "$section: passed multiple times" '
+		echo "fatal: --exclude-hidden= passed more than once" >expected &&
+		test_must_fail git rev-list --exclude-hidden=$section --exclude-hidden=$section 2>err &&
+		test_cmp expected err
+	'
+
+	test_expect_success "$section: without hiddenRefs" '
+		git rev-list --exclude-hidden=$section --all >out &&
+		cat >expected <<-EOF &&
+		$NAMESPACE
+		$HIDDEN
+		$TAG
+		$COMMIT
+		EOF
+		test_cmp expected out
+	'
+
+	test_expect_success "$section: hidden via transfer.hideRefs" '
+		git -c transfer.hideRefs=refs/hidden/ rev-list --exclude-hidden=$section --all >out &&
+		cat >expected <<-EOF &&
+		$NAMESPACE
+		$TAG
+		$COMMIT
+		EOF
+		test_cmp expected out
+	'
+
+	test_expect_success "$section: hidden via $section.hideRefs" '
+		git -c $section.hideRefs=refs/hidden/ rev-list --exclude-hidden=$section --all >out &&
+		cat >expected <<-EOF &&
+		$NAMESPACE
+		$TAG
+		$COMMIT
+		EOF
+		test_cmp expected out
+	'
+
+	test_expect_success "$section: respects both transfer.hideRefs and $section.hideRefs" '
+		git -c transfer.hideRefs=refs/tags/ -c $section.hideRefs=refs/hidden/ rev-list --exclude-hidden=$section --all >out &&
+		cat >expected <<-EOF &&
+		$NAMESPACE
+		$COMMIT
+		EOF
+		test_cmp expected out
+	'
+
+	test_expect_success "$section: negation without hidden refs marks everything as uninteresting" '
+		git rev-list --all --exclude-hidden=$section --not --all >out &&
+		test_must_be_empty out
+	'
+
+	test_expect_success "$section: negation with hidden refs marks them as interesting" '
+		git -c transfer.hideRefs=refs/hidden/ rev-list --all --exclude-hidden=$section --not --all >out &&
+		cat >expected <<-EOF &&
+		$HIDDEN
+		EOF
+		test_cmp expected out
+	'
+
+	test_expect_success "$section: hidden refs and excludes work together" '
+		git -c transfer.hideRefs=refs/hidden/ rev-list --exclude=refs/tags/* --exclude-hidden=$section --all >out &&
+		cat >expected <<-EOF &&
+		$NAMESPACE
+		$COMMIT
+		EOF
+		test_cmp expected out
+	'
+
+	test_expect_success "$section: excluded hidden refs get reset" '
+		git -c transfer.hideRefs=refs/ rev-list --exclude-hidden=$section --all --all >out &&
+		cat >expected <<-EOF &&
+		$NAMESPACE
+		$HIDDEN
+		$TAG
+		$COMMIT
+		EOF
+		test_cmp expected out
+	'
+
+	test_expect_success "$section: excluded hidden refs can be used with multiple pseudo-refs" '
+		git -c transfer.hideRefs=refs/ rev-list --exclude-hidden=$section --all --exclude-hidden=$section --all >out &&
+		test_must_be_empty out
+	'
+
+	test_expect_success "$section: works with --glob" '
+		git -c transfer.hideRefs=refs/hidden/ rev-list --exclude-hidden=$section --glob=refs/h* >out &&
+		cat >expected <<-EOF &&
+		$COMMIT
+		EOF
+		test_cmp expected out
+	'
+
+	test_expect_success "$section: operates on stripped refs by default" '
+		GIT_NAMESPACE=namespace git -c transfer.hideRefs=refs/namespaced/ rev-list --exclude-hidden=$section --all >out &&
+		cat >expected <<-EOF &&
+		$HIDDEN
+		$TAG
+		$COMMIT
+		EOF
+		test_cmp expected out
+	'
+
+	test_expect_success "$section: does not hide namespace by default" '
+		GIT_NAMESPACE=namespace git -c transfer.hideRefs=refs/namespaces/namespace/ rev-list --exclude-hidden=$section --all >out &&
+		cat >expected <<-EOF &&
+		$NAMESPACE
+		$HIDDEN
+		$TAG
+		$COMMIT
+		EOF
+		test_cmp expected out
+	'
+
+	test_expect_success "$section: can operate on unstripped refs" '
+		GIT_NAMESPACE=namespace git -c transfer.hideRefs=^refs/namespaces/namespace/ rev-list --exclude-hidden=$section --all >out &&
+		cat >expected <<-EOF &&
+		$HIDDEN
+		$TAG
+		$COMMIT
+		EOF
+		test_cmp expected out
+	'
+
+	for pseudoopt in remotes branches tags
+	do
+		test_expect_success "$section: fails with --$pseudoopt" '
+			test_must_fail git rev-list --exclude-hidden=$section --$pseudoopt 2>err &&
+			test_i18ngrep "error: --exclude-hidden cannot be used together with --$pseudoopt" err
+		'
+
+		test_expect_success "$section: fails with --$pseudoopt=pattern" '
+			test_must_fail git rev-list --exclude-hidden=$section --$pseudoopt=pattern 2>err &&
+			test_i18ngrep "error: --exclude-hidden cannot be used together with --$pseudoopt" err
+		'
+	done
+done
+
+test_done
diff --git a/t/t6030-bisect-porcelain.sh b/t/t6030-bisect-porcelain.sh
index 83931d4..6dbbe62 100755
--- a/t/t6030-bisect-porcelain.sh
+++ b/t/t6030-bisect-porcelain.sh
@@ -266,6 +266,16 @@
 	git bisect reset
 '
 
+# We want to make sure no arguments has been eaten
+test_expect_success '"git bisect run" simple case' '
+	git bisect start &&
+	git bisect good $HASH1 &&
+	git bisect bad $HASH4 &&
+	git bisect run printf "%s %s\n" reset --bisect-skip >my_bisect_log.txt &&
+	grep -e "reset --bisect-skip" my_bisect_log.txt &&
+	git bisect reset
+'
+
 # We want to automatically find the commit that
 # added "Ciao" into hello.
 test_expect_success '"git bisect run" with more complex "git bisect start"' '
diff --git a/t/t6102-rev-list-unexpected-objects.sh b/t/t6102-rev-list-unexpected-objects.sh
index 4a9a443..9350b5f 100755
--- a/t/t6102-rev-list-unexpected-objects.sh
+++ b/t/t6102-rev-list-unexpected-objects.sh
@@ -121,8 +121,8 @@
 	tag=$(git hash-object -w --literally -t tag broken-tag)
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'TODO (should fail!): traverse unexpected non-blob tag (lone)' '
-	git rev-list --objects $tag
+test_expect_success 'traverse unexpected non-blob tag (lone)' '
+	test_must_fail git rev-list --objects $tag
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'traverse unexpected non-blob tag (seen)' '
diff --git a/t/t6300-for-each-ref.sh b/t/t6300-for-each-ref.sh
index dcaab72..fa38b87 100755
--- a/t/t6300-for-each-ref.sh
+++ b/t/t6300-for-each-ref.sh
@@ -1406,4 +1406,44 @@
 		refs/tags/broken-tag-*
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'set up tag with signature and no blank lines' '
+	git tag -F - fake-sig-no-blanks <<-\EOF
+	this is the subject
+	-----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE-----
+	not a real signature, but we just care about the
+	subject/body parsing. It is important here that
+	there are no blank lines in the signature.
+	-----END PGP SIGNATURE-----
+	EOF
+'
+
+test_atom refs/tags/fake-sig-no-blanks contents:subject 'this is the subject'
+test_atom refs/tags/fake-sig-no-blanks contents:body ''
+test_atom refs/tags/fake-sig-no-blanks contents:signature "$sig"
+
+test_expect_success 'set up tag with CRLF signature' '
+	append_cr <<-\EOF |
+	this is the subject
+	-----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE-----
+
+	not a real signature, but we just care about
+	the subject/body parsing. It is important here
+	that there is a blank line separating this
+	from the signature header.
+	-----END PGP SIGNATURE-----
+	EOF
+	git tag -F - --cleanup=verbatim fake-sig-crlf
+'
+
+test_atom refs/tags/fake-sig-crlf contents:subject 'this is the subject'
+test_atom refs/tags/fake-sig-crlf contents:body ''
+
+# CRLF is retained in the signature, so we have to pass our expected value
+# through append_cr. But test_atom requires a shell string, which means command
+# substitution, and the shell will strip trailing newlines from the output of
+# the substitution. Hack around it by adding and then removing a dummy line.
+sig_crlf="$(printf "%s" "$sig" | append_cr; echo dummy)"
+sig_crlf=${sig_crlf%dummy}
+test_atom refs/tags/fake-sig-crlf contents:signature "$sig_crlf"
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t6423-merge-rename-directories.sh b/t/t6423-merge-rename-directories.sh
index a494187..944de75 100755
--- a/t/t6423-merge-rename-directories.sh
+++ b/t/t6423-merge-rename-directories.sh
@@ -5304,6 +5304,62 @@
 	)
 '
 
+# Testcase 12m, Directory rename, plus change of parent dir to symlink
+#   Commit O:  dir/subdir/file
+#   Commit A:  renamed-dir/subdir/file
+#   Commit B:  dir/subdir
+#   In words:
+#     A: dir/subdir/ -> renamed-dir/subdir
+#     B: delete dir/subdir/file, add dir/subdir as symlink
+#
+#   Expected: CONFLICT (rename/delete): renamed-dir/subdir/file,
+#             CONFLICT (file location): renamed-dir/subdir vs. dir/subdir
+#             CONFLICT (directory/file): renamed-dir/subdir symlink has
+#                                        renamed-dir/subdir in the way
+
+test_setup_12m () {
+	git init 12m &&
+	(
+		cd 12m &&
+
+		mkdir -p dir/subdir &&
+		echo 1 >dir/subdir/file &&
+		git add . &&
+		git commit -m "O" &&
+
+		git branch O &&
+		git branch A &&
+		git branch B &&
+
+		git switch A &&
+		git mv dir/ renamed-dir/ &&
+		git add . &&
+		git commit -m "A" &&
+
+		git switch B &&
+		git rm dir/subdir/file &&
+		mkdir dir &&
+		ln -s /dev/null dir/subdir &&
+		git add . &&
+		git commit -m "B"
+	)
+}
+
+test_expect_merge_algorithm failure success '12m: Change parent of renamed-dir to symlink on other side' '
+	test_setup_12m &&
+	(
+		cd 12m &&
+
+		git checkout -q A^0 &&
+
+		test_must_fail git -c merge.directoryRenames=conflict merge -s recursive B^0 &&
+
+		test_stdout_line_count = 3 git ls-files -s &&
+		test_stdout_line_count = 2 ls -1 renamed-dir &&
+		test_path_is_missing dir
+	)
+'
+
 ###########################################################################
 # SECTION 13: Checking informational and conflict messages
 #
diff --git a/t/t6500-gc.sh b/t/t6500-gc.sh
index cd6c533..d9acb63 100755
--- a/t/t6500-gc.sh
+++ b/t/t6500-gc.sh
@@ -202,6 +202,102 @@
 	grep -E "^trace: (built-in|exec|run_command): git reflog expire --" trace.out
 '
 
+prepare_cruft_history () {
+	test_commit base &&
+
+	test_commit --no-tag foo &&
+	test_commit --no-tag bar &&
+	git reset HEAD^^
+}
+
+assert_cruft_packs () {
+	find .git/objects/pack -name "*.mtimes" >mtimes &&
+	sed -e 's/\.mtimes$/\.pack/g' mtimes >packs &&
+
+	test_file_not_empty packs &&
+	while read pack
+	do
+		test_path_is_file "$pack" || return 1
+	done <packs
+}
+
+assert_no_cruft_packs () {
+	find .git/objects/pack -name "*.mtimes" >mtimes &&
+	test_must_be_empty mtimes
+}
+
+test_expect_success 'gc --cruft generates a cruft pack' '
+	test_when_finished "rm -fr crufts" &&
+	git init crufts &&
+	(
+		cd crufts &&
+
+		prepare_cruft_history &&
+		git gc --cruft &&
+		assert_cruft_packs
+	)
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'gc.cruftPacks=true generates a cruft pack' '
+	test_when_finished "rm -fr crufts" &&
+	git init crufts &&
+	(
+		cd crufts &&
+
+		prepare_cruft_history &&
+		git -c gc.cruftPacks=true gc &&
+		assert_cruft_packs
+	)
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'feature.experimental=true generates a cruft pack' '
+	git init crufts &&
+	test_when_finished "rm -fr crufts" &&
+	(
+		cd crufts &&
+
+		prepare_cruft_history &&
+		git -c feature.experimental=true gc &&
+		assert_cruft_packs
+	)
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'feature.experimental=false allows explicit cruft packs' '
+	git init crufts &&
+	test_when_finished "rm -fr crufts" &&
+	(
+		cd crufts &&
+
+		prepare_cruft_history &&
+		git -c gc.cruftPacks=true -c feature.experimental=false gc &&
+		assert_cruft_packs
+	)
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'feature.experimental=true can be overridden' '
+	git init crufts &&
+	test_when_finished "rm -fr crufts" &&
+	(
+		cd crufts &&
+
+		prepare_cruft_history &&
+		git -c feature.expiremental=true -c gc.cruftPacks=false gc &&
+		assert_no_cruft_packs
+	)
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'feature.experimental=false avoids cruft packs by default' '
+	git init crufts &&
+	test_when_finished "rm -fr crufts" &&
+	(
+		cd crufts &&
+
+		prepare_cruft_history &&
+		git -c feature.experimental=false gc &&
+		assert_no_cruft_packs
+	)
+'
+
 run_and_wait_for_auto_gc () {
 	# We read stdout from gc for the side effect of waiting until the
 	# background gc process exits, closing its fd 9.  Furthermore, the
diff --git a/t/t7001-mv.sh b/t/t7001-mv.sh
index 8c37bce..d72cef8 100755
--- a/t/t7001-mv.sh
+++ b/t/t7001-mv.sh
@@ -60,8 +60,8 @@
 
 test_expect_success 'mv --dry-run does not move file' '
 	git mv -n path0/COPYING MOVED &&
-	test -f path0/COPYING &&
-	test ! -f MOVED
+	test_path_is_file path0/COPYING &&
+	test_path_is_missing MOVED
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'checking -k on non-existing file' '
@@ -71,25 +71,25 @@
 test_expect_success 'checking -k on untracked file' '
 	>untracked1 &&
 	git mv -k untracked1 path0 &&
-	test -f untracked1 &&
-	test ! -f path0/untracked1
+	test_path_is_file untracked1 &&
+	test_path_is_missing path0/untracked1
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'checking -k on multiple untracked files' '
 	>untracked2 &&
 	git mv -k untracked1 untracked2 path0 &&
-	test -f untracked1 &&
-	test -f untracked2 &&
-	test ! -f path0/untracked1 &&
-	test ! -f path0/untracked2
+	test_path_is_file untracked1 &&
+	test_path_is_file untracked2 &&
+	test_path_is_missing path0/untracked1 &&
+	test_path_is_missing path0/untracked2
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'checking -f on untracked file with existing target' '
 	>path0/untracked1 &&
 	test_must_fail git mv -f untracked1 path0 &&
-	test ! -f .git/index.lock &&
-	test -f untracked1 &&
-	test -f path0/untracked1
+	test_path_is_missing .git/index.lock &&
+	test_path_is_file untracked1 &&
+	test_path_is_file path0/untracked1
 '
 
 # clean up the mess in case bad things happen
@@ -215,8 +215,8 @@
 		git add sub/file &&
 
 		git mv sub "$(pwd)/in" &&
-		! test -d sub &&
-		test -d in &&
+		test_path_is_missing sub &&
+		test_path_is_dir in &&
 		git ls-files --error-unmatch in/file
 	)
 '
@@ -234,8 +234,8 @@
 		git add sub/file &&
 
 		test_must_fail git mv sub "$out/out" &&
-		test -d sub &&
-		! test -d ../in &&
+		test_path_is_dir sub &&
+		test_path_is_missing ../in &&
 		git ls-files --error-unmatch sub/file
 	)
 '
@@ -295,8 +295,8 @@
 	git add moved &&
 	test_must_fail git mv moved symlink &&
 	git mv -f moved symlink &&
-	! test -e moved &&
-	test -f symlink &&
+	test_path_is_missing moved &&
+	test_path_is_file symlink &&
 	test "$(cat symlink)" = 1 &&
 	git update-index --refresh &&
 	git diff-files --quiet
@@ -312,13 +312,13 @@
 	git add moved &&
 	test_must_fail git mv symlink moved &&
 	git mv -f symlink moved &&
-	! test -e symlink &&
+	test_path_is_missing symlink &&
 	git update-index --refresh &&
 	git diff-files --quiet
 '
 
 test_expect_success SYMLINKS 'check moved symlink' '
-	test -h moved
+	test_path_is_symlink moved
 '
 
 rm -f moved symlink
@@ -352,7 +352,7 @@
 	) &&
 	mkdir mod &&
 	git mv sub mod/sub &&
-	! test -e sub &&
+	test_path_is_missing sub &&
 	test "$entry" = "$(git ls-files --stage mod/sub | cut -f 1)" &&
 	git -C mod/sub status &&
 	git update-index --refresh &&
@@ -372,7 +372,7 @@
 	) &&
 	mkdir mod &&
 	git mv sub mod/sub &&
-	! test -e sub &&
+	test_path_is_missing sub &&
 	test "$entry" = "$(git ls-files --stage mod/sub | cut -f 1)" &&
 	git -C mod/sub status &&
 	echo mod/sub >expected &&
@@ -389,7 +389,7 @@
 	entry="$(git ls-files --stage sub | cut -f 1)" &&
 	mkdir mod &&
 	git -C mod mv ../sub/ . &&
-	! test -e sub &&
+	test_path_is_missing sub &&
 	test "$entry" = "$(git ls-files --stage mod/sub | cut -f 1)" &&
 	git -C mod/sub status &&
 	echo mod/sub >expected &&
@@ -408,7 +408,7 @@
 	mkdir mod &&
 	git mv sub mod/sub 2>actual.err &&
 	test_must_be_empty actual.err &&
-	! test -e sub &&
+	test_path_is_missing sub &&
 	test "$entry" = "$(git ls-files --stage mod/sub | cut -f 1)" &&
 	git -C mod/sub status &&
 	git update-index --refresh &&
@@ -423,13 +423,13 @@
 	entry="$(git ls-files --stage sub | cut -f 1)" &&
 	mkdir mod &&
 	test_must_fail git mv sub mod/sub 2>actual.err &&
-	test -s actual.err &&
-	test -e sub &&
+	test_file_not_empty actual.err &&
+	test_path_exists sub &&
 	git diff-files --quiet -- sub &&
 	git add .gitmodules &&
 	git mv sub mod/sub 2>actual.err &&
 	test_must_be_empty actual.err &&
-	! test -e sub &&
+	test_path_is_missing sub &&
 	test "$entry" = "$(git ls-files --stage mod/sub | cut -f 1)" &&
 	git -C mod/sub status &&
 	git update-index --refresh &&
@@ -447,7 +447,7 @@
 	mkdir mod &&
 	git mv sub mod/sub 2>actual.err &&
 	test_cmp expect.err actual.err &&
-	! test -e sub &&
+	test_path_is_missing sub &&
 	test "$entry" = "$(git ls-files --stage mod/sub | cut -f 1)" &&
 	git -C mod/sub status &&
 	git update-index --refresh &&
@@ -460,7 +460,7 @@
 	git submodule update &&
 	mkdir mod &&
 	git mv -n sub mod/sub 2>actual.err &&
-	test -f sub/.git &&
+	test_path_is_file sub/.git &&
 	git diff-index --exit-code HEAD &&
 	git update-index --refresh &&
 	git diff-files --quiet -- sub .gitmodules
@@ -474,10 +474,10 @@
 	git status -s sub2 >actual &&
 	echo "?? sub2/" >expected &&
 	test_cmp expected actual &&
-	! test -f sub/.git &&
-	test -f sub2/.git &&
+	test_path_is_missing sub/.git &&
+	test_path_is_file sub2/.git &&
 	git submodule update &&
-	test -f sub/.git &&
+	test_path_is_file sub/.git &&
 	rm -rf sub2 &&
 	git diff-index --exit-code HEAD &&
 	git update-index --refresh &&
diff --git a/t/t7003-filter-branch.sh b/t/t7003-filter-branch.sh
index e18a218..f6aebe9 100755
--- a/t/t7003-filter-branch.sh
+++ b/t/t7003-filter-branch.sh
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@
 test_expect_success 'rewrite bare repository identically' '
 	(git config core.bare true && cd .git &&
 	 git filter-branch branch > filter-output 2>&1 &&
-	! fgrep fatal filter-output)
+	! grep fatal filter-output)
 '
 git config core.bare false
 test_expect_success 'result is really identical' '
@@ -506,7 +506,7 @@
 	git tag -a -m "tag to a tree" treetag $new_tree &&
 	git reset --hard HEAD &&
 	git filter-branch -f -- --all >filter-output 2>&1 &&
-	! fgrep fatal filter-output
+	! grep fatal filter-output
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'filter-branch handles ref deletion' '
diff --git a/t/t7400-submodule-basic.sh b/t/t7400-submodule-basic.sh
index a989aaf..eae6a46 100755
--- a/t/t7400-submodule-basic.sh
+++ b/t/t7400-submodule-basic.sh
@@ -579,6 +579,16 @@
 	grep "^+$rev2" list
 '
 
+test_expect_success '"submodule --cached" command forms should be identical' '
+	git submodule status --cached >expect &&
+
+	git submodule --cached >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
+
+	git submodule --cached status >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'the --cached sha1 should be rev1' '
 	git submodule --cached status >list &&
 	grep "^+$rev1" list
diff --git a/t/t7407-submodule-foreach.sh b/t/t7407-submodule-foreach.sh
index 59bd150..8d7b234 100755
--- a/t/t7407-submodule-foreach.sh
+++ b/t/t7407-submodule-foreach.sh
@@ -154,6 +154,11 @@
 	)
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'usage: foreach -- --not-an-option' '
+	test_expect_code 1 git submodule foreach -- --not-an-option &&
+	test_expect_code 1 git -C clone2 submodule foreach -- --not-an-option
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'use "foreach --recursive" to checkout all submodules' '
 	(
 		cd clone2 &&
diff --git a/t/t7411-submodule-config.sh b/t/t7411-submodule-config.sh
index c583c4e..c016794 100755
--- a/t/t7411-submodule-config.sh
+++ b/t/t7411-submodule-config.sh
@@ -137,44 +137,44 @@
 	)
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'reading submodules config from the working tree with "submodule--helper config"' '
+test_expect_success 'reading submodules config from the working tree' '
 	(cd super &&
 		echo "../submodule" >expect &&
-		git submodule--helper config submodule.submodule.url >actual &&
+		test-tool submodule config-list submodule.submodule.url >actual &&
 		test_cmp expect actual
 	)
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'unsetting submodules config from the working tree with "submodule--helper config --unset"' '
+test_expect_success 'unsetting submodules config from the working tree' '
 	(cd super &&
-		git submodule--helper config --unset submodule.submodule.url &&
-		git submodule--helper config submodule.submodule.url >actual &&
+		test-tool submodule config-unset submodule.submodule.url &&
+		test-tool submodule config-list submodule.submodule.url >actual &&
 		test_must_be_empty actual
 	)
 '
 
 
-test_expect_success 'writing submodules config with "submodule--helper config"' '
+test_expect_success 'writing submodules config' '
 	(cd super &&
 		echo "new_url" >expect &&
-		git submodule--helper config submodule.submodule.url "new_url" &&
-		git submodule--helper config submodule.submodule.url >actual &&
+		test-tool submodule config-set submodule.submodule.url "new_url" &&
+		test-tool submodule config-list submodule.submodule.url >actual &&
 		test_cmp expect actual
 	)
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'overwriting unstaged submodules config with "submodule--helper config"' '
+test_expect_success 'overwriting unstaged submodules config' '
 	test_when_finished "git -C super checkout .gitmodules" &&
 	(cd super &&
 		echo "newer_url" >expect &&
-		git submodule--helper config submodule.submodule.url "newer_url" &&
-		git submodule--helper config submodule.submodule.url >actual &&
+		test-tool submodule config-set submodule.submodule.url "newer_url" &&
+		test-tool submodule config-list submodule.submodule.url >actual &&
 		test_cmp expect actual
 	)
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'writeable .gitmodules when it is in the working tree' '
-	git -C super submodule--helper config --check-writeable
+	test-tool -C super submodule config-writeable
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'writeable .gitmodules when it is nowhere in the repository' '
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@
 	(cd super &&
 		git rm .gitmodules &&
 		git commit -m "remove .gitmodules from the current branch" &&
-		git submodule--helper config --check-writeable
+		test-tool submodule config-writeable
 	)
 '
 
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@
 	test_when_finished "git -C super checkout .gitmodules" &&
 	(cd super &&
 		rm -f .gitmodules &&
-		test_must_fail git submodule--helper config --check-writeable
+		test_must_fail test-tool submodule config-writeable
 	)
 '
 
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@
 	test_when_finished "git -C super reset --hard $ORIG" &&
 	(cd super &&
 		git rm .gitmodules &&
-		test_must_fail git submodule--helper config --check-writeable
+		test_must_fail test-tool submodule config-writeable
 	)
 '
 
@@ -208,11 +208,11 @@
 	ORIG=$(git -C super rev-parse HEAD) &&
 	test_when_finished "git -C super reset --hard $ORIG" &&
 	(cd super &&
-		git submodule--helper config submodule.submodule.url "staged_url" &&
+		test-tool submodule config-set submodule.submodule.url "staged_url" &&
 		git add .gitmodules &&
 		rm -f .gitmodules &&
 		echo "staged_url" >expect &&
-		git submodule--helper config submodule.submodule.url >actual &&
+		test-tool submodule config-list submodule.submodule.url >actual &&
 		test_cmp expect actual
 	)
 '
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@
 	(cd super &&
 		git rm .gitmodules &&
 		echo "../submodule" >expect &&
-		git submodule--helper config submodule.submodule.url >actual &&
+		test-tool submodule config-list submodule.submodule.url >actual &&
 		test_cmp expect actual
 	)
 '
diff --git a/t/t7418-submodule-sparse-gitmodules.sh b/t/t7418-submodule-sparse-gitmodules.sh
index d587420..dde11ec 100755
--- a/t/t7418-submodule-sparse-gitmodules.sh
+++ b/t/t7418-submodule-sparse-gitmodules.sh
@@ -50,12 +50,12 @@
 
 test_expect_success 'reading gitmodules config file when it is not checked out' '
 	echo "../submodule" >expect &&
-	git -C super submodule--helper config submodule.submodule.url >actual &&
+	test-tool -C super submodule config-list submodule.submodule.url >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'not writing gitmodules config file when it is not checked out' '
-	test_must_fail git -C super submodule--helper config submodule.submodule.url newurl &&
+	test_must_fail test-tool -C super submodule config-set submodule.submodule.url newurl &&
 	test_path_is_missing super/.gitmodules
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t7422-submodule-output.sh b/t/t7422-submodule-output.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..ab946ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/t7422-submodule-output.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+test_description='submodule --cached, --quiet etc. output'
+
+TEST_PASSES_SANITIZE_LEAK=true
+. ./test-lib.sh
+. "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/lib-t3100.sh
+
+setup_sub () {
+	local d="$1" &&
+	shift &&
+	git $@ clone . "$d" &&
+	git $@ submodule add ./"$d"
+}
+
+normalize_status () {
+	sed -e 's/-g[0-9a-f]*/-gHASH/'
+}
+
+test_expect_success 'setup' '
+	test_commit A &&
+	test_commit B &&
+	setup_sub S  &&
+	setup_sub S.D &&
+	setup_sub S.C &&
+	setup_sub S.C.D &&
+	setup_sub X &&
+	git add S* &&
+	test_commit C &&
+
+	# recursive in X/
+	git -C X pull &&
+	GIT_ALLOW_PROTOCOL=file git -C X submodule update --init &&
+
+	# dirty
+	for d in S.D X/S.D
+	do
+		echo dirty >"$d"/A.t || return 1
+	done &&
+
+	# commit (for --cached)
+	for d in S.C* X/S.C*
+	do
+		git -C "$d" reset --hard A || return 1
+	done &&
+
+	# dirty
+	for d in S*.D X/S*.D
+	do
+		echo dirty >"$d/C2.t" || return 1
+	done &&
+
+	for ref in A B C
+	do
+		# Not different with SHA-1 and SHA-256, just (ab)using
+		# test_oid_cache as a variable bag to avoid using
+		# $(git rev-parse ...).
+		oid=$(git rev-parse $ref) &&
+		test_oid_cache <<-EOF || return 1
+		$ref sha1:$oid
+		$ref sha256:$oid
+		EOF
+	done
+'
+
+for opts in "" "status"
+do
+	test_expect_success "git submodule $opts" '
+		sed -e "s/^>//" >expect <<-EOF &&
+		> $(test_oid B) S (B)
+		>+$(test_oid A) S.C (A)
+		>+$(test_oid A) S.C.D (A)
+		> $(test_oid B) S.D (B)
+		>+$(test_oid C) X (C)
+		EOF
+		git submodule $opts >actual.raw &&
+		normalize_status <actual.raw >actual &&
+		test_cmp expect actual
+	'
+done
+
+for opts in \
+	"status --recursive"
+do
+	test_expect_success "git submodule $opts" '
+		sed -e "s/^>//" >expect <<-EOF &&
+		> $(test_oid B) S (B)
+		>+$(test_oid A) S.C (A)
+		>+$(test_oid A) S.C.D (A)
+		> $(test_oid B) S.D (B)
+		>+$(test_oid C) X (C)
+		> $(test_oid B) X/S (B)
+		>+$(test_oid A) X/S.C (A)
+		>+$(test_oid A) X/S.C.D (A)
+		> $(test_oid B) X/S.D (B)
+		> $(test_oid B) X/X (B)
+		EOF
+		git submodule $opts >actual.raw &&
+		normalize_status <actual.raw >actual &&
+		test_cmp expect actual
+	'
+done
+
+for opts in \
+	"--quiet" \
+	"--quiet status" \
+	"status --quiet"
+do
+	test_expect_success "git submodule $opts" '
+		git submodule $opts >out &&
+		test_must_be_empty out
+	'
+done
+
+for opts in \
+	"--cached" \
+	"--cached status" \
+	"status --cached"
+do
+	test_expect_success "git submodule $opts" '
+		sed -e "s/^>//" >expect <<-EOF &&
+		> $(test_oid B) S (B)
+		>+$(test_oid B) S.C (B)
+		>+$(test_oid B) S.C.D (B)
+		> $(test_oid B) S.D (B)
+		>+$(test_oid B) X (B)
+		EOF
+		git submodule $opts >actual.raw &&
+		normalize_status <actual.raw >actual &&
+		test_cmp expect actual
+	'
+done
+
+for opts in \
+	"--cached --quiet" \
+	"--cached --quiet status" \
+	"--cached status --quiet" \
+	"--quiet status --cached" \
+	"status --cached --quiet"
+do
+	test_expect_success "git submodule $opts" '
+		git submodule $opts >out &&
+		test_must_be_empty out
+	'
+done
+
+for opts in \
+	"status --cached --recursive" \
+	"--cached status --recursive"
+do
+	test_expect_success "git submodule $opts" '
+		sed -e "s/^>//" >expect <<-EOF &&
+		> $(test_oid B) S (B)
+		>+$(test_oid B) S.C (B)
+		>+$(test_oid B) S.C.D (B)
+		> $(test_oid B) S.D (B)
+		>+$(test_oid B) X (B)
+		> $(test_oid B) X/S (B)
+		>+$(test_oid B) X/S.C (B)
+		>+$(test_oid B) X/S.C.D (B)
+		> $(test_oid B) X/S.D (B)
+		> $(test_oid B) X/X (B)
+		EOF
+		git submodule $opts >actual.raw &&
+		normalize_status <actual.raw >actual &&
+		test_cmp expect actual
+	'
+done
+
+test_done
diff --git a/t/t7527-builtin-fsmonitor.sh b/t/t7527-builtin-fsmonitor.sh
index d419085..4abc74d 100755
--- a/t/t7527-builtin-fsmonitor.sh
+++ b/t/t7527-builtin-fsmonitor.sh
@@ -943,9 +943,9 @@
 	# directories and files that we touched.  We may or may not get a
 	# trailing slash on modified directories.
 	#
-	egrep "^event: abc/?$"       ./insensitive.trace &&
-	egrep "^event: abc/def/?$"   ./insensitive.trace &&
-	egrep "^event: abc/def/xyz$" ./insensitive.trace
+	grep -E "^event: abc/?$"       ./insensitive.trace &&
+	grep -E "^event: abc/def/?$"   ./insensitive.trace &&
+	grep -E "^event: abc/def/xyz$" ./insensitive.trace
 '
 
 # The variable "unicode_debug" is defined in the following library
@@ -987,20 +987,20 @@
 	then
 		# We should have seen NFC event from OS.
 		# We should not have synthesized an NFD event.
-		egrep    "^event: nfc/c_${utf8_nfc}/?$" ./unicode.trace &&
-		egrep -v "^event: nfc/c_${utf8_nfd}/?$" ./unicode.trace
+		grep -E    "^event: nfc/c_${utf8_nfc}/?$" ./unicode.trace &&
+		grep -E -v "^event: nfc/c_${utf8_nfd}/?$" ./unicode.trace
 	else
 		# We should have seen NFD event from OS.
 		# We should have synthesized an NFC event.
-		egrep "^event: nfc/c_${utf8_nfd}/?$" ./unicode.trace &&
-		egrep "^event: nfc/c_${utf8_nfc}/?$" ./unicode.trace
+		grep -E "^event: nfc/c_${utf8_nfd}/?$" ./unicode.trace &&
+		grep -E "^event: nfc/c_${utf8_nfc}/?$" ./unicode.trace
 	fi &&
 
 	# We assume UNICODE_NFD_PRESERVED.
 	# We should have seen explicit NFD from OS.
 	# We should have synthesized an NFC event.
-	egrep "^event: nfd/d_${utf8_nfd}/?$" ./unicode.trace &&
-	egrep "^event: nfd/d_${utf8_nfc}/?$" ./unicode.trace
+	grep -E "^event: nfd/d_${utf8_nfd}/?$" ./unicode.trace &&
+	grep -E "^event: nfd/d_${utf8_nfc}/?$" ./unicode.trace
 '
 
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t7610-mergetool.sh b/t/t7610-mergetool.sh
index 8cc6472..7b95702 100755
--- a/t/t7610-mergetool.sh
+++ b/t/t7610-mergetool.sh
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
 		git add foo &&
 		git commit -m "Add foo"
 	) &&
-	git submodule add git://example.com/submod submod &&
+	git submodule add file:///dev/null submod &&
 	git add file1 "spaced name" file1[1-4] subdir/file3 .gitmodules submod &&
 	git commit -m "add initial versions" &&
 
@@ -614,7 +614,7 @@
 		)
 	) &&
 	test_when_finished "rm -rf subdir/subdir_module" &&
-	git submodule add git://example.com/subsubmodule subdir/subdir_module &&
+	git submodule add file:///dev/null subdir/subdir_module &&
 	git add subdir/subdir_module &&
 	git commit -m "add submodule in subdirectory" &&
 
diff --git a/t/t7700-repack.sh b/t/t7700-repack.sh
index ca45c4c..4aabe98 100755
--- a/t/t7700-repack.sh
+++ b/t/t7700-repack.sh
@@ -90,6 +90,22 @@
 	test_has_duplicate_object false
 '
 
+test_expect_success SYMLINKS '--local keeps packs when alternate is objectdir ' '
+	test_when_finished "rm -rf repo" &&
+	git init repo &&
+	test_commit -C repo A &&
+	(
+		cd repo &&
+		git repack -a &&
+		ls .git/objects/pack/*.pack >../expect &&
+		ln -s objects .git/alt_objects &&
+		echo "$(pwd)/.git/alt_objects" >.git/objects/info/alternates &&
+		git repack -a -d -l &&
+		ls .git/objects/pack/*.pack >../actual
+	) &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'packed obs in alt ODB are repacked even when local repo is packless' '
 	mkdir alt_objects/pack &&
 	mv .git/objects/pack/* alt_objects/pack &&
@@ -426,12 +442,73 @@
 	)
 '
 
+test_expect_success '--write-midx removes stale pack-based bitmaps' '
+       rm -fr repo &&
+       git init repo &&
+       test_when_finished "rm -fr repo" &&
+       (
+		cd repo &&
+		test_commit base &&
+		GIT_TEST_MULTI_PACK_INDEX=0 git repack -Ab &&
+
+		pack_bitmap=$(ls $objdir/pack/pack-*.bitmap) &&
+		test_path_is_file "$pack_bitmap" &&
+
+		test_commit tip &&
+		GIT_TEST_MULTI_PACK_INDEX=0 git repack -bm &&
+
+		test_path_is_file $midx &&
+		test_path_is_file $midx-$(midx_checksum $objdir).bitmap &&
+		test_path_is_missing $pack_bitmap
+       )
+'
+
+test_expect_success '--write-midx with --pack-kept-objects' '
+	git init repo &&
+	test_when_finished "rm -fr repo" &&
+	(
+		cd repo &&
+
+		test_commit one &&
+		test_commit two &&
+
+		one="$(echo "one" | git pack-objects --revs $objdir/pack/pack)" &&
+		two="$(echo "one..two" | git pack-objects --revs $objdir/pack/pack)" &&
+
+		keep="$objdir/pack/pack-$one.keep" &&
+		touch "$keep" &&
+
+		git repack --write-midx --write-bitmap-index --geometric=2 -d \
+			--pack-kept-objects &&
+
+		test_path_is_file $keep &&
+		test_path_is_file $midx &&
+		test_path_is_file $midx-$(midx_checksum $objdir).bitmap
+	)
+'
+
 test_expect_success TTY '--quiet disables progress' '
 	test_terminal env GIT_PROGRESS_DELAY=0 \
 		git -C midx repack -ad --quiet --write-midx 2>stderr &&
 	test_must_be_empty stderr
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'clean up .tmp-* packs on error' '
+	test_must_fail ok=sigpipe git \
+		-c repack.cruftwindow=bogus \
+		repack -ad --cruft &&
+	find $objdir/pack -name '.tmp-*' >tmpfiles &&
+	test_must_be_empty tmpfiles
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'repack -ad cleans up old .tmp-* packs' '
+	git rev-parse HEAD >input &&
+	git pack-objects $objdir/pack/.tmp-1234 <input &&
+	git repack -ad &&
+	find $objdir/pack -name '.tmp-*' >tmpfiles &&
+	test_must_be_empty tmpfiles
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'setup for update-server-info' '
 	git init update-server-info &&
 	test_commit -C update-server-info message
@@ -482,4 +559,125 @@
 	test_server_info_missing
 '
 
+test_expect_success '--expire-to stores pruned objects (now)' '
+	git init expire-to-now &&
+	(
+		cd expire-to-now &&
+
+		git branch -M main &&
+
+		test_commit base &&
+
+		git checkout -b cruft &&
+		test_commit --no-tag cruft &&
+
+		git rev-list --objects --no-object-names main..cruft >moved.raw &&
+		sort moved.raw >moved.want &&
+
+		git rev-list --all --objects --no-object-names >expect.raw &&
+		sort expect.raw >expect &&
+
+		git checkout main &&
+		git branch -D cruft &&
+		git reflog expire --all --expire=all &&
+
+		git init --bare expired.git &&
+		git repack -d \
+			--cruft --cruft-expiration="now" \
+			--expire-to="expired.git/objects/pack/pack" &&
+
+		expired="$(ls expired.git/objects/pack/pack-*.idx)" &&
+		test_path_is_file "${expired%.idx}.mtimes" &&
+
+		# Since the `--cruft-expiration` is "now", the effective
+		# behavior is to move _all_ unreachable objects out to
+		# the location in `--expire-to`.
+		git show-index <$expired >expired.raw &&
+		cut -d" " -f2 expired.raw | sort >expired.objects &&
+		git rev-list --all --objects --no-object-names \
+			>remaining.objects &&
+
+		# ...in other words, the combined contents of this
+		# repository and expired.git should be the same as the
+		# set of objects we started with.
+		cat expired.objects remaining.objects | sort >actual &&
+		test_cmp expect actual &&
+
+		# The "moved" objects (i.e., those in expired.git)
+		# should be the same as the cruft objects which were
+		# expired in the previous step.
+		test_cmp moved.want expired.objects
+	)
+'
+
+test_expect_success '--expire-to stores pruned objects (5.minutes.ago)' '
+	git init expire-to-5.minutes.ago &&
+	(
+		cd expire-to-5.minutes.ago &&
+
+		git branch -M main &&
+
+		test_commit base &&
+
+		# Create two classes of unreachable objects, one which
+		# is older than 5 minutes (stale), and another which is
+		# newer (recent).
+		for kind in stale recent
+		do
+			git checkout -b $kind main &&
+			test_commit --no-tag $kind || return 1
+		done &&
+
+		git rev-list --objects --no-object-names main..stale >in &&
+		stale="$(git pack-objects $objdir/pack/pack <in)" &&
+		mtime="$(test-tool chmtime --get =-600 $objdir/pack/pack-$stale.pack)" &&
+
+		# expect holds the set of objects we expect to find in
+		# this repository after repacking
+		git rev-list --objects --no-object-names recent >expect.raw &&
+		sort expect.raw >expect &&
+
+		# moved.want holds the set of objects we expect to find
+		# in expired.git
+		git rev-list --objects --no-object-names main..stale >out &&
+		sort out >moved.want &&
+
+		git checkout main &&
+		git branch -D stale recent &&
+		git reflog expire --all --expire=all &&
+		git prune-packed &&
+
+		git init --bare expired.git &&
+		git repack -d \
+			--cruft --cruft-expiration=5.minutes.ago \
+			--expire-to="expired.git/objects/pack/pack" &&
+
+		# Some of the remaining objects in this repository are
+		# unreachable, so use `cat-file --batch-all-objects`
+		# instead of `rev-list` to get their names
+		git cat-file --batch-all-objects --batch-check="%(objectname)" \
+			>remaining.objects &&
+		sort remaining.objects >actual &&
+		test_cmp expect actual &&
+
+		(
+			cd expired.git &&
+
+			expired="$(ls objects/pack/pack-*.mtimes)" &&
+			test-tool pack-mtimes $(basename $expired) >out &&
+			cut -d" " -f1 out | sort >../moved.got &&
+
+			# Ensure that there are as many objects with the
+			# expected mtime as were moved to expired.git.
+			#
+			# In other words, ensure that the recorded
+			# mtimes of any moved objects was written
+			# correctly.
+			grep " $mtime$" out >matching &&
+			test_line_count = $(wc -l <../moved.want) matching
+		) &&
+		test_cmp moved.want moved.got
+	)
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t7701-repack-unpack-unreachable.sh b/t/t7701-repack-unpack-unreachable.sh
index 937f89e..b7ac4f5 100755
--- a/t/t7701-repack-unpack-unreachable.sh
+++ b/t/t7701-repack-unpack-unreachable.sh
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
 	git repack -A -d -l &&
 	# verify objects are packed in repository
 	test 3 = $(git verify-pack -v -- .git/objects/pack/*.idx |
-		   egrep "^($fsha1|$csha1|$tsha1) " |
+		   grep -E "^($fsha1|$csha1|$tsha1) " |
 		   sort | uniq | wc -l) &&
 	git show $fsha1 &&
 	git show $csha1 &&
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@
 	git repack -A -d -l &&
 	# verify objects are retained unpacked
 	test 0 = $(git verify-pack -v -- .git/objects/pack/*.idx |
-		   egrep "^($fsha1|$csha1|$tsha1) " |
+		   grep -E "^($fsha1|$csha1|$tsha1) " |
 		   sort | uniq | wc -l) &&
 	git show $fsha1 &&
 	git show $csha1 &&
diff --git a/t/t7703-repack-geometric.sh b/t/t7703-repack-geometric.sh
index da87f8b..8821fbd 100755
--- a/t/t7703-repack-geometric.sh
+++ b/t/t7703-repack-geometric.sh
@@ -176,8 +176,12 @@
 		# be repacked, too.
 		git repack --geometric 2 -d --pack-kept-objects &&
 
+		# After repacking, two packs remain: one new one (containing the
+		# objects in both the .keep and non-kept pack), and the .keep
+		# pack (since `--pack-kept-objects -d` does not actually delete
+		# the kept pack).
 		find $objdir/pack -name "*.pack" >after &&
-		test_line_count = 1 after
+		test_line_count = 2 after
 	)
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t7810-grep.sh b/t/t7810-grep.sh
index 0f93799..8eded6a 100755
--- a/t/t7810-grep.sh
+++ b/t/t7810-grep.sh
@@ -18,6 +18,9 @@
 	'
 }
 
+LC_ALL=en_US.UTF-8 test-tool regex '^.$' '¿' &&
+  test_set_prereq MB_REGEX
+
 cat >hello.c <<EOF
 #include <assert.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
@@ -88,6 +91,10 @@
 		echo unusual >"\"unusual\" pathname" &&
 		echo unusual >"t/nested \"unusual\" pathname"
 	fi &&
+	if test_have_prereq MB_REGEX
+	then
+		echo "¿" >reverse-question-mark
+	fi &&
 	git add . &&
 	test_tick &&
 	git commit -m initial
@@ -569,6 +576,14 @@
 	'
 done
 
+test_expect_success MB_REGEX 'grep exactly one char in single-char multibyte file' '
+	LC_ALL=en_US.UTF-8 git grep "^.$" reverse-question-mark
+'
+
+test_expect_success MB_REGEX 'grep two chars in single-char multibyte file' '
+	LC_ALL=en_US.UTF-8 test_expect_code 1 git grep ".." reverse-question-mark
+'
+
 cat >expected <<EOF
 file
 EOF
diff --git a/t/t7900-maintenance.sh b/t/t7900-maintenance.sh
index 2724a44..823331e 100755
--- a/t/t7900-maintenance.sh
+++ b/t/t7900-maintenance.sh
@@ -480,6 +480,11 @@
 
 test_expect_success 'register and unregister' '
 	test_when_finished git config --global --unset-all maintenance.repo &&
+
+	test_must_fail git maintenance unregister 2>err &&
+	grep "is not registered" err &&
+	git maintenance unregister --force &&
+
 	git config --global --add maintenance.repo /existing1 &&
 	git config --global --add maintenance.repo /existing2 &&
 	git config --global --get-all maintenance.repo >before &&
@@ -493,7 +498,30 @@
 
 	git maintenance unregister &&
 	git config --global --get-all maintenance.repo >actual &&
-	test_cmp before actual
+	test_cmp before actual &&
+
+	git config --file ./other --add maintenance.repo /existing1 &&
+	git config --file ./other --add maintenance.repo /existing2 &&
+	git config --file ./other --get-all maintenance.repo >before &&
+
+	git maintenance register --config-file ./other &&
+	test_cmp_config false maintenance.auto &&
+	git config --file ./other --get-all maintenance.repo >between &&
+	cp before expect &&
+	pwd >>expect &&
+	test_cmp expect between &&
+
+	git maintenance unregister --config-file ./other &&
+	git config --file ./other --get-all maintenance.repo >actual &&
+	test_cmp before actual &&
+
+	test_must_fail git maintenance unregister 2>err &&
+	grep "is not registered" err &&
+	git maintenance unregister --force &&
+
+	test_must_fail git maintenance unregister --config-file ./other 2>err &&
+	grep "is not registered" err &&
+	git maintenance unregister --config-file ./other --force
 '
 
 test_expect_success !MINGW 'register and unregister with regex metacharacters' '
diff --git a/t/t9001-send-email.sh b/t/t9001-send-email.sh
index 01c74b8..1130ef2 100755
--- a/t/t9001-send-email.sh
+++ b/t/t9001-send-email.sh
@@ -1519,7 +1519,7 @@
 	grep "do not declare a Content-Transfer-Encoding" stdout &&
 	grep email-using-8bit stdout &&
 	grep "Which 8bit encoding" stdout &&
-	egrep "Content|MIME" msgtxt1 >actual &&
+	grep -E "Content|MIME" msgtxt1 >actual &&
 	test_cmp content-type-decl actual
 '
 
@@ -1530,7 +1530,7 @@
 	git send-email --from=author@example.com --to=nobody@example.com \
 			--smtp-server="$(pwd)/fake.sendmail" \
 			email-using-8bit >stdout &&
-	egrep "Content|MIME" msgtxt1 >actual &&
+	grep -E "Content|MIME" msgtxt1 >actual &&
 	test_cmp content-type-decl actual
 '
 
@@ -1545,7 +1545,7 @@
 	git send-email --from=author@example.com --to=nobody@example.com \
 			--smtp-server="$(pwd)/fake.sendmail" \
 			email-using-8bit >stdout &&
-	egrep "Content|MIME" msgtxt1 >actual &&
+	grep -E "Content|MIME" msgtxt1 >actual &&
 	test_cmp content-type-decl actual
 '
 
@@ -1557,7 +1557,7 @@
 			--smtp-server="$(pwd)/fake.sendmail" \
 			--8bit-encoding=UTF-8 \
 			email-using-8bit >stdout &&
-	egrep "Content|MIME" msgtxt1 >actual &&
+	grep -E "Content|MIME" msgtxt1 >actual &&
 	test_cmp content-type-decl actual
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t9133-git-svn-nested-git-repo.sh b/t/t9133-git-svn-nested-git-repo.sh
index f894860..d8d5362 100755
--- a/t/t9133-git-svn-nested-git-repo.sh
+++ b/t/t9133-git-svn-nested-git-repo.sh
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
 		echo b >> a &&
 		svn_cmd commit -m "SVN-side change outside of .git" &&
 		svn_cmd up &&
-		svn_cmd log -v | fgrep "SVN-side change outside of .git"
+		svn_cmd log -v | grep -F "SVN-side change outside of .git"
 	)
 '
 
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@
 		svn_cmd add --force .git &&
 		svn_cmd commit -m "SVN-side change inside of .git" &&
 		svn_cmd up &&
-		svn_cmd log -v | fgrep "SVN-side change inside of .git"
+		svn_cmd log -v | grep -F "SVN-side change inside of .git"
 	)
 '
 
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@
 		git commit -m "add a inside an SVN repo" &&
 		svn_cmd commit -m "SVN-side change in and out of .git" &&
 		svn_cmd up &&
-		svn_cmd log -v | fgrep "SVN-side change in and out of .git"
+		svn_cmd log -v | grep -F "SVN-side change in and out of .git"
 	)
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t9134-git-svn-ignore-paths.sh b/t/t9134-git-svn-ignore-paths.sh
index 4a77eb9..3188400 100755
--- a/t/t9134-git-svn-ignore-paths.sh
+++ b/t/t9134-git-svn-ignore-paths.sh
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@
 test_expect_success 'verify ignore-paths config saved by clone' '
 	(
 	    cd g &&
-	    git config --get svn-remote.svn.ignore-paths | fgrep "www"
+	    git config --get svn-remote.svn.ignore-paths | grep www
 	)
 '
 
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@
 		echo b >> qqq/test_qqq.txt &&
 		svn_cmd commit -m "SVN-side change outside of www" &&
 		svn_cmd up &&
-		svn_cmd log -v | fgrep "SVN-side change outside of www"
+		svn_cmd log -v | grep "SVN-side change outside of www"
 	)
 '
 
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@
 		echo zaq >> www/test_www.txt &&
 		svn_cmd commit -m "SVN-side change inside of www/test_www.txt" &&
 		svn_cmd up &&
-		svn_cmd log -v | fgrep "SVN-side change inside of www/test_www.txt"
+		svn_cmd log -v | grep -F "SVN-side change inside of www/test_www.txt"
 	)
 '
 
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@
 		echo ygg >> qqq/test_qqq.txt &&
 		svn_cmd commit -m "SVN-side change in and out of ignored www" &&
 		svn_cmd up &&
-		svn_cmd log -v | fgrep "SVN-side change in and out of ignored www"
+		svn_cmd log -v | grep "SVN-side change in and out of ignored www"
 	)
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t9140-git-svn-reset.sh b/t/t9140-git-svn-reset.sh
index e855904..a420b2a 100755
--- a/t/t9140-git-svn-reset.sh
+++ b/t/t9140-git-svn-reset.sh
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@
 	  git svn find-rev refs/remotes/git-svn > ../expect &&
 	  test_must_fail git svn fetch 2> ../errors &&
 	  git svn find-rev refs/remotes/git-svn > ../expect2 ) &&
-	fgrep "not found in commit" errors &&
+	grep "not found in commit" errors &&
 	test_cmp expect expect2
 '
 
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@
 	( cd g &&
 	  git svn fetch &&
 	  git svn rebase &&
-	  fgrep "mod hidden" hid/hid.txt
+	  grep "mod hidden" hid/hid.txt
 	)
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t9147-git-svn-include-paths.sh b/t/t9147-git-svn-include-paths.sh
index 257fc8f..63fa0b6 100755
--- a/t/t9147-git-svn-include-paths.sh
+++ b/t/t9147-git-svn-include-paths.sh
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@
 test_expect_success 'verify include-paths config saved by clone' '
 	(
 	    cd g &&
-	    git config --get svn-remote.svn.include-paths | fgrep "qqq"
+	    git config --get svn-remote.svn.include-paths | grep qqq
 	)
 '
 
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
 		echo b >> qqq/test_qqq.txt &&
 		svn_cmd commit -m "SVN-side change outside of www" &&
 		svn_cmd up &&
-		svn_cmd log -v | fgrep "SVN-side change outside of www"
+		svn_cmd log -v | grep "SVN-side change outside of www"
 	)
 '
 
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@
 		echo zaq >> www/test_www.txt &&
 		svn_cmd commit -m "SVN-side change inside of www/test_www.txt" &&
 		svn_cmd up &&
-		svn_cmd log -v | fgrep "SVN-side change inside of www/test_www.txt"
+		svn_cmd log -v | grep "SVN-side change inside of www/test_www.txt"
 	)
 '
 
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@
 		echo ygg >> qqq/test_qqq.txt &&
 		svn_cmd commit -m "SVN-side change in and out of ignored www" &&
 		svn_cmd up &&
-		svn_cmd log -v | fgrep "SVN-side change in and out of ignored www"
+		svn_cmd log -v | grep "SVN-side change in and out of ignored www"
 	)
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t9210-scalar.sh b/t/t9210-scalar.sh
index 14ca575..25f500c 100755
--- a/t/t9210-scalar.sh
+++ b/t/t9210-scalar.sh
@@ -116,7 +116,10 @@
 	test_must_fail git config --get --global --fixed-value \
 		maintenance.repo "$(pwd)/vanish/src" &&
 	scalar list >scalar.repos &&
-	! grep -F "$(pwd)/vanish/src" scalar.repos
+	! grep -F "$(pwd)/vanish/src" scalar.repos &&
+
+	# scalar unregister should be idempotent
+	scalar unregister vanish
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'set up repository to clone' '
@@ -163,6 +166,20 @@
 	test true = "$(git -C one/src config core.preloadIndex)"
 '
 
+test_expect_success '`reconfigure -a` removes stale config entries' '
+	git init stale/src &&
+	scalar register stale &&
+	scalar list >scalar.repos &&
+	grep stale scalar.repos &&
+
+	grep -v stale scalar.repos >expect &&
+
+	rm -rf stale &&
+	scalar reconfigure -a &&
+	scalar list >scalar.repos &&
+	test_cmp expect scalar.repos
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'scalar delete without enlistment shows a usage' '
 	test_expect_code 129 scalar delete
 '
diff --git a/t/t9700-perl-git.sh b/t/t9700-perl-git.sh
index 4aa5d90..b105d6d 100755
--- a/t/t9700-perl-git.sh
+++ b/t/t9700-perl-git.sh
@@ -45,6 +45,10 @@
      git config --add test.pathmulti bar
      '
 
+test_expect_success 'set up bare repository' '
+	git init --bare bare.git
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'use t9700/test.pl to test Git.pm' '
 	"$PERL_PATH" "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/t9700/test.pl 2>stderr &&
 	test_must_be_empty stderr
diff --git a/t/t9700/test.pl b/t/t9700/test.pl
index e046f7d..6d75370 100755
--- a/t/t9700/test.pl
+++ b/t/t9700/test.pl
@@ -30,6 +30,18 @@
 # set up
 our $abs_repo_dir = cwd();
 ok(our $r = Git->repository(Directory => "."), "open repository");
+{
+	local $ENV{GIT_TEST_ASSUME_DIFFERENT_OWNER} = 1;
+	my $failed;
+
+	$failed = eval { Git->repository(Directory => $abs_repo_dir) };
+	ok(!$failed, "reject unsafe non-bare repository");
+	like($@, qr/not a git repository/i, "unsafe error message");
+
+	$failed = eval { Git->repository(Directory => "$abs_repo_dir/bare.git") };
+	ok(!$failed, "reject unsafe bare repository");
+	like($@, qr/not a git repository/i, "unsafe error message");
+}
 
 # config
 is($r->config("test.string"), "value", "config scalar: string");
diff --git a/t/t9814-git-p4-rename.sh b/t/t9814-git-p4-rename.sh
index 468767c..2a9838f 100755
--- a/t/t9814-git-p4-rename.sh
+++ b/t/t9814-git-p4-rename.sh
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@
 # variable exists, which allows admins to disable the "p4 move" command.
 test_lazy_prereq P4D_HAVE_CONFIGURABLE_RUN_MOVE_ALLOW '
 	p4 configure show run.move.allow >out &&
-	egrep ^run.move.allow: out
+	grep -E ^run.move.allow: out
 '
 
 # If move can be disabled, turn it off and test p4 move handling
diff --git a/t/t9815-git-p4-submit-fail.sh b/t/t9815-git-p4-submit-fail.sh
index 9779dc0..0ca9937 100755
--- a/t/t9815-git-p4-submit-fail.sh
+++ b/t/t9815-git-p4-submit-fail.sh
@@ -417,8 +417,8 @@
 		! p4 fstat -T action text &&
 		test_path_is_file text+x &&
 		! p4 fstat -T action text+x &&
-		ls -l text | egrep ^-r-- &&
-		ls -l text+x | egrep ^-r-x
+		ls -l text | grep -E ^-r-- &&
+		ls -l text+x | grep -E ^-r-x
 	)
 '
 
diff --git a/t/test-lib-functions.sh b/t/test-lib-functions.sh
index c6479f2..796093a 100644
--- a/t/test-lib-functions.sh
+++ b/t/test-lib-functions.sh
@@ -273,13 +273,13 @@
 # <file>, <contents>, and <tag> all default to <message>.
 
 test_commit () {
-	notick= &&
-	echo=echo &&
-	append= &&
-	author= &&
-	signoff= &&
-	indir= &&
-	tag=light &&
+	local notick= &&
+	local echo=echo &&
+	local append= &&
+	local author= &&
+	local signoff= &&
+	local indir= &&
+	local tag=light &&
 	while test $# != 0
 	do
 		case "$1" in
@@ -322,7 +322,7 @@
 		shift
 	done &&
 	indir=${indir:+"$indir"/} &&
-	file=${2:-"$1.t"} &&
+	local file=${2:-"$1.t"} &&
 	if test -n "$append"
 	then
 		$echo "${3-$1}" >>"$indir$file"
@@ -897,7 +897,7 @@
 test_dir_is_empty () {
 	test "$#" -ne 1 && BUG "1 param"
 	test_path_is_dir "$1" &&
-	if test -n "$(ls -a1 "$1" | egrep -v '^\.\.?$')"
+	if test -n "$(ls -a1 "$1" | grep -E -v '^\.\.?$')"
 	then
 		echo "Directory '$1' is not empty, it contains:"
 		ls -la "$1"
@@ -921,10 +921,6 @@
 	then
 		echo "Path exists:"
 		ls -ld "$1"
-		if test $# -ge 1
-		then
-			echo "$*"
-		fi
 		false
 	fi
 }
@@ -1868,3 +1864,14 @@
 	rm -f .git/test-mtime-actual
 	return $ret
 }
+
+# Given two filenames, parse both using 'git config --list --file'
+# and compare the sorted output of those commands. Useful when
+# wanting to ignore whitespace differences and sorting concerns.
+test_cmp_config_output () {
+	git config --list --file="$1" >config-expect &&
+	git config --list --file="$2" >config-actual &&
+	sort config-expect >sorted-expect &&
+	sort config-actual >sorted-actual &&
+	test_cmp sorted-expect sorted-actual
+}
diff --git a/t/test-lib.sh b/t/test-lib.sh
index 6ca6831..6db377f 100644
--- a/t/test-lib.sh
+++ b/t/test-lib.sh
@@ -47,6 +47,16 @@
 	echo "PANIC: Running in a $TEST_DIRECTORY that doesn't end in '/t'?" >&2
 	exit 1
 fi
+if test -f "$GIT_BUILD_DIR/GIT-BUILD-DIR"
+then
+	GIT_BUILD_DIR="$(cat "$GIT_BUILD_DIR/GIT-BUILD-DIR")" || exit 1
+	# On Windows, we must convert Windows paths lest they contain a colon
+	case "$(uname -s)" in
+	*MINGW*)
+		GIT_BUILD_DIR="$(cygpath -au "$GIT_BUILD_DIR")"
+		;;
+	esac
+fi
 
 # Prepend a string to a VAR using an arbitrary ":" delimiter, not
 # adding the delimiter if VAR or VALUE is empty. I.e. a generalized:
diff --git a/tmp-objdir.h b/tmp-objdir.h
index 76efc7e..237d96b 100644
--- a/tmp-objdir.h
+++ b/tmp-objdir.h
@@ -10,9 +10,11 @@
  *
  * Example:
  *
+ *	struct child_process child = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
  *	struct tmp_objdir *t = tmp_objdir_create("incoming");
- *	if (!run_command_v_opt_cd_env(cmd, 0, NULL, tmp_objdir_env(t)) &&
- *	    !tmp_objdir_migrate(t))
+ *	strvec_push(&child.args, cmd);
+ *	strvec_pushv(&child.env, tmp_objdir_env(t));
+ *	if (!run_command(&child)) && !tmp_objdir_migrate(t))
  *		printf("success!\n");
  *	else
  *		die("failed...tmp_objdir will clean up for us");
diff --git a/trace2.c b/trace2.c
index 0c0a11e..279bddf 100644
--- a/trace2.c
+++ b/trace2.c
@@ -8,11 +8,13 @@
 #include "version.h"
 #include "trace2/tr2_cfg.h"
 #include "trace2/tr2_cmd_name.h"
+#include "trace2/tr2_ctr.h"
 #include "trace2/tr2_dst.h"
 #include "trace2/tr2_sid.h"
 #include "trace2/tr2_sysenv.h"
 #include "trace2/tr2_tgt.h"
 #include "trace2/tr2_tls.h"
+#include "trace2/tr2_tmr.h"
 
 static int trace2_enabled;
 
@@ -52,7 +54,7 @@ static struct tr2_tgt *tr2_tgt_builtins[] =
  * Force (rather than lazily) initialize any of the requested
  * builtin TRACE2 targets at startup (and before we've seen an
  * actual TRACE2 event call) so we can see if we need to setup
- * the TR2 and TLS machinery.
+ * private data structures and thread-local storage.
  *
  * Return the number of builtin targets enabled.
  */
@@ -83,6 +85,39 @@ static void tr2_tgt_disable_builtins(void)
 		tgt_j->pfn_term();
 }
 
+/*
+ * The signature of this function must match the pfn_timer
+ * method in the targets.  (Think of this is an apply operation
+ * across the set of active targets.)
+ */
+static void tr2_tgt_emit_a_timer(const struct tr2_timer_metadata *meta,
+				 const struct tr2_timer *timer,
+				 int is_final_data)
+{
+	struct tr2_tgt *tgt_j;
+	int j;
+
+	for_each_wanted_builtin (j, tgt_j)
+		if (tgt_j->pfn_timer)
+			tgt_j->pfn_timer(meta, timer, is_final_data);
+}
+
+/*
+ * The signature of this function must match the pfn_counter
+ * method in the targets.
+ */
+static void tr2_tgt_emit_a_counter(const struct tr2_counter_metadata *meta,
+				   const struct tr2_counter *counter,
+				   int is_final_data)
+{
+	struct tr2_tgt *tgt_j;
+	int j;
+
+	for_each_wanted_builtin (j, tgt_j)
+		if (tgt_j->pfn_counter)
+			tgt_j->pfn_counter(meta, counter, is_final_data);
+}
+
 static int tr2main_exit_code;
 
 /*
@@ -110,6 +145,32 @@ static void tr2main_atexit_handler(void)
 	 */
 	tr2tls_pop_unwind_self();
 
+	/*
+	 * Some timers want per-thread details.  If the main thread
+	 * used one of those timers, emit the details now (before
+	 * we emit the aggregate timer values).
+	 *
+	 * Likewise for counters.
+	 */
+	tr2_emit_per_thread_timers(tr2_tgt_emit_a_timer);
+	tr2_emit_per_thread_counters(tr2_tgt_emit_a_counter);
+
+	/*
+	 * Add stopwatch timer and counter data for the main thread to
+	 * the final totals.  And then emit the final values.
+	 *
+	 * Technically, we shouldn't need to hold the lock to update
+	 * and output the final_timer_block and final_counter_block
+	 * (since all other threads should be dead by now), but it
+	 * doesn't hurt anything.
+	 */
+	tr2tls_lock();
+	tr2_update_final_timers();
+	tr2_update_final_counters();
+	tr2_emit_final_timers(tr2_tgt_emit_a_timer);
+	tr2_emit_final_counters(tr2_tgt_emit_a_counter);
+	tr2tls_unlock();
+
 	for_each_wanted_builtin (j, tgt_j)
 		if (tgt_j->pfn_atexit)
 			tgt_j->pfn_atexit(us_elapsed_absolute,
@@ -466,7 +527,7 @@ void trace2_exec_result_fl(const char *file, int line, int exec_id, int code)
 				file, line, us_elapsed_absolute, exec_id, code);
 }
 
-void trace2_thread_start_fl(const char *file, int line, const char *thread_name)
+void trace2_thread_start_fl(const char *file, int line, const char *thread_base_name)
 {
 	struct tr2_tgt *tgt_j;
 	int j;
@@ -488,14 +549,14 @@ void trace2_thread_start_fl(const char *file, int line, const char *thread_name)
 		 */
 		trace2_region_enter_printf_fl(file, line, NULL, NULL, NULL,
 					      "thread-proc on main: %s",
-					      thread_name);
+					      thread_base_name);
 		return;
 	}
 
 	us_now = getnanotime() / 1000;
 	us_elapsed_absolute = tr2tls_absolute_elapsed(us_now);
 
-	tr2tls_create_self(thread_name, us_now);
+	tr2tls_create_self(thread_base_name, us_now);
 
 	for_each_wanted_builtin (j, tgt_j)
 		if (tgt_j->pfn_thread_start_fl)
@@ -541,6 +602,25 @@ void trace2_thread_exit_fl(const char *file, int line)
 	tr2tls_pop_unwind_self();
 	us_elapsed_thread = tr2tls_region_elasped_self(us_now);
 
+	/*
+	 * Some timers want per-thread details.  If this thread used
+	 * one of those timers, emit the details now.
+	 *
+	 * Likewise for counters.
+	 */
+	tr2_emit_per_thread_timers(tr2_tgt_emit_a_timer);
+	tr2_emit_per_thread_counters(tr2_tgt_emit_a_counter);
+
+	/*
+	 * Add stopwatch timer and counter data from the current
+	 * (non-main) thread to the final totals.  (We'll accumulate
+	 * data for the main thread later during "atexit".)
+	 */
+	tr2tls_lock();
+	tr2_update_final_timers();
+	tr2_update_final_counters();
+	tr2tls_unlock();
+
 	for_each_wanted_builtin (j, tgt_j)
 		if (tgt_j->pfn_thread_exit_fl)
 			tgt_j->pfn_thread_exit_fl(file, line,
@@ -795,6 +875,39 @@ void trace2_printf_fl(const char *file, int line, const char *fmt, ...)
 	va_end(ap);
 }
 
+void trace2_timer_start(enum trace2_timer_id tid)
+{
+	if (!trace2_enabled)
+		return;
+
+	if (tid < 0 || tid >= TRACE2_NUMBER_OF_TIMERS)
+		BUG("trace2_timer_start: invalid timer id: %d", tid);
+
+	tr2_start_timer(tid);
+}
+
+void trace2_timer_stop(enum trace2_timer_id tid)
+{
+	if (!trace2_enabled)
+		return;
+
+	if (tid < 0 || tid >= TRACE2_NUMBER_OF_TIMERS)
+		BUG("trace2_timer_stop: invalid timer id: %d", tid);
+
+	tr2_stop_timer(tid);
+}
+
+void trace2_counter_add(enum trace2_counter_id cid, uint64_t value)
+{
+	if (!trace2_enabled)
+		return;
+
+	if (cid < 0 || cid >= TRACE2_NUMBER_OF_COUNTERS)
+		BUG("trace2_counter_add: invalid counter id: %d", cid);
+
+	tr2_counter_increment(cid, value);
+}
+
 const char *trace2_session_id(void)
 {
 	return tr2_sid_get();
diff --git a/trace2.h b/trace2.h
index 88d906e..4ced30c 100644
--- a/trace2.h
+++ b/trace2.h
@@ -51,6 +51,8 @@ struct json_writer;
  * [] trace2_region*    -- emit region nesting messages.
  * [] trace2_data*      -- emit region/thread/repo data messages.
  * [] trace2_printf*    -- legacy trace[1] messages.
+ * [] trace2_timer*     -- stopwatch timers (messages are deferred).
+ * [] trace2_counter*   -- global counters (messages are deferred).
  */
 
 /*
@@ -73,8 +75,7 @@ void trace2_initialize_clock(void);
 /*
  * Initialize TRACE2 tracing facility if any of the builtin TRACE2
  * targets are enabled in the system config or the environment.
- * This includes setting up the Trace2 thread local storage (TLS).
- * Emits a 'version' message containing the version of git
+ * This emits a 'version' message containing the version of git
  * and the Trace2 protocol.
  *
  * This function should be called from `main()` as early as possible in
@@ -302,21 +303,23 @@ void trace2_exec_result_fl(const char *file, int line, int exec_id, int code);
 
 /*
  * Emit a 'thread_start' event.  This must be called from inside the
- * thread-proc to set up the trace2 TLS data for the thread.
+ * thread-proc to allow the thread to create its own thread-local
+ * storage.
  *
- * Thread names should be descriptive, like "preload_index".
- * Thread names will be decorated with an instance number automatically.
+ * The thread base name should be descriptive, like "preload_index" or
+ * taken from the thread-proc function.  A unique thread name will be
+ * created from the given base name and the thread id automatically.
  */
 void trace2_thread_start_fl(const char *file, int line,
-			    const char *thread_name);
+			    const char *thread_base_name);
 
-#define trace2_thread_start(thread_name) \
-	trace2_thread_start_fl(__FILE__, __LINE__, (thread_name))
+#define trace2_thread_start(thread_base_name) \
+	trace2_thread_start_fl(__FILE__, __LINE__, (thread_base_name))
 
 /*
  * Emit a 'thread_exit' event.  This must be called from inside the
- * thread-proc to report thread-specific data and cleanup TLS data
- * for the thread.
+ * thread-proc so that the thread can access and clean up its
+ * thread-local storage.
  */
 void trace2_thread_exit_fl(const char *file, int line);
 
@@ -485,6 +488,84 @@ void trace2_printf_fl(const char *file, int line, const char *fmt, ...);
 #define trace2_printf(...) trace2_printf_fl(__FILE__, __LINE__, __VA_ARGS__)
 
 /*
+ * Define the set of stopwatch timers.
+ *
+ * We can add more at any time, but they must be defined at compile
+ * time (to avoid the need to dynamically allocate and synchronize
+ * them between different threads).
+ *
+ * These must start at 0 and be contiguous (because we use them
+ * elsewhere as array indexes).
+ *
+ * Any values added to this enum must also be added to the
+ * `tr2_timer_metadata[]` in `trace2/tr2_tmr.c`.
+ */
+enum trace2_timer_id {
+	/*
+	 * Define two timers for testing.  See `t/helper/test-trace2.c`.
+	 * These can be used for ad hoc testing, but should not be used
+	 * for permanent analysis code.
+	 */
+	TRACE2_TIMER_ID_TEST1 = 0, /* emits summary event only */
+	TRACE2_TIMER_ID_TEST2,     /* emits summary and thread events */
+
+	/* Add additional timer definitions before here. */
+	TRACE2_NUMBER_OF_TIMERS
+};
+
+/*
+ * Start/Stop the indicated stopwatch timer in the current thread.
+ *
+ * The time spent by the current thread between the _start and _stop
+ * calls will be added to the thread's partial sum for this timer.
+ *
+ * Timer events are emitted at thread and program exit.
+ *
+ * Note: Since the stopwatch API routines do not generate individual
+ * events, they do not take (file, line) arguments.  Similarly, the
+ * category and timer name values are defined at compile-time in the
+ * timer definitions array, so they are not needed here in the API.
+ */
+void trace2_timer_start(enum trace2_timer_id tid);
+void trace2_timer_stop(enum trace2_timer_id tid);
+
+/*
+ * Define the set of global counters.
+ *
+ * We can add more at any time, but they must be defined at compile
+ * time (to avoid the need to dynamically allocate and synchronize
+ * them between different threads).
+ *
+ * These must start at 0 and be contiguous (because we use them
+ * elsewhere as array indexes).
+ *
+ * Any values added to this enum be also be added to the
+ * `tr2_counter_metadata[]` in `trace2/tr2_tr2_ctr.c`.
+ */
+enum trace2_counter_id {
+	/*
+	 * Define two counters for testing.  See `t/helper/test-trace2.c`.
+	 * These can be used for ad hoc testing, but should not be used
+	 * for permanent analysis code.
+	 */
+	TRACE2_COUNTER_ID_TEST1 = 0, /* emits summary event only */
+	TRACE2_COUNTER_ID_TEST2,     /* emits summary and thread events */
+
+	/* Add additional counter definitions before here. */
+	TRACE2_NUMBER_OF_COUNTERS
+};
+
+/*
+ * Increase the named global counter by value.
+ *
+ * Note that this adds `value` to the current thread's partial sum for
+ * this counter (without locking) and that the complete sum is not
+ * available until all threads have exited, so it does not return the
+ * new value of the counter.
+ */
+void trace2_counter_add(enum trace2_counter_id cid, uint64_t value);
+
+/*
  * Optional platform-specific code to dump information about the
  * current and any parent process(es).  This is intended to allow
  * post-processors to know who spawned this git instance and anything
diff --git a/trace2/tr2_ctr.c b/trace2/tr2_ctr.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..483ca7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trace2/tr2_ctr.c
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+#include "cache.h"
+#include "thread-utils.h"
+#include "trace2/tr2_tgt.h"
+#include "trace2/tr2_tls.h"
+#include "trace2/tr2_ctr.h"
+
+/*
+ * A global counter block to aggregrate values from the partial sums
+ * from each thread.
+ */
+static struct tr2_counter_block final_counter_block; /* access under tr2tls_mutex */
+
+/*
+ * Define metadata for each global counter.
+ *
+ * This array must match the "enum trace2_counter_id" and the values
+ * in "struct tr2_counter_block.counter[*]".
+ */
+static struct tr2_counter_metadata tr2_counter_metadata[TRACE2_NUMBER_OF_COUNTERS] = {
+	[TRACE2_COUNTER_ID_TEST1] = {
+		.category = "test",
+		.name = "test1",
+		.want_per_thread_events = 0,
+	},
+	[TRACE2_COUNTER_ID_TEST2] = {
+		.category = "test",
+		.name = "test2",
+		.want_per_thread_events = 1,
+	},
+
+	/* Add additional metadata before here. */
+};
+
+void tr2_counter_increment(enum trace2_counter_id cid, uint64_t value)
+{
+	struct tr2tls_thread_ctx *ctx = tr2tls_get_self();
+	struct tr2_counter *c = &ctx->counter_block.counter[cid];
+
+	c->value += value;
+
+	ctx->used_any_counter = 1;
+	if (tr2_counter_metadata[cid].want_per_thread_events)
+		ctx->used_any_per_thread_counter = 1;
+}
+
+void tr2_update_final_counters(void)
+{
+	struct tr2tls_thread_ctx *ctx = tr2tls_get_self();
+	enum trace2_counter_id cid;
+
+	if (!ctx->used_any_counter)
+		return;
+
+	/*
+	 * Access `final_counter_block` requires holding `tr2tls_mutex`.
+	 * We assume that our caller is holding the lock.
+	 */
+
+	for (cid = 0; cid < TRACE2_NUMBER_OF_COUNTERS; cid++) {
+		struct tr2_counter *c_final = &final_counter_block.counter[cid];
+		const struct tr2_counter *c = &ctx->counter_block.counter[cid];
+
+		c_final->value += c->value;
+	}
+}
+
+void tr2_emit_per_thread_counters(tr2_tgt_evt_counter_t *fn_apply)
+{
+	struct tr2tls_thread_ctx *ctx = tr2tls_get_self();
+	enum trace2_counter_id cid;
+
+	if (!ctx->used_any_per_thread_counter)
+		return;
+
+	/*
+	 * For each counter, if the counter wants per-thread events
+	 * and this thread used it (the value is non-zero), emit it.
+	 */
+	for (cid = 0; cid < TRACE2_NUMBER_OF_COUNTERS; cid++)
+		if (tr2_counter_metadata[cid].want_per_thread_events &&
+		    ctx->counter_block.counter[cid].value)
+			fn_apply(&tr2_counter_metadata[cid],
+				 &ctx->counter_block.counter[cid],
+				 0);
+}
+
+void tr2_emit_final_counters(tr2_tgt_evt_counter_t *fn_apply)
+{
+	enum trace2_counter_id cid;
+
+	/*
+	 * Access `final_counter_block` requires holding `tr2tls_mutex`.
+	 * We assume that our caller is holding the lock.
+	 */
+
+	for (cid = 0; cid < TRACE2_NUMBER_OF_COUNTERS; cid++)
+		if (final_counter_block.counter[cid].value)
+			fn_apply(&tr2_counter_metadata[cid],
+				 &final_counter_block.counter[cid],
+				 1);
+}
diff --git a/trace2/tr2_ctr.h b/trace2/tr2_ctr.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a2267ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trace2/tr2_ctr.h
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+#ifndef TR2_CTR_H
+#define TR2_CTR_H
+
+#include "trace2.h"
+#include "trace2/tr2_tgt.h"
+
+/*
+ * Define a mechanism to allow global "counters".
+ *
+ * Counters can be used count interesting activity that does not fit
+ * the "region and data" model, such as code called from many
+ * different regions and/or where you want to count a number of items,
+ * but don't have control of when the last item will be processed,
+ * such as counter the number of calls to `lstat()`.
+ *
+ * Counters differ from Trace2 "data" events.  Data events are emitted
+ * immediately and are appropriate for documenting loop counters at
+ * the end of a region, for example.  Counter values are accumulated
+ * during the program and final counter values are emitted at program
+ * exit.
+ *
+ * To make this model efficient, we define a compile-time fixed set of
+ * counters and counter ids using a fixed size "counter block" array
+ * in thread-local storage.  This gives us constant time, lock-free
+ * access to each counter within each thread.  This lets us avoid the
+ * complexities of dynamically allocating a counter and sharing that
+ * definition with other threads.
+ *
+ * Each thread uses the counter block in its thread-local storage to
+ * increment partial sums for each counter (without locking).  When a
+ * thread exits, those partial sums are (under lock) added to the
+ * global final sum.
+ *
+ * Partial sums for each counter are optionally emitted when a thread
+ * exits.
+ *
+ * Final sums for each counter are emitted between the "exit" and
+ * "atexit" events.
+ *
+ * A parallel "counter metadata" table contains the "category" and
+ * "name" fields for each counter.  This eliminates the need to
+ * include those args in the various counter APIs.
+ */
+
+/*
+ * The definition of an individual counter as used by an individual
+ * thread (and later in aggregation).
+ */
+struct tr2_counter {
+	uint64_t value;
+};
+
+/*
+ * Metadata for a counter.
+ */
+struct tr2_counter_metadata {
+	const char *category;
+	const char *name;
+
+	/*
+	 * True if we should emit per-thread events for this counter
+	 * when individual threads exit.
+	 */
+	unsigned int want_per_thread_events:1;
+};
+
+/*
+ * A compile-time fixed block of counters to insert into thread-local
+ * storage.  This wrapper is used to avoid quirks of C and the usual
+ * need to pass an array size argument.
+ */
+struct tr2_counter_block {
+	struct tr2_counter counter[TRACE2_NUMBER_OF_COUNTERS];
+};
+
+/*
+ * Private routines used by trace2.c to increment a counter for the
+ * current thread.
+ */
+void tr2_counter_increment(enum trace2_counter_id cid, uint64_t value);
+
+/*
+ * Add the current thread's counter data to the global totals.
+ * This is called during thread-exit.
+ *
+ * Caller must be holding the tr2tls_mutex.
+ */
+void tr2_update_final_counters(void);
+
+/*
+ * Emit per-thread counter data for the current thread.
+ * This is called during thread-exit.
+ */
+void tr2_emit_per_thread_counters(tr2_tgt_evt_counter_t *fn_apply);
+
+/*
+ * Emit global counter values.
+ * This is called during atexit handling.
+ *
+ * Caller must be holding the tr2tls_mutex.
+ */
+void tr2_emit_final_counters(tr2_tgt_evt_counter_t *fn_apply);
+
+#endif /* TR2_CTR_H */
diff --git a/trace2/tr2_tgt.h b/trace2/tr2_tgt.h
index 65f94e1..bf8745c 100644
--- a/trace2/tr2_tgt.h
+++ b/trace2/tr2_tgt.h
@@ -4,6 +4,12 @@
 struct child_process;
 struct repository;
 struct json_writer;
+struct tr2_timer_metadata;
+struct tr2_timer;
+struct tr2_counter_metadata;
+struct tr2_counter;
+
+#define NS_TO_SEC(ns) ((double)(ns) / 1.0e9)
 
 /*
  * Function prototypes for a TRACE2 "target" vtable.
@@ -96,6 +102,14 @@ typedef void(tr2_tgt_evt_printf_va_fl_t)(const char *file, int line,
 					 uint64_t us_elapsed_absolute,
 					 const char *fmt, va_list ap);
 
+typedef void(tr2_tgt_evt_timer_t)(const struct tr2_timer_metadata *meta,
+				  const struct tr2_timer *timer,
+				  int is_final_data);
+
+typedef void(tr2_tgt_evt_counter_t)(const struct tr2_counter_metadata *meta,
+				    const struct tr2_counter *counter,
+				    int is_final_data);
+
 /*
  * "vtable" for a TRACE2 target.  Use NULL if a target does not want
  * to emit that message.
@@ -132,6 +146,8 @@ struct tr2_tgt {
 	tr2_tgt_evt_data_fl_t                   *pfn_data_fl;
 	tr2_tgt_evt_data_json_fl_t              *pfn_data_json_fl;
 	tr2_tgt_evt_printf_va_fl_t              *pfn_printf_va_fl;
+	tr2_tgt_evt_timer_t                     *pfn_timer;
+	tr2_tgt_evt_counter_t                   *pfn_counter;
 };
 /* clang-format on */
 
diff --git a/trace2/tr2_tgt_event.c b/trace2/tr2_tgt_event.c
index 37a3163..16f6332 100644
--- a/trace2/tr2_tgt_event.c
+++ b/trace2/tr2_tgt_event.c
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 #include "trace2/tr2_sysenv.h"
 #include "trace2/tr2_tgt.h"
 #include "trace2/tr2_tls.h"
+#include "trace2/tr2_tmr.h"
 
 static struct tr2_dst tr2dst_event = {
 	.sysenv_var = TR2_SYSENV_EVENT,
@@ -90,7 +91,7 @@ static void event_fmt_prepare(const char *event_name, const char *file,
 
 	jw_object_string(jw, "event", event_name);
 	jw_object_string(jw, "sid", tr2_sid_get());
-	jw_object_string(jw, "thread", ctx->thread_name.buf);
+	jw_object_string(jw, "thread", ctx->thread_name);
 
 	/*
 	 * In brief mode, only emit <time> on these 2 event types.
@@ -617,6 +618,48 @@ static void fn_data_json_fl(const char *file, int line,
 	}
 }
 
+static void fn_timer(const struct tr2_timer_metadata *meta,
+		     const struct tr2_timer *timer,
+		     int is_final_data)
+{
+	const char *event_name = is_final_data ? "timer" : "th_timer";
+	struct json_writer jw = JSON_WRITER_INIT;
+	double t_total = NS_TO_SEC(timer->total_ns);
+	double t_min = NS_TO_SEC(timer->min_ns);
+	double t_max = NS_TO_SEC(timer->max_ns);
+
+	jw_object_begin(&jw, 0);
+	event_fmt_prepare(event_name, __FILE__, __LINE__, NULL, &jw);
+	jw_object_string(&jw, "category", meta->category);
+	jw_object_string(&jw, "name", meta->name);
+	jw_object_intmax(&jw, "intervals", timer->interval_count);
+	jw_object_double(&jw, "t_total", 6, t_total);
+	jw_object_double(&jw, "t_min", 6, t_min);
+	jw_object_double(&jw, "t_max", 6, t_max);
+	jw_end(&jw);
+
+	tr2_dst_write_line(&tr2dst_event, &jw.json);
+	jw_release(&jw);
+}
+
+static void fn_counter(const struct tr2_counter_metadata *meta,
+		       const struct tr2_counter *counter,
+		       int is_final_data)
+{
+	const char *event_name = is_final_data ? "counter" : "th_counter";
+	struct json_writer jw = JSON_WRITER_INIT;
+
+	jw_object_begin(&jw, 0);
+	event_fmt_prepare(event_name, __FILE__, __LINE__, NULL, &jw);
+	jw_object_string(&jw, "category", meta->category);
+	jw_object_string(&jw, "name", meta->name);
+	jw_object_intmax(&jw, "count", counter->value);
+	jw_end(&jw);
+
+	tr2_dst_write_line(&tr2dst_event, &jw.json);
+	jw_release(&jw);
+}
+
 struct tr2_tgt tr2_tgt_event = {
 	.pdst = &tr2dst_event,
 
@@ -648,4 +691,6 @@ struct tr2_tgt tr2_tgt_event = {
 	.pfn_data_fl = fn_data_fl,
 	.pfn_data_json_fl = fn_data_json_fl,
 	.pfn_printf_va_fl = NULL,
+	.pfn_timer = fn_timer,
+	.pfn_counter = fn_counter,
 };
diff --git a/trace2/tr2_tgt_normal.c b/trace2/tr2_tgt_normal.c
index 69f8033..fbbef68 100644
--- a/trace2/tr2_tgt_normal.c
+++ b/trace2/tr2_tgt_normal.c
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 #include "trace2/tr2_tbuf.h"
 #include "trace2/tr2_tgt.h"
 #include "trace2/tr2_tls.h"
+#include "trace2/tr2_tmr.h"
 
 static struct tr2_dst tr2dst_normal = {
 	.sysenv_var = TR2_SYSENV_NORMAL,
@@ -329,6 +330,42 @@ static void fn_printf_va_fl(const char *file, int line,
 	strbuf_release(&buf_payload);
 }
 
+static void fn_timer(const struct tr2_timer_metadata *meta,
+		     const struct tr2_timer *timer,
+		     int is_final_data)
+{
+	const char *event_name = is_final_data ? "timer" : "th_timer";
+	struct strbuf buf_payload = STRBUF_INIT;
+	double t_total = NS_TO_SEC(timer->total_ns);
+	double t_min = NS_TO_SEC(timer->min_ns);
+	double t_max = NS_TO_SEC(timer->max_ns);
+
+	strbuf_addf(&buf_payload, ("%s %s/%s"
+				   " intervals:%"PRIu64
+				   " total:%8.6f min:%8.6f max:%8.6f"),
+		    event_name, meta->category, meta->name,
+		    timer->interval_count,
+		    t_total, t_min, t_max);
+
+	normal_io_write_fl(__FILE__, __LINE__, &buf_payload);
+	strbuf_release(&buf_payload);
+}
+
+static void fn_counter(const struct tr2_counter_metadata *meta,
+		       const struct tr2_counter *counter,
+		       int is_final_data)
+{
+	const char *event_name = is_final_data ? "counter" : "th_counter";
+	struct strbuf buf_payload = STRBUF_INIT;
+
+	strbuf_addf(&buf_payload, "%s %s/%s value:%"PRIu64,
+		    event_name, meta->category, meta->name,
+		    counter->value);
+
+	normal_io_write_fl(__FILE__, __LINE__, &buf_payload);
+	strbuf_release(&buf_payload);
+}
+
 struct tr2_tgt tr2_tgt_normal = {
 	.pdst = &tr2dst_normal,
 
@@ -360,4 +397,6 @@ struct tr2_tgt tr2_tgt_normal = {
 	.pfn_data_fl = NULL,
 	.pfn_data_json_fl = NULL,
 	.pfn_printf_va_fl = fn_printf_va_fl,
+	.pfn_timer = fn_timer,
+	.pfn_counter = fn_counter,
 };
diff --git a/trace2/tr2_tgt_perf.c b/trace2/tr2_tgt_perf.c
index 8cb7924..adae803 100644
--- a/trace2/tr2_tgt_perf.c
+++ b/trace2/tr2_tgt_perf.c
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 #include "trace2/tr2_tbuf.h"
 #include "trace2/tr2_tgt.h"
 #include "trace2/tr2_tls.h"
+#include "trace2/tr2_tmr.h"
 
 static struct tr2_dst tr2dst_perf = {
 	.sysenv_var = TR2_SYSENV_PERF,
@@ -108,7 +109,7 @@ static void perf_fmt_prepare(const char *event_name,
 
 	strbuf_addf(buf, "d%d | ", tr2_sid_depth());
 	strbuf_addf(buf, "%-*s | %-*s | ", TR2_MAX_THREAD_NAME,
-		    ctx->thread_name.buf, TR2FMT_PERF_MAX_EVENT_NAME,
+		    ctx->thread_name, TR2FMT_PERF_MAX_EVENT_NAME,
 		    event_name);
 
 	len = buf->len + TR2FMT_PERF_REPO_WIDTH;
@@ -555,6 +556,44 @@ static void fn_printf_va_fl(const char *file, int line,
 	strbuf_release(&buf_payload);
 }
 
+static void fn_timer(const struct tr2_timer_metadata *meta,
+		     const struct tr2_timer *timer,
+		     int is_final_data)
+{
+	const char *event_name = is_final_data ? "timer" : "th_timer";
+	struct strbuf buf_payload = STRBUF_INIT;
+	double t_total = NS_TO_SEC(timer->total_ns);
+	double t_min = NS_TO_SEC(timer->min_ns);
+	double t_max = NS_TO_SEC(timer->max_ns);
+
+	strbuf_addf(&buf_payload, ("name:%s"
+				   " intervals:%"PRIu64
+				   " total:%8.6f min:%8.6f max:%8.6f"),
+		    meta->name,
+		    timer->interval_count,
+		    t_total, t_min, t_max);
+
+	perf_io_write_fl(__FILE__, __LINE__, event_name, NULL, NULL, NULL,
+			 meta->category, &buf_payload);
+	strbuf_release(&buf_payload);
+}
+
+static void fn_counter(const struct tr2_counter_metadata *meta,
+		       const struct tr2_counter *counter,
+		       int is_final_data)
+{
+	const char *event_name = is_final_data ? "counter" : "th_counter";
+	struct strbuf buf_payload = STRBUF_INIT;
+
+	strbuf_addf(&buf_payload, "name:%s value:%"PRIu64,
+		    meta->name,
+		    counter->value);
+
+	perf_io_write_fl(__FILE__, __LINE__, event_name, NULL, NULL, NULL,
+			 meta->category, &buf_payload);
+	strbuf_release(&buf_payload);
+}
+
 struct tr2_tgt tr2_tgt_perf = {
 	.pdst = &tr2dst_perf,
 
@@ -586,4 +625,6 @@ struct tr2_tgt tr2_tgt_perf = {
 	.pfn_data_fl = fn_data_fl,
 	.pfn_data_json_fl = fn_data_json_fl,
 	.pfn_printf_va_fl = fn_printf_va_fl,
+	.pfn_timer = fn_timer,
+	.pfn_counter = fn_counter,
 };
diff --git a/trace2/tr2_tls.c b/trace2/tr2_tls.c
index 7da94ab..04900bb 100644
--- a/trace2/tr2_tls.c
+++ b/trace2/tr2_tls.c
@@ -31,10 +31,11 @@ void tr2tls_start_process_clock(void)
 	tr2tls_us_start_process = getnanotime() / 1000;
 }
 
-struct tr2tls_thread_ctx *tr2tls_create_self(const char *thread_name,
+struct tr2tls_thread_ctx *tr2tls_create_self(const char *thread_base_name,
 					     uint64_t us_thread_start)
 {
 	struct tr2tls_thread_ctx *ctx = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*ctx));
+	struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
 
 	/*
 	 * Implicitly "tr2tls_push_self()" to capture the thread's start
@@ -47,12 +48,13 @@ struct tr2tls_thread_ctx *tr2tls_create_self(const char *thread_name,
 
 	ctx->thread_id = tr2tls_locked_increment(&tr2_next_thread_id);
 
-	strbuf_init(&ctx->thread_name, 0);
+	strbuf_init(&buf, 0);
 	if (ctx->thread_id)
-		strbuf_addf(&ctx->thread_name, "th%02d:", ctx->thread_id);
-	strbuf_addstr(&ctx->thread_name, thread_name);
-	if (ctx->thread_name.len > TR2_MAX_THREAD_NAME)
-		strbuf_setlen(&ctx->thread_name, TR2_MAX_THREAD_NAME);
+		strbuf_addf(&buf, "th%02d:", ctx->thread_id);
+	strbuf_addstr(&buf, thread_base_name);
+	if (buf.len > TR2_MAX_THREAD_NAME)
+		strbuf_setlen(&buf, TR2_MAX_THREAD_NAME);
+	ctx->thread_name = strbuf_detach(&buf, NULL);
 
 	pthread_setspecific(tr2tls_key, ctx);
 
@@ -69,9 +71,9 @@ struct tr2tls_thread_ctx *tr2tls_get_self(void)
 	ctx = pthread_getspecific(tr2tls_key);
 
 	/*
-	 * If the thread-proc did not call trace2_thread_start(), we won't
-	 * have any TLS data associated with the current thread.  Fix it
-	 * here and silently continue.
+	 * If the current thread's thread-proc did not call
+	 * trace2_thread_start(), then the thread will not have any
+	 * thread-local storage.  Create it now and silently continue.
 	 */
 	if (!ctx)
 		ctx = tr2tls_create_self("unknown", getnanotime() / 1000);
@@ -95,7 +97,7 @@ void tr2tls_unset_self(void)
 
 	pthread_setspecific(tr2tls_key, NULL);
 
-	strbuf_release(&ctx->thread_name);
+	free((char *)ctx->thread_name);
 	free(ctx->array_us_start);
 	free(ctx);
 }
@@ -113,7 +115,7 @@ void tr2tls_pop_self(void)
 	struct tr2tls_thread_ctx *ctx = tr2tls_get_self();
 
 	if (!ctx->nr_open_regions)
-		BUG("no open regions in thread '%s'", ctx->thread_name.buf);
+		BUG("no open regions in thread '%s'", ctx->thread_name);
 
 	ctx->nr_open_regions--;
 }
@@ -179,3 +181,13 @@ int tr2tls_locked_increment(int *p)
 
 	return current_value;
 }
+
+void tr2tls_lock(void)
+{
+	pthread_mutex_lock(&tr2tls_mutex);
+}
+
+void tr2tls_unlock(void)
+{
+	pthread_mutex_unlock(&tr2tls_mutex);
+}
diff --git a/trace2/tr2_tls.h b/trace2/tr2_tls.h
index b1e327a..f904980 100644
--- a/trace2/tr2_tls.h
+++ b/trace2/tr2_tls.h
@@ -2,6 +2,14 @@
 #define TR2_TLS_H
 
 #include "strbuf.h"
+#include "trace2/tr2_ctr.h"
+#include "trace2/tr2_tmr.h"
+
+/*
+ * Notice: the term "TLS" refers to "thread-local storage" in the
+ * Trace2 source files.  This usage is borrowed from GCC and Windows.
+ * There is NO relation to "transport layer security".
+ */
 
 /*
  * Arbitry limit for thread names for column alignment.
@@ -9,33 +17,40 @@
 #define TR2_MAX_THREAD_NAME (24)
 
 struct tr2tls_thread_ctx {
-	struct strbuf thread_name;
+	const char *thread_name;
 	uint64_t *array_us_start;
-	int alloc;
-	int nr_open_regions; /* plays role of "nr" in ALLOC_GROW */
+	size_t alloc;
+	size_t nr_open_regions; /* plays role of "nr" in ALLOC_GROW */
 	int thread_id;
+	struct tr2_timer_block timer_block;
+	struct tr2_counter_block counter_block;
+	unsigned int used_any_timer:1;
+	unsigned int used_any_per_thread_timer:1;
+	unsigned int used_any_counter:1;
+	unsigned int used_any_per_thread_counter:1;
 };
 
 /*
- * Create TLS data for the current thread.  This gives us a place to
- * put per-thread data, such as thread start time, function nesting
- * and a per-thread label for our messages.
+ * Create thread-local storage for the current thread.
  *
- * We assume the first thread is "main".  Other threads are given
- * non-zero thread-ids to help distinguish messages from concurrent
- * threads.
- *
- * Truncate the thread name if necessary to help with column alignment
- * in printf-style messages.
+ * The first thread in the process will have:
+ *     { .thread_id=0, .thread_name="main" }
+ * Subsequent threads are given a non-zero thread_id and a thread_name
+ * constructed from the id and a thread base name (which is usually just
+ * the name of the thread-proc function).  For example:
+ *     { .thread_id=10, .thread_name="th10:fsm-listen" }
+ * This helps to identify and distinguish messages from concurrent threads.
+ * The ctx.thread_name field is truncated if necessary to help with column
+ * alignment in printf-style messages.
  *
  * In this and all following functions the term "self" refers to the
  * current thread.
  */
-struct tr2tls_thread_ctx *tr2tls_create_self(const char *thread_name,
+struct tr2tls_thread_ctx *tr2tls_create_self(const char *thread_base_name,
 					     uint64_t us_thread_start);
 
 /*
- * Get our TLS data.
+ * Get the thread-local storage pointer of the current thread.
  */
 struct tr2tls_thread_ctx *tr2tls_get_self(void);
 
@@ -45,7 +60,7 @@ struct tr2tls_thread_ctx *tr2tls_get_self(void);
 int tr2tls_is_main_thread(void);
 
 /*
- * Free our TLS data.
+ * Free the current thread's thread-local storage.
  */
 void tr2tls_unset_self(void);
 
@@ -81,12 +96,12 @@ uint64_t tr2tls_region_elasped_self(uint64_t us);
 uint64_t tr2tls_absolute_elapsed(uint64_t us);
 
 /*
- * Initialize the tr2 TLS system.
+ * Initialize thread-local storage for Trace2.
  */
 void tr2tls_init(void);
 
 /*
- * Free all tr2 TLS resources.
+ * Free all Trace2 thread-local storage resources.
  */
 void tr2tls_release(void);
 
@@ -100,4 +115,10 @@ int tr2tls_locked_increment(int *p);
  */
 void tr2tls_start_process_clock(void);
 
+/*
+ * Explicitly lock/unlock our mutex.
+ */
+void tr2tls_lock(void);
+void tr2tls_unlock(void);
+
 #endif /* TR2_TLS_H */
diff --git a/trace2/tr2_tmr.c b/trace2/tr2_tmr.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..786762d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trace2/tr2_tmr.c
@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+#include "cache.h"
+#include "thread-utils.h"
+#include "trace2/tr2_tgt.h"
+#include "trace2/tr2_tls.h"
+#include "trace2/tr2_tmr.h"
+
+#define MY_MAX(a, b) ((a) > (b) ? (a) : (b))
+#define MY_MIN(a, b) ((a) < (b) ? (a) : (b))
+
+/*
+ * A global timer block to aggregate values from the partial sums from
+ * each thread.
+ */
+static struct tr2_timer_block final_timer_block; /* access under tr2tls_mutex */
+
+/*
+ * Define metadata for each stopwatch timer.
+ *
+ * This array must match "enum trace2_timer_id" and the values
+ * in "struct tr2_timer_block.timer[*]".
+ */
+static struct tr2_timer_metadata tr2_timer_metadata[TRACE2_NUMBER_OF_TIMERS] = {
+	[TRACE2_TIMER_ID_TEST1] = {
+		.category = "test",
+		.name = "test1",
+		.want_per_thread_events = 0,
+	},
+	[TRACE2_TIMER_ID_TEST2] = {
+		.category = "test",
+		.name = "test2",
+		.want_per_thread_events = 1,
+	},
+
+	/* Add additional metadata before here. */
+};
+
+void tr2_start_timer(enum trace2_timer_id tid)
+{
+	struct tr2tls_thread_ctx *ctx = tr2tls_get_self();
+	struct tr2_timer *t = &ctx->timer_block.timer[tid];
+
+	t->recursion_count++;
+	if (t->recursion_count > 1)
+		return; /* ignore recursive starts */
+
+	t->start_ns = getnanotime();
+}
+
+void tr2_stop_timer(enum trace2_timer_id tid)
+{
+	struct tr2tls_thread_ctx *ctx = tr2tls_get_self();
+	struct tr2_timer *t = &ctx->timer_block.timer[tid];
+	uint64_t ns_now;
+	uint64_t ns_interval;
+
+	assert(t->recursion_count > 0);
+
+	t->recursion_count--;
+	if (t->recursion_count)
+		return; /* still in recursive call(s) */
+
+	ns_now = getnanotime();
+	ns_interval = ns_now - t->start_ns;
+
+	t->total_ns += ns_interval;
+
+	/*
+	 * min_ns was initialized to zero (in the xcalloc()) rather
+	 * than UINT_MAX when the block of timers was allocated,
+	 * so we should always set both the min_ns and max_ns values
+	 * the first time that the timer is used.
+	 */
+	if (!t->interval_count) {
+		t->min_ns = ns_interval;
+		t->max_ns = ns_interval;
+	} else {
+		t->min_ns = MY_MIN(ns_interval, t->min_ns);
+		t->max_ns = MY_MAX(ns_interval, t->max_ns);
+	}
+
+	t->interval_count++;
+
+	ctx->used_any_timer = 1;
+	if (tr2_timer_metadata[tid].want_per_thread_events)
+		ctx->used_any_per_thread_timer = 1;
+}
+
+void tr2_update_final_timers(void)
+{
+	struct tr2tls_thread_ctx *ctx = tr2tls_get_self();
+	enum trace2_timer_id tid;
+
+	if (!ctx->used_any_timer)
+		return;
+
+	/*
+	 * Accessing `final_timer_block` requires holding `tr2tls_mutex`.
+	 * We assume that our caller is holding the lock.
+	 */
+
+	for (tid = 0; tid < TRACE2_NUMBER_OF_TIMERS; tid++) {
+		struct tr2_timer *t_final = &final_timer_block.timer[tid];
+		struct tr2_timer *t = &ctx->timer_block.timer[tid];
+
+		if (t->recursion_count) {
+			/*
+			 * The current thread is exiting with
+			 * timer[tid] still running.
+			 *
+			 * Technically, this is a bug, but I'm going
+			 * to ignore it.
+			 *
+			 * I don't think it is worth calling die()
+			 * for.  I don't think it is worth killing the
+			 * process for this bookkeeping error.  We
+			 * might want to call warning(), but I'm going
+			 * to wait on that.
+			 *
+			 * The downside here is that total_ns won't
+			 * include the current open interval (now -
+			 * start_ns).  I can live with that.
+			 */
+		}
+
+		if (!t->interval_count)
+			continue; /* this timer was not used by this thread */
+
+		t_final->total_ns += t->total_ns;
+
+		/*
+		 * final_timer_block.timer[tid].min_ns was initialized to
+		 * was initialized to zero rather than UINT_MAX, so we should
+		 * always set both the min_ns and max_ns values the first time
+		 * that we add a partial sum into it.
+		 */
+		if (!t_final->interval_count) {
+			t_final->min_ns = t->min_ns;
+			t_final->max_ns = t->max_ns;
+		} else {
+			t_final->min_ns = MY_MIN(t_final->min_ns, t->min_ns);
+			t_final->max_ns = MY_MAX(t_final->max_ns, t->max_ns);
+		}
+
+		t_final->interval_count += t->interval_count;
+	}
+}
+
+void tr2_emit_per_thread_timers(tr2_tgt_evt_timer_t *fn_apply)
+{
+	struct tr2tls_thread_ctx *ctx = tr2tls_get_self();
+	enum trace2_timer_id tid;
+
+	if (!ctx->used_any_per_thread_timer)
+		return;
+
+	/*
+	 * For each timer, if the timer wants per-thread events and
+	 * this thread used it, emit it.
+	 */
+	for (tid = 0; tid < TRACE2_NUMBER_OF_TIMERS; tid++)
+		if (tr2_timer_metadata[tid].want_per_thread_events &&
+		    ctx->timer_block.timer[tid].interval_count)
+			fn_apply(&tr2_timer_metadata[tid],
+				 &ctx->timer_block.timer[tid],
+				 0);
+}
+
+void tr2_emit_final_timers(tr2_tgt_evt_timer_t *fn_apply)
+{
+	enum trace2_timer_id tid;
+
+	/*
+	 * Accessing `final_timer_block` requires holding `tr2tls_mutex`.
+	 * We assume that our caller is holding the lock.
+	 */
+
+	for (tid = 0; tid < TRACE2_NUMBER_OF_TIMERS; tid++)
+		if (final_timer_block.timer[tid].interval_count)
+			fn_apply(&tr2_timer_metadata[tid],
+				 &final_timer_block.timer[tid],
+				 1);
+}
diff --git a/trace2/tr2_tmr.h b/trace2/tr2_tmr.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d575357
--- /dev/null
+++ b/trace2/tr2_tmr.h
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+#ifndef TR2_TMR_H
+#define TR2_TMR_H
+
+#include "trace2.h"
+#include "trace2/tr2_tgt.h"
+
+/*
+ * Define a mechanism to allow "stopwatch" timers.
+ *
+ * Timers can be used to measure "interesting" activity that does not
+ * fit the "region" model, such as code called from many different
+ * regions (like zlib) and/or where data for individual calls are not
+ * interesting or are too numerous to be efficiently logged.
+ *
+ * Timer values are accumulated during program execution and emitted
+ * to the Trace2 logs at program exit.
+ *
+ * To make this model efficient, we define a compile-time fixed set of
+ * timers and timer ids using a "timer block" array in thread-local
+ * storage.  This gives us constant time access to each timer within
+ * each thread, since we want start/stop operations to be as fast as
+ * possible.  This lets us avoid the complexities of dynamically
+ * allocating a timer on the first use by a thread and/or possibly
+ * sharing that timer definition with other concurrent threads.
+ * However, this does require that we define time the set of timers at
+ * compile time.
+ *
+ * Each thread uses the timer block in its thread-local storage to
+ * compute partial sums for each timer (without locking).  When a
+ * thread exits, those partial sums are (under lock) added to the
+ * global final sum.
+ *
+ * Using this "timer block" model costs ~48 bytes per timer per thread
+ * (we have about six uint64 fields per timer).  This does increase
+ * the size of the thread-local storage block, but it is allocated (at
+ * thread create time) and not on the thread stack, so I'm not worried
+ * about the size.
+ *
+ * Partial sums for each timer are optionally emitted when a thread
+ * exits.
+ *
+ * Final sums for each timer are emitted between the "exit" and
+ * "atexit" events.
+ *
+ * A parallel "timer metadata" table contains the "category" and "name"
+ * fields for each timer.  This eliminates the need to include those
+ * args in the various timer APIs.
+ */
+
+/*
+ * The definition of an individual timer and used by an individual
+ * thread.
+ */
+struct tr2_timer {
+	/*
+	 * Total elapsed time for this timer in this thread in nanoseconds.
+	 */
+	uint64_t total_ns;
+
+	/*
+	 * The maximum and minimum interval values observed for this
+	 * timer in this thread.
+	 */
+	uint64_t min_ns;
+	uint64_t max_ns;
+
+	/*
+	 * The value of the clock when this timer was started in this
+	 * thread.  (Undefined when the timer is not active in this
+	 * thread.)
+	 */
+	uint64_t start_ns;
+
+	/*
+	 * Number of times that this timer has been started and stopped
+	 * in this thread.  (Recursive starts are ignored.)
+	 */
+	uint64_t interval_count;
+
+	/*
+	 * Number of nested starts on the stack in this thread.  (We
+	 * ignore recursive starts and use this to track the recursive
+	 * calls.)
+	 */
+	unsigned int recursion_count;
+};
+
+/*
+ * Metadata for a timer.
+ */
+struct tr2_timer_metadata {
+	const char *category;
+	const char *name;
+
+	/*
+	 * True if we should emit per-thread events for this timer
+	 * when individual threads exit.
+	 */
+	unsigned int want_per_thread_events:1;
+};
+
+/*
+ * A compile-time fixed-size block of timers to insert into
+ * thread-local storage.  This wrapper is used to avoid quirks
+ * of C and the usual need to pass an array size argument.
+ */
+struct tr2_timer_block {
+	struct tr2_timer timer[TRACE2_NUMBER_OF_TIMERS];
+};
+
+/*
+ * Private routines used by trace2.c to actually start/stop an
+ * individual timer in the current thread.
+ */
+void tr2_start_timer(enum trace2_timer_id tid);
+void tr2_stop_timer(enum trace2_timer_id tid);
+
+/*
+ * Add the current thread's timer data to the global totals.
+ * This is called during thread-exit.
+ *
+ * Caller must be holding the tr2tls_mutex.
+ */
+void tr2_update_final_timers(void);
+
+/*
+ * Emit per-thread timer data for the current thread.
+ * This is called during thread-exit.
+ */
+void tr2_emit_per_thread_timers(tr2_tgt_evt_timer_t *fn_apply);
+
+/*
+ * Emit global total timer values.
+ * This is called during atexit handling.
+ *
+ * Caller must be holding the tr2tls_mutex.
+ */
+void tr2_emit_final_timers(tr2_tgt_evt_timer_t *fn_apply);
+
+#endif /* TR2_TMR_H */
diff --git a/transport.c b/transport.c
index 70e9c18..e7b9719 100644
--- a/transport.c
+++ b/transport.c
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ static int fetch_refs_from_bundle(struct transport *transport,
 	if (!data->get_refs_from_bundle_called)
 		get_refs_from_bundle_inner(transport);
 	ret = unbundle(the_repository, &data->header, data->fd,
-		       &extra_index_pack_args);
+		       &extra_index_pack_args, 0);
 	transport->hash_algo = data->header.hash_algo;
 	return ret;
 }
diff --git a/unpack-trees.c b/unpack-trees.c
index bae8121..8a762aa 100644
--- a/unpack-trees.c
+++ b/unpack-trees.c
@@ -2043,7 +2043,8 @@ int unpack_trees(unsigned len, struct tree_desc *t, struct unpack_trees_options
 		if (!ret) {
 			if (git_env_bool("GIT_TEST_CHECK_CACHE_TREE", 0))
 				cache_tree_verify(the_repository, &o->result);
-			if (!cache_tree_fully_valid(o->result.cache_tree))
+			if (!o->skip_cache_tree_update &&
+			    !cache_tree_fully_valid(o->result.cache_tree))
 				cache_tree_update(&o->result,
 						  WRITE_TREE_SILENT |
 						  WRITE_TREE_REPAIR);
diff --git a/unpack-trees.h b/unpack-trees.h
index efb9edf..6ab0d74 100644
--- a/unpack-trees.h
+++ b/unpack-trees.h
@@ -71,7 +71,8 @@ struct unpack_trees_options {
 		     quiet,
 		     exiting_early,
 		     show_all_errors,
-		     dry_run;
+		     dry_run,
+		     skip_cache_tree_update;
 	enum unpack_trees_reset_type reset;
 	const char *prefix;
 	int cache_bottom;
diff --git a/upload-pack.c b/upload-pack.c
index 0b8311b..551f22f 100644
--- a/upload-pack.c
+++ b/upload-pack.c
@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@ struct upload_pack_data {
 	struct object_array have_obj;
 	struct oid_array haves;					/* v2 only */
 	struct string_list wanted_refs;				/* v2 only */
+	struct string_list hidden_refs;
 
 	struct object_array shallows;
 	struct string_list deepen_not;
@@ -118,6 +119,7 @@ static void upload_pack_data_init(struct upload_pack_data *data)
 {
 	struct string_list symref = STRING_LIST_INIT_DUP;
 	struct string_list wanted_refs = STRING_LIST_INIT_DUP;
+	struct string_list hidden_refs = STRING_LIST_INIT_DUP;
 	struct object_array want_obj = OBJECT_ARRAY_INIT;
 	struct object_array have_obj = OBJECT_ARRAY_INIT;
 	struct oid_array haves = OID_ARRAY_INIT;
@@ -130,6 +132,7 @@ static void upload_pack_data_init(struct upload_pack_data *data)
 	memset(data, 0, sizeof(*data));
 	data->symref = symref;
 	data->wanted_refs = wanted_refs;
+	data->hidden_refs = hidden_refs;
 	data->want_obj = want_obj;
 	data->have_obj = have_obj;
 	data->haves = haves;
@@ -151,6 +154,7 @@ static void upload_pack_data_clear(struct upload_pack_data *data)
 {
 	string_list_clear(&data->symref, 1);
 	string_list_clear(&data->wanted_refs, 1);
+	string_list_clear(&data->hidden_refs, 0);
 	object_array_clear(&data->want_obj);
 	object_array_clear(&data->have_obj);
 	oid_array_clear(&data->haves);
@@ -842,8 +846,8 @@ static void deepen(struct upload_pack_data *data, int depth)
 		 * Checking for reachable shallows requires that our refs be
 		 * marked with OUR_REF.
 		 */
-		head_ref_namespaced(check_ref, NULL);
-		for_each_namespaced_ref(check_ref, NULL);
+		head_ref_namespaced(check_ref, data);
+		for_each_namespaced_ref(check_ref, data);
 
 		get_reachable_list(data, &reachable_shallows);
 		result = get_shallow_commits(&reachable_shallows,
@@ -1158,11 +1162,11 @@ static void receive_needs(struct upload_pack_data *data,
 
 /* return non-zero if the ref is hidden, otherwise 0 */
 static int mark_our_ref(const char *refname, const char *refname_full,
-			const struct object_id *oid)
+			const struct object_id *oid, const struct string_list *hidden_refs)
 {
 	struct object *o = lookup_unknown_object(the_repository, oid);
 
-	if (ref_is_hidden(refname, refname_full)) {
+	if (ref_is_hidden(refname, refname_full, hidden_refs)) {
 		o->flags |= HIDDEN_REF;
 		return 1;
 	}
@@ -1171,11 +1175,12 @@ static int mark_our_ref(const char *refname, const char *refname_full,
 }
 
 static int check_ref(const char *refname_full, const struct object_id *oid,
-		     int flag UNUSED, void *cb_data UNUSED)
+		     int flag UNUSED, void *cb_data)
 {
 	const char *refname = strip_namespace(refname_full);
+	struct upload_pack_data *data = cb_data;
 
-	mark_our_ref(refname, refname_full, oid);
+	mark_our_ref(refname, refname_full, oid, &data->hidden_refs);
 	return 0;
 }
 
@@ -1204,7 +1209,7 @@ static int send_ref(const char *refname, const struct object_id *oid,
 	struct object_id peeled;
 	struct upload_pack_data *data = cb_data;
 
-	if (mark_our_ref(refname_nons, refname, oid))
+	if (mark_our_ref(refname_nons, refname, oid, &data->hidden_refs))
 		return 0;
 
 	if (capabilities) {
@@ -1327,7 +1332,7 @@ static int upload_pack_config(const char *var, const char *value, void *cb_data)
 	if (parse_object_filter_config(var, value, data) < 0)
 		return -1;
 
-	return parse_hide_refs_config(var, value, "uploadpack");
+	return parse_hide_refs_config(var, value, "uploadpack", &data->hidden_refs);
 }
 
 static int upload_pack_protected_config(const char *var, const char *value, void *cb_data)
@@ -1375,8 +1380,8 @@ void upload_pack(const int advertise_refs, const int stateless_rpc,
 		advertise_shallow_grafts(1);
 		packet_flush(1);
 	} else {
-		head_ref_namespaced(check_ref, NULL);
-		for_each_namespaced_ref(check_ref, NULL);
+		head_ref_namespaced(check_ref, &data);
+		for_each_namespaced_ref(check_ref, &data);
 	}
 
 	if (!advertise_refs) {
@@ -1441,6 +1446,7 @@ static int parse_want(struct packet_writer *writer, const char *line,
 
 static int parse_want_ref(struct packet_writer *writer, const char *line,
 			  struct string_list *wanted_refs,
+			  struct string_list *hidden_refs,
 			  struct object_array *want_obj)
 {
 	const char *refname_nons;
@@ -1451,7 +1457,7 @@ static int parse_want_ref(struct packet_writer *writer, const char *line,
 		struct strbuf refname = STRBUF_INIT;
 
 		strbuf_addf(&refname, "%s%s", get_git_namespace(), refname_nons);
-		if (ref_is_hidden(refname_nons, refname.buf) ||
+		if (ref_is_hidden(refname_nons, refname.buf, hidden_refs) ||
 		    read_ref(refname.buf, &oid)) {
 			packet_writer_error(writer, "unknown ref %s", refname_nons);
 			die("unknown ref %s", refname_nons);
@@ -1508,7 +1514,7 @@ static void process_args(struct packet_reader *request,
 			continue;
 		if (data->allow_ref_in_want &&
 		    parse_want_ref(&data->writer, arg, &data->wanted_refs,
-				   &data->want_obj))
+				   &data->hidden_refs, &data->want_obj))
 			continue;
 		/* process have line */
 		if (parse_have(arg, &data->haves))
diff --git a/worktree.c b/worktree.c
index 257ba4c..aa43c64 100644
--- a/worktree.c
+++ b/worktree.c
@@ -489,62 +489,17 @@ int submodule_uses_worktrees(const char *path)
 	return ret;
 }
 
-int parse_worktree_ref(const char *worktree_ref, const char **name,
-		       int *name_length, const char **ref)
-{
-	if (skip_prefix(worktree_ref, "main-worktree/", &worktree_ref)) {
-		if (!*worktree_ref)
-			return -1;
-		if (name)
-			*name = NULL;
-		if (name_length)
-			*name_length = 0;
-		if (ref)
-			*ref = worktree_ref;
-		return 0;
-	}
-	if (skip_prefix(worktree_ref, "worktrees/", &worktree_ref)) {
-		const char *slash = strchr(worktree_ref, '/');
-
-		if (!slash || slash == worktree_ref || !slash[1])
-			return -1;
-		if (name)
-			*name = worktree_ref;
-		if (name_length)
-			*name_length = slash - worktree_ref;
-		if (ref)
-			*ref = slash + 1;
-		return 0;
-	}
-	return -1;
-}
-
 void strbuf_worktree_ref(const struct worktree *wt,
 			 struct strbuf *sb,
 			 const char *refname)
 {
-	switch (ref_type(refname)) {
-	case REF_TYPE_PSEUDOREF:
-	case REF_TYPE_PER_WORKTREE:
-		if (wt && !wt->is_current) {
-			if (is_main_worktree(wt))
-				strbuf_addstr(sb, "main-worktree/");
-			else
-				strbuf_addf(sb, "worktrees/%s/", wt->id);
-		}
-		break;
-
-	case REF_TYPE_MAIN_PSEUDOREF:
-	case REF_TYPE_OTHER_PSEUDOREF:
-		break;
-
-	case REF_TYPE_NORMAL:
-		/*
-		 * For shared refs, don't prefix worktrees/ or
-		 * main-worktree/. It's not necessary and
-		 * files-backend.c can't handle it anyway.
-		 */
-		break;
+	if (parse_worktree_ref(refname, NULL, NULL, NULL) ==
+		    REF_WORKTREE_CURRENT &&
+	    wt && !wt->is_current) {
+		if (is_main_worktree(wt))
+			strbuf_addstr(sb, "main-worktree/");
+		else
+			strbuf_addf(sb, "worktrees/%s/", wt->id);
 	}
 	strbuf_addstr(sb, refname);
 }
diff --git a/worktree.h b/worktree.h
index e9e8399..9dcea6f 100644
--- a/worktree.h
+++ b/worktree.h
@@ -167,16 +167,6 @@ const char *worktree_git_path(const struct worktree *wt,
 	__attribute__((format (printf, 2, 3)));
 
 /*
- * Parse a worktree ref (i.e. with prefix main-worktree/ or
- * worktrees/) and return the position of the worktree's name and
- * length (or NULL and zero if it's main worktree), and ref.
- *
- * All name, name_length and ref arguments could be NULL.
- */
-int parse_worktree_ref(const char *worktree_ref, const char **name,
-		       int *name_length, const char **ref);
-
-/*
  * Return a refname suitable for access from the current ref store.
  */
 void strbuf_worktree_ref(const struct worktree *wt,