Merge branch 'sn/typo-grammo-phraso-fixes'

Many typos, ungrammatical sentences and wrong phrasing have been
fixed.

* sn/typo-grammo-phraso-fixes:
  t/README: fix multi-prerequisite example
  doc/gitk: s/sticked/stuck/
  git-jump: admit to passing merge mode args to ls-files
  doc/diff-options: improve wording of the log.diffMerges mention
  doc: fix some typos, grammar and wording issues
diff --git a/.github/workflows/coverity.yml b/.github/workflows/coverity.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e5532d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/coverity.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+name: Coverity
+
+# This GitHub workflow automates submitting builds to Coverity Scan. To enable it,
+# set the repository variable `ENABLE_COVERITY_SCAN_FOR_BRANCHES` (for details, see
+# https://docs.github.com/en/actions/learn-github-actions/variables) to a JSON
+# string array containing the names of the branches for which the workflow should be
+# run, e.g. `["main", "next"]`.
+#
+# In addition, two repository secrets must be set (for details how to add secrets, see
+# https://docs.github.com/en/actions/security-guides/using-secrets-in-github-actions):
+# `COVERITY_SCAN_EMAIL` and `COVERITY_SCAN_TOKEN`. The former specifies the
+# email to which the Coverity reports should be sent and the latter can be
+# obtained from the Project Settings tab of the Coverity project).
+#
+# The workflow runs on `ubuntu-latest` by default. This can be overridden by setting
+# the repository variable `ENABLE_COVERITY_SCAN_ON_OS` to a JSON string array specifying
+# the operating systems, e.g. `["ubuntu-latest", "windows-latest"]`.
+#
+# By default, the builds are submitted to the Coverity project `git`. To override this,
+# set the repository variable `COVERITY_PROJECT`.
+
+on:
+  push:
+
+defaults:
+  run:
+    shell: bash
+
+jobs:
+  coverity:
+    if: contains(fromJSON(vars.ENABLE_COVERITY_SCAN_FOR_BRANCHES || '[""]'), github.ref_name)
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        os: ${{ fromJSON(vars.ENABLE_COVERITY_SCAN_ON_OS || '["ubuntu-latest"]') }}
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    env:
+      COVERITY_PROJECT: ${{ vars.COVERITY_PROJECT || 'git' }}
+      COVERITY_LANGUAGE: cxx
+      COVERITY_PLATFORM: overridden-below
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - name: install minimal Git for Windows SDK
+        if: contains(matrix.os, 'windows')
+        uses: git-for-windows/setup-git-for-windows-sdk@v1
+      - run: ci/install-dependencies.sh
+        if: contains(matrix.os, 'ubuntu') || contains(matrix.os, 'macos')
+        env:
+          runs_on_pool: ${{ matrix.os }}
+
+      # The Coverity site says the tool is usually updated twice yearly, so the
+      # MD5 of download can be used to determine whether there's been an update.
+      - name: get the Coverity Build Tool hash
+        id: lookup
+        run: |
+          case "${{ matrix.os }}" in
+          *windows*)
+            COVERITY_PLATFORM=win64
+            COVERITY_TOOL_FILENAME=cov-analysis.zip
+            MAKEFLAGS=-j$(nproc)
+            ;;
+          *macos*)
+            COVERITY_PLATFORM=macOSX
+            COVERITY_TOOL_FILENAME=cov-analysis.dmg
+            MAKEFLAGS=-j$(sysctl -n hw.physicalcpu)
+            ;;
+          *ubuntu*)
+            COVERITY_PLATFORM=linux64
+            COVERITY_TOOL_FILENAME=cov-analysis.tgz
+            MAKEFLAGS=-j$(nproc)
+            ;;
+          *)
+            echo '::error::unhandled OS ${{ matrix.os }}' >&2
+            exit 1
+            ;;
+          esac
+          echo "COVERITY_PLATFORM=$COVERITY_PLATFORM" >>$GITHUB_ENV
+          echo "COVERITY_TOOL_FILENAME=$COVERITY_TOOL_FILENAME" >>$GITHUB_ENV
+          echo "MAKEFLAGS=$MAKEFLAGS" >>$GITHUB_ENV
+          MD5=$(curl https://scan.coverity.com/download/$COVERITY_LANGUAGE/$COVERITY_PLATFORM \
+                   --fail \
+                   --form token='${{ secrets.COVERITY_SCAN_TOKEN }}' \
+                   --form project="$COVERITY_PROJECT" \
+                   --form md5=1)
+          case $? in
+          0) ;; # okay
+          22) # 40x, i.e. access denied
+            echo "::error::incorrect token or project?" >&2
+            exit 1
+            ;;
+          *) # other error
+            echo "::error::Failed to retrieve MD5" >&2
+            exit 1
+            ;;
+          esac
+          echo "hash=$MD5" >>$GITHUB_OUTPUT
+
+      # Try to cache the tool to avoid downloading 1GB+ on every run.
+      # A cache miss will add ~30s to create, but a cache hit will save minutes.
+      - name: restore the Coverity Build Tool
+        id: cache
+        uses: actions/cache/restore@v3
+        with:
+          path: ${{ runner.temp }}/cov-analysis
+          key: cov-build-${{ env.COVERITY_LANGUAGE }}-${{ env.COVERITY_PLATFORM }}-${{ steps.lookup.outputs.hash }}
+      - name: download the Coverity Build Tool (${{ env.COVERITY_LANGUAGE }} / ${{ env.COVERITY_PLATFORM}})
+        if: steps.cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+        run: |
+          curl https://scan.coverity.com/download/$COVERITY_LANGUAGE/$COVERITY_PLATFORM \
+            --fail --no-progress-meter \
+            --output $RUNNER_TEMP/$COVERITY_TOOL_FILENAME \
+            --form token='${{ secrets.COVERITY_SCAN_TOKEN }}' \
+            --form project="$COVERITY_PROJECT"
+      - name: extract the Coverity Build Tool
+        if: steps.cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+        run: |
+          case "$COVERITY_TOOL_FILENAME" in
+          *.tgz)
+            mkdir $RUNNER_TEMP/cov-analysis &&
+            tar -xzf $RUNNER_TEMP/$COVERITY_TOOL_FILENAME --strip 1 -C $RUNNER_TEMP/cov-analysis
+            ;;
+          *.dmg)
+            cd $RUNNER_TEMP &&
+            attach="$(hdiutil attach $COVERITY_TOOL_FILENAME)" &&
+            volume="$(echo "$attach" | cut -f 3 | grep /Volumes/)" &&
+            mkdir cov-analysis &&
+            cd cov-analysis &&
+            sh "$volume"/cov-analysis-macosx-*.sh &&
+            ls -l &&
+            hdiutil detach "$volume"
+            ;;
+          *.zip)
+            cd $RUNNER_TEMP &&
+            mkdir cov-analysis-tmp &&
+            unzip -d cov-analysis-tmp $COVERITY_TOOL_FILENAME &&
+            mv cov-analysis-tmp/* cov-analysis
+            ;;
+          *)
+            echo "::error::unhandled archive type: $COVERITY_TOOL_FILENAME" >&2
+            exit 1
+            ;;
+          esac
+      - name: cache the Coverity Build Tool
+        if: steps.cache.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+        uses: actions/cache/save@v3
+        with:
+          path: ${{ runner.temp }}/cov-analysis
+          key: cov-build-${{ env.COVERITY_LANGUAGE }}-${{ env.COVERITY_PLATFORM }}-${{ steps.lookup.outputs.hash }}
+      - name: build with cov-build
+        run: |
+          export PATH="$RUNNER_TEMP/cov-analysis/bin:$PATH" &&
+          cov-configure --gcc &&
+          cov-build --dir cov-int make
+      - name: package the build
+        run: tar -czvf cov-int.tgz cov-int
+      - name: submit the build to Coverity Scan
+        run: |
+          curl \
+            --fail \
+            --form token='${{ secrets.COVERITY_SCAN_TOKEN }}' \
+            --form email='${{ secrets.COVERITY_SCAN_EMAIL }}' \
+            --form file=@cov-int.tgz \
+            --form version='${{ github.sha }}' \
+            "https://scan.coverity.com/builds?project=$COVERITY_PROJECT"
diff --git a/.mailmap b/.mailmap
index dc31d70..82129be 100644
--- a/.mailmap
+++ b/.mailmap
@@ -59,9 +59,9 @@
 David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
 David Turner <novalis@novalis.org> <dturner@twopensource.com>
 David Turner <novalis@novalis.org> <dturner@twosigma.com>
-Derrick Stolee <derrickstolee@github.com> <stolee@gmail.com>
-Derrick Stolee <derrickstolee@github.com> Derrick Stolee via GitGitGadget <gitgitgadget@gmail.com>
-Derrick Stolee <derrickstolee@github.com> <dstolee@microsoft.com>
+Derrick Stolee <stolee@gmail.com> <derrickstolee@github.com>
+Derrick Stolee <stolee@gmail.com> Derrick Stolee via GitGitGadget <gitgitgadget@gmail.com>
+Derrick Stolee <stolee@gmail.com> <dstolee@microsoft.com>
 Deskin Miller <deskinm@umich.edu>
 Đoàn Trần Công Danh <congdanhqx@gmail.com> Doan Tran Cong Danh
 Dirk Süsserott <newsletter@dirk.my1.cc>
diff --git a/Documentation/CodingGuidelines b/Documentation/CodingGuidelines
index 65af8d8..c494e07 100644
--- a/Documentation/CodingGuidelines
+++ b/Documentation/CodingGuidelines
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-Like other projects, we also have some guidelines to keep to the
-code.  For Git in general, a few rough rules are:
+Like other projects, we also have some guidelines for our code.  For
+Git in general, a few rough rules are:
 
  - Most importantly, we never say "It's in POSIX; we'll happily
    ignore your needs should your system not conform to it."
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@
 contributing to). It is always preferable to match the _local_
 convention. New code added to Git suite is expected to match
 the overall style of existing code. Modifications to existing
-code is expected to match the style the surrounding code already
+code are expected to match the style the surrounding code already
 uses (even if it doesn't match the overall style of existing code).
 
 But if you must have a list of rules, here are some language
diff --git a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.43.0.txt b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.43.0.txt
index 494e13e..a3644ab 100644
--- a/Documentation/RelNotes/2.43.0.txt
+++ b/Documentation/RelNotes/2.43.0.txt
@@ -83,6 +83,18 @@
  * "git for-each-ref" and friends learned to apply mailmap to
    authorname and other fields.
 
+ * "git repack" machinery learns to pay attention to the "--filter="
+   option.
+
+ * "git repack" learned "--max-cruft-size" to prevent cruft packs from
+   growing without bounds.
+
+ * "git merge-tree" learned to take strategy backend specific options
+   via the "-X" option, like "git merge" does.
+
+ * "git log" and friends learned "--dd" that is a short-hand for
+   "--diff-merges=first-parent -p".
+
 
 Performance, Internal Implementation, Development Support etc.
 
@@ -111,6 +123,22 @@
  * The code to keep track of existing packs in the repository while
    repacking has been refactored.
 
+ * The "streaming" interface used for bulk-checkin codepath has been
+   narrowed to take only blob objects for now, with no real loss of
+   functionality.
+
+ * GitHub CI workflow has learned to trigger Coverity check.
+   (merge 3349520e1a js/ci-coverity later to maint).
+
+ * Test coverage for trailers has been improved.
+
+ * The code to iterate over loose references have been optimized to
+   reduce the number of lstat() system calls.
+   (merge 2cdb796101 vd/loose-ref-iteration-optimization later to maint).
+
+ * The codepaths that read "chunk" formatted files have been corrected
+   to pay attention to the chunk size and notice broken files.
+
 
 Fixes since v2.42
 -----------------
@@ -213,6 +241,43 @@
    Unicode 15.1
    (merge 872976c37e bb/unicode-width-table-15 later to maint).
 
+ * Update mailmap entry for Derrick.
+   (merge 6e5457d8c7 ds/mailmap-entry-update later to maint).
+
+ * In .gitmodules files, submodules are keyed by their names, and the
+   path to the submodule whose name is $name is specified by the
+   submodule.$name.path variable.  There were a few codepaths that
+   mixed the name and path up when consulting the submodule database,
+   which have been corrected.  It took long for these bugs to be found
+   as the name of a submodule initially is the same as its path, and
+   the problem does not surface until it is moved to a different path,
+   which apparently happens very rarely.
+
+ * "git diff --merge-base X other args..." insisted that X must be a
+   commit and errored out when given an annotated tag that peels to a
+   commit, but we only need it to be a committish.  This has been
+   corrected.
+   (merge 4adceb5a29 ar/diff-index-merge-base-fix later to maint).
+
+ * Fix "git merge-tree" to stop segfaulting when the --attr-source
+   option is used.
+   (merge e95bafc52f jc/merge-ort-attr-index-fix later to maint).
+
+ * Unlike "git log --pretty=%D", "git log --pretty="%(decorate)" did
+   not auto-initialize the decoration subsystem, which has been
+   corrected.
+
+ * Feeding "git stash store" with a random commit that was not created
+   by "git stash create" now errors out.
+   (merge d9b6634589 jc/fail-stash-to-store-non-stash later to maint).
+
+ * The index file has room only for lower 32-bit of the file size in
+   the cached stat information, which means cached stat information
+   will have 0 in its sd_size member for a file whose size is multiple
+   of 4GiB.  This is mistaken for a racily clean path.  Avoid it by
+   storing a bogus sd_size value instead for such files.
+   (merge 5143ac07b1 bc/racy-4gb-files later to maint).
+
  * Other code cleanup, docfix, build fix, etc.
    (merge fd3ba590d8 ws/git-push-doc-grammofix later to maint).
    (merge 5f33a843de ds/upload-pack-error-sequence-fix later to maint).
@@ -234,3 +299,7 @@
    (merge 4fbe83fcd9 hy/doc-show-is-like-log-not-diff-tree later to maint).
    (merge 43abaaf008 ob/am-msgfix later to maint).
    (merge c2c349a15c xz/commit-title-soft-limit-doc later to maint).
+   (merge f4cbb32c27 rs/parse-opt-ctx-cleanup later to maint).
+   (merge badf2fe1c3 jk/decoration-and-other-leak-fixes later to maint).
+   (merge cebfaaa333 sn/cat-file-doc-update later to maint).
+   (merge 8b3aa36f5a ps/rewritten-is-per-worktree-doc later to maint).
diff --git a/Documentation/ReviewingGuidelines.txt b/Documentation/ReviewingGuidelines.txt
index 0e323d5..515d470 100644
--- a/Documentation/ReviewingGuidelines.txt
+++ b/Documentation/ReviewingGuidelines.txt
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 Selecting patch(es) to review
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 If you are looking for a patch series in need of review, start by checking
-latest "What's cooking in git.git" email
+the latest "What's cooking in git.git" email
 (https://lore.kernel.org/git/xmqqilm1yp3m.fsf@gitster.g/[example]). The "What's
 cooking" emails & replies can be found using the query `s:"What's cooking"` on
 the https://lore.kernel.org/git/[`lore.kernel.org` mailing list archive];
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@
 -----------
 nit: ::
 	Denotes a small issue that should be fixed, such as a typographical error
-	or mis-alignment of conditions in an `if()` statement.
+	or misalignment of conditions in an `if()` statement.
 
 aside: ::
 optional: ::
diff --git a/Documentation/SubmittingPatches b/Documentation/SubmittingPatches
index 1259549..965e02e 100644
--- a/Documentation/SubmittingPatches
+++ b/Documentation/SubmittingPatches
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@
 Under truly exceptional circumstances where you absolutely must depend
 on a select few topic branches that are already in `next` but not in
 `master`, you may want to create your own custom base-branch by forking
-`master` and merging the required topic branches to it. You could then
+`master` and merging the required topic branches into it. You could then
 work on top of this base-branch.  But keep in mind that this base-branch
 would only be known privately to you.  So when you are ready to send
 your patches to the list, be sure to communicate how you created it in
diff --git a/Documentation/ToolsForGit.txt b/Documentation/ToolsForGit.txt
index 5060d0d..ae7690b 100644
--- a/Documentation/ToolsForGit.txt
+++ b/Documentation/ToolsForGit.txt
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 [[summary]]
 == Summary
 
-This document gathers tips, scripts and configuration file to help people
+This document gathers tips, scripts, and configuration files to help people
 working on Git's codebase use their favorite tools while following Git's
 coding style.
 
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
 
 This is adapted from Linux's suggestion in its CodingStyle document:
 
-- To follow rules of the CodingGuideline, it's useful to put the following in
+- To follow the rules in CodingGuidelines, it's useful to put the following in
 GIT_CHECKOUT/.dir-locals.el, assuming you use cperl-mode:
 ----
 ;; note the first part is useful for C editing, too
diff --git a/Documentation/config.txt b/Documentation/config.txt
index 229b63a..b1dba1a 100644
--- a/Documentation/config.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config.txt
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 default configuration.
 
 The configuration variables are used by both the Git plumbing
-and the porcelains. The variables are divided into sections, wherein
+and the porcelain commands. The variables are divided into sections, wherein
 the fully qualified variable name of the variable itself is the last
 dot-separated segment and the section name is everything before the last
 dot. The variable names are case-insensitive, allow only alphanumeric
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@
 Conditional includes
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
-You can include a config file from another conditionally by setting a
+You can conditionally include a config file from another by setting an
 `includeIf.<condition>.path` variable to the name of the file to be
 included.
 
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@
 	pattern, the include condition is met.
 +
 The .git location may be auto-discovered, or come from `$GIT_DIR`
-environment variable. If the repository is auto discovered via a .git
+environment variable. If the repository is auto-discovered via a .git
 file (e.g. from submodules, or a linked worktree), the .git location
 would be the final location where the .git directory is, not where the
 .git file is.
diff --git a/Documentation/config/advice.txt b/Documentation/config/advice.txt
index c548a91..2737381 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/advice.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/advice.txt
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 +
 --
 	ambiguousFetchRefspec::
-		Advice shown when fetch refspec for multiple remotes map to
+		Advice shown when a fetch refspec for multiple remotes maps to
 		the same remote-tracking branch namespace and causes branch
 		tracking set-up to fail.
 	fetchShowForcedUpdates::
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@
 		the template shown when writing commit messages in
 		linkgit:git-commit[1], and in the help message shown
 		by linkgit:git-switch[1] or
-		linkgit:git-checkout[1] when switching branch.
+		linkgit:git-checkout[1] when switching branches.
 	statusUoption::
 		Advise to consider using the `-u` option to linkgit:git-status[1]
 		when the command takes more than 2 seconds to enumerate untracked
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@
 	detachedHead::
 		Advice shown when you used
 		linkgit:git-switch[1] or linkgit:git-checkout[1]
-		to move to the detach HEAD state, to instruct how to
+		to move to the detached HEAD state, to instruct how to
 		create a local branch after the fact.
 	suggestDetachingHead::
 		Advice shown when linkgit:git-switch[1] refuses to detach HEAD
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@
 		otherwise caused a remote-tracking branch to be
 		checked out. See the `checkout.defaultRemote`
 		configuration variable for how to set a given remote
-		to used by default in some situations where this
+		to be used by default in some situations where this
 		advice would be printed.
 	amWorkDir::
 		Advice that shows the location of the patch file when
diff --git a/Documentation/config/alias.txt b/Documentation/config/alias.txt
index f1ca739..01df96f 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/alias.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/alias.txt
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 	`git last` is equivalent to `git cat-file commit HEAD`. To avoid
 	confusion and troubles with script usage, aliases that
 	hide existing Git commands are ignored. Arguments are split by
-	spaces, the usual shell quoting and escaping is supported.
+	spaces, the usual shell quoting and escaping are supported.
 	A quote pair or a backslash can be used to quote them.
 +
 Note that the first word of an alias does not necessarily have to be a
diff --git a/Documentation/config/apply.txt b/Documentation/config/apply.txt
index 8fb8ef7..f9908e2 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/apply.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/apply.txt
@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@
 	When set to 'change', tells 'git apply' to ignore changes in
 	whitespace, in the same way as the `--ignore-space-change`
 	option.
-	When set to one of: no, none, never, false tells 'git apply' to
+	When set to one of: no, none, never, false, it tells 'git apply' to
 	respect all whitespace differences.
 	See linkgit:git-apply[1].
 
 apply.whitespace::
-	Tells 'git apply' how to handle whitespaces, in the same way
+	Tells 'git apply' how to handle whitespace, in the same way
 	as the `--whitespace` option. See linkgit:git-apply[1].
diff --git a/Documentation/config/branch.txt b/Documentation/config/branch.txt
index 445341a..432b9cd 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/branch.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/branch.txt
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
 
 branch.<name>.remote::
 	When on branch <name>, it tells 'git fetch' and 'git push'
-	which remote to fetch from/push to.  The remote to push to
+	which remote to fetch from or push to.  The remote to push to
 	may be overridden with `remote.pushDefault` (for all branches).
 	The remote to push to, for the current branch, may be further
 	overridden by `branch.<name>.pushRemote`.  If no remote is
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@
 	handled like the remote part of a refspec, and must match a
 	ref which is fetched from the remote given by
 	"branch.<name>.remote".
-	The merge information is used by 'git pull' (which at first calls
+	The merge information is used by 'git pull' (which first calls
 	'git fetch') to lookup the default branch for merging. Without
 	this option, 'git pull' defaults to merge the first refspec fetched.
 	Specify multiple values to get an octopus merge.
@@ -99,5 +99,5 @@
 branch.<name>.description::
 	Branch description, can be edited with
 	`git branch --edit-description`. Branch description is
-	automatically added in the format-patch cover letter or
+	automatically added to the format-patch cover letter or
 	request-pull summary.
diff --git a/Documentation/config/checkout.txt b/Documentation/config/checkout.txt
index bfbca90..a323022 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/checkout.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/checkout.txt
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
 	all commands that perform checkout. E.g. checkout, clone, reset,
 	sparse-checkout, etc.
 +
-Note: parallel checkout usually delivers better performance for repositories
+Note: Parallel checkout usually delivers better performance for repositories
 located on SSDs or over NFS. For repositories on spinning disks and/or machines
 with a small number of cores, the default sequential checkout often performs
 better. The size and compression level of a repository might also influence how
@@ -39,6 +39,6 @@
 checkout.thresholdForParallelism::
 	When running parallel checkout with a small number of files, the cost
 	of subprocess spawning and inter-process communication might outweigh
-	the parallelization gains. This setting allows to define the minimum
+	the parallelization gains. This setting allows you to define the minimum
 	number of files for which parallel checkout should be attempted. The
 	default is 100.
diff --git a/Documentation/config/clean.txt b/Documentation/config/clean.txt
index a807c92..f05b940 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/clean.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/clean.txt
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 clean.requireForce::
 	A boolean to make git-clean do nothing unless given -f,
-	-i or -n.   Defaults to true.
+	-i, or -n.  Defaults to true.
diff --git a/Documentation/config/clone.txt b/Documentation/config/clone.txt
index 26f4fb1..d037b57 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/clone.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/clone.txt
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@
 	option to linkgit:git-clone[1].
 
 clone.rejectShallow::
-	Reject to clone a repository if it is a shallow one, can be overridden by
-	passing option `--reject-shallow` in command line. See linkgit:git-clone[1]
+	Reject cloning a repository if it is a shallow one; this can be overridden by
+	passing the `--reject-shallow` option on the command line. See linkgit:git-clone[1]
 
 clone.filterSubmodules::
 	If a partial clone filter is provided (see `--filter` in
diff --git a/Documentation/config/color.txt b/Documentation/config/color.txt
index 1795b2d..2f2275a 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/color.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/color.txt
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@
 	matching text in context lines
 `matchSelected`;;
 	matching text in selected lines. Also, used to customize the following
-	linkgit:git-log[1] subcommands: `--grep`, `--author` and `--committer`.
+	linkgit:git-log[1] subcommands: `--grep`, `--author`, and `--committer`.
 `selected`;;
 	non-matching text in selected lines. Also, used to customize the
 	following linkgit:git-log[1] subcommands: `--grep`, `--author` and
diff --git a/Documentation/config/column.txt b/Documentation/config/column.txt
index 76aa2f2..01e4198 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/column.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/column.txt
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@
 	See `column.ui` for details.
 
 column.clean::
-	Specify the layout when list items in `git clean -i`, which always
+	Specify the layout when listing items in `git clean -i`, which always
 	shows files and directories in columns. See `column.ui` for details.
 
 column.status::
@@ -51,5 +51,5 @@
 	See `column.ui` for details.
 
 column.tag::
-	Specify whether to output tag listing in `git tag` in columns.
+	Specify whether to output tag listings in `git tag` in columns.
 	See `column.ui` for details.
diff --git a/Documentation/config/commit.txt b/Documentation/config/commit.txt
index 2c95573..62f0d92 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/commit.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/commit.txt
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 	This setting overrides the default of the `--cleanup` option in
 	`git commit`. See linkgit:git-commit[1] for details. Changing the
 	default can be useful when you always want to keep lines that begin
-	with comment character `#` in your log message, in which case you
+	with the comment character `#` in your log message, in which case you
 	would do `git config commit.cleanup whitespace` (note that you will
 	have to remove the help lines that begin with `#` in the commit log
 	template yourself, if you do this).
@@ -25,5 +25,5 @@
 	new commit messages.
 
 commit.verbose::
-	A boolean or int to specify the level of verbose with `git commit`.
+	A boolean or int to specify the level of verbosity with `git commit`.
 	See linkgit:git-commit[1].
diff --git a/Documentation/config/credential.txt b/Documentation/config/credential.txt
index 512f318..0221c3e 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/credential.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/credential.txt
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 
 credential.<url>.*::
 	Any of the credential.* options above can be applied selectively to
-	some credentials. For example "credential.https://example.com.username"
+	some credentials. For example, "credential.https://example.com.username"
 	would set the default username only for https connections to
 	example.com. See linkgit:gitcredentials[7] for details on how URLs are
 	matched.
@@ -31,6 +31,6 @@
 
 credentialStore.lockTimeoutMS::
 	The length of time, in milliseconds, for git-credential-store to retry
-	when trying to lock the credentials file. Value 0 means not to retry at
+	when trying to lock the credentials file. A value of 0 means not to retry at
 	all; -1 means to try indefinitely. Default is 1000 (i.e., retry for
 	1s).
diff --git a/Documentation/config/diff.txt b/Documentation/config/diff.txt
index 9391c77..bd5ae0c 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/diff.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/diff.txt
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 diff.autoRefreshIndex::
 	When using 'git diff' to compare with work tree
-	files, do not consider stat-only change as changed.
+	files, do not consider stat-only changes as changed.
 	Instead, silently run `git update-index --refresh` to
 	update the cached stat information for paths whose
 	contents in the work tree match the contents in the
diff --git a/Documentation/config/fastimport.txt b/Documentation/config/fastimport.txt
index c1166e3..903677d 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/fastimport.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/fastimport.txt
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 fastimport.unpackLimit::
 	If the number of objects imported by linkgit:git-fast-import[1]
 	is below this limit, then the objects will be unpacked into
-	loose object files.  However if the number of imported objects
-	equals or exceeds this limit then the pack will be stored as a
+	loose object files.  However, if the number of imported objects
+	equals or exceeds this limit, then the pack will be stored as a
 	pack.  Storing the pack from a fast-import can make the import
 	operation complete faster, especially on slow filesystems.  If
 	not set, the value of `transfer.unpackLimit` is used instead.
diff --git a/Documentation/config/fetch.txt b/Documentation/config/fetch.txt
index 568f0f7..aea5b97 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/fetch.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/fetch.txt
@@ -52,8 +52,8 @@
 
 fetch.output::
 	Control how ref update status is printed. Valid values are
-	`full` and `compact`. Default value is `full`. See section
-	OUTPUT in linkgit:git-fetch[1] for detail.
+	`full` and `compact`. Default value is `full`. See the
+	OUTPUT section in linkgit:git-fetch[1] for details.
 
 fetch.negotiationAlgorithm::
 	Control how information about the commits in the local repository
diff --git a/Documentation/config/format.txt b/Documentation/config/format.txt
index 8cf6f00..c98412b 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/format.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/format.txt
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@
 	Defaults to true.
 
 format.pretty::
-	The default pretty format for log/show/whatchanged command,
+	The default pretty format for log/show/whatchanged command.
 	See linkgit:git-log[1], linkgit:git-show[1],
 	linkgit:git-whatchanged[1].
 
diff --git a/Documentation/config/fsck.txt b/Documentation/config/fsck.txt
index a3c865d..8e9e508 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/fsck.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/fsck.txt
@@ -11,13 +11,13 @@
 +
 The rest of the documentation discusses `fsck.*` for brevity, but the
 same applies for the corresponding `receive.fsck.*` and
-`fetch.<msg-id>.*`. variables.
+`fetch.fsck.*`. variables.
 +
-Unlike variables like `color.ui` and `core.editor` the
+Unlike variables like `color.ui` and `core.editor`, the
 `receive.fsck.<msg-id>` and `fetch.fsck.<msg-id>` variables will not
 fall back on the `fsck.<msg-id>` configuration if they aren't set. To
-uniformly configure the same fsck settings in different circumstances
-all three of them they must all set to the same values.
+uniformly configure the same fsck settings in different circumstances,
+all three of them must be set to the same values.
 +
 When `fsck.<msg-id>` is set, errors can be switched to warnings and
 vice versa by configuring the `fsck.<msg-id>` setting where the
@@ -36,19 +36,19 @@
 doing the same for `receive.fsck.<msg-id>` and `fetch.fsck.<msg-id>`
 will only cause git to warn.
 +
-See `Fsck Messages` section of linkgit:git-fsck[1] for supported
+See the `Fsck Messages` section of linkgit:git-fsck[1] for supported
 values of `<msg-id>`.
 
 
 fsck.skipList::
 	The path to a list of object names (i.e. one unabbreviated SHA-1 per
 	line) that are known to be broken in a non-fatal way and should
-	be ignored. On versions of Git 2.20 and later comments ('#'), empty
-	lines, and any leading and trailing whitespace is ignored. Everything
+	be ignored. On versions of Git 2.20 and later, comments ('#'), empty
+	lines, and any leading and trailing whitespace are ignored. Everything
 	but a SHA-1 per line will error out on older versions.
 +
 This feature is useful when an established project should be accepted
-despite early commits containing errors that can be safely ignored
+despite early commits containing errors that can be safely ignored,
 such as invalid committer email addresses.  Note: corrupt objects
 cannot be skipped with this setting.
 +
@@ -58,11 +58,11 @@
 Unlike variables like `color.ui` and `core.editor` the
 `receive.fsck.skipList` and `fetch.fsck.skipList` variables will not
 fall back on the `fsck.skipList` configuration if they aren't set. To
-uniformly configure the same fsck settings in different circumstances
-all three of them they must all set to the same values.
+uniformly configure the same fsck settings in different circumstances,
+all three of them must be set to the same values.
 +
 Older versions of Git (before 2.20) documented that the object names
-list should be sorted. This was never a requirement, the object names
+list should be sorted. This was never a requirement; the object names
 could appear in any order, but when reading the list we tracked whether
 the list was sorted for the purposes of an internal binary search
 implementation, which could save itself some work with an already sorted
diff --git a/Documentation/config/fsmonitor--daemon.txt b/Documentation/config/fsmonitor--daemon.txt
index c225c6c..671f9b9 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/fsmonitor--daemon.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/fsmonitor--daemon.txt
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 fsmonitor.allowRemote::
-    By default, the fsmonitor daemon refuses to work against network-mounted
+    By default, the fsmonitor daemon refuses to work with network-mounted
     repositories. Setting `fsmonitor.allowRemote` to `true` overrides this
     behavior.  Only respected when `core.fsmonitor` is set to `true`.
 
diff --git a/Documentation/config/gc.txt b/Documentation/config/gc.txt
index ca47eb2..664a3c2 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/gc.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/gc.txt
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
 	default value is 6700.
 +
 Setting this to 0 disables not only automatic packing based on the
-number of loose objects, but any other heuristic `git gc --auto` will
+number of loose objects, but also any other heuristic `git gc --auto` will
 otherwise use to determine if there's work to do, such as
 `gc.autoPackLimit`.
 
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@
 use, it'll affect how the auto pack limit works.
 
 gc.autoDetach::
-	Make `git gc --auto` return immediately and run in background
+	Make `git gc --auto` return immediately and run in the background
 	if the system supports it. Default is true.
 
 gc.bigPackThreshold::
@@ -86,6 +86,12 @@
 	linkgit:git-repack[1]) instead of as loose objects. The default
 	is `true`.
 
+gc.maxCruftSize::
+	Limit the size of new cruft packs when repacking. When
+	specified in addition to `--max-cruft-size`, the command line
+	option takes priority. See the `--max-cruft-size` option of
+	linkgit:git-repack[1].
+
 gc.pruneExpire::
 	When 'git gc' is run, it will call 'prune --expire 2.weeks.ago'
 	(and 'repack --cruft --cruft-expiration 2.weeks.ago' if using
@@ -145,6 +151,22 @@
 operation (either generating a cruft pack or unpacking unreachable
 objects) will be halted.
 
+gc.repackFilter::
+	When repacking, use the specified filter to move certain
+	objects into a separate packfile.  See the
+	`--filter=<filter-spec>` option of linkgit:git-repack[1].
+
+gc.repackFilterTo::
+	When repacking and using a filter, see `gc.repackFilter`, the
+	specified location will be used to create the packfile
+	containing the filtered out objects. **WARNING:** The
+	specified location should be accessible, using for example the
+	Git alternates mechanism, otherwise the repo could be
+	considered corrupt by Git as it migh not be able to access the
+	objects in that packfile. See the `--filter-to=<dir>` option
+	of linkgit:git-repack[1] and the `objects/info/alternates`
+	section of linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5].
+
 gc.rerereResolved::
 	Records of conflicted merge you resolved earlier are
 	kept for this many days when 'git rerere gc' is run.
diff --git a/Documentation/config/gpg.txt b/Documentation/config/gpg.txt
index 37e2831..5cf32b1 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/gpg.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/gpg.txt
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 	same command-line interface as GPG, namely, to verify a detached
 	signature, "`gpg --verify $signature - <$file`" is run, and the
 	program is expected to signal a good signature by exiting with
-	code 0, and to generate an ASCII-armored detached signature, the
+	code 0.  To generate an ASCII-armored detached signature, the
 	standard input of "`gpg -bsau $key`" is fed with the contents to be
 	signed, and the program is expected to send the result to its
 	standard output.
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
 gpg.minTrustLevel::
 	Specifies a minimum trust level for signature verification.  If
 	this option is unset, then signature verification for merge
-	operations require a key with at least `marginal` trust.  Other
+	operations requires a key with at least `marginal` trust.  Other
 	operations that perform signature verification require a key
 	with at least `undefined` trust.  Setting this option overrides
 	the required trust-level for all operations.  Supported values,
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@
 * `ultimate`
 
 gpg.ssh.defaultKeyCommand::
-	This command that will be run when user.signingkey is not set and a ssh
+	This command will be run when user.signingkey is not set and a ssh
 	signature is requested. On successful exit a valid ssh public key
 	prefixed with `key::` is expected in the first line of its output.
 	This allows for a script doing a dynamic lookup of the correct public
diff --git a/Documentation/config/gui.txt b/Documentation/config/gui.txt
index 0c087fd..171be77 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/gui.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/gui.txt
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
 	not. Default: "false".
 
 gui.newBranchTemplate::
-	Is used as suggested name when creating new branches using the
+	Is used as a suggested name when creating new branches using the
 	linkgit:git-gui[1].
 
 gui.pruneDuringFetch::
diff --git a/Documentation/config/http.txt b/Documentation/config/http.txt
index 51a7078..2d4e0c9 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/http.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/http.txt
@@ -254,13 +254,13 @@
 
 http.noEPSV::
 	A boolean which disables using of EPSV ftp command by curl.
-	This can helpful with some "poor" ftp servers which don't
+	This can be helpful with some "poor" ftp servers which don't
 	support EPSV mode. Can be overridden by the `GIT_CURL_FTP_NO_EPSV`
 	environment variable. Default is false (curl will use EPSV).
 
 http.userAgent::
 	The HTTP USER_AGENT string presented to an HTTP server.  The default
-	value represents the version of the client Git such as git/1.7.1.
+	value represents the version of the Git client such as git/1.7.1.
 	This option allows you to override this value to a more common value
 	such as Mozilla/4.0.  This may be necessary, for instance, if
 	connecting through a firewall that restricts HTTP connections to a set
diff --git a/Documentation/config/i18n.txt b/Documentation/config/i18n.txt
index cc25621..6e72fdb 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/i18n.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/i18n.txt
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 	Character encoding the commit messages are stored in; Git itself
 	does not care per se, but this information is necessary e.g. when
 	importing commits from emails or in the gitk graphical history
-	browser (and possibly at other places in the future or in other
+	browser (and possibly in other places in the future or in other
 	porcelains). See e.g. linkgit:git-mailinfo[1]. Defaults to 'utf-8'.
 
 i18n.logOutputEncoding::
diff --git a/Documentation/config/imap.txt b/Documentation/config/imap.txt
index 06166fb..3d28f72 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/imap.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/imap.txt
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 	"[Gmail]/Drafts". Required.
 
 imap.tunnel::
-	Command used to setup a tunnel to the IMAP server through which
+	Command used to set up a tunnel to the IMAP server through which
 	commands will be piped instead of using a direct network connection
 	to the server. Required when imap.host is not set.
 
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@
 	format=fixed email.  Default is `false`.
 
 imap.authMethod::
-	Specify authenticate method for authentication with IMAP server.
+	Specify the authentication method for authenticating with the IMAP server.
 	If Git was built with the NO_CURL option, or if your curl version is older
 	than 7.34.0, or if you're running git-imap-send with the `--no-curl`
 	option, the only supported method is 'CRAM-MD5'. If this is not set
diff --git a/Documentation/config/index.txt b/Documentation/config/index.txt
index 23c7985..3eff420 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/index.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/index.txt
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
 	Specifies the number of threads to spawn when loading the index.
 	This is meant to reduce index load time on multiprocessor machines.
 	Specifying 0 or 'true' will cause Git to auto-detect the number of
-	CPU's and set the number of threads accordingly. Specifying 1 or
+	CPUs and set the number of threads accordingly. Specifying 1 or
 	'false' will disable multithreading. Defaults to 'true'.
 
 index.version::
diff --git a/Documentation/config/log.txt b/Documentation/config/log.txt
index 5f96cf8..9003a82 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/log.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/log.txt
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 	`--date` option.  See linkgit:git-log[1] for details.
 +
 If the format is set to "auto:foo" and the pager is in use, format
-"foo" will be the used for the date format. Otherwise "default" will
+"foo" will be used for the date format. Otherwise, "default" will
 be used.
 
 log.decorate::
diff --git a/Documentation/config/mailinfo.txt b/Documentation/config/mailinfo.txt
index 3854d4a..ec3a5d8 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/mailinfo.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/mailinfo.txt
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 mailinfo.scissors::
 	If true, makes linkgit:git-mailinfo[1] (and therefore
 	linkgit:git-am[1]) act by default as if the --scissors option
-	was provided on the command-line. When active, this features
+	was provided on the command-line. When active, this feature
 	removes everything from the message body before a scissors
 	line (i.e. consisting mainly of ">8", "8<" and "-").
diff --git a/Documentation/config/maintenance.txt b/Documentation/config/maintenance.txt
index 18f0562..69a4f05 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/maintenance.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/maintenance.txt
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 	then that value is used instead of the one provided by
 	`maintenance.strategy`. The possible strategy strings are:
 +
-* `none`: This default setting implies no task are run at any schedule.
+* `none`: This default setting implies no tasks are run at any schedule.
 * `incremental`: This setting optimizes for performing small maintenance
   activities that do not delete any data. This does not schedule the `gc`
   task, but runs the `prefetch` and `commit-graph` tasks hourly, the
diff --git a/Documentation/config/man.txt b/Documentation/config/man.txt
index a727d98..5a0f82c 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/man.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/man.txt
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 man.<tool>.cmd::
 	Specify the command to invoke the specified man viewer. The
 	specified command is evaluated in shell with the man page
-	passed as argument. (See linkgit:git-help[1].)
+	passed as an argument. (See linkgit:git-help[1].)
 
 man.<tool>.path::
 	Override the path for the given tool that may be used to
diff --git a/Documentation/config/merge.txt b/Documentation/config/merge.txt
index 99e83dd..8851b6c 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/merge.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/merge.txt
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 	marker and the original text before the `=======` marker.  The
 	"merge" style tends to produce smaller conflict regions than diff3,
 	both because of the exclusion of the original text, and because
-	when a subset of lines match on the two sides they are just pulled
+	when a subset of lines match on the two sides, they are just pulled
 	out of the conflict region.  Another alternate style, "zdiff3", is
 	similar to diff3 but removes matching lines on the two sides from
 	the conflict region when those matching lines appear near either
diff --git a/Documentation/config/mergetool.txt b/Documentation/config/mergetool.txt
index 56a7eee..294f61e 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/mergetool.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/mergetool.txt
@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@
 	For a custom merge command, specify whether the exit code of
 	the merge command can be used to determine whether the merge was
 	successful.  If this is not set to true then the merge target file
-	timestamp is checked and the merge assumed to have been successful
-	if the file has been updated, otherwise the user is prompted to
+	timestamp is checked, and the merge is assumed to have been successful
+	if the file has been updated; otherwise, the user is prompted to
 	indicate the success of the merge.
 
 mergetool.meld.hasOutput::
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@
 
 mergetool.meld.useAutoMerge::
 	When the `--auto-merge` is given, meld will merge all non-conflicting
-	parts automatically, highlight the conflicting parts and wait for
+	parts automatically, highlight the conflicting parts, and wait for
 	user decision.  Setting `mergetool.meld.useAutoMerge` to `true` tells
 	Git to unconditionally use the `--auto-merge` option with `meld`.
 	Setting this value to `auto` makes git detect whether `--auto-merge`
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@
 
 mergetool.vimdiff.layout::
 	The vimdiff backend uses this variable to control how its split
-	windows look like. Applies even if you are using Neovim (`nvim`) or
+	windows appear. Applies even if you are using Neovim (`nvim`) or
 	gVim (`gvim`) as the merge tool. See BACKEND SPECIFIC HINTS section
 ifndef::git-mergetool[]
 	in linkgit:git-mergetool[1].
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
 	for details.
 
 mergetool.hideResolved::
-	During a merge Git will automatically resolve as many conflicts as
+	During a merge, Git will automatically resolve as many conflicts as
 	possible and write the 'MERGED' file containing conflict markers around
 	any conflicts that it cannot resolve; 'LOCAL' and 'REMOTE' normally
 	represent the versions of the file from before Git's conflict
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@
 	When invoking a custom merge tool, Git uses a set of temporary
 	files to pass to the tool. If the tool returns an error and this
 	variable is set to `true`, then these temporary files will be
-	preserved, otherwise they will be removed after the tool has
+	preserved; otherwise, they will be removed after the tool has
 	exited. Defaults to `false`.
 
 mergetool.writeToTemp::
diff --git a/Documentation/config/notes.txt b/Documentation/config/notes.txt
index c7c4811..43db8e8 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/notes.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/notes.txt
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 notes.mergeStrategy::
 	Which merge strategy to choose by default when resolving notes
 	conflicts.  Must be one of `manual`, `ours`, `theirs`, `union`, or
-	`cat_sort_uniq`.  Defaults to `manual`.  See "NOTES MERGE STRATEGIES"
+	`cat_sort_uniq`.  Defaults to `manual`.  See the "NOTES MERGE STRATEGIES"
 	section of linkgit:git-notes[1] for more information on each strategy.
 +
 This setting can be overridden by passing the `--strategy` option to
diff --git a/Documentation/config/pack.txt b/Documentation/config/pack.txt
index 3748136..f50df9d 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/pack.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/pack.txt
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@
 	warning. This is meant to reduce packing time on multiprocessor
 	machines. The required amount of memory for the delta search window
 	is however multiplied by the number of threads.
-	Specifying 0 will cause Git to auto-detect the number of CPU's
+	Specifying 0 will cause Git to auto-detect the number of CPUs
 	and set the number of threads accordingly.
 
 pack.indexVersion::
@@ -83,11 +83,11 @@
 	the new pack index with capabilities for packs larger than 4 GB
 	as well as proper protection against the repacking of corrupted
 	packs.  Version 2 is the default.  Note that version 2 is enforced
-	and this config option ignored whenever the corresponding pack is
+	and this config option is ignored whenever the corresponding pack is
 	larger than 2 GB.
 +
 If you have an old Git that does not understand the version 2 `*.idx` file,
-cloning or fetching over a non native protocol (e.g. "http")
+cloning or fetching over a non-native protocol (e.g. "http")
 that will copy both `*.pack` file and corresponding `*.idx` file from the
 other side may give you a repository that cannot be accessed with your
 older version of Git. If the `*.pack` file is smaller than 2 GB, however,
@@ -102,8 +102,8 @@
 	in the creation of multiple packfiles.
 +
 Note that this option is rarely useful, and may result in a larger total
-on-disk size (because Git will not store deltas between packs), as well
-as worse runtime performance (object lookup within multiple packs is
+on-disk size (because Git will not store deltas between packs) and
+worse runtime performance (object lookup within multiple packs is
 slower than a single pack, and optimizations like reachability bitmaps
 cannot cope with multiple packs).
 +
diff --git a/Documentation/config/push.txt b/Documentation/config/push.txt
index 43338b6..0acbbea 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/push.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/push.txt
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
 
 * `tracking` - This is a deprecated synonym for `upstream`.
 
-* `simple` - pushes the current branch with the same name on the remote.
+* `simple` - push the current branch with the same name on the remote.
 +
 If you are working on a centralized workflow (pushing to the same repository you
 pull from, which is typically `origin`), then you need to configure an upstream
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@
 --
 
 push.followTags::
-	If set to true enable `--follow-tags` option by default.  You
+	If set to true, enable `--follow-tags` option by default.  You
 	may override this configuration at time of push by specifying
 	`--no-follow-tags`.
 
diff --git a/Documentation/config/receive.txt b/Documentation/config/receive.txt
index 85d5b5a..c77e55b 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/receive.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/receive.txt
@@ -14,12 +14,12 @@
 
 receive.certNonceSeed::
 	By setting this variable to a string, `git receive-pack`
-	will accept a `git push --signed` and verifies it by using
+	will accept a `git push --signed` and verify it by using
 	a "nonce" protected by HMAC using this string as a secret
 	key.
 
 receive.certNonceSlop::
-	When a `git push --signed` sent a push certificate with a
+	When a `git push --signed` sends a push certificate with a
 	"nonce" that was issued by a receive-pack serving the same
 	repository within this many seconds, export the "nonce"
 	found in the certificate to `GIT_PUSH_CERT_NONCE` to the
diff --git a/Documentation/config/rerere.txt b/Documentation/config/rerere.txt
index 40abdf6..3a78b5e 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/rerere.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/rerere.txt
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 rerere.autoUpdate::
 	When set to true, `git-rerere` updates the index with the
 	resulting contents after it cleanly resolves conflicts using
-	previously recorded resolution.  Defaults to false.
+	previously recorded resolutions.  Defaults to false.
 
 rerere.enabled::
 	Activate recording of resolved conflicts, so that identical
diff --git a/Documentation/config/safe.txt b/Documentation/config/safe.txt
index bde7f31..577df40 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/safe.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/safe.txt
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 within that directory.
 +
 This config setting is only respected in protected configuration (see
-<<SCOPES>>). This prevents the untrusted repository from tampering with
+<<SCOPES>>). This prevents untrusted repositories from tampering with
 this value.
 
 safe.directory::
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
 `safe.directory` entry with an empty value.
 +
 This config setting is only respected in protected configuration (see
-<<SCOPES>>). This prevents the untrusted repository from tampering with this
+<<SCOPES>>). This prevents untrusted repositories from tampering with this
 value.
 +
 The value of this setting is interpolated, i.e. `~/<path>` expands to a
diff --git a/Documentation/config/sendemail.txt b/Documentation/config/sendemail.txt
index 92a9ebe..7fc770e 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/sendemail.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/sendemail.txt
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
 
 sendemail.aliasFileType::
 	Format of the file(s) specified in sendemail.aliasesFile. Must be
-	one of 'mutt', 'mailrc', 'pine', 'elm', or 'gnus', or 'sendmail'.
+	one of 'mutt', 'mailrc', 'pine', 'elm', 'gnus', or 'sendmail'.
 +
 What an alias file in each format looks like can be found in
 the documentation of the email program of the same name. The
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@
 	See also the `--batch-size` option of linkgit:git-send-email[1].
 
 sendemail.smtpReloginDelay::
-	Seconds wait before reconnecting to smtp server.
+	Seconds to wait before reconnecting to the smtp server.
 	See also the `--relogin-delay` option of linkgit:git-send-email[1].
 
 sendemail.forbidSendmailVariables::
diff --git a/Documentation/config/sequencer.txt b/Documentation/config/sequencer.txt
index b48d532..e664eef 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/sequencer.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/sequencer.txt
@@ -2,4 +2,4 @@
 	Text editor used by `git rebase -i` for editing the rebase instruction file.
 	The value is meant to be interpreted by the shell when it is used.
 	It can be overridden by the `GIT_SEQUENCE_EDITOR` environment variable.
-	When not configured the default commit message editor is used instead.
+	When not configured, the default commit message editor is used instead.
diff --git a/Documentation/config/splitindex.txt b/Documentation/config/splitindex.txt
index afdb186..cfaa296 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/splitindex.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/splitindex.txt
@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@
 	percent of entries the split index can contain compared to the
 	total number of entries in both the split index and the shared
 	index before a new shared index is written.
-	The value should be between 0 and 100. If the value is 0 then
-	a new shared index is always written, if it is 100 a new
+	The value should be between 0 and 100. If the value is 0, then
+	a new shared index is always written; if it is 100, a new
 	shared index is never written.
-	By default the value is 20, so a new shared index is written
+	By default, the value is 20, so a new shared index is written
 	if the number of entries in the split index would be greater
 	than 20 percent of the total number of entries.
 	See linkgit:git-update-index[1].
diff --git a/Documentation/config/stash.txt b/Documentation/config/stash.txt
index b9f609e..ec1edae 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/stash.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/stash.txt
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 stash.showIncludeUntracked::
 	If this is set to true, the `git stash show` command will show
 	the untracked files of a stash entry.  Defaults to false. See
-	description of 'show' command in linkgit:git-stash[1].
+	the description of the 'show' command in linkgit:git-stash[1].
 
 stash.showPatch::
 	If this is set to true, the `git stash show` command without an
 	option will show the stash entry in patch form.  Defaults to false.
-	See description of 'show' command in linkgit:git-stash[1].
+	See the description of the 'show' command in linkgit:git-stash[1].
 
 stash.showStat::
 	If this is set to true, the `git stash show` command without an
-	option will show diffstat of the stash entry.  Defaults to true.
-	See description of 'show' command in linkgit:git-stash[1].
+	option will show a diffstat of the stash entry.  Defaults to true.
+	See the description of the 'show' command in linkgit:git-stash[1].
diff --git a/Documentation/config/status.txt b/Documentation/config/status.txt
index 0fc704a..2ff8237 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/status.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/status.txt
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@
 	contain only untracked files, are shown with the directory name
 	only. Showing untracked files means that Git needs to lstat() all
 	the files in the whole repository, which might be slow on some
-	systems. So, this variable controls how the commands displays
+	systems. So, this variable controls how the commands display
 	the untracked files. Possible values are:
 +
 --
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@
 
 status.submoduleSummary::
 	Defaults to false.
-	If this is set to a non zero number or true (identical to -1 or an
+	If this is set to a non-zero number or true (identical to -1 or an
 	unlimited number), the submodule summary will be enabled and a
 	summary of commits for modified submodules will be shown (see
 	--summary-limit option of linkgit:git-submodule[1]). Please note
diff --git a/Documentation/config/submodule.txt b/Documentation/config/submodule.txt
index 6490527..0672d99 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/submodule.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/submodule.txt
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 	The URL for a submodule. This variable is copied from the .gitmodules
 	file to the git config via 'git submodule init'. The user can change
 	the configured URL before obtaining the submodule via 'git submodule
-	update'. If neither submodule.<name>.active or submodule.active are
+	update'. If neither submodule.<name>.active nor submodule.active are
 	set, the presence of this variable is used as a fallback to indicate
 	whether the submodule is of interest to git commands.
 	See linkgit:git-submodule[1] and linkgit:gitmodules[5] for details.
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
 	a submodule as modified. When set to "all", it will never be considered
 	modified (but it will nonetheless show up in the output of status and
 	commit when it has been staged), "dirty" will ignore all changes
-	to the submodules work tree and
+	to the submodule's work tree and
 	takes only differences between the HEAD of the submodule and the commit
 	recorded in the superproject into account. "untracked" will additionally
 	let submodules with modified tracked files in their work tree show up.
diff --git a/Documentation/config/trace2.txt b/Documentation/config/trace2.txt
index fe1642f..3b6bca2 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/trace2.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/trace2.txt
@@ -66,6 +66,6 @@
 
 trace2.maxFiles::
 	Integer.  When writing trace files to a target directory, do not
-	write additional traces if we would exceed this many files. Instead,
+	write additional traces if doing so would exceed this many files. Instead,
 	write a sentinel file that will block further tracing to this
 	directory. Defaults to 0, which disables this check.
diff --git a/Documentation/config/transfer.txt b/Documentation/config/transfer.txt
index 1cbf477..a9cbdb8 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/transfer.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/transfer.txt
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 	and any other direct use of the configured URL.
 +
 Note that this is currently limited to detecting credentials in
-`remote.<name>.url` configuration, it won't detect credentials in
+`remote.<name>.url` configuration; it won't detect credentials in
 `remote.<name>.pushurl` configuration.
 +
 You might want to enable this to prevent inadvertent credentials
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
   documented in procfs(5) allows for configuring this behavior.
 +
 If such concerns don't apply to you then you probably don't need to be
-concerned about credentials exposure due to storing that sensitive
+concerned about credentials exposure due to storing sensitive
 data in git's configuration files. If you do want to use this, set
 `transfer.credentialsInUrl` to one of these values:
 +
diff --git a/Documentation/config/user.txt b/Documentation/config/user.txt
index ec9233b..2ffc38d 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/user.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/user.txt
@@ -5,14 +5,14 @@
 committer.name::
 committer.email::
 	The `user.name` and `user.email` variables determine what ends
-	up in the `author` and `committer` field of commit
+	up in the `author` and `committer` fields of commit
 	objects.
 	If you need the `author` or `committer` to be different, the
-	`author.name`, `author.email`, `committer.name` or
+	`author.name`, `author.email`, `committer.name`, or
 	`committer.email` variables can be set.
-	Also, all of these can be overridden by the `GIT_AUTHOR_NAME`,
+	All of these can be overridden by the `GIT_AUTHOR_NAME`,
 	`GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL`, `GIT_COMMITTER_NAME`,
-	`GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL` and `EMAIL` environment variables.
+	`GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL`, and `EMAIL` environment variables.
 +
 Note that the `name` forms of these variables conventionally refer to
 some form of a personal name.  See linkgit:git-commit[1] and the
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@
 	your private ssh key or the public key when ssh-agent is used.
 	Alternatively it can contain a public key prefixed with `key::`
 	directly (e.g.: "key::ssh-rsa XXXXXX identifier"). The private key
-	needs to be available via ssh-agent. If not set git will call
+	needs to be available via ssh-agent. If not set Git will call
 	gpg.ssh.defaultKeyCommand (e.g.: "ssh-add -L") and try to use the
 	first key available. For backward compatibility, a raw key which
 	begins with "ssh-", such as "ssh-rsa XXXXXX identifier", is treated
diff --git a/Documentation/config/versionsort.txt b/Documentation/config/versionsort.txt
index 6c7cc05..0cff090 100644
--- a/Documentation/config/versionsort.txt
+++ b/Documentation/config/versionsort.txt
@@ -19,14 +19,14 @@
 configuration, then all "1.0-preX" tags will be listed before any
 "1.0-rcX" tags.  The placement of the main release tag relative to tags
 with various suffixes can be determined by specifying the empty suffix
-among those other suffixes.  E.g. if the suffixes "-rc", "", "-ck" and
+among those other suffixes.  E.g. if the suffixes "-rc", "", "-ck", and
 "-bfs" appear in the configuration in this order, then all "v4.8-rcX" tags
 are listed first, followed by "v4.8", then "v4.8-ckX" and finally
 "v4.8-bfsX".
 +
-If more than one suffixes match the same tagname, then that tagname will
+If more than one suffix matches the same tagname, then that tagname will
 be sorted according to the suffix which starts at the earliest position in
-the tagname.  If more than one different matching suffixes start at
+the tagname.  If more than one different matching suffix starts at
 that earliest position, then that tagname will be sorted according to the
 longest of those suffixes.
 The sorting order between different suffixes is undefined if they are
diff --git a/Documentation/diff-generate-patch.txt b/Documentation/diff-generate-patch.txt
index 546adf7..4b5aa5c 100644
--- a/Documentation/diff-generate-patch.txt
+++ b/Documentation/diff-generate-patch.txt
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 What the -p option produces is slightly different from the traditional
 diff format:
 
-1.   It is preceded with a "git diff" header that looks like this:
+1.   It is preceded by a "git diff" header that looks like this:
 
        diff --git a/file1 b/file2
 +
@@ -25,9 +25,9 @@
 involved.  Especially, even for a creation or a deletion,
 `/dev/null` is _not_ used in place of the `a/` or `b/` filenames.
 +
-When rename/copy is involved, `file1` and `file2` show the
+When a rename/copy is involved, `file1` and `file2` show the
 name of the source file of the rename/copy and the name of
-the file that rename/copy produces, respectively.
+the file that the rename/copy produces, respectively.
 
 2.   It is followed by one or more extended header lines:
 
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@
 
 5.  Hunk headers mention the name of the function to which the hunk
     applies.  See "Defining a custom hunk-header" in
-    linkgit:gitattributes[5] for details of how to tailor to this to
+    linkgit:gitattributes[5] for details of how to tailor this to
     specific languages.
 
 
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@
 format when showing merges with linkgit:git-diff[1] or
 linkgit:git-show[1]. Note also that you can give suitable
 `--diff-merges` option to any of these commands to force generation of
-diffs in specific format.
+diffs in a specific format.
 
 A "combined diff" format looks like this:
 
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@
 		for_each_ref(get_name);
 ------------
 
-1.   It is preceded with a "git diff" header, that looks like
+1.   It is preceded by a "git diff" header, that looks like
      this (when the `-c` option is used):
 
        diff --combined file
@@ -142,22 +142,22 @@
 +
 The `mode <mode>,<mode>..<mode>` line appears only if at least one of
 the <mode> is different from the rest. Extended headers with
-information about detected contents movement (renames and
-copying detection) are designed to work with diff of two
+information about detected content movement (renames and
+copying detection) are designed to work with the diff of two
 <tree-ish> and are not used by combined diff format.
 
-3.   It is followed by two-line from-file/to-file header
+3.   It is followed by a two-line from-file/to-file header:
 
        --- a/file
        +++ b/file
 +
-Similar to two-line header for traditional 'unified' diff
+Similar to the two-line header for the traditional 'unified' diff
 format, `/dev/null` is used to signal created or deleted
 files.
 +
 However, if the --combined-all-paths option is provided, instead of a
-two-line from-file/to-file you get a N+1 line from-file/to-file header,
-where N is the number of parents in the merge commit
+two-line from-file/to-file, you get an N+1 line from-file/to-file header,
+where N is the number of parents in the merge commit:
 
        --- a/file
        --- a/file
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@
 In the above example output, the function signature was changed
 from both files (hence two `-` removals from both file1 and
 file2, plus `++` to mean one line that was added does not appear
-in either file1 or file2).  Also eight other lines are the same
+in either file1 or file2).  Also, eight other lines are the same
 from file1 but do not appear in file2 (hence prefixed with `+`).
 
 When shown by `git diff-tree -c`, it compares the parents of a
diff --git a/Documentation/diff-options.txt b/Documentation/diff-options.txt
index 48a5012..53ec3c9 100644
--- a/Documentation/diff-options.txt
+++ b/Documentation/diff-options.txt
@@ -37,66 +37,79 @@
 endif::git-format-patch[]
 
 ifdef::git-log[]
---diff-merges=(off|none|on|first-parent|1|separate|m|combined|c|dense-combined|cc|remerge|r)::
+-m::
+	Show diffs for merge commits in the default format. This is
+	similar to '--diff-merges=on', except `-m` will
+	produce no output unless `-p` is given as well.
+
+-c::
+	Produce combined diff output for merge commits.
+	Shortcut for '--diff-merges=combined -p'.
+
+--cc::
+	Produce dense combined diff output for merge commits.
+	Shortcut for '--diff-merges=dense-combined -p'.
+
+--dd::
+	Produce diff with respect to first parent for both merge and
+	regular commits.
+	Shortcut for '--diff-merges=first-parent -p'.
+
+--remerge-diff::
+	Produce remerge-diff output for merge commits.
+	Shortcut for '--diff-merges=remerge -p'.
+
 --no-diff-merges::
+	Synonym for '--diff-merges=off'.
+
+--diff-merges=<format>::
 	Specify diff format to be used for merge commits. Default is
-	{diff-merges-default} unless `--first-parent` is in use, in which case
-	`first-parent` is the default.
+	{diff-merges-default} unless `--first-parent` is in use, in
+	which case `first-parent` is the default.
 +
---diff-merges=(off|none):::
---no-diff-merges:::
+The following formats are supported:
++
+--
+off, none::
 	Disable output of diffs for merge commits. Useful to override
 	implied value.
 +
---diff-merges=on:::
---diff-merges=m:::
--m:::
-	This option makes diff output for merge commits to be shown in
-	the default format. `-m` will produce the output only if `-p`
-	is given as well. The default format can be specified using
-	the configuration variable `log.diffMerges` (see
-	linkgit:git-config[1]). It defaults to `separate`.
+on, m::
+	Make diff output for merge commits to be shown in the default
+	format. The default format can be changed using
+	`log.diffMerges` configuration variable, whose default value
+	is `separate`.
 +
---diff-merges=first-parent:::
---diff-merges=1:::
-	This option makes merge commits show the full diff with
-	respect to the first parent only.
+first-parent, 1::
+	Show full diff with respect to first parent. This is the same
+	format as `--patch` produces for non-merge commits.
 +
---diff-merges=separate:::
-	This makes merge commits show the full diff with respect to
-	each of the parents. Separate log entry and diff is generated
-	for each parent.
+separate::
+	Show full diff with respect to each of parents.
+	Separate log entry and diff is generated for each parent.
 +
---diff-merges=remerge:::
---diff-merges=r:::
---remerge-diff:::
-	With this option, two-parent merge commits are remerged to
-	create a temporary tree object -- potentially containing files
-	with conflict markers and such.  A diff is then shown between
-	that temporary tree and the actual merge commit.
+combined, c::
+	Show differences from each of the parents to the merge
+	result simultaneously instead of showing pairwise diff between
+	a parent and the result one at a time. Furthermore, it lists
+	only files which were modified from all parents.
++
+dense-combined, cc::
+	Further compress output produced by `--diff-merges=combined`
+	by omitting uninteresting hunks whose contents in the parents
+	have only two variants and the merge result picks one of them
+	without modification.
++
+remerge, r::
+	Remerge two-parent merge commits to create a temporary tree
+	object--potentially containing files with conflict markers
+	and such.  A diff is then shown between that temporary tree
+	and the actual merge commit.
 +
 The output emitted when this option is used is subject to change, and
 so is its interaction with other options (unless explicitly
 documented).
-+
---diff-merges=combined:::
---diff-merges=c:::
--c:::
-	With this option, diff output for a merge commit shows the
-	differences from each of the parents to the merge result
-	simultaneously instead of showing pairwise diff between a
-	parent and the result one at a time. Furthermore, it lists
-	only files which were modified from all parents. `-c` implies
-	`-p`.
-+
---diff-merges=dense-combined:::
---diff-merges=cc:::
---cc:::
-	With this option the output produced by
-	`--diff-merges=combined` is further compressed by omitting
-	uninteresting hunks whose contents in the parents have only
-	two variants and the merge result picks one of them without
-	modification.  `--cc` implies `-p`.
+--
 
 --combined-all-paths::
 	This flag causes combined diffs (used for merge commits) to
@@ -733,7 +746,7 @@
 --rotate-to=<file>::
 	Discard the files before the named <file> from the output
 	(i.e. 'skip to'), or move them to the end of the output
-	(i.e. 'rotate to').  These were invented primarily for use
+	(i.e. 'rotate to').  These options were invented primarily for the use
 	of the `git difftool` command, and may not be very useful
 	otherwise.
 
diff --git a/Documentation/fetch-options.txt b/Documentation/fetch-options.txt
index 41fc7ca..a1d6633 100644
--- a/Documentation/fetch-options.txt
+++ b/Documentation/fetch-options.txt
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@
 --update-shallow::
 	By default when fetching from a shallow repository,
 	`git fetch` refuses refs that require updating
-	.git/shallow. This option updates .git/shallow and accept such
+	.git/shallow. This option updates .git/shallow and accepts such
 	refs.
 
 --negotiation-tip=<commit|glob>::
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@
 
 -f::
 --force::
-	When 'git fetch' is used with `<src>:<dst>` refspec it may
+	When 'git fetch' is used with `<src>:<dst>` refspec, it may
 	refuse to update the local branch as discussed
 ifdef::git-pull[]
 	in the `<refspec>` part of the linkgit:git-fetch[1]
diff --git a/Documentation/fsck-msgids.txt b/Documentation/fsck-msgids.txt
index 09b0aec..f643585 100644
--- a/Documentation/fsck-msgids.txt
+++ b/Documentation/fsck-msgids.txt
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@
 	(ERROR) Missing space before date in an author/committer line.
 
 `missingSpaceBeforeEmail`::
-	(ERROR) Missing space before the email in author/committer line.
+	(ERROR) Missing space before the email in an author/committer line.
 
 `missingTag`::
 	(ERROR) Unexpected end after `type` line in a tag object.
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@
 	(FATAL) Missing end-of-line in the object header.
 
 `zeroPaddedDate`::
-	(ERROR) Found a zero padded date in an author/commiter line.
+	(ERROR) Found a zero padded date in an author/committer line.
 
 `zeroPaddedFilemode`::
 	(WARN) Found a zero padded filemode in a tree.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-am.txt b/Documentation/git-am.txt
index 900be19..0390dab 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-am.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-am.txt
@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
-Splits mail messages in a mailbox into commit log message,
-authorship information and patches, and applies them to the
+Splits mail messages in a mailbox into commit log messages,
+authorship information, and patches, and applies them to the
 current branch. You could think of it as a reverse operation
 of linkgit:git-format-patch[1] run on a branch with a straight
 history without merges.
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@
 --empty=(stop|drop|keep)::
 	By default, or when the option is set to 'stop', the command
 	errors out on an input e-mail message lacking a patch
-	and stops into the middle of the current am session. When this
+	and stops in the middle of the current am session. When this
 	option is set to 'drop', skip such an e-mail message instead.
 	When this option is set to 'keep', create an empty commit,
 	recording the contents of the e-mail message as its log.
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@
 	Pass `-u` flag to 'git mailinfo' (see linkgit:git-mailinfo[1]).
 	The proposed commit log message taken from the e-mail
 	is re-coded into UTF-8 encoding (configuration variable
-	`i18n.commitEncoding` can be used to specify project's
+	`i18n.commitEncoding` can be used to specify the project's
 	preferred encoding if it is not UTF-8).
 +
 This was optional in prior versions of git, but now it is the
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@
 	automatically. This option allows the user to bypass the automatic
 	detection and specify the patch format that the patch(es) should be
 	interpreted as. Valid formats are mbox, mboxrd,
-	stgit, stgit-series and hg.
+	stgit, stgit-series, and hg.
 
 -i::
 --interactive::
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@
 
 --abort::
 	Restore the original branch and abort the patching operation.
-	Revert contents of files involved in the am operation to their
+	Revert the contents of files involved in the am operation to their
 	pre-am state.
 
 --quit::
diff --git a/Documentation/git-apply.txt b/Documentation/git-apply.txt
index 5e16e6d..9cce68a 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-apply.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-apply.txt
@@ -23,8 +23,8 @@
 Reads the supplied diff output (i.e. "a patch") and applies it to files.
 When running from a subdirectory in a repository, patched paths
 outside the directory are ignored.
-With the `--index` option the patch is also applied to the index, and
-with the `--cached` option the patch is only applied to the index.
+With the `--index` option, the patch is also applied to the index, and
+with the `--cached` option, the patch is only applied to the index.
 Without these options, the command applies the patch only to files,
 and does not require them to be in a Git repository.
 
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@
 --summary::
 	Instead of applying the patch, output a condensed
 	summary of information obtained from git diff extended
-	headers, such as creations, renames and mode changes.
+	headers, such as creations, renames, and mode changes.
 	Turns off "apply".
 
 --check::
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@
 	applying a diff generated with `--unified=0`. To bypass these
 	checks use `--unidiff-zero`.
 +
-Note, for the reasons stated above usage of context-free patches is
+Note, for the reasons stated above, the usage of context-free patches is
 discouraged.
 
 --apply::
@@ -159,9 +159,9 @@
 
 --allow-binary-replacement::
 --binary::
-	Historically we did not allow binary patch applied
+	Historically we did not allow binary patch application
 	without an explicit permission from the user, and this
-	flag was the way to do so.  Currently we always allow binary
+	flag was the way to do so.  Currently, we always allow binary
 	patch application, so this is a no-op.
 
 --exclude=<path-pattern>::
@@ -257,7 +257,7 @@
 has no effect when `--index` or `--cached` is in use.
 
 --allow-empty::
-	Don't return error for patches containing no diff. This includes
+	Don't return an error for patches containing no diff. This includes
 	empty patches and patches with commit text only.
 
 CONFIGURATION
diff --git a/Documentation/git-archive.txt b/Documentation/git-archive.txt
index 6bab201..98526f2 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-archive.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-archive.txt
@@ -21,14 +21,14 @@
 output.  If <prefix> is specified it is
 prepended to the filenames in the archive.
 
-'git archive' behaves differently when given a tree ID versus when
-given a commit ID or tag ID.  In the first case the current time is
-used as the modification time of each file in the archive.  In the latter
-case the commit time as recorded in the referenced commit object is
-used instead.  Additionally the commit ID is stored in a global
-extended pax header if the tar format is used; it can be extracted
-using 'git get-tar-commit-id'. In ZIP files it is stored as a file
-comment.
+'git archive' behaves differently when given a tree ID as opposed to a
+commit ID or tag ID. When a tree ID is provided, the current time is
+used as the modification time of each file in the archive. On the
+other hand, when a commit ID or tag ID is provided, the commit time as
+recorded in the referenced commit object is used instead.
+Additionally the commit ID is stored in a global extended pax header
+if the tar format is used; it can be extracted using 'git
+get-tar-commit-id'. In ZIP files it is stored as a file comment.
 
 OPTIONS
 -------
diff --git a/Documentation/git-blame.txt b/Documentation/git-blame.txt
index f69a871..5720d04 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-blame.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-blame.txt
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@
 
 -e::
 --show-email::
-	Show the author email instead of author name (Default: off).
+	Show the author email instead of the author name (Default: off).
 	This can also be controlled via the `blame.showEmail` config
 	option.
 
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@
 `git blame` will output annotation for each line with:
 
 - abbreviated object name for the commit the line came from;
-- author ident (by default author name and date, unless `-s` or `-e`
+- author ident (by default the author name and date, unless `-s` or `-e`
   is specified); and
 - line number
 
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@
 - the filename in the commit that the line is attributed to.
 - the first line of the commit log message ("summary").
 
-The contents of the actual line is output after the above
+The contents of the actual line are output after the above
 header, prefixed by a TAB. This is to allow adding more
 header elements later.
 
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@
 
 When you are not interested in changes older than version
 v2.6.18, or changes older than 3 weeks, you can use revision
-range specifiers  similar to 'git rev-list':
+range specifiers similar to 'git rev-list':
 
 	git blame v2.6.18.. -- foo
 	git blame --since=3.weeks -- foo
diff --git a/Documentation/git-bugreport.txt b/Documentation/git-bugreport.txt
index eca726e..392d9eb 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-bugreport.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-bugreport.txt
@@ -13,10 +13,11 @@
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
-Captures information about the user's machine, Git client, and repository state,
-as well as a form requesting information about the behavior the user observed,
-into a single text file which the user can then share, for example to the Git
-mailing list, in order to report an observed bug.
+Collects information about the user's machine, Git client, and repository
+state, in addition to a form requesting information about the behavior the
+user observed, and stores it in a single text file which the user can then
+share, for example to the Git mailing list, in order to report an observed
+bug.
 
 The following information is requested from the user:
 
diff --git a/Documentation/git-cat-file.txt b/Documentation/git-cat-file.txt
index 0e4936d..bd95a6c 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-cat-file.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-cat-file.txt
@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@
 
 NAME
 ----
-git-cat-file - Provide content or type and size information for repository objects
-
+git-cat-file - Provide contents or details of repository objects
 
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
@@ -12,25 +11,24 @@
 'git cat-file' <type> <object>
 'git cat-file' (-e | -p) <object>
 'git cat-file' (-t | -s) [--allow-unknown-type] <object>
+'git cat-file' (--textconv | --filters)
+	     [<rev>:<path|tree-ish> | --path=<path|tree-ish> <rev>]
 'git cat-file' (--batch | --batch-check | --batch-command) [--batch-all-objects]
 	     [--buffer] [--follow-symlinks] [--unordered]
 	     [--textconv | --filters] [-Z]
-'git cat-file' (--textconv | --filters)
-	     [<rev>:<path|tree-ish> | --path=<path|tree-ish> <rev>]
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
-In its first form, the command provides the content or the type of an object in
-the repository. The type is required unless `-t` or `-p` is used to find the
-object type, or `-s` is used to find the object size, or `--textconv` or
-`--filters` is used (which imply type "blob").
+Output the contents or other properties such as size, type or delta
+information of one or more objects.
 
-In the second form, a list of objects (separated by linefeeds) is provided on
-stdin, and the SHA-1, type, and size of each object is printed on stdout. The
-output format can be overridden using the optional `<format>` argument. If
-either `--textconv` or `--filters` was specified, the input is expected to
-list the object names followed by the path name, separated by a single
-whitespace, so that the appropriate drivers can be determined.
+This command can operate in two modes, depending on whether an option
+from the `--batch` family is specified.
+
+In non-batch mode, the command provides information on an object
+named on the command line.
+
+In batch mode, arguments are read from standard input.
 
 OPTIONS
 -------
@@ -51,8 +49,8 @@
 
 -e::
 	Exit with zero status if `<object>` exists and is a valid
-	object. If `<object>` is of an invalid format exit with non-zero and
-	emits an error on stderr.
+	object. If `<object>` is of an invalid format, exit with non-zero
+	status and emit an error on stderr.
 
 -p::
 	Pretty-print the contents of `<object>` based on its type.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-check-attr.txt b/Documentation/git-check-attr.txt
index 6e4f3aa..cb5a6c8 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-check-attr.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-check-attr.txt
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
 
 --stdin::
 	Read pathnames from the standard input, one per line,
-	instead of from the command-line.
+	instead of from the command line.
 
 -z::
 	The output format is modified to be machine-parsable.
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@
 
 --source=<tree-ish>::
 	Check attributes against the specified tree-ish. It is common to
-	specify the source tree by naming a commit, branch or tag associated
+	specify the source tree by naming a commit, branch, or tag associated
 	with it.
 
 \--::
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@
 
 
 <path> is the path of a file being queried, <attribute> is an attribute
-being queried and <info> can be either:
+being queried, and <info> can be either:
 
 'unspecified';; when the attribute is not defined for the path.
 'unset';;	when the attribute is defined as false.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-check-ignore.txt b/Documentation/git-check-ignore.txt
index 2892799..3e3b4e3 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-check-ignore.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-check-ignore.txt
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
 	with a NUL character instead of a linefeed character.
 
 -n, --non-matching::
-	Show given paths which don't match any pattern.	 This only
+	Show given paths which don't match any pattern.  This only
 	makes sense when `--verbose` is enabled, otherwise it would
 	not be possible to distinguish between paths which match a
 	pattern and those which don't.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-check-ref-format.txt b/Documentation/git-check-ref-format.txt
index ee6a414..2aacfd1 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-check-ref-format.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-check-ref-format.txt
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@
 
 . They cannot begin or end with a slash `/` or contain multiple
   consecutive slashes (see the `--normalize` option below for an
-  exception to this rule)
+  exception to this rule).
 
 . They cannot end with a dot `.`.
 
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@
 may be stricter than what `git check-ref-format refs/heads/$name`
 says (e.g. a dash may appear at the beginning of a ref component,
 but it is explicitly forbidden at the beginning of a branch name).
-When run with `--branch` option in a repository, the input is first
+When run with the `--branch` option in a repository, the input is first
 expanded for the ``previous checkout syntax''
 `@{-n}`.  For example, `@{-1}` is a way to refer the last thing that
 was checked out using "git switch" or "git checkout" operation.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-checkout-index.txt b/Documentation/git-checkout-index.txt
index 01dbd5c..faf8d6c 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-checkout-index.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-checkout-index.txt
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
-Will copy all files listed from the index to the working directory
+Copies all listed files from the index to the working directory
 (not overwriting existing files).
 
 OPTIONS
@@ -53,11 +53,11 @@
 
 --stage=<number>|all::
 	Instead of checking out unmerged entries, copy out the
-	files from named stage.  <number> must be between 1 and 3.
+	files from the named stage.  <number> must be between 1 and 3.
 	Note: --stage=all automatically implies --temp.
 
 --temp::
-	Instead of copying the files to the working directory
+	Instead of copying the files to the working directory,
 	write the content to temporary files.  The temporary name
 	associations will be written to stdout.
 
@@ -66,8 +66,8 @@
 	set.
 
 --stdin::
-	Instead of taking list of paths from the command line,
-	read list of paths from the standard input.  Paths are
+	Instead of taking a list of paths from the command line,
+	read the list of paths from the standard input.  Paths are
 	separated by LF (i.e. one path per line) by default.
 
 -z::
diff --git a/Documentation/git-checkout.txt b/Documentation/git-checkout.txt
index a30e3eb..240c546 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-checkout.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-checkout.txt
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@
 You could omit `<branch>`, in which case the command degenerates to
 "check out the current branch", which is a glorified no-op with
 rather expensive side-effects to show only the tracking information,
-if exists, for the current branch.
+if it exists, for the current branch.
 
 'git checkout' -b|-B <new-branch> [<start-point>]::
 
diff --git a/Documentation/git-clean.txt b/Documentation/git-clean.txt
index 5e1a3d5..69331e3 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-clean.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-clean.txt
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@
    This shows the files and directories to be deleted and issues an
    "Input ignore patterns>>" prompt. You can input space-separated
    patterns to exclude files and directories from deletion.
-   E.g. "*.c *.h" will excludes files end with ".c" and ".h" from
+   E.g. "*.c *.h" will exclude files ending with ".c" and ".h" from
    deletion. When you are satisfied with the filtered result, press
    ENTER (empty) back to the main menu.
 
diff --git a/Documentation/git-count-objects.txt b/Documentation/git-count-objects.txt
index cb9b4d2..97f9f12 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-count-objects.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-count-objects.txt
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
-This counts the number of unpacked object files and disk space consumed by
+Counts the number of unpacked object files and disk space consumed by
 them, to help you decide when it is a good time to repack.
 
 
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 -------
 -v::
 --verbose::
-	Report in more detail:
+	Provide more detailed reports:
 +
 count: the number of loose objects
 +
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
 prune-packable: the number of loose objects that are also present in
 the packs. These objects could be pruned using `git prune-packed`.
 +
-garbage: the number of files in object database that are neither valid loose
+garbage: the number of files in the object database that are neither valid loose
 objects nor valid packs
 +
 size-garbage: disk space consumed by garbage files, in KiB (unless -H is
diff --git a/Documentation/git-credential-cache.txt b/Documentation/git-credential-cache.txt
index f473994..487cc55 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-credential-cache.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-credential-cache.txt
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 
 This command caches credentials for use by future Git programs.
 The stored credentials are kept in memory of the cache-daemon
-process (instead of written to a file) and are forgotten after a
+process (instead of being written to a file) and are forgotten after a
 configurable timeout. Credentials are forgotten sooner if the
 cache-daemon dies, for example if the system restarts. The cache
 is accessible over a Unix domain socket, restricted to the current
diff --git a/Documentation/git-credential-store.txt b/Documentation/git-credential-store.txt
index 76b0798..71864a8 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-credential-store.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-credential-store.txt
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
 
 	Use `<path>` to lookup and store credentials. The file will have its
 	filesystem permissions set to prevent other users on the system
-	from reading it, but will not be encrypted or otherwise
+	from reading it, but it will not be encrypted or otherwise
 	protected. If not specified, credentials will be searched for from
 	`~/.git-credentials` and `$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/git/credentials`, and
 	credentials will be written to `~/.git-credentials` if it exists, or
diff --git a/Documentation/git-credential.txt b/Documentation/git-credential.txt
index a220afe..918a0aa 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-credential.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-credential.txt
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@
      that `git credential` will ask for a new password in its next
      invocation. In either case, `git credential` should be fed with
      the credential description obtained from step (2) (which also
-     contain the ones provided in step (1)).
+     contains the fields provided in step (1)).
 
 [[IOFMT]]
 INPUT/OUTPUT FORMAT
diff --git a/Documentation/git-daemon.txt b/Documentation/git-daemon.txt
index 236df51..e064f91 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-daemon.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-daemon.txt
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@
 --user-path::
 --user-path=<path>::
 	Allow {tilde}user notation to be used in requests.  When
-	specified with no parameter, requests to
+	specified with no parameter, a request to
 	git://host/{tilde}alice/foo is taken as a request to access
 	'foo' repository in the home directory of user `alice`.
 	If `--user-path=path` is specified, the same request is
diff --git a/Documentation/git-diff-files.txt b/Documentation/git-diff-files.txt
index 591e380..bf78e31 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-diff-files.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-diff-files.txt
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 -2 --ours::
 -3 --theirs::
 -0::
-	Diff against the "base" version, "our branch" or "their
+	Diff against the "base" version, "our branch", or "their
 	branch" respectively.  With these options, diffs for
 	merged entries are not shown.
 +
@@ -37,12 +37,12 @@
 -c::
 --cc::
 	This compares stage 2 (our branch), stage 3 (their
-	branch) and the working tree file and outputs a combined
+	branch), and the working tree file and outputs a combined
 	diff, similar to the way 'diff-tree' shows a merge
 	commit with these flags.
 
 -q::
-	Remain silent even on nonexistent files
+	Remain silent even for nonexistent files
 
 
 include::diff-format.txt[]
diff --git a/Documentation/git-diff-index.txt b/Documentation/git-diff-index.txt
index c30d8f0..4de1d4c 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-diff-index.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-diff-index.txt
@@ -13,10 +13,10 @@
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
-Compares the content and mode of the blobs found in a tree object
+Compare the content and mode of the blobs found in a tree object
 with the corresponding tracked files in the working tree, or with the
 corresponding paths in the index.  When <path> arguments are present,
-compares only paths matching those patterns.  Otherwise all tracked
+compare only paths matching those patterns.  Otherwise all tracked
 files are compared.
 
 OPTIONS
diff --git a/Documentation/git-diff-tree.txt b/Documentation/git-diff-tree.txt
index 274d5ea..143318c 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-diff-tree.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-diff-tree.txt
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
-Compares the content and mode of the blobs found via two tree objects.
+Compare the content and mode of blobs found via two tree objects.
 
 If there is only one <tree-ish> given, the commit is compared with its parents
 (see --stdin below).
@@ -34,10 +34,10 @@
 	matching one of the provided pathspecs.
 
 -r::
-        recurse into sub-trees
+	Recurse into sub-trees.
 
 -t::
-	show tree entry itself as well as subtrees.  Implies -r.
+	Show tree entry itself as well as subtrees.  Implies -r.
 
 --root::
 	When `--root` is specified the initial commit will be shown as a big
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@
 	By default, 'git diff-tree --stdin' shows differences,
 	either in machine-readable form (without `-p`) or in patch
 	form (with `-p`).  This output can be suppressed.  It is
-	only useful with `-v` flag.
+	only useful with the `-v` flag.
 
 -v::
 	This flag causes 'git diff-tree --stdin' to also show
@@ -104,10 +104,10 @@
 	This flag changes the way a merge commit patch is displayed,
 	in a similar way to the `-c` option. It implies the `-c`
 	and `-p` options and further compresses the patch output
-	by omitting uninteresting hunks whose the contents in the parents
+	by omitting uninteresting hunks whose contents in the parents
 	have only two variants and the merge result picks one of them
 	without modification.  When all hunks are uninteresting, the commit
-	itself and the commit log message is not shown, just like in any other
+	itself and the commit log message are not shown, just like in any other
 	"empty diff" case.
 
 --combined-all-paths::
diff --git a/Documentation/git-difftool.txt b/Documentation/git-difftool.txt
index ac0ac6f..50cb080 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-difftool.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-difftool.txt
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
 
 --rotate-to=<file>::
 	Start showing the diff for the given path,
-	the paths before it will move to end and output.
+	the paths before it will move to the end and output.
 
 --skip-to=<file>::
 	Start showing the diff for the given path, skipping all
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@
 	Print a list of diff tools that may be used with `--tool`.
 
 --[no-]symlinks::
-	'git difftool''s default behavior is create symlinks to the
+	'git difftool''s default behavior is to create symlinks to the
 	working tree when run in `--dir-diff` mode and the right-hand
 	side of the comparison yields the same content as the file in
 	the working tree.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-fast-import.txt b/Documentation/git-fast-import.txt
index 8b5dd6a..bd7b1e0 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-fast-import.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-fast-import.txt
@@ -622,7 +622,7 @@
 * `100755` or `755`: A normal, but executable, file.
 * `120000`: A symlink, the content of the file will be the link target.
 * `160000`: A gitlink, SHA-1 of the object refers to a commit in
-  another repository. Git links can only be specified by SHA or through
+  another repository. Git links can only be specified either by SHA or through
   a commit mark. They are used to implement submodules.
 * `040000`: A subdirectory.  Subdirectories can only be specified by
   SHA or through a tree mark set with `--import-marks`.
@@ -1353,7 +1353,7 @@
 accuracy and completeness of the import by comparing each Git
 commit to the corresponding source revision.
 
-Coming from a system such as Perforce or Subversion this should be
+Coming from a system such as Perforce or Subversion, this should be
 quite simple, as the fast-import mark can also be the Perforce changeset
 number or the Subversion revision number.
 
diff --git a/Documentation/git-fetch-pack.txt b/Documentation/git-fetch-pack.txt
index 46747d5..b346766 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-fetch-pack.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-fetch-pack.txt
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@
 
 --upload-pack=<git-upload-pack>::
 	Use this to specify the path to 'git-upload-pack' on the
-	remote side, if is not found on your $PATH.
+	remote side, if it is not found on your $PATH.
 	Installations of sshd ignores the user's environment
 	setup scripts for login shells (e.g. .bash_profile) and
 	your privately installed git may not be found on the system
diff --git a/Documentation/git-format-patch.txt b/Documentation/git-format-patch.txt
index 711823a..aaafce2 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-format-patch.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-format-patch.txt
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
 * The "patch", which is the "diff -p --stat" output (see
   linkgit:git-diff[1]) between the commit and its parent.
 
-The log message and the patch is separated by a line with a
+The log message and the patch are separated by a line with a
 three-dash line.
 
 There are two ways to specify which commits to operate on.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-fsck.txt b/Documentation/git-fsck.txt
index b6a0f8a..5b82e46 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-fsck.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-fsck.txt
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
 	An object to treat as the head of an unreachability trace.
 +
 If no objects are given, 'git fsck' defaults to using the
-index file, all SHA-1 references in `refs` namespace, and all reflogs
+index file, all SHA-1 references in the `refs` namespace, and all reflogs
 (unless --no-reflogs is given) as heads.
 
 --unreachable::
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@
 --connectivity-only::
 	Check only the connectivity of reachable objects, making sure
 	that any objects referenced by a reachable tag, commit, or tree
-	is present. This speeds up the operation by avoiding reading
+	are present. This speeds up the operation by avoiding reading
 	blobs entirely (though it does still check that referenced blobs
 	exist). This will detect corruption in commits and trees, but
 	not do any semantic checks (e.g., for format errors). Corruption
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@
 	recorded with g+w bit set, which was created by older
 	versions of Git.  Existing repositories, including the
 	Linux kernel, Git itself, and sparse repository have old
-	objects that triggers this check, but it is recommended
+	objects that trigger this check, but it is recommended
 	to check new projects with this flag.
 
 --verbose::
diff --git a/Documentation/git-fsmonitor--daemon.txt b/Documentation/git-fsmonitor--daemon.txt
index 8238ead..8585d19 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-fsmonitor--daemon.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-fsmonitor--daemon.txt
@@ -70,10 +70,10 @@
 will properly ignore these extra events, so performance may be affected
 but it will not cause an incorrect result.
 
-By default, the fsmonitor daemon refuses to work against network-mounted
+By default, the fsmonitor daemon refuses to work with network-mounted
 repositories; this may be overridden by setting `fsmonitor.allowRemote` to
 `true`. Note, however, that the fsmonitor daemon is not guaranteed to work
-correctly with all network-mounted repositories and such use is considered
+correctly with all network-mounted repositories, so such use is considered
 experimental.
 
 On Mac OS, the inter-process communication (IPC) between various Git
@@ -83,10 +83,10 @@
 may or may not have the needed support; the fsmonitor daemon is not guaranteed
 to work with these filesystems and such use is considered experimental.
 
-By default, the socket is created in the `.git` directory, however, if the
-`.git` directory is on a network-mounted filesystem, it will be instead be
+By default, the socket is created in the `.git` directory.  However, if the
+`.git` directory is on a network-mounted filesystem, it will instead be
 created at `$HOME/.git-fsmonitor-*` unless `$HOME` itself is on a
-network-mounted filesystem in which case you must set the configuration
+network-mounted filesystem, in which case you must set the configuration
 variable `fsmonitor.socketDir` to the path of a directory on a Mac OS native
 filesystem in which to create the socket file.
 
diff --git a/Documentation/git-gc.txt b/Documentation/git-gc.txt
index 90806fd..b5561c4 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-gc.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-gc.txt
@@ -59,6 +59,13 @@
 	cruft pack instead of storing them as loose objects. `--cruft`
 	is on by default.
 
+--max-cruft-size=<n>::
+	When packing unreachable objects into a cruft pack, limit the
+	size of new cruft packs to be at most `<n>` bytes. Overrides any
+	value specified via the `gc.maxCruftSize` configuration. See
+	the `--max-cruft-size` option of linkgit:git-repack[1] for
+	more.
+
 --prune=<date>::
 	Prune loose objects older than date (default is 2 weeks ago,
 	overridable by the config variable `gc.pruneExpire`).
diff --git a/Documentation/git-get-tar-commit-id.txt b/Documentation/git-get-tar-commit-id.txt
index ac44d85..b537bb4 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-get-tar-commit-id.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-get-tar-commit-id.txt
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 1024 bytes of input, thus its runtime is not influenced by the size
 of the tar archive very much.
 
-If no commit ID is found, 'git get-tar-commit-id' quietly exists with a
+If no commit ID is found, 'git get-tar-commit-id' quietly exits with a
 return code of 1.  This can happen if the archive had not been created
 using 'git archive' or if the first parameter of 'git archive' had been
 a tree ID instead of a commit ID or tag.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-grep.txt b/Documentation/git-grep.txt
index dabdbe8..0d0103c 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-grep.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-grep.txt
@@ -337,7 +337,7 @@
 
 When grepping the object store (with `--cached` or giving tree objects), running
 with multiple threads might perform slower than single threaded if `--textconv`
-is given and there're too many text conversions. So if you experience low
+is given and there are too many text conversions. So if you experience low
 performance in this case, it might be desirable to use `--threads=1`.
 
 CONFIGURATION
diff --git a/Documentation/git-hash-object.txt b/Documentation/git-hash-object.txt
index 8577f7a..ef4719a 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-hash-object.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-hash-object.txt
@@ -39,10 +39,10 @@
 	of from the command-line.
 
 --path::
-	Hash object as it were located at the given path. The location of
-	file does not directly influence on the hash value, but path is
-	used to determine what Git filters should be applied to the object
-	before it can be placed to the object database, and, as result of
+	Hash object as if it were located at the given path. The location of
+	the file does not directly influence the hash value, but the path is
+	used to determine which Git filters should be applied to the object
+	before it can be placed in the object database.  As a result of
 	applying filters, the actual blob put into the object database may
 	differ from the given file. This option is mainly useful for hashing
 	temporary files located outside of the working directory or files
diff --git a/Documentation/git-help.txt b/Documentation/git-help.txt
index 2b0b5e3..f0bedc1 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-help.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-help.txt
@@ -42,13 +42,13 @@
 
 To display the linkgit:git[1] man page, use `git help git`.
 
-This page can be displayed with 'git help help' or `git help --help`
+This page can be displayed with 'git help help' or `git help --help`.
 
 OPTIONS
 -------
 -a::
 --all::
-	Prints all the available commands on the standard output.
+	Print all the available commands on the standard output.
 
 --no-external-commands::
 	When used with `--all`, exclude the listing of external "git-*"
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@
 	aliases.
 
 --verbose::
-	When used with `--all` print description for all recognized
+	When used with `--all`, print description for all recognized
 	commands. This is the default.
 
 -c::
@@ -69,10 +69,10 @@
 
 -g::
 --guides::
-	Prints a list of the Git concept guides on the standard output.
+	Print a list of the Git concept guides on the standard output.
 
 --user-interfaces::
-	Prints a list of the repository, command and file interfaces
+	Print a list of the repository, command and file interfaces
 	documentation on the standard output.
 +
 In-repository file interfaces such as `.git/info/exclude` are
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@
 described in linkgit:githooks[5].
 
 --developer-interfaces::
-	Print list of file formats, protocols and other developer
+	Print a list of file formats, protocols and other developer
 	interfaces documentation on the standard output.
 
 -i::
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@
 	format. A web browser will be used for that purpose.
 +
 The web browser can be specified using the configuration variable
-`help.browser`, or `web.browser` if the former is not set. If none of
+`help.browser`, or `web.browser` if the former is not set. If neither of
 these config variables is set, the 'git web{litdd}browse' helper script
 (called by 'git help') will pick a suitable default. See
 linkgit:git-web{litdd}browse[1] for more information about this.
@@ -129,8 +129,8 @@
 * "info" corresponds to '-i|--info',
 * "web" or "html" correspond to '-w|--web'.
 
-help.browser, web.browser and browser.<tool>.path
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+help.browser, web.browser, and browser.<tool>.path
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
 The `help.browser`, `web.browser` and `browser.<tool>.path` will also
 be checked if the 'web' format is chosen (either by command-line
diff --git a/Documentation/git-hook.txt b/Documentation/git-hook.txt
index 3407f3c..f6cc72d 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-hook.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-hook.txt
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
 
-A command interface to running git hooks (see linkgit:githooks[5]),
+A command interface for running git hooks (see linkgit:githooks[5]),
 for use by other scripted git commands.
 
 SUBCOMMANDS
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
 -------
 
 --to-stdin::
-	For "run"; Specify a file which will be streamed into the
+	For "run"; specify a file which will be streamed into the
 	hook's stdin. The hook will receive the entire file from
 	beginning to EOF.
 
diff --git a/Documentation/git-http-backend.txt b/Documentation/git-http-backend.txt
index 0c5c0dd..f37ddad 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-http-backend.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-http-backend.txt
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
 It verifies that the directory has the magic file
 "git-daemon-export-ok", and it will refuse to export any Git directory
 that hasn't explicitly been marked for export this way (unless the
-`GIT_HTTP_EXPORT_ALL` environmental variable is set).
+`GIT_HTTP_EXPORT_ALL` environment variable is set).
 
 By default, only the `upload-pack` service is enabled, which serves
 'git fetch-pack' and 'git ls-remote' clients, which are invoked from
@@ -42,12 +42,12 @@
 	any file within the repository, including objects that are
 	no longer reachable from a branch but are still present.
 	It is enabled by default, but a repository can disable it
-	by setting this configuration item to `false`.
+	by setting this configuration value to `false`.
 
 http.uploadpack::
 	This serves 'git fetch-pack' and 'git ls-remote' clients.
 	It is enabled by default, but a repository can disable it
-	by setting this configuration item to `false`.
+	by setting this configuration value to `false`.
 
 http.receivepack::
 	This serves 'git send-pack' clients, allowing push.  It is
@@ -265,12 +265,12 @@
 * QUERY_STRING
 * REQUEST_METHOD
 
-The `GIT_HTTP_EXPORT_ALL` environmental variable may be passed to
+The `GIT_HTTP_EXPORT_ALL` environment variable may be passed to
 'git-http-backend' to bypass the check for the "git-daemon-export-ok"
 file in each repository before allowing export of that repository.
 
 The `GIT_HTTP_MAX_REQUEST_BUFFER` environment variable (or the
-`http.maxRequestBuffer` config variable) may be set to change the
+`http.maxRequestBuffer` config option) may be set to change the
 largest ref negotiation request that git will handle during a fetch; any
 fetch requiring a larger buffer will not succeed.  This value should not
 normally need to be changed, but may be helpful if you are fetching from
diff --git a/Documentation/git-http-fetch.txt b/Documentation/git-http-fetch.txt
index 319062c..4ec7c68 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-http-fetch.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-http-fetch.txt
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
 	Report what is downloaded.
 
 -w <filename>::
-        Writes the commit-id into the filename under $GIT_DIR/refs/<filename> on
+	Writes the commit-id into the specified filename under $GIT_DIR/refs/<filename> on
         the local end after the transfer is complete.
 
 --stdin::
diff --git a/Documentation/git-http-push.txt b/Documentation/git-http-push.txt
index 7c6a6dd..ce0d808 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-http-push.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-http-push.txt
@@ -13,12 +13,12 @@
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
-Sends missing objects to remote repository, and updates the
+Sends missing objects to the remote repository, and updates the
 remote branch.
 
 *NOTE*: This command is temporarily disabled if your libcurl
 is older than 7.16, as the combination has been reported
-not to work and sometimes corrupts repository.
+not to work and sometimes corrupts the repository.
 
 OPTIONS
 -------
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@
 -d::
 -D::
 	Remove <ref> from remote repository.  The specified branch
-	cannot be the remote HEAD.  If -d is specified the following
+	cannot be the remote HEAD.  If -d is specified, the following
 	other conditions must also be met:
 
 	- Remote HEAD must resolve to an object that exists locally
@@ -83,8 +83,8 @@
 Without `--force`, the <src> ref is stored at the remote only if
 <dst> does not exist, or <dst> is a proper subset (i.e. an
 ancestor) of <src>.  This check, known as "fast-forward check",
-is performed in order to avoid accidentally overwriting the
-remote ref and lose other peoples' commits from there.
+is performed to avoid accidentally overwriting the
+remote ref and losing other peoples' commits from there.
 
 With `--force`, the fast-forward check is disabled for all refs.
 
diff --git a/Documentation/git-index-pack.txt b/Documentation/git-index-pack.txt
index 4e71c25..6486620 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-index-pack.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-index-pack.txt
@@ -16,10 +16,10 @@
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
-Reads a packed archive (.pack) from the specified file, and
-builds a pack index file (.idx) for it. Optionally writes a
+Reads a packed archive (.pack) from the specified file,
+builds a pack index file (.idx) for it, and optionally writes a
 reverse-index (.rev) for the specified pack. The packed
-archive together with the pack index can then be placed in
+archive, together with the pack index, can then be placed in
 the objects/pack/ directory of a Git repository.
 
 
@@ -68,8 +68,8 @@
 	updated to use objects contained in the pack.
 
 --keep=<msg>::
-	Like --keep create a .keep file before moving the index into
-	its final destination, but rather than creating an empty file
+	Like --keep, create a .keep file before moving the index into
+	its final destination.  However, instead of creating an empty file
 	place '<msg>' followed by an LF into the .keep file.  The '<msg>'
 	message can later be searched for within all .keep files to
 	locate any which have outlived their usefulness.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-init.txt b/Documentation/git-init.txt
index 160dea1..6f0d297 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-init.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-init.txt
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
 
 If the object storage directory is specified via the
 `$GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY` environment variable then the sha1 directories
-are created underneath - otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
+are created underneath; otherwise, the default `$GIT_DIR/objects`
 directory is used.
 
 Running 'git init' in an existing repository is safe. It will not
@@ -66,10 +66,10 @@
 
 Instead of initializing the repository as a directory to either `$GIT_DIR` or
 `./.git/`, create a text file there containing the path to the actual
-repository.  This file acts as filesystem-agnostic Git symbolic link to the
+repository.  This file acts as a filesystem-agnostic Git symbolic link to the
 repository.
 +
-If this is reinitialization, the repository will be moved to the specified path.
+If this is a reinitialization, the repository will be moved to the specified path.
 
 -b <branch-name>::
 --initial-branch=<branch-name>::
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@
 
 'group' (or 'true')::
 
-Make the repository group-writable, (and g+sx, since the git group may be not
+Make the repository group-writable, (and g+sx, since the git group may not be
 the primary group of all users). This is used to loosen the permissions of an
 otherwise safe umask(2) value. Note that the umask still applies to the other
 permission bits (e.g. if umask is '0022', using 'group' will not remove read
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@
 '<perm>' is a 3-digit octal number prefixed with `0` and each file
 will have mode '<perm>'. '<perm>' will override users' umask(2)
 value (and not only loosen permissions as 'group' and 'all'
-does). '0640' will create a repository which is group-readable, but
+do). '0640' will create a repository which is group-readable, but
 not group-writable or accessible to others. '0660' will create a repo
 that is readable and writable to the current user and group, but
 inaccessible to others (directories and executable files get their
diff --git a/Documentation/git-interpret-trailers.txt b/Documentation/git-interpret-trailers.txt
index 55d8961..418265f 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-interpret-trailers.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-interpret-trailers.txt
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 --------
 [verse]
 'git interpret-trailers' [--in-place] [--trim-empty]
-			[(--trailer <token>[(=|:)<value>])...]
+			[(--trailer (<key>|<keyAlias>)[(=|:)<value>])...]
 			[--parse] [<file>...]
 
 DESCRIPTION
@@ -31,10 +31,15 @@
 
 This command reads commit messages from either the
 <file> arguments or the standard input if no <file> is specified.
-If `--parse` is specified, the output consists of the parsed trailers.
-Otherwise, this command applies the arguments passed using the
-`--trailer` option, if any, to each input file. The result is emitted on the
-standard output.
+If `--parse` is specified, the output consists of the parsed trailers
+coming from the input, without influencing them with any command line
+options or configuration variables.
+
+Otherwise, this command applies `trailer.*` configuration variables
+(which could potentially add new trailers, as well as reposition them),
+as well as any command line arguments that can override configuration
+variables (such as `--trailer=...` which could also add new trailers),
+to each input file. The result is emitted on the standard output.
 
 This command can also operate on the output of linkgit:git-format-patch[1],
 which is more elaborate than a plain commit message. Namely, such output
@@ -48,22 +53,32 @@
 the input is changed. They also make it possible to
 automatically add some trailers.
 
-By default, a '<token>=<value>' or '<token>:<value>' argument given
+By default, a '<key>=<value>' or '<key>:<value>' argument given
 using `--trailer` will be appended after the existing trailers only if
-the last trailer has a different (<token>, <value>) pair (or if there
-is no existing trailer). The <token> and <value> parts will be trimmed
+the last trailer has a different (<key>, <value>) pair (or if there
+is no existing trailer). The <key> and <value> parts will be trimmed
 to remove starting and trailing whitespace, and the resulting trimmed
-<token> and <value> will appear in the output like this:
+<key> and <value> will appear in the output like this:
 
 ------------------------------------------------
-token: value
+key: value
 ------------------------------------------------
 
-This means that the trimmed <token> and <value> will be separated by
-`': '` (one colon followed by one space). For convenience, the <token> can be a
-shortened string key (e.g., "sign") instead of the full string which should
-appear before the separator on the output (e.g., "Signed-off-by"). This can be
-configured using the 'trailer.<token>.key' configuration variable.
+This means that the trimmed <key> and <value> will be separated by
+`': '` (one colon followed by one space).
+
+For convenience, a <keyAlias> can be configured to make using `--trailer`
+shorter to type on the command line. This can be configured using the
+'trailer.<keyAlias>.key' configuration variable. The <keyAlias> must be a prefix
+of the full <key> string, although case sensitivity does not matter. For
+example, if you have
+
+------------------------------------------------
+trailer.sign.key "Signed-off-by: "
+------------------------------------------------
+
+in your configuration, you only need to specify `--trailer="sign: foo"`
+on the command line instead of `--trailer="Signed-off-by: foo"`.
 
 By default the new trailer will appear at the end of all the existing
 trailers. If there is no existing trailer, the new trailer will appear
@@ -80,14 +95,14 @@
 space or the end of the line).
 
 When reading trailers, there can be no whitespace before or inside the
-<token>, but any number of regular space and tab characters are allowed
-between the <token> and the separator. There can be whitespaces before,
+<key>, but any number of regular space and tab characters are allowed
+between the <key> and the separator. There can be whitespaces before,
 inside or after the <value>. The <value> may be split over multiple lines
 with each subsequent line starting with at least one whitespace, like
 the "folding" in RFC 822. Example:
 
 ------------------------------------------------
-token: This is a very long value, with spaces and
+key: This is a very long value, with spaces and
   newlines in it.
 ------------------------------------------------
 
@@ -104,35 +119,44 @@
 	the whole trailer will be removed from the output.
 	This applies to existing trailers as well as new trailers.
 
---trailer <token>[(=|:)<value>]::
-	Specify a (<token>, <value>) pair that should be applied as a
+--trailer <key>[(=|:)<value>]::
+	Specify a (<key>, <value>) pair that should be applied as a
 	trailer to the inputs. See the description of this
 	command.
 
 --where <placement>::
 --no-where::
 	Specify where all new trailers will be added.  A setting
-	provided with '--where' overrides all configuration variables
+	provided with '--where' overrides the `trailer.where` and any
+	applicable `trailer.<keyAlias>.where` configuration variables
 	and applies to all '--trailer' options until the next occurrence of
-	'--where' or '--no-where'. Possible values are `after`, `before`,
-	`end` or `start`.
+	'--where' or '--no-where'. Upon encountering '--no-where', clear the
+	effect of any previous use of '--where', such that the relevant configuration
+	variables are no longer overridden. Possible placements are `after`,
+	`before`, `end` or `start`.
 
 --if-exists <action>::
 --no-if-exists::
 	Specify what action will be performed when there is already at
-	least one trailer with the same <token> in the input.  A setting
-	provided with '--if-exists' overrides all configuration variables
+	least one trailer with the same <key> in the input.  A setting
+	provided with '--if-exists' overrides the `trailer.ifExists` and any
+	applicable `trailer.<keyAlias>.ifExists` configuration variables
 	and applies to all '--trailer' options until the next occurrence of
-	'--if-exists' or '--no-if-exists'. Possible actions are `addIfDifferent`,
+	'--if-exists' or '--no-if-exists'. Upon encountering '--no-if-exists, clear the
+	effect of any previous use of '--if-exists, such that the relevant configuration
+	variables are no longer overridden. Possible actions are `addIfDifferent`,
 	`addIfDifferentNeighbor`, `add`, `replace` and `doNothing`.
 
 --if-missing <action>::
 --no-if-missing::
 	Specify what action will be performed when there is no other
-	trailer with the same <token> in the input.  A setting
-	provided with '--if-missing' overrides all configuration variables
+	trailer with the same <key> in the input.  A setting
+	provided with '--if-missing' overrides the `trailer.ifMissing` and any
+	applicable `trailer.<keyAlias>.ifMissing` configuration variables
 	and applies to all '--trailer' options until the next occurrence of
-	'--if-missing' or '--no-if-missing'. Possible actions are `doNothing`
+	'--if-missing' or '--no-if-missing'. Upon encountering '--no-if-missing,
+	clear the effect of any previous use of '--if-missing, such that the relevant
+	configuration variables are no longer overridden. Possible actions are `doNothing`
 	or `add`.
 
 --only-trailers::
@@ -140,16 +164,19 @@
 
 --only-input::
 	Output only trailers that exist in the input; do not add any
-	from the command-line or by following configured `trailer.*`
-	rules.
+	from the command-line or by applying `trailer.*` configuration
+	variables.
 
 --unfold::
-	Remove any whitespace-continuation in trailers, so that each
-	trailer appears on a line by itself with its full content.
+	If a trailer has a value that runs over multiple lines (aka "folded"),
+	reformat the value into a single line.
 
 --parse::
 	A convenience alias for `--only-trailers --only-input
-	--unfold`.
+	--unfold`. This makes it easier to only see the trailers coming from the
+	input without influencing them with any command line options or
+	configuration variables, while also making the output machine-friendly with
+	--unfold.
 
 --no-divider::
 	Do not treat `---` as the end of the commit message. Use this
@@ -170,11 +197,11 @@
 trailer.
 +
 For example, if the value for this option is "%=$", then only lines
-using the format '<token><sep><value>' with <sep> containing '%', '='
+using the format '<key><sep><value>' with <sep> containing '%', '='
 or '$' and then spaces will be considered trailers. And '%' will be
 the default separator used, so by default trailers will appear like:
-'<token>% <value>' (one percent sign and one space will appear between
-the token and the value).
+'<key>% <value>' (one percent sign and one space will appear between
+the key and the value).
 
 trailer.where::
 	This option tells where a new trailer will be added.
@@ -188,41 +215,41 @@
 instead of the end, of the existing trailers.
 +
 If it is `after`, then each new trailer will appear just after the
-last trailer with the same <token>.
+last trailer with the same <key>.
 +
 If it is `before`, then each new trailer will appear just before the
-first trailer with the same <token>.
+first trailer with the same <key>.
 
 trailer.ifexists::
 	This option makes it possible to choose what action will be
 	performed when there is already at least one trailer with the
-	same <token> in the input.
+	same <key> in the input.
 +
 The valid values for this option are: `addIfDifferentNeighbor` (this
 is the default), `addIfDifferent`, `add`, `replace` or `doNothing`.
 +
 With `addIfDifferentNeighbor`, a new trailer will be added only if no
-trailer with the same (<token>, <value>) pair is above or below the line
+trailer with the same (<key>, <value>) pair is above or below the line
 where the new trailer will be added.
 +
 With `addIfDifferent`, a new trailer will be added only if no trailer
-with the same (<token>, <value>) pair is already in the input.
+with the same (<key>, <value>) pair is already in the input.
 +
 With `add`, a new trailer will be added, even if some trailers with
-the same (<token>, <value>) pair are already in the input.
+the same (<key>, <value>) pair are already in the input.
 +
-With `replace`, an existing trailer with the same <token> will be
+With `replace`, an existing trailer with the same <key> will be
 deleted and the new trailer will be added. The deleted trailer will be
-the closest one (with the same <token>) to the place where the new one
+the closest one (with the same <key>) to the place where the new one
 will be added.
 +
 With `doNothing`, nothing will be done; that is no new trailer will be
-added if there is already one with the same <token> in the input.
+added if there is already one with the same <key> in the input.
 
 trailer.ifmissing::
 	This option makes it possible to choose what action will be
 	performed when there is not yet any trailer with the same
-	<token> in the input.
+	<key> in the input.
 +
 The valid values for this option are: `add` (this is the default) and
 `doNothing`.
@@ -231,34 +258,40 @@
 +
 With `doNothing`, nothing will be done.
 
-trailer.<token>.key::
-	This `key` will be used instead of <token> in the trailer. At
-	the end of this key, a separator can appear and then some
-	space characters. By default the only valid separator is ':',
-	but this can be changed using the `trailer.separators` config
-	variable.
+trailer.<keyAlias>.key::
+	Defines a <keyAlias> for the <key>. The <keyAlias> must be a
+	prefix (case does not matter) of the <key>. For example, in `git
+	config trailer.ack.key "Acked-by"` the "Acked-by" is the <key> and
+	the "ack" is the <keyAlias>. This configuration allows the shorter
+	`--trailer "ack:..."` invocation on the command line using the "ack"
+	<keyAlias> instead of the longer `--trailer "Acked-by:..."`.
 +
-If there is a separator, then the key will be used instead of both the
-<token> and the default separator when adding the trailer.
+At the end of the <key>, a separator can appear and then some
+space characters. By default the only valid separator is ':',
+but this can be changed using the `trailer.separators` config
+variable.
++
+If there is a separator in the key, then it overrides the default
+separator when adding the trailer.
 
-trailer.<token>.where::
+trailer.<keyAlias>.where::
 	This option takes the same values as the 'trailer.where'
 	configuration variable and it overrides what is specified by
-	that option for trailers with the specified <token>.
+	that option for trailers with the specified <keyAlias>.
 
-trailer.<token>.ifexists::
+trailer.<keyAlias>.ifexists::
 	This option takes the same values as the 'trailer.ifexists'
 	configuration variable and it overrides what is specified by
-	that option for trailers with the specified <token>.
+	that option for trailers with the specified <keyAlias>.
 
-trailer.<token>.ifmissing::
+trailer.<keyAlias>.ifmissing::
 	This option takes the same values as the 'trailer.ifmissing'
 	configuration variable and it overrides what is specified by
-	that option for trailers with the specified <token>.
+	that option for trailers with the specified <keyAlias>.
 
-trailer.<token>.command::
-	Deprecated in favor of 'trailer.<token>.cmd'.
-	This option behaves in the same way as 'trailer.<token>.cmd', except
+trailer.<keyAlias>.command::
+	Deprecated in favor of 'trailer.<keyAlias>.cmd'.
+	This option behaves in the same way as 'trailer.<keyAlias>.cmd', except
 	that it doesn't pass anything as argument to the specified command.
 	Instead the first occurrence of substring $ARG is replaced by the
 	<value> that would be passed as argument.
@@ -266,29 +299,29 @@
 Note that $ARG in the user's command is
 only replaced once and that the original way of replacing $ARG is not safe.
 +
-When both 'trailer.<token>.cmd' and 'trailer.<token>.command' are given
-for the same <token>, 'trailer.<token>.cmd' is used and
-'trailer.<token>.command' is ignored.
+When both 'trailer.<keyAlias>.cmd' and 'trailer.<keyAlias>.command' are given
+for the same <keyAlias>, 'trailer.<keyAlias>.cmd' is used and
+'trailer.<keyAlias>.command' is ignored.
 
-trailer.<token>.cmd::
+trailer.<keyAlias>.cmd::
 	This option can be used to specify a shell command that will be called
-	once to automatically add a trailer with the specified <token>, and then
-	called each time a '--trailer <token>=<value>' argument is specified to
+	once to automatically add a trailer with the specified <keyAlias>, and then
+	called each time a '--trailer <keyAlias>=<value>' argument is specified to
 	modify the <value> of the trailer that this option would produce.
 +
 When the specified command is first called to add a trailer
-with the specified <token>, the behavior is as if a special
-'--trailer <token>=<value>' argument was added at the beginning
+with the specified <keyAlias>, the behavior is as if a special
+'--trailer <keyAlias>=<value>' argument was added at the beginning
 of the "git interpret-trailers" command, where <value>
 is taken to be the standard output of the command with any
 leading and trailing whitespace trimmed off.
 +
-If some '--trailer <token>=<value>' arguments are also passed
+If some '--trailer <keyAlias>=<value>' arguments are also passed
 on the command line, the command is called again once for each
-of these arguments with the same <token>. And the <value> part
+of these arguments with the same <keyAlias>. And the <value> part
 of these arguments, if any, will be passed to the command as its
 first argument. This way the command can produce a <value> computed
-from the <value> passed in the '--trailer <token>=<value>' argument.
+from the <value> passed in the '--trailer <keyAlias>=<value>' argument.
 
 EXAMPLES
 --------
diff --git a/Documentation/git-log.txt b/Documentation/git-log.txt
index 2a66cf8..5796821 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-log.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-log.txt
@@ -120,11 +120,11 @@
 below can be used to show the changes made by each commit.
 
 Note that unless one of `--diff-merges` variants (including short
-`-m`, `-c`, and `--cc` options) is explicitly given, merge commits
+`-m`, `-c`, `--cc`, and `--dd` options) is explicitly given, merge commits
 will not show a diff, even if a diff format like `--patch` is
 selected, nor will they match search options like `-S`. The exception
 is when `--first-parent` is in use, in which case `first-parent` is
-the default format.
+the default format for merge commits.
 
 :git-log: 1
 :diff-merges-default: `off`
diff --git a/Documentation/git-ls-files.txt b/Documentation/git-ls-files.txt
index 1bc0328..f65a8cd 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-ls-files.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-ls-files.txt
@@ -25,12 +25,12 @@
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
-This merges the file listing in the index with the actual working
+This command merges the file listing in the index with the actual working
 directory list, and shows different combinations of the two.
 
-One or more of the options below may be used to determine the files
+Several flags can be used to determine which files are
 shown, and each file may be printed multiple times if there are
-multiple entries in the index or multiple statuses are applicable for
+multiple entries in the index or if multiple statuses are applicable for
 the relevant file selection options.
 
 OPTIONS
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@
 	matching an exclude pattern.  When showing "other" files
 	(i.e. when used with '-o'), show only those matched by an
 	exclude pattern.  Standard ignore rules are not automatically
-	activated, therefore at least one of the `--exclude*` options
+	activated; therefore, at least one of the `--exclude*` options
 	is required.
 
 -s::
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@
 	Show status tags together with filenames.  Note that for
 	scripting purposes, linkgit:git-status[1] `--porcelain` and
 	linkgit:git-diff-files[1] `--name-status` are almost always
-	superior alternatives, and users should look at
+	superior alternatives; users should look at
 	linkgit:git-status[1] `--short` or linkgit:git-diff[1]
 	`--name-status` for more user-friendly alternatives.
 +
diff --git a/Documentation/git-mailsplit.txt b/Documentation/git-mailsplit.txt
index e3b2a88..3f0a666 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-mailsplit.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-mailsplit.txt
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
 
 -b::
 	If any file doesn't begin with a From line, assume it is a
-	single mail message instead of signaling error.
+	single mail message instead of signaling an error.
 
 -d<prec>::
 	Instead of the default 4 digits with leading zeros,
diff --git a/Documentation/git-maintenance.txt b/Documentation/git-maintenance.txt
index 805e5a2..51d0f7e 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-maintenance.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-maintenance.txt
@@ -102,9 +102,9 @@
 	requested refs within `refs/prefetch/`. Also, tags are not updated.
 +
 This is done to avoid disrupting the remote-tracking branches. The end users
-expect these refs to stay unmoved unless they initiate a fetch.  With prefetch
-task, however, the objects necessary to complete a later real fetch would
-already be obtained, so the real fetch would go faster.  In the ideal case,
+expect these refs to stay unmoved unless they initiate a fetch.  However,
+with the prefetch task, the objects necessary to complete a later real fetch
+would already be obtained, making the real fetch faster.  In the ideal case,
 it will just become an update to a bunch of remote-tracking branches without
 any object transfer.
 
diff --git a/Documentation/git-merge-base.txt b/Documentation/git-merge-base.txt
index b01ba3d..5ab957c 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-merge-base.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-merge-base.txt
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
 
-'git merge-base' finds best common ancestor(s) between two commits to use
+'git merge-base' finds the best common ancestor(s) between two commits to use
 in a three-way merge.  One common ancestor is 'better' than another common
 ancestor if the latter is an ancestor of the former.  A common ancestor
 that does not have any better common ancestor is a 'best common
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
 OPERATION MODES
 ---------------
 
-As the most common special case, specifying only two commits on the
+In the most common special case, specifying only two commits on the
 command line means computing the merge base between the given two commits.
 
 More generally, among the two commits to compute the merge base from,
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@
 	the two commits, but also takes into account the reflog of
 	<ref> to see if the history leading to <commit> forked from
 	an earlier incarnation of the branch <ref> (see discussion
-	on this mode below).
+	of this mode below).
 
 OPTIONS
 -------
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@
 
 the merge base between 'A' and 'B' is '1'.
 
-Given three commits 'A', 'B' and 'C', `git merge-base A B C` will compute the
+Given three commits 'A', 'B', and 'C', `git merge-base A B C` will compute the
 merge base between 'A' and a hypothetical commit 'M', which is a merge
 between 'B' and 'C'.  For example, with this topology:
 
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@
 ---2---o---o---B
 ....
 
-both '1' and '2' are merge-bases of A and B.  Neither one is better than
+both '1' and '2' are merge bases of A and B.  Neither one is better than
 the other (both are 'best' merge bases).  When the `--all` option is not given,
 it is unspecified which best one is output.
 
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@
 
     $ git rebase --onto origin/master $fork_point topic
 
-will replay D0, D1 and D on top of B to create a new history of this
+will replay D0, D1, and D on top of B to create a new history of this
 shape:
 
 ....
diff --git a/Documentation/git-merge-tree.txt b/Documentation/git-merge-tree.txt
index ffc4fbf..b50acac 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-merge-tree.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-merge-tree.txt
@@ -19,12 +19,12 @@
 This command has a modern `--write-tree` mode and a deprecated
 `--trivial-merge` mode.  With the exception of the
 <<DEPMERGE,DEPRECATED DESCRIPTION>> section at the end, the rest of
-this documentation describes modern `--write-tree` mode.
+this documentation describes the modern `--write-tree` mode.
 
 Performs a merge, but does not make any new commits and does not read
 from or write to either the working tree or index.
 
-The performed merge will use the same feature as the "real"
+The performed merge will use the same features as the "real"
 linkgit:git-merge[1], including:
 
   * three way content merges of individual files
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@
 the <<CFI,Conflicted file info>> list.  The information there is
 insufficient to do so.  For example: Rename/rename(1to2) conflicts (both
 sides renamed the same file differently) will result in three different
-file having higher order stages (but each only has one higher order
+files having higher order stages (but each only has one higher order
 stage), with no way (short of the <<IM,Informational messages>> section)
 to determine which three files are related.  File/directory conflicts
 also result in a file with exactly one higher order stage.
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@
 <<IM,Informational messages>> section has the necessary info, though it
 is not designed to be machine parseable.
 
-Do NOT assume that each paths from <<CFI,Conflicted file info>>, and
+Do NOT assume that each path from <<CFI,Conflicted file info>>, and
 the logical conflicts in the <<IM,Informational messages>> have a
 one-to-one mapping, nor that there is a one-to-many mapping, nor a
 many-to-one mapping.  Many-to-many mappings exist, meaning that each
diff --git a/Documentation/git-merge.txt b/Documentation/git-merge.txt
index 8625c5c..e8ab340 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-merge.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-merge.txt
@@ -336,7 +336,7 @@
 You can work through the conflict with a number of tools:
 
  * Use a mergetool.  `git mergetool` to launch a graphical
-   mergetool which will work you through the merge.
+   mergetool which will work through the merge with you.
 
  * Look at the diffs.  `git diff` will show a three-way diff,
    highlighting changes from both the `HEAD` and `MERGE_HEAD`
diff --git a/Documentation/git-mergetool--lib.txt b/Documentation/git-mergetool--lib.txt
index 3e8f59a..0726b56 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-mergetool--lib.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-mergetool--lib.txt
@@ -28,22 +28,22 @@
 FUNCTIONS
 ---------
 get_merge_tool::
-	returns a merge tool. the return code is 1 if we returned a guessed
+	Returns a merge tool. The return code is 1 if we returned a guessed
 	merge tool, else 0. '$GIT_MERGETOOL_GUI' may be set to 'true' to
 	search for the appropriate guitool.
 
 get_merge_tool_cmd::
-	returns the custom command for a merge tool.
+	Returns the custom command for a merge tool.
 
 get_merge_tool_path::
-	returns the custom path for a merge tool.
+	Returns the custom path for a merge tool.
 
 initialize_merge_tool::
-	bring merge tool specific functions into scope so they can be used or
+	Brings merge tool specific functions into scope so they can be used or
 	overridden.
 
 run_merge_tool::
-	launches a merge tool given the tool name and a true/false
+	Launches a merge tool given the tool name and a true/false
 	flag to indicate whether a merge base is present.
 	'$MERGED', '$LOCAL', '$REMOTE', and '$BASE' must be defined
 	for use by the merge tool.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-mergetool.txt b/Documentation/git-mergetool.txt
index 07535f6..b9e20c5 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-mergetool.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-mergetool.txt
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 merge conflicts.  It is typically run after 'git merge'.
 
 If one or more <file> parameters are given, the merge tool program will
-be run to resolve differences on each file (skipping those without
+be run to resolve differences in each file (skipping those without
 conflicts).  Specifying a directory will include all unresolved files in
 that path.  If no <file> names are specified, 'git mergetool' will run
 the merge tool program on every file with merge conflicts.
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@
 +
 When 'git mergetool' is invoked with this tool (either through the
 `-t` or `--tool` option or the `merge.tool` configuration
-variable) the configured command line will be invoked with `$BASE`
+variable), the configured command line will be invoked with `$BASE`
 set to the name of a temporary file containing the common base for
 the merge, if available; `$LOCAL` set to the name of a temporary
 file containing the contents of the file on the current branch;
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@
 
 -g::
 --gui::
-	When 'git-mergetool' is invoked with the `-g` or `--gui` option
+	When 'git-mergetool' is invoked with the `-g` or `--gui` option,
 	the default merge tool will be read from the configured
 	`merge.guitool` variable instead of `merge.tool`. If
 	`merge.guitool` is not set, we will fallback to the tool
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@
 `git mergetool` session has completed.
 
 Setting the `mergetool.keepBackup` configuration variable to `false`
-causes `git mergetool` to automatically remove the backup as files
+causes `git mergetool` to automatically remove the backup files as files
 are successfully merged.
 
 BACKEND SPECIFIC HINTS
diff --git a/Documentation/git-mktag.txt b/Documentation/git-mktag.txt
index b2a2e80..006d759 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-mktag.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-mktag.txt
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
 
-Reads a tag contents on standard input and creates a tag object. The
+Reads a tag's contents on standard input and creates a tag object. The
 output is the new tag's <object> identifier.
 
 This command is mostly equivalent to linkgit:git-hash-object[1]
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
 The difference is that mktag will die before writing the tag if the
 tag doesn't pass a linkgit:git-fsck[1] check.
 
-The "fsck" check done mktag is stricter than what linkgit:git-fsck[1]
+The "fsck" check done by mktag is stricter than what linkgit:git-fsck[1]
 would run by default in that all `fsck.<msg-id>` messages are promoted
 from warnings to errors (so e.g. a missing "tagger" line is an error).
 
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@
   tagger <tagger>
 
 followed by some 'optional' free-form message (some tags created
-by older Git may not have `tagger` line).  The message, when it
+by older Git may not have a `tagger` line).  The message, when it
 exists, is separated by a blank line from the header.  The
 message part may contain a signature that Git itself doesn't
 care about, but that can be verified with gpg.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-mktree.txt b/Documentation/git-mktree.txt
index 76b44f4..383f09d 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-mktree.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-mktree.txt
@@ -25,13 +25,13 @@
 
 --missing::
 	Allow missing objects.  The default behaviour (without this option)
-	is to verify that each tree entry's sha1 identifies an existing
+	is to verify that each tree entry's hash identifies an existing
 	object.  This option has no effect on the treatment of gitlink entries
 	(aka "submodules") which are always allowed to be missing.
 
 --batch::
 	Allow building of more than one tree object before exiting.  Each
-	tree is separated by a single blank line. The final new-line is
+	tree is separated by a single blank line. The final newline is
 	optional.  Note - if the `-z` option is used, lines are terminated
 	with NUL.
 
diff --git a/Documentation/git-mv.txt b/Documentation/git-mv.txt
index fb0220f..7f991a3 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-mv.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-mv.txt
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
-Move or rename a file, directory or symlink.
+Move or rename a file, directory, or symlink.
 
  git mv [-v] [-f] [-n] [-k] <source> <destination>
  git mv [-v] [-f] [-n] [-k] <source> ... <destination directory>
diff --git a/Documentation/git-name-rev.txt b/Documentation/git-name-rev.txt
index 5c56c87..d4f1c4d 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-name-rev.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-name-rev.txt
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 
 --refs=<pattern>::
 	Only use refs whose names match a given shell pattern.  The pattern
-	can be one of branch name, tag name or fully qualified ref name. If
+	can be a branch name, a tag name, or a fully qualified ref name. If
 	given multiple times, use refs whose names match any of the given shell
 	patterns. Use `--no-refs` to clear any previous ref patterns given.
 
diff --git a/Documentation/git-pack-objects.txt b/Documentation/git-pack-objects.txt
index dea7eac..e32404c 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-pack-objects.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-pack-objects.txt
@@ -296,8 +296,8 @@
 	nevertheless.
 
 --filter=<filter-spec>::
-	Requires `--stdout`.  Omits certain objects (usually blobs) from
-	the resulting packfile.  See linkgit:git-rev-list[1] for valid
+	Omits certain objects (usually blobs) from the resulting
+	packfile.  See linkgit:git-rev-list[1] for valid
 	`<filter-spec>` forms.
 
 --no-filter::
diff --git a/Documentation/git-prune-packed.txt b/Documentation/git-prune-packed.txt
index 844d6f8..db742dc 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-prune-packed.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-prune-packed.txt
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
 This program searches the `$GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY` for all objects that currently
-exist in a pack file as well as the independent object directories.
+exist in a pack file as well as in the independent object directories.
 
 All such extra objects are removed.
 
diff --git a/Documentation/git-prune.txt b/Documentation/git-prune.txt
index 03552dd..9a45571 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-prune.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-prune.txt
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 'git prune'. See the section "NOTES", below.
 
 This runs 'git fsck --unreachable' using all the refs
-available in `refs/`, optionally with additional set of
+available in `refs/`, optionally with an additional set of
 objects specified on the command line, and prunes all unpacked
 objects unreachable from any of these head objects from the object database.
 In addition, it
diff --git a/Documentation/git-push.txt b/Documentation/git-push.txt
index 5b4edaf..c12caed 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-push.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-push.txt
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@
 OPTIONS[[OPTIONS]]
 ------------------
 <repository>::
-	The "remote" repository that is destination of a push
+	The "remote" repository that is the destination of a push
 	operation.  This parameter can be either a URL
 	(see the section <<URLS,GIT URLS>> below) or the name
 	of a remote (see the section <<REMOTES,REMOTES>> below).
diff --git a/Documentation/git-quiltimport.txt b/Documentation/git-quiltimport.txt
index 70562dc..40e02d9 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-quiltimport.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-quiltimport.txt
@@ -38,14 +38,14 @@
 	a patch.  At the time of this writing only missing author
 	information is warned about.
 
---author Author Name <Author Email>::
+--author 'Author Name <Author Email>'::
 	The author name and email address to use when no author
 	information can be found in the patch description.
 
 --patches <dir>::
 	The directory to find the quilt patches.
 +
-The default for the patch directory is patches
+The default for the patch directory is 'patches'
 or the value of the `$QUILT_PATCHES` environment
 variable.
 
diff --git a/Documentation/git-range-diff.txt b/Documentation/git-range-diff.txt
index 6c728db..fbdbe0b 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-range-diff.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-range-diff.txt
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
 	Defaults to 60. Try a larger value if `git range-diff` erroneously
 	considers a large change a total rewrite (deletion of one commit
 	and addition of another), and a smaller one in the reverse case.
-	See the ``Algorithm`` section below for an explanation why this is
+	See the ``Algorithm`` section below for an explanation of why this is
 	needed.
 
 --left-only::
diff --git a/Documentation/git-read-tree.txt b/Documentation/git-read-tree.txt
index b097074..1c48c28 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-read-tree.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-read-tree.txt
@@ -25,15 +25,15 @@
 flag.  When used with `-m`, the `-u` flag causes it to also update
 the files in the work tree with the result of the merge.
 
-Trivial merges are done by 'git read-tree' itself.  Only conflicting paths
-will be in unmerged state when 'git read-tree' returns.
+Only trivial merges are done by 'git read-tree' itself.  Only conflicting paths
+will be in an unmerged state when 'git read-tree' returns.
 
 OPTIONS
 -------
 -m::
 	Perform a merge, not just a read.  The command will
 	refuse to run if your index file has unmerged entries,
-	indicating that you have not finished previous merge you
+	indicating that you have not finished a previous merge you
 	started.
 
 --reset::
diff --git a/Documentation/git-receive-pack.txt b/Documentation/git-receive-pack.txt
index 65ff518..20aca92 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-receive-pack.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-receive-pack.txt
@@ -18,10 +18,10 @@
 
 This command is usually not invoked directly by the end user.
 The UI for the protocol is on the 'git send-pack' side, and the
-program pair is meant to be used to push updates to remote
+program pair is meant to be used to push updates to a remote
 repository.  For pull operations, see linkgit:git-fetch-pack[1].
 
-The command allows for creation and fast-forwarding of sha1 refs
+The command allows for the creation and fast-forwarding of sha1 refs
 (heads/tags) on the remote end (strictly speaking, it is the
 local end 'git-receive-pack' runs, but to the user who is sitting at
 the send-pack end, it is updating the remote.  Confused?)
diff --git a/Documentation/git-remote-ext.txt b/Documentation/git-remote-ext.txt
index 88ea7e1..b33ee3c 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-remote-ext.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-remote-ext.txt
@@ -44,15 +44,15 @@
 	This argument will not be passed to '<command>'. Instead, it
 	will cause the helper to start by sending git:// service requests to
 	the remote side with the service field set to an appropriate value and
-	the repository field set to rest of the argument. Default is not to send
+	the repository field set to the rest of the argument. Default is not to send
 	such a request.
 +
-This is useful if remote side is git:// server accessed over
+This is useful if the remote side is git:// server accessed over
 some tunnel.
 
 '%V' (must be first characters in argument)::
 	This argument will not be passed to '<command>'. Instead it sets
-	the vhost field in the git:// service request (to rest of the argument).
+	the vhost field in the git:// service request (to the rest of the argument).
 	Default is not to send vhost in such request (if sent).
 
 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
@@ -82,12 +82,12 @@
 
 "ext::ssh -i /home/foo/.ssh/somekey user&#64;host.example %S 'foo/repo'"::
 	Like host.example:foo/repo, but use /home/foo/.ssh/somekey as
-	keypair and user as user on remote side. This avoids needing to
+	keypair and user as the user on the remote side. This avoids the need to
 	edit .ssh/config.
 
 "ext::socat -t3600 - ABSTRACT-CONNECT:/git-server %G/somerepo"::
 	Represents repository with path /somerepo accessible over
-	git protocol at abstract namespace address /git-server.
+	git protocol at the abstract namespace address /git-server.
 
 "ext::git-server-alias foo %G/repo"::
 	Represents a repository with path /repo accessed using the
diff --git a/Documentation/git-remote-fd.txt b/Documentation/git-remote-fd.txt
index 0451ceb..1dd2648 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-remote-fd.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-remote-fd.txt
@@ -13,19 +13,19 @@
 -----------
 This helper uses specified file descriptors to connect to a remote Git server.
 This is not meant for end users but for programs and scripts calling git
-fetch, push or archive.
+fetch, push, or archive.
 
 If only <infd> is given, it is assumed to be a bidirectional socket connected
-to remote Git server (git-upload-pack, git-receive-pack or
+to a remote Git server (git-upload-pack, git-receive-pack, or
 git-upload-archive). If both <infd> and <outfd> are given, they are assumed
 to be pipes connected to a remote Git server (<infd> being the inbound pipe
-and <outfd> being the outbound pipe.
+and <outfd> being the outbound pipe).
 
 It is assumed that any handshaking procedures have already been completed
 (such as sending service request for git://) before this helper is started.
 
 <anything> can be any string. It is ignored. It is meant for providing
-information to user in the URL in case that URL is displayed in some
+information to the user in the URL in case that URL is displayed in some
 context.
 
 ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@
 `git push fd::7,8 master (as URL)`::
 	Push master, using file descriptor #7 to read data from
 	git-receive-pack and file descriptor #8 to write data to
-	same service.
+	the same service.
 
 `git push fd::7,8/bar master`::
 	Same as above.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-repack.txt b/Documentation/git-repack.txt
index 4017157..c338329 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-repack.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-repack.txt
@@ -74,6 +74,17 @@
 	immediately instead of waiting for the next `git gc` invocation.
 	Only useful with `--cruft -d`.
 
+--max-cruft-size=<n>::
+	Repack cruft objects into packs as large as `<n>` bytes before
+	creating new packs. As long as there are enough cruft packs
+	smaller than `<n>`, repacking will cause a new cruft pack to
+	be created containing objects from any combined cruft packs,
+	along with any new unreachable objects. Cruft packs larger than
+	`<n>` will not be modified. When the new cruft pack is larger
+	than `<n>` bytes, it will be split into multiple packs, all of
+	which are guaranteed to be at most `<n>` bytes in size. Only
+	useful with `--cruft -d`.
+
 --expire-to=<dir>::
 	Write a cruft pack containing pruned objects (if any) to the
 	directory `<dir>`. This option is useful for keeping a copy of
@@ -143,6 +154,29 @@
 	a larger and slower repository; see the discussion in
 	`pack.packSizeLimit`.
 
+--filter=<filter-spec>::
+	Remove objects matching the filter specification from the
+	resulting packfile and put them into a separate packfile. Note
+	that objects used in the working directory are not filtered
+	out. So for the split to fully work, it's best to perform it
+	in a bare repo and to use the `-a` and `-d` options along with
+	this option.  Also `--no-write-bitmap-index` (or the
+	`repack.writebitmaps` config option set to `false`) should be
+	used otherwise writing bitmap index will fail, as it supposes
+	a single packfile containing all the objects. See
+	linkgit:git-rev-list[1] for valid `<filter-spec>` forms.
+
+--filter-to=<dir>::
+	Write the pack containing filtered out objects to the
+	directory `<dir>`. Only useful with `--filter`. This can be
+	used for putting the pack on a separate object directory that
+	is accessed through the Git alternates mechanism. **WARNING:**
+	If the packfile containing the filtered out objects is not
+	accessible, the repo can become corrupt as it might not be
+	possible to access the objects in that packfile. See the
+	`objects` and `objects/info/alternates` sections of
+	linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5].
+
 -b::
 --write-bitmap-index::
 	Write a reachability bitmap index as part of the repack. This
@@ -165,7 +199,7 @@
 	Exclude the given pack from repacking. This is the equivalent
 	of having `.keep` file on the pack. `<pack-name>` is the
 	pack file name without leading directory (e.g. `pack-123.pack`).
-	The option could be specified multiple times to keep multiple
+	The option can be specified multiple times to keep multiple
 	packs.
 
 --unpack-unreachable=<when>::
@@ -207,7 +241,7 @@
 this "roll-up", without respect to their reachability. This is subject
 to change in the future. This option (implying a drastically different
 repack mode) is not guaranteed to work with all other combinations of
-option to `git repack`.
+options to `git repack`.
 +
 When writing a multi-pack bitmap, `git repack` selects the largest resulting
 pack as the preferred pack for object selection by the MIDX (see
diff --git a/Documentation/git-replace.txt b/Documentation/git-replace.txt
index f271d75..4f25712 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-replace.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-replace.txt
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
 except those doing reachability traversal (prune, pack transfer and
 fsck).
 
-It is possible to disable use of replacement references for any
+It is possible to disable the use of replacement references for any
 command using the `--no-replace-objects` option just after 'git'.
 
 For example if commit 'foo' has been replaced by commit 'bar':
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@
 FORMATS
 -------
 
-The following format are available:
+The following formats are available:
 
 * 'short':
 	<replaced sha1>
diff --git a/Documentation/git-request-pull.txt b/Documentation/git-request-pull.txt
index fa5a426..15dcbb6 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-request-pull.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-request-pull.txt
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 Generate a request asking your upstream project to pull changes into
 their tree.  The request, printed to the standard output,
 begins with the branch description, summarizes
-the changes and indicates from where they can be pulled.
+the changes, and indicates from where they can be pulled.
 
 The upstream project is expected to have the commit named by
 `<start>` and the output asks it to integrate the changes you made
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
 --------
 
 Imagine that you built your work on your `master` branch on top of
-the `v1.0` release, and want it to be integrated to the project.
+the `v1.0` release, and want it to be integrated into the project.
 First you push that change to your public repository for others to
 see:
 
diff --git a/Documentation/git-restore.txt b/Documentation/git-restore.txt
index c704447..975825b 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-restore.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-restore.txt
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@
 	specified. Unmerged paths on the working tree are left alone.
 
 --ignore-skip-worktree-bits::
-	In sparse checkout mode, by default is to only update entries
+	In sparse checkout mode, the default is to only update entries
 	matched by `<pathspec>` and sparse patterns in
 	$GIT_DIR/info/sparse-checkout. This option ignores the sparse
 	patterns and unconditionally restores any files in
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@
 $ git restore --staged hello.c
 ------------
 
-or you can restore both the index and the working tree (this the same
+or you can restore both the index and the working tree (this is the same
 as using linkgit:git-checkout[1])
 
 ------------
diff --git a/Documentation/git-rev-list.txt b/Documentation/git-rev-list.txt
index 51029a2..2e05c4b 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-rev-list.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-rev-list.txt
@@ -17,9 +17,9 @@
 :git-rev-list: 1
 include::rev-list-description.txt[]
 
-'rev-list' is a very essential Git command, since it
+'rev-list' is an essential Git command, since it
 provides the ability to build and traverse commit ancestry graphs. For
-this reason, it has a lot of different options that enables it to be
+this reason, it has a lot of different options that enable it to be
 used by commands as different as 'git bisect' and
 'git repack'.
 
diff --git a/Documentation/git-rev-parse.txt b/Documentation/git-rev-parse.txt
index 6a4968f..912fab9 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-rev-parse.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-rev-parse.txt
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
 
-Many Git porcelainish commands take mixture of flags
+Many Git porcelainish commands take a mixture of flags
 (i.e. parameters that begin with a dash '-') and parameters
 meant for the underlying 'git rev-list' command they use internally
 and flags and parameters for the other commands they use
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
 --sq-quote::
 	Use 'git rev-parse' in shell quoting mode (see SQ-QUOTE
 	section below). In contrast to the `--sq` option below, this
-	mode does only quoting. Nothing else is done to command input.
+	mode only does quoting. Nothing else is done to command input.
 
 Options for --parseopt
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@
 	are not refs (i.e. branch or tag names; or more
 	explicitly disambiguating "heads/master" form, when you
 	want to name the "master" branch when there is an
-	unfortunately named tag "master"), and show them as full
+	unfortunately named tag "master"), and shows them as full
 	refnames (e.g. "refs/heads/master").
 
 Options for Objects
@@ -383,7 +383,7 @@
 	dash to separate words in a multi-word argument hint.
 
 The remainder of the line, after stripping the spaces, is used
-as the help associated to the option.
+as the help associated with the option.
 
 Blank lines are ignored, and lines that don't match this specification are used
 as option group headers (start the line with a space to create such
diff --git a/Documentation/git-rm.txt b/Documentation/git-rm.txt
index 81bc23f..363a269 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-rm.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-rm.txt
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@
 
 A submodule is considered up to date when the HEAD is the same as
 recorded in the index, no tracked files are modified and no untracked
-files that aren't ignored are present in the submodules work tree.
+files that aren't ignored are present in the submodule's work tree.
 Ignored files are deemed expendable and won't stop a submodule's work
 tree from being removed.
 
diff --git a/Documentation/git-send-email.txt b/Documentation/git-send-email.txt
index 492a823..e90d041 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-send-email.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-send-email.txt
@@ -468,8 +468,8 @@
 
 --dump-aliases::
 	Instead of the normal operation, dump the shorthand alias names from
-	the configured alias file(s), one per line in alphabetical order. Note,
-	this only includes the alias name and not its expanded email addresses.
+	the configured alias file(s), one per line in alphabetical order. Note
+	that this only includes the alias name and not its expanded email addresses.
 	See 'sendemail.aliasesfile' for more information about aliases.
 
 
diff --git a/Documentation/git-send-pack.txt b/Documentation/git-send-pack.txt
index 595b002..b9e73f2 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-send-pack.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-send-pack.txt
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
 --force::
 	Usually, the command refuses to update a remote ref that
 	is not an ancestor of the local ref used to overwrite it.
-	This flag disables the check.  What this means is that
+	This flag disables the check.  This means that
 	the remote repository can lose commits; use it with
 	care.
 
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@
 There are three ways to specify which refs to update on the
 remote end.
 
-With `--all` flag, all refs that exist locally are transferred to
+With the `--all` flag, all refs that exist locally are transferred to
 the remote side.  You cannot specify any '<ref>' if you use
 this flag.
 
@@ -115,9 +115,9 @@
 
 When one or more '<ref>' are specified explicitly (whether on the
 command line or via `--stdin`), it can be either a
-single pattern, or a pair of such pattern separated by a colon
+single pattern, or a pair of such patterns separated by a colon
 ":" (this means that a ref name cannot have a colon in it).  A
-single pattern '<name>' is just a shorthand for '<name>:<name>'.
+single pattern '<name>' is just shorthand for '<name>:<name>'.
 
 Each pattern pair consists of the source side (before the colon)
 and the destination side (after the colon).  The ref to be
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@
  - It is an error if <src> does not match exactly one of the
    local refs.
 
- - It is an error if <dst> matches more than one remote refs.
+ - It is an error if <dst> matches more than one remote ref.
 
  - If <dst> does not match any remote ref, either
 
@@ -143,9 +143,9 @@
 
 Without `--force`, the <src> ref is stored at the remote only if
 <dst> does not exist, or <dst> is a proper subset (i.e. an
-ancestor) of <src>.  This check, known as "fast-forward check",
-is performed in order to avoid accidentally overwriting the
-remote ref and lose other peoples' commits from there.
+ancestor) of <src>.  This check, known as the "fast-forward check",
+is performed to avoid accidentally overwriting the
+remote ref and losing other people's commits from there.
 
 With `--force`, the fast-forward check is disabled for all refs.
 
diff --git a/Documentation/git-sh-setup.txt b/Documentation/git-sh-setup.txt
index 8632612..bdaf6e5 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-sh-setup.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-sh-setup.txt
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 the normal Git directories and a few helper shell functions.
 
 Before sourcing it, your script should set up a few variables;
-`USAGE` (and `LONG_USAGE`, if any) is used to define message
+`USAGE` (and `LONG_USAGE`, if any) is used to define the message
 given by `usage()` shell function.  `SUBDIRECTORY_OK` can be set
 if the script can run from a subdirectory of the working tree
 (some commands do not).
diff --git a/Documentation/git-show-branch.txt b/Documentation/git-show-branch.txt
index 58cf621..c771c89 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-show-branch.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-show-branch.txt
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
 
 --current::
 	With this option, the command includes the current
-	branch to the list of revs to be shown when it is not
+	branch in the list of revs to be shown when it is not
 	given on the command line.
 
 --topo-order::
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@
 	default to color output.
 	Same as `--color=never`.
 
-Note that --more, --list, --independent and --merge-base options
+Note that --more, --list, --independent, and --merge-base options
 are mutually exclusive.
 
 
@@ -137,14 +137,14 @@
 $GIT_DIR/HEAD is prefixed with an asterisk `*` character while other
 heads are prefixed with a `!` character.
 
-Following these N lines, one-line log for each commit is
+Following these N lines, a one-line log for each commit is
 displayed, indented N places.  If a commit is on the I-th
 branch, the I-th indentation character shows a `+` sign;
 otherwise it shows a space.  Merge commits are denoted by
 a `-` sign.  Each commit shows a short name that
 can be used as an extended SHA-1 to name that commit.
 
-The following example shows three branches, "master", "fixes"
+The following example shows three branches, "master", "fixes",
 and "mhf":
 
 ------------------------------------------------
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@
   ! [mhf] Allow "+remote:local" refspec to cause --force when fetching.
 ---
   + [mhf] Allow "+remote:local" refspec to cause --force when fetching.
-  + [mhf~1] Use git-octopus when pulling more than one heads.
+  + [mhf~1] Use git-octopus when pulling more than one head.
  +  [fixes] Introduce "reset type" flag to "git reset"
   + [mhf~2] "git fetch --force".
   + [mhf~3] Use .git/remote/origin, not .git/branches/origin.
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@
 
 shows 10 reflog entries going back from the tip as of 1 hour ago.
 Without `--list`, the output also shows how these tips are
-topologically related with each other.
+topologically related to each other.
 
 CONFIGURATION
 -------------
diff --git a/Documentation/git-show-ref.txt b/Documentation/git-show-ref.txt
index 2fe274b..36e81b9 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-show-ref.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-show-ref.txt
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@
 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 This will show "refs/heads/master" but also "refs/remote/other-repo/master",
-if such references exists.
+if such references exist.
 
 When using the `--verify` flag, the command requires an exact path:
 
diff --git a/Documentation/git-show.txt b/Documentation/git-show.txt
index 03c0634..5eb6743 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-show.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-show.txt
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@
 --------
 
 `git show v1.0.0`::
-	Shows the tag `v1.0.0`, along with the object the tags
+	Shows the tag `v1.0.0`, along with the object the tag
 	points at.
 
 `git show v1.0.0^{tree}`::
diff --git a/Documentation/git-status.txt b/Documentation/git-status.txt
index b27d127..10fecc5 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-status.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-status.txt
@@ -246,12 +246,11 @@
 
 Submodules have more state and instead report
 
-		M    the submodule has a different HEAD than
-		     recorded in the index
-		m    the submodule has modified content
-		?    the submodule has untracked files
+* 'M' = the submodule has a different HEAD than recorded in the index
+* 'm' = the submodule has modified content
+* '?' = the submodule has untracked files
 
-since modified content or untracked files in a submodule cannot be added
+This is since modified content or untracked files in a submodule cannot be added
 via `git add` in the superproject to prepare a commit.
 
 'm' and '?' are applied recursively. For example if a nested submodule
diff --git a/Documentation/git-stripspace.txt b/Documentation/git-stripspace.txt
index 2438f76..a293327 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-stripspace.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-stripspace.txt
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
 In the case where the input consists entirely of whitespace characters, no
 output will be produced.
 
-*NOTE*: This is intended for cleaning metadata, prefer the `--whitespace=fix`
+*NOTE*: This is intended for cleaning metadata. Prefer the `--whitespace=fix`
 mode of linkgit:git-apply[1] for correcting whitespace of patches or files in
 the repository.
 
@@ -37,11 +37,11 @@
 -------
 -s::
 --strip-comments::
-	Skip and remove all lines starting with comment character (default '#').
+	Skip and remove all lines starting with a comment character (default '#').
 
 -c::
 --comment-lines::
-	Prepend comment character and blank to each line. Lines will automatically
+	Prepend the comment character and a blank space to each line. Lines will automatically
 	be terminated with a newline. On empty lines, only the comment character
 	will be prepended.
 
diff --git a/Documentation/git-symbolic-ref.txt b/Documentation/git-symbolic-ref.txt
index 102c83e..761b154 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-symbolic-ref.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-symbolic-ref.txt
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
 
 A symbolic ref is a regular file that stores a string that
 begins with `ref: refs/`.  For example, your `.git/HEAD` is
-a regular file whose contents is `ref: refs/heads/master`.
+a regular file whose content is `ref: refs/heads/master`.
 
 OPTIONS
 -------
diff --git a/Documentation/git-update-index.txt b/Documentation/git-update-index.txt
index 1271486..8c47890 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-update-index.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-update-index.txt
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@
 --remove::
 	If a specified file is in the index but is missing then it's
 	removed.
-	Default behavior is to ignore removed file.
+	Default behavior is to ignore removed files.
 
 --refresh::
 	Looks at the current index and checks to see if merges or
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@
 	the index.  If you want to change the working tree file,
 	you need to unset the bit to tell Git.  This is
 	sometimes helpful when working with a big project on a
-	filesystem that has very slow lstat(2) system call
+	filesystem that has a very slow lstat(2) system call
 	(e.g. cifs).
 +
 Git will fail (gracefully) in case it needs to modify this file
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@
 	without regard to the "assume unchanged" setting.
 
 --[no-]skip-worktree::
-	When one of these flags is specified, the object name recorded
+	When one of these flags is specified, the object names recorded
 	for the paths are not updated. Instead, these options
 	set and unset the "skip-worktree" bit for the paths. See
 	section "Skip-worktree bit" below for more information.
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@
 	the `--remove` option was specified.
 
 --[no-]fsmonitor-valid::
-	When one of these flags is specified, the object name recorded
+	When one of these flags is specified, the object names recorded
 	for the paths are not updated. Instead, these options
 	set and unset the "fsmonitor valid" bit for the paths. See
 	section "File System Monitor" below for more information.
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@
 -g::
 --again::
 	Runs 'git update-index' itself on the paths whose index
-	entries are different from those from the `HEAD` commit.
+	entries are different from those of the `HEAD` commit.
 
 --unresolve::
 	Restores the 'unmerged' or 'needs updating' state of a
@@ -151,16 +151,16 @@
 	automatically removed with warning messages.
 
 --stdin::
-	Instead of taking list of paths from the command line,
-	read list of paths from the standard input.  Paths are
+	Instead of taking a list of paths from the command line,
+	read a list of paths from the standard input.  Paths are
 	separated by LF (i.e. one path per line) by default.
 
 --verbose::
-        Report what is being added and removed from index.
+	Report what is being added and removed from the index.
 
 --index-version <n>::
 	Write the resulting index out in the named on-disk format version.
-	Supported versions are 2, 3 and 4. The current default version is 2
+	Supported versions are 2, 3, and 4. The current default version is 2
 	or 3, depending on whether extra features are used, such as
 	`git add -N`.  With `--verbose`, also report the version the index
 	file uses before and after this command.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-update-ref.txt b/Documentation/git-update-ref.txt
index 48b6683..0561808 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-update-ref.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-update-ref.txt
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@
 	<oldvalue> is zero or missing, the ref must not exist.
 
 option::
-	Modify behavior of the next command naming a <ref>.
+	Modify the behavior of the next command naming a <ref>.
 	The only valid option is `no-deref` to avoid dereferencing
 	a symbolic ref.
 
diff --git a/Documentation/git-update-server-info.txt b/Documentation/git-update-server-info.txt
index 17e429d..6bc9b50 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-update-server-info.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-update-server-info.txt
@@ -23,13 +23,13 @@
 -------
 -f::
 --force::
-	update the info files from scratch.
+	Update the info files from scratch.
 
 OUTPUT
 ------
 
 Currently the command updates the following files.  Please see
-linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] for description of
+linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] for a description of
 what they are for:
 
 * objects/info/packs
diff --git a/Documentation/git-upload-pack.txt b/Documentation/git-upload-pack.txt
index b656b47..7ad60bc 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-upload-pack.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-upload-pack.txt
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 -------
 
 --[no-]strict::
-	Do not try <directory>/.git/ if <directory> is no Git directory.
+	Do not try <directory>/.git/ if <directory> is not a Git directory.
 
 --timeout=<n>::
 	Interrupt transfer after <n> seconds of inactivity.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-var.txt b/Documentation/git-var.txt
index c38fb39..0680568 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-var.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-var.txt
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 OPTIONS
 -------
 -l::
-	Cause the logical variables to be listed. In addition, all the
+	Display the logical variables. In addition, all the
 	variables of the Git configuration file .git/config are listed
 	as well. (However, the configuration variables listing functionality
 	is deprecated in favor of `git config -l`.)
diff --git a/Documentation/git-verify-pack.txt b/Documentation/git-verify-pack.txt
index b8720dc..d7e8869 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-verify-pack.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-verify-pack.txt
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
 Reads given idx file for packed Git archive created with the
-'git pack-objects' command and verifies idx file and the
+'git pack-objects' command and verifies the idx file and the
 corresponding pack file.
 
 OPTIONS
@@ -25,13 +25,13 @@
 
 -v::
 --verbose::
-	After verifying the pack, show list of objects contained
+	After verifying the pack, show the list of objects contained
 	in the pack and a histogram of delta chain length.
 
 -s::
 --stat-only::
 	Do not verify the pack contents; only show the histogram of delta
-	chain length.  With `--verbose`, list of objects is also shown.
+	chain length.  With `--verbose`, the list of objects is also shown.
 
 \--::
 	Do not interpret any more arguments as options.
diff --git a/Documentation/git-whatchanged.txt b/Documentation/git-whatchanged.txt
index 8b63ceb..8e55e0b 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-whatchanged.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-whatchanged.txt
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
 NAME
 ----
-git-whatchanged - Show logs with difference each commit introduces
+git-whatchanged - Show logs with differences each commit introduces
 
 
 SYNOPSIS
@@ -18,11 +18,11 @@
 
 New users are encouraged to use linkgit:git-log[1] instead.  The
 `whatchanged` command is essentially the same as linkgit:git-log[1]
-but defaults to show the raw format diff output and to skip merges.
+but defaults to showing the raw format diff output and skipping merges.
 
-The command is kept primarily for historical reasons; fingers of
+The command is primarily kept for historical reasons; fingers of
 many people who learned Git long before `git log` was invented by
-reading Linux kernel mailing list are trained to type it.
+reading the Linux kernel mailing list are trained to type it.
 
 
 Examples
diff --git a/Documentation/git-worktree.txt b/Documentation/git-worktree.txt
index a4fbf5e..93d76f5 100644
--- a/Documentation/git-worktree.txt
+++ b/Documentation/git-worktree.txt
@@ -286,7 +286,8 @@
 In general, all pseudo refs are per-worktree and all refs starting with
 `refs/` are shared. Pseudo refs are ones like `HEAD` which are directly
 under `$GIT_DIR` instead of inside `$GIT_DIR/refs`. There are exceptions,
-however: refs inside `refs/bisect` and `refs/worktree` are not shared.
+however: refs inside `refs/bisect`, `refs/worktree` and `refs/rewritten` are
+not shared.
 
 Refs that are per-worktree can still be accessed from another worktree via
 two special paths, `main-worktree` and `worktrees`. The former gives
@@ -363,8 +364,8 @@
 `/path/other/test-next/.git/HEAD` or `/path/main/.git/HEAD`) while `git
 rev-parse --git-path refs/heads/master` uses
 `$GIT_COMMON_DIR` and returns `/path/main/.git/refs/heads/master`,
-since refs are shared across all worktrees, except `refs/bisect` and
-`refs/worktree`.
+since refs are shared across all worktrees, except `refs/bisect`,
+`refs/worktree` and `refs/rewritten`.
 
 See linkgit:gitrepository-layout[5] for more information. The rule of
 thumb is do not make any assumption about whether a path belongs to
diff --git a/Documentation/gitcli.txt b/Documentation/gitcli.txt
index 1819a5a..e5fac94 100644
--- a/Documentation/gitcli.txt
+++ b/Documentation/gitcli.txt
@@ -23,10 +23,10 @@
     A subcommand may take dashed options (which may take their own
     arguments, e.g. "--max-parents 2") and arguments.  You SHOULD
     give dashed options first and then arguments.  Some commands may
-    accept dashed options after you have already gave non-option
+    accept dashed options after you have already given non-option
     arguments (which may make the command ambiguous), but you should
     not rely on it (because eventually we may find a way to fix
-    these ambiguity by enforcing the "options then args" rule).
+    these ambiguities by enforcing the "options then args" rule).
 
  * Revisions come first and then paths.
    E.g. in `git diff v1.0 v2.0 arch/x86 include/asm-x86`,
@@ -37,12 +37,12 @@
    they can be disambiguated by placing `--` between them.
    E.g. `git diff -- HEAD` is, "I have a file called HEAD in my work
    tree.  Please show changes between the version I staged in the index
-   and what I have in the work tree for that file", not "show difference
+   and what I have in the work tree for that file", not "show the difference
    between the HEAD commit and the work tree as a whole".  You can say
    `git diff HEAD --` to ask for the latter.
 
  * Without disambiguating `--`, Git makes a reasonable guess, but errors
-   out and asking you to disambiguate when ambiguous.  E.g. if you have a
+   out and asks you to disambiguate when ambiguous.  E.g. if you have a
    file called HEAD in your work tree, `git diff HEAD` is ambiguous, and
    you have to say either `git diff HEAD --` or `git diff -- HEAD` to
    disambiguate.
diff --git a/Documentation/gitdiffcore.txt b/Documentation/gitdiffcore.txt
index 0d57f86..3cda2e0 100644
--- a/Documentation/gitdiffcore.txt
+++ b/Documentation/gitdiffcore.txt
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@
 detection are off, rename detection adds a preliminary step that first
 checks if files are moved across directories while keeping their
 filename the same.  If there is a file added to a directory whose
-contents is sufficiently similar to a file with the same name that got
+contents are sufficiently similar to a file with the same name that got
 deleted from a different directory, it will mark them as renames and
 exclude them from the later quadratic step (the one that pairwise
 compares all unmatched files to find the "best" matches, determined by
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@
 only 10 lines from a 100-line document, even if you added 910
 new lines to make a new 1000-line document, you did not do a
 complete rewrite.  diffcore-break breaks such a case in order to
-help diffcore-rename to consider such filepairs as candidate of
+help diffcore-rename to consider such filepairs as a candidate of
 rename/copy detection, but if filepairs broken that way were not
 matched with other filepairs to create rename/copy, then this
 transformation merges them back into the original
@@ -230,13 +230,13 @@
 
 * -B/60 (the same as above, since diffcore-break defaults to 50%).
 
-Note that earlier implementation left a broken pair as a separate
-creation and deletion patches.  This was an unnecessary hack and
+Note that earlier implementation left a broken pair as separate
+creation and deletion patches.  This was an unnecessary hack, and
 the latest implementation always merges all the broken pairs
 back into modifications, but the resulting patch output is
 formatted differently for easier review in case of such
-a complete rewrite by showing the entire contents of old version
-prefixed with '-', followed by the entire contents of new
+a complete rewrite by showing the entire contents of the old version
+prefixed with '-', followed by the entire contents of the new
 version prefixed with '+'.
 
 
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@
 regular expression.  This means that it will detect in-file (or what
 rename-detection considers the same file) moves, which is noise.  The
 implementation runs diff twice and greps, and this can be quite
-expensive.  To speed things up binary files without textconv filters
+expensive.  To speed things up, binary files without textconv filters
 will be ignored.
 
 When `-S` or `-G` are used without `--pickaxe-all`, only filepairs
diff --git a/Documentation/giteveryday.txt b/Documentation/giteveryday.txt
index f74a33f..6cfdd0e 100644
--- a/Documentation/giteveryday.txt
+++ b/Documentation/giteveryday.txt
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 -----------
 
 Git users can broadly be grouped into four categories for the purposes of
-describing here a small set of useful command for everyday Git.
+describing here a small set of useful commands for everyday Git.
 
 *	<<STANDALONE,Individual Developer (Standalone)>> commands are essential
 	for anybody who makes a commit, even for somebody who works alone.
diff --git a/Documentation/gitformat-bundle.txt b/Documentation/gitformat-bundle.txt
index 00e0a20..1b75cf7 100644
--- a/Documentation/gitformat-bundle.txt
+++ b/Documentation/gitformat-bundle.txt
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@
 * "Capabilities", which are only in the v3 format, indicate functionality that
 	the bundle requires to be read properly.
 
-* "Prerequisites" lists the objects that are NOT included in the bundle and the
+* "Prerequisites" list the objects that are NOT included in the bundle and the
   reader of the bundle MUST already have, in order to use the data in the
   bundle. The objects stored in the bundle may refer to prerequisite objects and
   anything reachable from them (e.g. a tree object in the bundle can reference
@@ -86,10 +86,10 @@
 This is a comment and it has no specific meaning. The writer of the bundle MAY
 put any string here. The reader of the bundle MUST ignore the comment.
 
-Note on the shallow clone and a Git bundle
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+Note on shallow clones and Git bundles
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
-Note that the prerequisites does not represent a shallow-clone boundary. The
+Note that the prerequisites do not represent a shallow-clone boundary. The
 semantics of the prerequisites and the shallow-clone boundaries are different,
 and the Git bundle v2 format cannot represent a shallow clone repository.
 
diff --git a/Documentation/gitformat-chunk.txt b/Documentation/gitformat-chunk.txt
index 57202ed..3315df6 100644
--- a/Documentation/gitformat-chunk.txt
+++ b/Documentation/gitformat-chunk.txt
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@
 Each integer is stored in network-byte order.
 
 The chunk identifier `ID[i]` is a label for the data stored within this
-fill from `OFFSET[i]` (inclusive) to `OFFSET[i+1]` (exclusive). Thus, the
+file from `OFFSET[i]` (inclusive) to `OFFSET[i+1]` (exclusive). Thus, the
 size of the `i`th chunk is equal to the difference between `OFFSET[i+1]`
 and `OFFSET[i]`. This requires that the chunk data appears contiguously
 in the same order as the table of contents.
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@
 information so the file format is identifiable before the chunk-based
 format begins.
 
-Then, call `add_chunk()` for each chunk that is intended for write. This
+Then, call `add_chunk()` for each chunk that is intended for writing. This
 populates the `chunkfile` with information about the order and size of
 each chunk to write. Provide a `chunk_write_fn` function pointer to
 perform the write of the chunk data upon request.
diff --git a/Documentation/gitformat-pack.txt b/Documentation/gitformat-pack.txt
index 870e00f..4a4d87e 100644
--- a/Documentation/gitformat-pack.txt
+++ b/Documentation/gitformat-pack.txt
@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
 
-The Git pack format is now Git stores most of its primary repository
-data. Over the lietime af a repository loose objects (if any) and
+The Git pack format is how Git stores most of its primary repository
+data. Over the lifetime of a repository, loose objects (if any) and
 smaller packs are consolidated into larger pack(s). See
 linkgit:git-gc[1] and linkgit:git-pack-objects[1].
 
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@
      Observation: we cannot have more than 4G versions ;-) and
      more than 4G objects in a pack.
 
-   - The header is followed by number of object entries, each of
+   - The header is followed by a number of object entries, each of
      which looks like this:
 
      (undeltified representation)
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@
 	 is an OBJ_OFS_DELTA object
      compressed delta data
 
-     Observation: length of each object is encoded in a variable
+     Observation: the length of each object is encoded in a variable
      length format and is not constrained to 32-bit or anything.
 
   - The trailer records a pack checksum of all of the above.
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@
 from the base object. If the base object is deltified, it must be
 converted to canonical form first. Each instruction appends more and
 more data to the target object until it's complete. There are two
-supported instructions so far: one for copy a byte range from the
+supported instructions so far: one for copying a byte range from the
 source object and one for inserting new data embedded in the
 instruction itself.
 
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@
 
 All offset and size bytes are optional. This is to reduce the
 instruction size when encoding small offsets or sizes. The first seven
-bits in the first octet determines which of the next seven octets is
+bits in the first octet determine which of the next seven octets is
 present. If bit zero is set, offset1 is present. If bit one is set
 offset2 is present and so on.
 
@@ -161,9 +161,9 @@
   | 0xxxxxxx |    data    |
   +----------+============+
 
-This is the instruction to construct target object without the base
+This is the instruction to construct the target object without the base
 object. The following data is appended to the target object. The first
-seven bits of the first octet determines the size of data in
+seven bits of the first octet determine the size of data in
 bytes. The size must be non-zero.
 
 ==== Reserved instruction
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@
 
   - The same trailer as a v1 pack file:
 
-    A copy of the pack checksum at the end of
+    A copy of the pack checksum at the end of the
     corresponding packfile.
 
     Index checksum of all of the above.
diff --git a/Documentation/githooks.txt b/Documentation/githooks.txt
index 86f8047..883982e 100644
--- a/Documentation/githooks.txt
+++ b/Documentation/githooks.txt
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@
 committed after applying the patch.
 
 It can be used to inspect the current working tree and refuse to
-make a commit if it does not pass certain test.
+make a commit if it does not pass certain tests.
 
 The default 'pre-applypatch' hook, when enabled, runs the
 'pre-commit' hook, if the latter is enabled.
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@
 The purpose of the hook is to edit the message file in place, and
 it is not suppressed by the `--no-verify` option.  A non-zero exit
 means a failure of the hook and aborts the commit.  It should not
-be used as replacement for pre-commit hook.
+be used as a replacement for the pre-commit hook.
 
 The sample `prepare-commit-msg` hook that comes with Git removes the
 help message found in the commented portion of the commit template.
@@ -345,7 +345,7 @@
 
 The default 'update' hook, when enabled--and with
 `hooks.allowunannotated` config option unset or set to false--prevents
-unannotated tags to be pushed.
+unannotated tags from being pushed.
 
 [[proc-receive]]
 proc-receive
@@ -379,12 +379,12 @@
     S: ... ...
     S: flush-pkt
 
-    # Receive result from the hook.
+    # Receive results from the hook.
     # OK, run this command successfully.
     H: PKT-LINE(ok <ref>)
     # NO, I reject it.
     H: PKT-LINE(ng <ref> <reason>)
-    # Fall through, let 'receive-pack' to execute it.
+    # Fall through, let 'receive-pack' execute it.
     H: PKT-LINE(ok <ref>)
     H: PKT-LINE(option fall-through)
     # OK, but has an alternate reference.  The alternate reference name
diff --git a/Documentation/gitprotocol-capabilities.txt b/Documentation/gitprotocol-capabilities.txt
index 0fb5ea0..d6c6eff 100644
--- a/Documentation/gitprotocol-capabilities.txt
+++ b/Documentation/gitprotocol-capabilities.txt
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
 did not say it supports.
 
 Server MUST diagnose and abort if capabilities it does not understand
-was sent.  Server MUST NOT ignore capabilities that client requested
+were sent.  Server MUST NOT ignore capabilities that client requested
 and server advertised.  As a consequence of these rules, server MUST
 NOT advertise capabilities it does not understand.
 
@@ -61,8 +61,8 @@
 Without multi_ack, a client sends have lines in --date-order until
 the server has found a common base.  That means the client will send
 have lines that are already known by the server to be common, because
-they overlap in time with another branch that the server hasn't found
-a common base on yet.
+they overlap in time with another branch on which the server hasn't found
+a common base yet.
 
 For example suppose the client has commits in caps that the server
 doesn't and the server has commits in lower case that the client
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@
 
 multi_ack_detailed
 ------------------
-This is an extension of multi_ack that permits client to better
+This is an extension of multi_ack that permits the client to better
 understand the server's in-memory state. See linkgit:gitprotocol-pack[5],
 section "Packfile Negotiation" for more information.
 
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@
 side-band, side-band-64k
 ------------------------
 
-This capability means that server can send, and client understand multiplexed
+This capability means that the server can send, and the client can understand, multiplexed
 progress reports and error info interleaved with the packfile itself.
 
 These two options are mutually exclusive. A modern client always
@@ -163,14 +163,14 @@
 same deal, you have up to 65519 bytes of data and 1 byte for the stream
 code.
 
-The client MUST send only maximum of one of "side-band" and "side-
-band-64k".  Server MUST diagnose it as an error if client requests
+The client MUST send only one of "side-band" and "side-
+band-64k".  The server MUST diagnose it as an error if client requests
 both.
 
 ofs-delta
 ---------
 
-Server can send, and client understand PACKv2 with delta referring to
+The server can send, and the client can understand, PACKv2 with delta referring to
 its base by position in pack rather than by an obj-id.  That is, they can
 send/read OBJ_OFS_DELTA (aka type 6) in a packfile.
 
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@
 no-progress
 -----------
 
-The client was started with "git clone -q" or something, and doesn't
+The client was started with "git clone -q" or something similar, and doesn't
 want that side band 2.  Basically the client just says "I do not
 wish to receive stream 2 on sideband, so do not send it to me, and if
 you did, I will drop it on the floor anyway".  However, the sideband
@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@
 data, whether or not a server had advertised objects in the
 refs/tags/* namespace.
 
-Servers MUST pack the tags if their referrant is packed and the client
+Servers MUST pack the tags if their referent is packed and the client
 has requested include-tags.
 
 Clients MUST be prepared for the case where a server has ignored
diff --git a/Documentation/gitprotocol-common.txt b/Documentation/gitprotocol-common.txt
index 1486651..cdc9d6e 100644
--- a/Documentation/gitprotocol-common.txt
+++ b/Documentation/gitprotocol-common.txt
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
 
-This document sets defines things common to various over-the-wire
+This document defines things common to various over-the-wire
 protocols and file formats used in Git.
 
 ABNF Notation
diff --git a/Documentation/gitprotocol-http.txt b/Documentation/gitprotocol-http.txt
index ccc13f0..21b73b7 100644
--- a/Documentation/gitprotocol-http.txt
+++ b/Documentation/gitprotocol-http.txt
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@
 by appending additional path components onto the end of the user
 supplied `$GIT_URL` string.
 
-An example of a dumb client requesting for a loose object:
+An example of a dumb client requesting a loose object:
 
   $GIT_URL:     http://example.com:8080/git/repo.git
   URL request:  http://example.com:8080/git/repo.git/objects/d0/49f6c27a2244e12041955e262a404c7faba355
@@ -379,7 +379,7 @@
 C: Build an empty set, `common`, to hold the objects that are later
    determined to be on both ends.
 
-C: Build a set, `want`, of the objects from `advertised` the client
+C: Build a set, `want`, of the objects from `advertised` that the client
    wants to fetch, based on what it saw during ref discovery.
 
 C: Start a queue, `c_pending`, ordered by commit time (popping newest
@@ -423,7 +423,7 @@
 negotiated through the `object-format` capability (default SHA-1).
 
 The `have` list is created by popping the first 32 commits
-from `c_pending`.  Less can be supplied if `c_pending` empties.
+from `c_pending`.  Fewer can be supplied if `c_pending` empties.
 
 If the client has sent 256 "have" commits and has not yet
 received one of those back from `s_common`, or the client has
diff --git a/Documentation/gitprotocol-pack.txt b/Documentation/gitprotocol-pack.txt
index dd4108b..837b691 100644
--- a/Documentation/gitprotocol-pack.txt
+++ b/Documentation/gitprotocol-pack.txt
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
 ---------------
 
 The descriptions below build on the pkt-line format described in
-linkgit:gitprotocol-common[5]. When the grammar indicate `PKT-LINE(...)`, unless
+linkgit:gitprotocol-common[5]. When the grammar indicates `PKT-LINE(...)`, unless
 otherwise noted the usual pkt-line LF rules apply: the sender SHOULD
 include a LF, but the receiver MUST NOT complain if it is not present.
 
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@
 		    v
     ssh user@example.com "git-upload-pack '/project.git'"
 
-In a "user@host:path" format URI, its relative to the user's home
+In a "user@host:path" format URI, it's relative to the user's home
 directory, because the Git client will run:
 
      git clone user@example.com:project.git
@@ -325,7 +325,7 @@
 
 If the client has requested a positive depth, the server will compute
 the set of commits which are no deeper than the desired depth. The set
-of commits start at the client's wants.
+of commits starts at the client's wants.
 
 The server writes 'shallow' lines for each
 commit whose parents will not be sent as a result. The server writes
diff --git a/Documentation/gitprotocol-v2.txt b/Documentation/gitprotocol-v2.txt
index acb97ad..8c1e7c6 100644
--- a/Documentation/gitprotocol-v2.txt
+++ b/Documentation/gitprotocol-v2.txt
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
     semantics the http remote helper can simply act as a proxy
 
 In protocol v2 communication is command oriented.  When first contacting a
-server a list of capabilities will advertised.  Some of these capabilities
+server a list of capabilities will be advertised.  Some of these capabilities
 will be commands which a client can request be executed.  Once a command
 has completed, a client can reuse the connection and request that other
 commands be executed.
diff --git a/Documentation/gitsubmodules.txt b/Documentation/gitsubmodules.txt
index 941858a..8400d59 100644
--- a/Documentation/gitsubmodules.txt
+++ b/Documentation/gitsubmodules.txt
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@
 
  * The command line for those commands that support taking submodules
    as part of their pathspecs. Most commands have a boolean flag
-   `--recurse-submodules` which specify whether to recurse into submodules.
+   `--recurse-submodules` which specifies whether to recurse into submodules.
    Examples are `grep` and `checkout`.
    Some commands take enums, such as `fetch` and `push`, where you can
    specify how submodules are affected.
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@
   [submodule "baz"]
     url = https://example.org/baz
 
-In the above config only the submodule 'bar' and 'baz' are active,
+In the above config only the submodules 'bar' and 'baz' are active,
 'bar' due to (1) and 'baz' due to (3). 'foo' is inactive because
 (1) takes precedence over (3)
 
@@ -274,7 +274,7 @@
 into submodules. The `init` and `update` subcommands of `git submodule`
 will maintain submodules checked out and at an appropriate revision in
 your working tree. Alternatively you can set `submodule.recurse` to have
-`checkout` recursing into submodules (note that `submodule.recurse` also
+`checkout` recurse into submodules (note that `submodule.recurse` also
 affects other Git commands, see linkgit:git-config[1] for a complete list).
 
 
diff --git a/Documentation/gittutorial.txt b/Documentation/gittutorial.txt
index c7cadd8..4759408 100644
--- a/Documentation/gittutorial.txt
+++ b/Documentation/gittutorial.txt
@@ -137,10 +137,10 @@
 them to the index, and commit, all in one step.
 
 A note on commit messages: Though not required, it's a good idea to
-begin the commit message with a single short (less than 50 character)
-line summarizing the change, followed by a blank line and then a more
-thorough description. The text up to the first blank line in a commit
-message is treated as the commit title, and that title is used
+begin the commit message with a single short (no more than 50
+characters) line summarizing the change, followed by a blank line and
+then a more thorough description. The text up to the first blank line in
+a commit message is treated as the commit title, and that title is used
 throughout Git.  For example, linkgit:git-format-patch[1] turns a
 commit into email, and it uses the title on the Subject line and the
 rest of the commit in the body.
diff --git a/Documentation/gitweb.conf.txt b/Documentation/gitweb.conf.txt
index 34b1d6e..b078fef 100644
--- a/Documentation/gitweb.conf.txt
+++ b/Documentation/gitweb.conf.txt
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@
    `/etc/gitweb-common.conf`),
 
  * either per-instance configuration file (defaults to 'gitweb_config.perl'
-   in the same directory as the installed gitweb), or if it does not exists
+   in the same directory as the installed gitweb), or if it does not exist
    then fallback system-wide configuration file (defaults to `/etc/gitweb.conf`).
 
 Values obtained in later configuration files override values obtained earlier
diff --git a/Documentation/gitweb.txt b/Documentation/gitweb.txt
index af6bf3c..1030e96 100644
--- a/Documentation/gitweb.txt
+++ b/Documentation/gitweb.txt
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 To get started with gitweb, run linkgit:git-instaweb[1] from a Git repository.
-This would configure and start your web server, and run web browser pointing to
+This will configure and start your web server, and run a web browser pointing to
 gitweb.
 
 
@@ -20,13 +20,13 @@
 * Browsing every revision of the repository.
 * Viewing the contents of files in the repository at any revision.
 * Viewing the revision log of branches, history of files and directories,
-  see what was changed when, by who.
+  seeing what was changed, when, and by whom.
 * Viewing the blame/annotation details of any file (if enabled).
 * Generating RSS and Atom feeds of commits, for any branch.
   The feeds are auto-discoverable in modern web browsers.
-* Viewing everything that was changed in a revision, and step through
+* Viewing everything that was changed in a revision, and stepping through
   revisions one at a time, viewing the history of the repository.
-* Finding commits which commit messages matches given search term.
+* Finding commits whose commit messages match a given search term.
 
 See http://repo.or.cz/w/git.git/tree/HEAD:/gitweb/[] for gitweb source code,
 browsed using gitweb itself.
@@ -41,9 +41,9 @@
 Repositories
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~
 Gitweb can show information from one or more Git repositories.  These
-repositories have to be all on local filesystem, and have to share common
+repositories have to be all on local filesystem, and have to share a common
 repository root, i.e. be all under a single parent repository (but see also
-"Advanced web server setup" section, "Webserver configuration with multiple
+the "Advanced web server setup" section, "Webserver configuration with multiple
 projects' root" subsection).
 
 -----------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@
 -----------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 The default value for `$projectroot` is `/pub/git`.  You can change it during
-building gitweb via `GITWEB_PROJECTROOT` build configuration variable.
+building gitweb via the `GITWEB_PROJECTROOT` build configuration variable.
 
 By default all Git repositories under `$projectroot` are visible and available
 to gitweb.  The list of projects is generated by default by scanning the
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@
 
 Projects list file format
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-Instead of having gitweb find repositories by scanning filesystem
+Instead of having gitweb find repositories by scanning the filesystem
 starting from $projectroot, you can provide a pre-generated list of
 visible projects by setting `$projects_list` to point to a plain text
 file with a list of projects (with some additional info).
diff --git a/Documentation/glossary-content.txt b/Documentation/glossary-content.txt
index 5a53726..65c89e7 100644
--- a/Documentation/glossary-content.txt
+++ b/Documentation/glossary-content.txt
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@
 	points at the directory that is the real repository.
 
 [[def_grafts]]grafts::
-	Grafts enables two otherwise different lines of development to be joined
+	Grafts enable two otherwise different lines of development to be joined
 	together by recording fake ancestry information for commits. This way
 	you can make Git pretend the set of <<def_parent,parents>> a <<def_commit,commit>> has
 	is different from what was recorded when the commit was
diff --git a/Documentation/howto/coordinate-embargoed-releases.txt b/Documentation/howto/coordinate-embargoed-releases.txt
index e653775..b9cb95e 100644
--- a/Documentation/howto/coordinate-embargoed-releases.txt
+++ b/Documentation/howto/coordinate-embargoed-releases.txt
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@
 
 The first step is to https://github.com/git/git/security/advisories/new[open
 an advisory]. Technically, this is not necessary. However, it is the most
-convenient way to obtain the CVE number and it give us a private repository
+convenient way to obtain the CVE number and it gives us a private repository
 associated with it that can be used to collaborate on a fix.
 
 Notifying the Linux distributions
diff --git a/Documentation/howto/maintain-git.txt b/Documentation/howto/maintain-git.txt
index d07c6d4..013014b 100644
--- a/Documentation/howto/maintain-git.txt
+++ b/Documentation/howto/maintain-git.txt
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@
    files in mbox format).
 
  - Write his own patches to address issues raised on the list but
-   nobody has stepped up solving.  Send it out just like other
+   nobody has stepped up to solve.  Send it out just like other
    contributors do, and pick them up just like patches from other
    contributors (see above).
 
@@ -411,13 +411,13 @@
 
 A merge of two topics may not textually conflict but still have
 conflict at the semantic level. A classic example is for one topic
-to rename an variable and all its uses, while another topic adds a
+to rename a variable and all its uses, while another topic adds a
 new use of the variable under its old name. When these two topics
 are merged together, the reference to the variable newly added by
 the latter topic will still use the old name in the result.
 
 The Meta/Reintegrate script that is used by redo-jch and redo-seen
-scripts implements a crude but usable way to work this issue around.
+scripts implements a crude but usable way to work around this issue.
 When the script merges branch $X, it checks if "refs/merge-fix/$X"
 exists, and if so, the effect of it is squashed into the result of
 the mechanical merge.  In other words,
diff --git a/Documentation/howto/use-git-daemon.txt b/Documentation/howto/use-git-daemon.txt
index 7af2e52..2cad9b3 100644
--- a/Documentation/howto/use-git-daemon.txt
+++ b/Documentation/howto/use-git-daemon.txt
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 =====================
 
 Git can be run in inetd mode and in stand alone mode. But all you want is
-let a coworker pull from you, and therefore need to set up a Git server
+to let a coworker pull from you, and therefore need to set up a Git server
 real quick, right?
 
 Note that git-daemon is not really chatty at the moment, especially when
diff --git a/Documentation/howto/using-merge-subtree.txt b/Documentation/howto/using-merge-subtree.txt
index a499a94..3bd581a 100644
--- a/Documentation/howto/using-merge-subtree.txt
+++ b/Documentation/howto/using-merge-subtree.txt
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 How to use the subtree merge strategy
 =====================================
 
-There are situations where you want to include contents in your project
+There are situations where you want to include content in your project
 from an independently developed project. You can just pull from the
 other project as long as there are no conflicting paths.
 
diff --git a/Documentation/i18n.txt b/Documentation/i18n.txt
index 6c6baee..3a866af 100644
--- a/Documentation/i18n.txt
+++ b/Documentation/i18n.txt
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
 does not forbid it.  However, there are a few things to keep in
 mind.
 
-. 'git commit' and 'git commit-tree' issues
+. 'git commit' and 'git commit-tree' issue
   a warning if the commit log message given to it does not look
   like a valid UTF-8 string, unless you explicitly say your
   project uses a legacy encoding.  The way to say this is to
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
 ------------
 +
 Commit objects created with the above setting record the value
-of `i18n.commitEncoding` in its `encoding` header.  This is to
+of `i18n.commitEncoding` in their `encoding` header.  This is to
 help other people who look at them later.  Lack of this header
 implies that the commit log message is encoded in UTF-8.
 
diff --git a/Documentation/mergetools/vimdiff.txt b/Documentation/mergetools/vimdiff.txt
index 2d631e9..d1a4c46 100644
--- a/Documentation/mergetools/vimdiff.txt
+++ b/Documentation/mergetools/vimdiff.txt
@@ -32,10 +32,10 @@
   - `+` is used to "open a new tab"
   - `,` is used to "open a new vertical split"
   - `/` is used to "open a new horizontal split"
-  - `@` is used to indicate which is the file containing the final version after
+  - `@` is used to indicate the file containing the final version after
     solving the conflicts. If not present, `MERGED` will be used by default.
 
-The precedence of the operators is this one (you can use parentheses to change
+The precedence of the operators is as follows (you can use parentheses to change
 it):
 
     `@` > `+` > `/` > `,`
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@
 |       REMOTE        |                     |
 ---------------------------------------------
 ....
-Note how in the third tab definition we need to use parenthesis to make `,`
+Note how in the third tab definition we need to use parentheses to make `,`
 have precedence over `/`.
 --
 
diff --git a/Documentation/pretty-options.txt b/Documentation/pretty-options.txt
index 335395b..23888cd 100644
--- a/Documentation/pretty-options.txt
+++ b/Documentation/pretty-options.txt
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@
 --expand-tabs::
 --no-expand-tabs::
 	Perform a tab expansion (replace each tab with enough spaces
-	to fill to the next display column that is multiple of '<n>')
+	to fill to the next display column that is a multiple of '<n>')
 	in the log message before showing it in the output.
 	`--expand-tabs` is a short-hand for `--expand-tabs=8`, and
 	`--no-expand-tabs` is a short-hand for `--expand-tabs=0`,
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@
 With an optional '<ref>' argument, use the ref to find the notes
 to display.  The ref can specify the full refname when it begins
 with `refs/notes/`; when it begins with `notes/`, `refs/` and otherwise
-`refs/notes/` is prefixed to form a full name of the ref.
+`refs/notes/` is prefixed to form the full name of the ref.
 +
 Multiple --notes options can be combined to control which notes are
 being displayed. Examples: "--notes=foo" will show only notes from
diff --git a/Documentation/pull-fetch-param.txt b/Documentation/pull-fetch-param.txt
index 95a7390..c718f79 100644
--- a/Documentation/pull-fetch-param.txt
+++ b/Documentation/pull-fetch-param.txt
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@
 Unlike when pushing with linkgit:git-push[1], any updates outside of
 `refs/{tags,heads}/*` will be accepted without `+` in the refspec (or
 `--force`), whether that's swapping e.g. a tree object for a blob, or
-a commit for another commit that's doesn't have the previous commit as
+a commit for another commit that doesn't have the previous commit as
 an ancestor etc.
 +
 Unlike when pushing with linkgit:git-push[1], there is no
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@
 +
 As with pushing with linkgit:git-push[1], all of the rules described
 above about what's not allowed as an update can be overridden by
-adding an the optional leading `+` to a refspec (or using `--force`
+adding an optional leading `+` to a refspec (or using the `--force`
 command line option). The only exception to this is that no amount of
 forcing will make the `refs/heads/*` namespace accept a non-commit
 object.
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@
 [NOTE]
 When the remote branch you want to fetch is known to
 be rewound and rebased regularly, it is expected that
-its new tip will not be descendant of its previous tip
+its new tip will not be a descendant of its previous tip
 (as stored in your remote-tracking branch the last time
 you fetched).  You would want
 to use the `+` sign to indicate non-fast-forward updates
diff --git a/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt b/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt
index 66d71d1..2bf239f 100644
--- a/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt
+++ b/Documentation/rev-list-options.txt
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@
 	error to use this option unless `--walk-reflogs` is in use.
 
 --grep=<pattern>::
-	Limit the commits output to ones with log message that
+	Limit the commits output to ones with a log message that
 	matches the specified pattern (regular expression).  With
 	more than one `--grep=<pattern>`, commits whose message
 	matches any of the given patterns are chosen (but see
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@
 	instead of ones that match at least one.
 
 --invert-grep::
-	Limit the commits output to ones with log message that do not
+	Limit the commits output to ones with a log message that do not
 	match the pattern specified with `--grep=<pattern>`.
 
 -i::
diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-index-skel.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-index-skel.txt
index eda8c19..7780a76 100644
--- a/Documentation/technical/api-index-skel.txt
+++ b/Documentation/technical/api-index-skel.txt
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 Git API Documents
 =================
 
-Git has grown a set of internal API over time.  This collection
+Git has grown a set of internal APIs over time.  This collection
 documents them.
 
 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
diff --git a/Documentation/technical/api-simple-ipc.txt b/Documentation/technical/api-simple-ipc.txt
index d44ada9..c4fb152 100644
--- a/Documentation/technical/api-simple-ipc.txt
+++ b/Documentation/technical/api-simple-ipc.txt
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 ==============
 
 The Simple-IPC API is a collection of `ipc_` prefixed library routines
-and a basic communication protocol that allow an IPC-client process to
+and a basic communication protocol that allows an IPC-client process to
 send an application-specific IPC-request message to an IPC-server
 process and receive an application-specific IPC-response message.
 
@@ -20,12 +20,12 @@
 
 The IPC-client routines within a client application process connect
 to the IPC-server and send a request message and wait for a response.
-When received, the response is returned back the caller.
+When received, the response is returned back to the caller.
 
 For example, the `fsmonitor--daemon` feature will be built as a server
 application on top of the IPC-server library routines.  It will have
 threads watching for file system events and a thread pool waiting for
-client connections.  Clients, such as `git status` will request a list
+client connections.  Clients, such as `git status`, will request a list
 of file system events since a point in time and the server will
 respond with a list of changed files and directories.  The formats of
 the request and response are application-specific; the IPC-client and
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@
 
 The Simple-IPC mechanism differs from the existing `sub-process.c`
 model (Documentation/technical/long-running-process-protocol.txt) and
-used by applications like Git-LFS.  In the LFS-style sub-process model
+used by applications like Git-LFS.  In the LFS-style sub-process model,
 the helper is started by the foreground process, communication happens
 via a pair of file descriptors bound to the stdin/stdout of the
 sub-process, the sub-process only serves the current foreground
@@ -102,4 +102,4 @@
 response, and disconnect.  It is a one round trip facility for
 querying the server.  The Simple-IPC routines hide the socket,
 named pipe, and thread pool details and allow the application
-layer to focus on the application at hand.
+layer to focus on the task at hand.
diff --git a/Documentation/technical/bitmap-format.txt b/Documentation/technical/bitmap-format.txt
index c2e652b..f5d2009 100644
--- a/Documentation/technical/bitmap-format.txt
+++ b/Documentation/technical/bitmap-format.txt
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@
 
     * N entries with compressed bitmaps, one for each indexed commit
 +
-Where `N` is the total amount of entries in this bitmap index.
+Where `N` is the total number of entries in this bitmap index.
 Each entry contains the following:
 
 	** {empty}
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@
 	** {empty}
 	1-byte XOR-offset: ::
 	    The xor offset used to compress this bitmap. For an entry
-	    in position `x`, a XOR offset of `y` means that the actual
+	    in position `x`, an XOR offset of `y` means that the actual
 	    bitmap representing this commit is composed by XORing the
 	    bitmap for this entry with the bitmap in entry `x-y` (i.e.
 	    the bitmap `y` entries before this one).
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@
 
 For a `.bitmap` containing `nr_entries` reachability bitmaps, the table
 contains a list of `nr_entries` <commit_pos, offset, xor_row> triplets
-(sorted in the ascending order of `commit_pos`). The content of i'th
+(sorted in the ascending order of `commit_pos`). The content of the i'th
 triplet is -
 
 	* {empty}
diff --git a/Documentation/technical/commit-graph.txt b/Documentation/technical/commit-graph.txt
index 86fed0d..2c26e95 100644
--- a/Documentation/technical/commit-graph.txt
+++ b/Documentation/technical/commit-graph.txt
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@
 
 - Commit grafts and replace objects can change the shape of the commit
   history. The latter can also be enabled/disabled on the fly using
-  `--no-replace-objects`. This leads to difficultly storing both possible
+  `--no-replace-objects`. This leads to difficulty storing both possible
   interpretations of a commit id, especially when computing generation
   numbers. The commit-graph will not be read or written when
   replace-objects or grafts are present.
diff --git a/Documentation/technical/parallel-checkout.txt b/Documentation/technical/parallel-checkout.txt
index 47c9b61..b4a144e 100644
--- a/Documentation/technical/parallel-checkout.txt
+++ b/Documentation/technical/parallel-checkout.txt
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@
 contention. A `perf` profiling indicated that around 20% of the runtime
 during a local Linux clone (on an SSD) was spent in locking functions.
 For this reason this approach was rejected in favor of using multiple
-child processes, which led to a better performance.
+child processes, which led to better performance.
 
 Multi-Process Solution
 ----------------------
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@
 
 * W5: Writes the result to the file descriptor opened at W2.
 
-* W6: Calls `fstat()` or lstat()` on the just-written path, and sends
+* W6: Calls `fstat()` or `lstat()` on the just-written path, and sends
   the result back to the main process, together with the end status of
   the operation and the item's identification number.
 
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@
 
 - First, it updates the in-memory index with the `lstat()` information
   sent by the workers. (This must be done first as this information
-  might me required in the following step.)
+  might be required in the following step.)
 
 - Then it writes the items which collided on disk (i.e. items marked
   with `PC_ITEM_COLLIDED`). More on this below.
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@
 process must remove all files that prevent this entry from being written
 (before enqueueing it). This includes any non-directory file in the
 leading path of the entry. Later, when a worker gets assigned the entry,
-it looks again for the non-directories files and for an already existing
+it looks again for the non-directory files and for an already existing
 file at the entry's path. If any of these checks finds something, the
 worker knows that there was a path collision.
 
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@
 Ineligible entries are checked out by the classic sequential codepath
 *before* spawning workers.
 
-Note: submodules's files are also eligible for parallel checkout (as
+Note: submodules' files are also eligible for parallel checkout (as
 long as they don't fall into any of the excluding categories mentioned
 above). But since each submodule is checked out in its own child
 process, we don't mix the superproject's and the submodules' files in
diff --git a/Documentation/technical/partial-clone.txt b/Documentation/technical/partial-clone.txt
index 92fcee2..cd948b0 100644
--- a/Documentation/technical/partial-clone.txt
+++ b/Documentation/technical/partial-clone.txt
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
 The "Partial Clone" feature is a performance optimization for Git that
 allows Git to function without having a complete copy of the repository.
-The goal of this work is to allow Git better handle extremely large
+The goal of this work is to allow Git to better handle extremely large
 repositories.
 
 During clone and fetch operations, Git downloads the complete contents
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@
 - Dynamic object fetching currently uses the existing pack protocol V0
   which means that each object is requested via fetch-pack.  The server
   will send a full set of info/refs when the connection is established.
-  If there are large number of refs, this may incur significant overhead.
+  If there are a large number of refs, this may incur significant overhead.
 
 
 Future Work
@@ -265,7 +265,7 @@
 - Improve the way to specify the order in which promisor remotes are
   tried.
 +
-For example this could allow to specify explicitly something like:
+For example this could allow specifying explicitly something like:
 "When fetching from this remote, I want to use these promisor remotes
 in this order, though, when pushing or fetching to that remote, I want
 to use those promisor remotes in that order."
@@ -322,7 +322,7 @@
 
 [a] expensive-to-modify list of missing objects:  Earlier in the design of
     partial clone we discussed the need for a single list of missing objects.
-    This would essentially be a sorted linear list of OIDs that the were
+    This would essentially be a sorted linear list of OIDs that were
     omitted by the server during a clone or subsequent fetches.
 
 This file would need to be loaded into memory on every object lookup.
diff --git a/Documentation/technical/racy-git.txt b/Documentation/technical/racy-git.txt
index ceda4bb..59bea66 100644
--- a/Documentation/technical/racy-git.txt
+++ b/Documentation/technical/racy-git.txt
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 "virtual" in the sense that it does not necessarily have to, and
 often does not, match the files in the working tree.
 
-There are cases Git needs to examine the differences between the
+There are cases where Git needs to examine the differences between the
 virtual working tree state in the index and the files in the
 working tree.  The most obvious case is when the user asks `git
 diff` (or its low level implementation, `git diff-files`) or
@@ -165,9 +165,9 @@
 
 In order to avoid the above runtime penalty, post 1.4.2 Git used
 to have a code that made sure the index file
-got timestamp newer than the youngest files in the index when
-there are many young files with the same timestamp as the
-resulting index file would otherwise would have by waiting
+got a timestamp newer than the youngest files in the index when
+there were many young files with the same timestamp as the
+resulting index file otherwise would have by waiting
 before finishing writing the index file out.
 
 I suspected that in practice the situation where many paths in the
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@
 however, the initial computation of all object names in the
 index takes more than one second, and the index file is written
 out after all that happens.  Therefore the timestamp of the
-index file will be more than one seconds later than the
+index file will be more than one second later than the
 youngest file in the working tree.  This means that in these
 cases there actually will not be any racily clean entry in
 the resulting index.
diff --git a/Documentation/technical/reftable.txt b/Documentation/technical/reftable.txt
index 6a67cc4..dd0b37c 100644
--- a/Documentation/technical/reftable.txt
+++ b/Documentation/technical/reftable.txt
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
 
 Storage in the file is organized into variable sized blocks. Prefix
 compression is used within a single block to reduce disk space. Block
-size and alignment is tunable by the writer.
+size and alignment are tunable by the writer.
 
 Performance
 ^^^^^^^^^^^
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@
 Varint encoding is identical to the ofs-delta encoding method used
 within pack files.
 
-Decoder works such as:
+Decoder works as follows:
 
 ....
 val = buf[ptr] & 0x7f
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@
 footer
 ....
 
-in a log-only file the first log block immediately follows the file
+In a log-only file, the first log block immediately follows the file
 header, without padding to block alignment.
 
 Block size
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@
 ....
 
 The header is identical to `version_number=1`, with the 4-byte hash ID
-("sha1" for SHA1 and "s256" for SHA-256) append to the header.
+("sha1" for SHA1 and "s256" for SHA-256) appended to the header.
 
 For maximum backward compatibility, it is recommended to use version 1 when
 writing SHA1 reftables.
@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@
 `restart_count` to binary search between restarts before starting a
 linear scan.
 
-Exactly `restart_count` 3-byte `restart_offset` values precedes the
+Exactly `restart_count` 3-byte `restart_offset` values precede the
 `restart_count`. Offsets are relative to the start of the block and
 refer to the first byte of any `ref_record` whose name has not been
 prefix compressed. Entries in the `restart_offset` list must be sorted,
diff --git a/Documentation/technical/repository-version.txt b/Documentation/technical/repository-version.txt
index 8ef664b..045a767 100644
--- a/Documentation/technical/repository-version.txt
+++ b/Documentation/technical/repository-version.txt
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@
 ==== `worktreeConfig`
 
 If set, by default "git config" reads from both "config" and
-"config.worktree" file from GIT_DIR in that order. In
+"config.worktree" files from GIT_DIR in that order. In
 multiple working directory mode, "config" file is shared while
 "config.worktree" is per-working directory (i.e., it's in
 GIT_COMMON_DIR/worktrees/<id>/config.worktree)
diff --git a/Documentation/technical/rerere.txt b/Documentation/technical/rerere.txt
index be58f1b..580f233 100644
--- a/Documentation/technical/rerere.txt
+++ b/Documentation/technical/rerere.txt
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@
     what AB and AC wanted to do.
 
 As branch AC2 refers to the same commit as AC, the above implies that
-this is also compatible what AB and AC2 wanted to do.
+this is also compatible with what AB and AC2 wanted to do.
 
 By extension, this means that rerere should recognize that the above
 conflicts are the same.  To do this, the labels on the conflict
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@
 Sorting hunks
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
-As before, lets imagine that a common ancestor had a file with line A
+As before, let's imagine that a common ancestor had a file with line A
 its early part, and line X in its late part.  And then four branches
 are forked that do these things:
 
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@
 Nested conflicts are handled very similarly to "simple" conflicts.
 Similar to simple conflicts, the conflict is first normalized by
 stripping the labels from conflict markers, stripping the common ancestor
-version, and the sorting the conflict hunks, both for the outer and the
+version, and sorting the conflict hunks, both for the outer and the
 inner conflict.  This is done recursively, so any number of nested
 conflicts can be handled.
 
diff --git a/Documentation/urls-remotes.txt b/Documentation/urls-remotes.txt
index ae8c2db..bf17012 100644
--- a/Documentation/urls-remotes.txt
+++ b/Documentation/urls-remotes.txt
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
 ------------
 
 The `<pushurl>` is used for pushes only. It is optional and defaults
-to `<URL>`. Pushing to a remote affects all defined pushurls or to all
+to `<URL>`. Pushing to a remote affects all defined pushurls or all
 defined urls if no pushurls are defined. Fetch, however, will only
 fetch from the first defined url if multiple urls are defined.
 
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@
 following format:
 
 ------------
-	URL: one of the above URL format
+	URL: one of the above URL formats
 	Push: <refspec>
 	Pull: <refspec>
 
diff --git a/Documentation/urls.txt b/Documentation/urls.txt
index 1c229d7..4e79c15 100644
--- a/Documentation/urls.txt
+++ b/Documentation/urls.txt
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@
 Depending on the transport protocol, some of this information may be
 absent.
 
-Git supports ssh, git, http, and https protocols (in addition, ftp,
+Git supports ssh, git, http, and https protocols (in addition, ftp
 and ftps can be used for fetching, but this is inefficient and
-deprecated; do not use it).
+deprecated; do not use them).
 
 The native transport (i.e. git:// URL) does no authentication and
 should be used with caution on unsecured networks.
diff --git a/Documentation/user-manual.txt b/Documentation/user-manual.txt
index 4281396..d8dbe6b 100644
--- a/Documentation/user-manual.txt
+++ b/Documentation/user-manual.txt
@@ -1122,7 +1122,7 @@
 === Creating good commit messages
 
 Though not required, it's a good idea to begin the commit message
-with a single short (less than 50 character) line summarizing the
+with a single short (no more than 50 characters) line summarizing the
 change, followed by a blank line and then a more thorough
 description.  The text up to the first blank line in a commit
 message is treated as the commit title, and that title is used
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index 003e63b..03adcb5 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -800,6 +800,7 @@
 TEST_BUILTINS_OBJS += test-env-helper.o
 TEST_BUILTINS_OBJS += test-example-decorate.o
 TEST_BUILTINS_OBJS += test-fast-rebase.o
+TEST_BUILTINS_OBJS += test-find-pack.o
 TEST_BUILTINS_OBJS += test-fsmonitor-client.o
 TEST_BUILTINS_OBJS += test-genrandom.o
 TEST_BUILTINS_OBJS += test-genzeros.o
@@ -851,6 +852,7 @@
 TEST_BUILTINS_OBJS += test-submodule.o
 TEST_BUILTINS_OBJS += test-subprocess.o
 TEST_BUILTINS_OBJS += test-trace2.o
+TEST_BUILTINS_OBJS += test-truncate.o
 TEST_BUILTINS_OBJS += test-urlmatch-normalization.o
 TEST_BUILTINS_OBJS += test-userdiff.o
 TEST_BUILTINS_OBJS += test-wildmatch.o
@@ -1039,6 +1041,7 @@
 LIB_OBJS += hashmap.o
 LIB_OBJS += help.o
 LIB_OBJS += hex.o
+LIB_OBJS += hex-ll.o
 LIB_OBJS += hook.o
 LIB_OBJS += ident.o
 LIB_OBJS += json-writer.o
@@ -1089,6 +1092,7 @@
 LIB_OBJS += packfile.o
 LIB_OBJS += pager.o
 LIB_OBJS += parallel-checkout.o
+LIB_OBJS += parse.o
 LIB_OBJS += parse-options-cb.o
 LIB_OBJS += parse-options.o
 LIB_OBJS += patch-delta.o
diff --git a/attr.c b/attr.c
index 71c84fb..3c0b4fb 100644
--- a/attr.c
+++ b/attr.c
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
  */
 
 #include "git-compat-util.h"
-#include "config.h"
+#include "parse.h"
 #include "environment.h"
 #include "exec-cmd.h"
 #include "attr.h"
diff --git a/bloom.c b/bloom.c
index aef6b5f..1474aa1 100644
--- a/bloom.c
+++ b/bloom.c
@@ -29,6 +29,26 @@ static inline unsigned char get_bitmask(uint32_t pos)
 	return ((unsigned char)1) << (pos & (BITS_PER_WORD - 1));
 }
 
+static int check_bloom_offset(struct commit_graph *g, uint32_t pos,
+			      uint32_t offset)
+{
+	/*
+	 * Note that we allow offsets equal to the data size, which would set
+	 * our pointers at one past the end of the chunk memory. This is
+	 * necessary because the on-disk index points to the end of the
+	 * entries (so we can compute size by comparing adjacent ones). And
+	 * naturally the final entry's end is one-past-the-end of the chunk.
+	 */
+	if (offset <= g->chunk_bloom_data_size - BLOOMDATA_CHUNK_HEADER_SIZE)
+		return 0;
+
+	warning("ignoring out-of-range offset (%"PRIuMAX") for changed-path"
+		" filter at pos %"PRIuMAX" of %s (chunk size: %"PRIuMAX")",
+		(uintmax_t)offset, (uintmax_t)pos,
+		g->filename, (uintmax_t)g->chunk_bloom_data_size);
+	return -1;
+}
+
 static int load_bloom_filter_from_graph(struct commit_graph *g,
 					struct bloom_filter *filter,
 					uint32_t graph_pos)
@@ -51,6 +71,20 @@ static int load_bloom_filter_from_graph(struct commit_graph *g,
 	else
 		start_index = 0;
 
+	if (check_bloom_offset(g, lex_pos, end_index) < 0 ||
+	    check_bloom_offset(g, lex_pos - 1, start_index) < 0)
+		return 0;
+
+	if (end_index < start_index) {
+		warning("ignoring decreasing changed-path index offsets"
+			" (%"PRIuMAX" > %"PRIuMAX") for positions"
+			" %"PRIuMAX" and %"PRIuMAX" of %s",
+			(uintmax_t)start_index, (uintmax_t)end_index,
+			(uintmax_t)(lex_pos-1), (uintmax_t)lex_pos,
+			g->filename);
+		return 0;
+	}
+
 	filter->len = end_index - start_index;
 	filter->data = (unsigned char *)(g->chunk_bloom_data +
 					sizeof(unsigned char) * start_index +
diff --git a/builtin/cat-file.c b/builtin/cat-file.c
index 694c853..ea8ad60 100644
--- a/builtin/cat-file.c
+++ b/builtin/cat-file.c
@@ -922,11 +922,11 @@ int cmd_cat_file(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		N_("git cat-file <type> <object>"),
 		N_("git cat-file (-e | -p) <object>"),
 		N_("git cat-file (-t | -s) [--allow-unknown-type] <object>"),
+		N_("git cat-file (--textconv | --filters)\n"
+		   "             [<rev>:<path|tree-ish> | --path=<path|tree-ish> <rev>]"),
 		N_("git cat-file (--batch | --batch-check | --batch-command) [--batch-all-objects]\n"
 		   "             [--buffer] [--follow-symlinks] [--unordered]\n"
 		   "             [--textconv | --filters] [-Z]"),
-		N_("git cat-file (--textconv | --filters)\n"
-		   "             [<rev>:<path|tree-ish> | --path=<path|tree-ish> <rev>]"),
 		NULL
 	};
 	const struct option options[] = {
diff --git a/builtin/commit-graph.c b/builtin/commit-graph.c
index f5e66e9..45d035a 100644
--- a/builtin/commit-graph.c
+++ b/builtin/commit-graph.c
@@ -328,6 +328,7 @@ static int graph_write(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	FREE_AND_NULL(options);
 	string_list_clear(&pack_indexes, 0);
 	strbuf_release(&buf);
+	oidset_clear(&commits);
 	return result;
 }
 
diff --git a/builtin/diff.c b/builtin/diff.c
index c0f5642..55e7d21 100644
--- a/builtin/diff.c
+++ b/builtin/diff.c
@@ -474,9 +474,7 @@ int cmd_diff(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	repo_init_revisions(the_repository, &rev, prefix);
 
 	/* Set up defaults that will apply to both no-index and regular diffs. */
-	rev.diffopt.stat_width = -1;
-	rev.diffopt.stat_name_width = -1;
-	rev.diffopt.stat_graph_width = -1;
+	init_diffstat_widths(&rev.diffopt);
 	rev.diffopt.flags.allow_external = 1;
 	rev.diffopt.flags.allow_textconv = 1;
 
diff --git a/builtin/gc.c b/builtin/gc.c
index 00192ae..7c11d5e 100644
--- a/builtin/gc.c
+++ b/builtin/gc.c
@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@ static const char * const builtin_gc_usage[] = {
 static int pack_refs = 1;
 static int prune_reflogs = 1;
 static int cruft_packs = 1;
+static unsigned long max_cruft_size;
 static int aggressive_depth = 50;
 static int aggressive_window = 250;
 static int gc_auto_threshold = 6700;
@@ -61,6 +62,8 @@ static timestamp_t gc_log_expire_time;
 static const char *gc_log_expire = "1.day.ago";
 static const char *prune_expire = "2.weeks.ago";
 static const char *prune_worktrees_expire = "3.months.ago";
+static char *repack_filter;
+static char *repack_filter_to;
 static unsigned long big_pack_threshold;
 static unsigned long max_delta_cache_size = DEFAULT_DELTA_CACHE_SIZE;
 
@@ -163,6 +166,7 @@ static void gc_config(void)
 	git_config_get_int("gc.autopacklimit", &gc_auto_pack_limit);
 	git_config_get_bool("gc.autodetach", &detach_auto);
 	git_config_get_bool("gc.cruftpacks", &cruft_packs);
+	git_config_get_ulong("gc.maxcruftsize", &max_cruft_size);
 	git_config_get_expiry("gc.pruneexpire", &prune_expire);
 	git_config_get_expiry("gc.worktreepruneexpire", &prune_worktrees_expire);
 	git_config_get_expiry("gc.logexpiry", &gc_log_expire);
@@ -170,6 +174,9 @@ static void gc_config(void)
 	git_config_get_ulong("gc.bigpackthreshold", &big_pack_threshold);
 	git_config_get_ulong("pack.deltacachesize", &max_delta_cache_size);
 
+	git_config_get_string("gc.repackfilter", &repack_filter);
+	git_config_get_string("gc.repackfilterto", &repack_filter_to);
+
 	git_config(git_default_config, NULL);
 }
 
@@ -347,6 +354,9 @@ static void add_repack_all_option(struct string_list *keep_pack)
 		strvec_push(&repack, "--cruft");
 		if (prune_expire)
 			strvec_pushf(&repack, "--cruft-expiration=%s", prune_expire);
+		if (max_cruft_size)
+			strvec_pushf(&repack, "--max-cruft-size=%lu",
+				     max_cruft_size);
 	} else {
 		strvec_push(&repack, "-A");
 		if (prune_expire)
@@ -355,6 +365,11 @@ static void add_repack_all_option(struct string_list *keep_pack)
 
 	if (keep_pack)
 		for_each_string_list(keep_pack, keep_one_pack, NULL);
+
+	if (repack_filter && *repack_filter)
+		strvec_pushf(&repack, "--filter=%s", repack_filter);
+	if (repack_filter_to && *repack_filter_to)
+		strvec_pushf(&repack, "--filter-to=%s", repack_filter_to);
 }
 
 static void add_repack_incremental_option(void)
@@ -575,6 +590,8 @@ int cmd_gc(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 			N_("prune unreferenced objects"),
 			PARSE_OPT_OPTARG, NULL, (intptr_t)prune_expire },
 		OPT_BOOL(0, "cruft", &cruft_packs, N_("pack unreferenced objects separately")),
+		OPT_MAGNITUDE(0, "max-cruft-size", &max_cruft_size,
+			      N_("with --cruft, limit the size of new cruft packs")),
 		OPT_BOOL(0, "aggressive", &aggressive, N_("be more thorough (increased runtime)")),
 		OPT_BOOL_F(0, "auto", &auto_gc, N_("enable auto-gc mode"),
 			   PARSE_OPT_NOCOMPLETE),
diff --git a/builtin/interpret-trailers.c b/builtin/interpret-trailers.c
index a110e69..033bd15 100644
--- a/builtin/interpret-trailers.c
+++ b/builtin/interpret-trailers.c
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 
 static const char * const git_interpret_trailers_usage[] = {
 	N_("git interpret-trailers [--in-place] [--trim-empty]\n"
-	   "                       [(--trailer <token>[(=|:)<value>])...]\n"
+	   "                       [(--trailer (<key>|<keyAlias>)[(=|:)<value>])...]\n"
 	   "                       [--parse] [<file>...]"),
 	NULL
 };
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ int cmd_interpret_trailers(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		OPT_BOOL(0, "in-place", &opts.in_place, N_("edit files in place")),
 		OPT_BOOL(0, "trim-empty", &opts.trim_empty, N_("trim empty trailers")),
 
-		OPT_CALLBACK(0, "where", &where, N_("action"),
+		OPT_CALLBACK(0, "where", &where, N_("placement"),
 			     N_("where to place the new trailer"), option_parse_where),
 		OPT_CALLBACK(0, "if-exists", &if_exists, N_("action"),
 			     N_("action if trailer already exists"), option_parse_if_exists),
@@ -108,11 +108,11 @@ int cmd_interpret_trailers(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 			     N_("action if trailer is missing"), option_parse_if_missing),
 
 		OPT_BOOL(0, "only-trailers", &opts.only_trailers, N_("output only the trailers")),
-		OPT_BOOL(0, "only-input", &opts.only_input, N_("do not apply config rules")),
-		OPT_BOOL(0, "unfold", &opts.unfold, N_("join whitespace-continued values")),
-		OPT_CALLBACK_F(0, "parse", &opts, NULL, N_("set parsing options"),
+		OPT_BOOL(0, "only-input", &opts.only_input, N_("do not apply trailer.* configuration variables")),
+		OPT_BOOL(0, "unfold", &opts.unfold, N_("reformat multiline trailer values as single-line values")),
+		OPT_CALLBACK_F(0, "parse", &opts, NULL, N_("alias for --only-trailers --only-input --unfold"),
 			PARSE_OPT_NOARG | PARSE_OPT_NONEG, parse_opt_parse),
-		OPT_BOOL(0, "no-divider", &opts.no_divider, N_("do not treat --- specially")),
+		OPT_BOOL(0, "no-divider", &opts.no_divider, N_("do not treat \"---\" as the end of input")),
 		OPT_CALLBACK(0, "trailer", &trailers, N_("trailer"),
 				N_("trailer(s) to add"), option_parse_trailer),
 		OPT_END()
diff --git a/builtin/log.c b/builtin/log.c
index 80e1be1..ba775d7 100644
--- a/builtin/log.c
+++ b/builtin/log.c
@@ -176,17 +176,15 @@ static void cmd_log_init_defaults(struct rev_info *rev)
 	if (default_follow)
 		rev->diffopt.flags.default_follow_renames = 1;
 	rev->verbose_header = 1;
+	init_diffstat_widths(&rev->diffopt);
 	rev->diffopt.flags.recursive = 1;
-	rev->diffopt.stat_width = -1; /* use full terminal width */
-	rev->diffopt.stat_name_width = -1; /* respect statNameWidth config */
-	rev->diffopt.stat_graph_width = -1; /* respect statGraphWidth config */
+	rev->diffopt.flags.allow_textconv = 1;
 	rev->abbrev_commit = default_abbrev_commit;
 	rev->show_root_diff = default_show_root;
 	rev->subject_prefix = fmt_patch_subject_prefix;
 	rev->patch_name_max = fmt_patch_name_max;
 	rev->show_signature = default_show_signature;
 	rev->encode_email_headers = default_encode_email_headers;
-	rev->diffopt.flags.allow_textconv = 1;
 
 	if (default_date_mode)
 		parse_date_format(default_date_mode, &rev->date_mode);
diff --git a/builtin/merge-tree.c b/builtin/merge-tree.c
index 0de42ae..a35e045 100644
--- a/builtin/merge-tree.c
+++ b/builtin/merge-tree.c
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #include "quote.h"
 #include "tree.h"
 #include "config.h"
+#include "strvec.h"
 
 static int line_termination = '\n';
 
@@ -414,6 +415,7 @@ struct merge_tree_options {
 	int show_messages;
 	int name_only;
 	int use_stdin;
+	struct merge_options merge_options;
 };
 
 static int real_merge(struct merge_tree_options *o,
@@ -423,10 +425,11 @@ static int real_merge(struct merge_tree_options *o,
 {
 	struct commit *parent1, *parent2;
 	struct commit_list *merge_bases = NULL;
-	struct merge_options opt;
 	struct merge_result result = { 0 };
 	int show_messages = o->show_messages;
+	struct merge_options opt;
 
+	copy_merge_options(&opt, &o->merge_options);
 	parent1 = get_merge_parent(branch1);
 	if (!parent1)
 		help_unknown_ref(branch1, "merge-tree",
@@ -437,8 +440,6 @@ static int real_merge(struct merge_tree_options *o,
 		help_unknown_ref(branch2, "merge-tree",
 				 _("not something we can merge"));
 
-	init_merge_options(&opt, the_repository);
-
 	opt.show_rename_progress = 0;
 
 	opt.branch1 = branch1;
@@ -507,12 +508,14 @@ static int real_merge(struct merge_tree_options *o,
 	if (o->use_stdin)
 		putchar(line_termination);
 	merge_finalize(&opt, &result);
+	clear_merge_options(&opt);
 	return !result.clean; /* result.clean < 0 handled above */
 }
 
 int cmd_merge_tree(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 {
 	struct merge_tree_options o = { .show_messages = -1 };
+	struct strvec xopts = STRVEC_INIT;
 	int expected_remaining_argc;
 	int original_argc;
 	const char *merge_base = NULL;
@@ -548,14 +551,25 @@ int cmd_merge_tree(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 			   &merge_base,
 			   N_("commit"),
 			   N_("specify a merge-base for the merge")),
+		OPT_STRVEC('X', "strategy-option", &xopts, N_("option=value"),
+			N_("option for selected merge strategy")),
 		OPT_END()
 	};
 
+	/* Init merge options */
+	init_merge_options(&o.merge_options, the_repository);
+
 	/* Parse arguments */
 	original_argc = argc - 1; /* ignoring argv[0] */
 	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, mt_options,
 			     merge_tree_usage, PARSE_OPT_STOP_AT_NON_OPTION);
 
+	if (xopts.nr && o.mode == MODE_TRIVIAL)
+		die(_("--trivial-merge is incompatible with all other options"));
+	for (int x = 0; x < xopts.nr; x++)
+		if (parse_merge_opt(&o.merge_options, xopts.v[x]))
+			die(_("unknown strategy option: -X%s"), xopts.v[x]);
+
 	/* Handle --stdin */
 	if (o.use_stdin) {
 		struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
diff --git a/builtin/merge.c b/builtin/merge.c
index fd21c0d..d748d46 100644
--- a/builtin/merge.c
+++ b/builtin/merge.c
@@ -466,9 +466,7 @@ static void finish(struct commit *head_commit,
 	if (new_head && show_diffstat) {
 		struct diff_options opts;
 		repo_diff_setup(the_repository, &opts);
-		opts.stat_width = -1; /* use full terminal width */
-		opts.stat_name_width = -1; /* respect statNameWidth config */
-		opts.stat_graph_width = -1; /* respect statGraphWidth config */
+		init_diffstat_widths(&opts);
 		opts.output_format |=
 			DIFF_FORMAT_SUMMARY | DIFF_FORMAT_DIFFSTAT;
 		opts.detect_rename = DIFF_DETECT_RENAME;
@@ -1634,6 +1632,7 @@ int cmd_merge(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 
 		for (j = remoteheads; j; j = j->next) {
 			struct commit_list *common_one;
+			struct commit *common_item;
 
 			/*
 			 * Here we *have* to calculate the individual
@@ -1643,7 +1642,9 @@ int cmd_merge(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 			common_one = repo_get_merge_bases(the_repository,
 							  head_commit,
 							  j->item);
-			if (!oideq(&common_one->item->object.oid, &j->item->object.oid)) {
+			common_item = common_one->item;
+			free_commit_list(common_one);
+			if (!oideq(&common_item->object.oid, &j->item->object.oid)) {
 				up_to_date = 0;
 				break;
 			}
diff --git a/builtin/pack-objects.c b/builtin/pack-objects.c
index 6eb9756..89a8b5a 100644
--- a/builtin/pack-objects.c
+++ b/builtin/pack-objects.c
@@ -4402,12 +4402,8 @@ int cmd_pack_objects(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	if (!rev_list_all || !rev_list_reflog || !rev_list_index)
 		unpack_unreachable_expiration = 0;
 
-	if (filter_options.choice) {
-		if (!pack_to_stdout)
-			die(_("cannot use --filter without --stdout"));
-		if (stdin_packs)
-			die(_("cannot use --filter with --stdin-packs"));
-	}
+	if (stdin_packs && filter_options.choice)
+		die(_("cannot use --filter with --stdin-packs"));
 
 	if (stdin_packs && use_internal_rev_list)
 		die(_("cannot use internal rev list with --stdin-packs"));
diff --git a/builtin/rebase.c b/builtin/rebase.c
index ed15acc..f990811 100644
--- a/builtin/rebase.c
+++ b/builtin/rebase.c
@@ -1803,9 +1803,7 @@ int cmd_rebase(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 
 		/* We want color (if set), but no pager */
 		repo_diff_setup(the_repository, &opts);
-		opts.stat_width = -1; /* use full terminal width */
-		opts.stat_name_width = -1; /* respect statNameWidth config */
-		opts.stat_graph_width = -1; /* respect statGraphWidth config */
+		init_diffstat_widths(&opts);
 		opts.output_format |=
 			DIFF_FORMAT_SUMMARY | DIFF_FORMAT_DIFFSTAT;
 		opts.detect_rename = DIFF_DETECT_RENAME;
diff --git a/builtin/repack.c b/builtin/repack.c
index 529e131..edaee4d 100644
--- a/builtin/repack.c
+++ b/builtin/repack.c
@@ -21,12 +21,14 @@
 #include "pack.h"
 #include "pack-bitmap.h"
 #include "refs.h"
+#include "list-objects-filter-options.h"
 
 #define ALL_INTO_ONE 1
 #define LOOSEN_UNREACHABLE 2
 #define PACK_CRUFT 4
 
 #define DELETE_PACK 1
+#define RETAIN_PACK 2
 
 static int pack_everything;
 static int delta_base_offset = 1;
@@ -51,11 +53,12 @@ struct pack_objects_args {
 	const char *window_memory;
 	const char *depth;
 	const char *threads;
-	const char *max_pack_size;
+	unsigned long max_pack_size;
 	int no_reuse_delta;
 	int no_reuse_object;
 	int quiet;
 	int local;
+	struct list_objects_filter_options filter_options;
 };
 
 static int repack_config(const char *var, const char *value,
@@ -116,11 +119,26 @@ static void pack_mark_for_deletion(struct string_list_item *item)
 	item->util = (void*)((uintptr_t)item->util | DELETE_PACK);
 }
 
+static void pack_unmark_for_deletion(struct string_list_item *item)
+{
+	item->util = (void*)((uintptr_t)item->util & ~DELETE_PACK);
+}
+
 static int pack_is_marked_for_deletion(struct string_list_item *item)
 {
 	return (uintptr_t)item->util & DELETE_PACK;
 }
 
+static void pack_mark_retained(struct string_list_item *item)
+{
+	item->util = (void*)((uintptr_t)item->util | RETAIN_PACK);
+}
+
+static int pack_is_retained(struct string_list_item *item)
+{
+	return (uintptr_t)item->util & RETAIN_PACK;
+}
+
 static void mark_packs_for_deletion_1(struct string_list *names,
 				      struct string_list *list)
 {
@@ -133,17 +151,39 @@ static void mark_packs_for_deletion_1(struct string_list *names,
 		if (len < hexsz)
 			continue;
 		sha1 = item->string + len - hexsz;
-		/*
-		 * Mark this pack for deletion, which ensures that this
-		 * pack won't be included in a MIDX (if `--write-midx`
-		 * was given) and that we will actually delete this pack
-		 * (if `-d` was given).
-		 */
-		if (!string_list_has_string(names, sha1))
+
+		if (pack_is_retained(item)) {
+			pack_unmark_for_deletion(item);
+		} else if (!string_list_has_string(names, sha1)) {
+			/*
+			 * Mark this pack for deletion, which ensures
+			 * that this pack won't be included in a MIDX
+			 * (if `--write-midx` was given) and that we
+			 * will actually delete this pack (if `-d` was
+			 * given).
+			 */
 			pack_mark_for_deletion(item);
+		}
 	}
 }
 
+static void retain_cruft_pack(struct existing_packs *existing,
+			      struct packed_git *cruft)
+{
+	struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
+	struct string_list_item *item;
+
+	strbuf_addstr(&buf, pack_basename(cruft));
+	strbuf_strip_suffix(&buf, ".pack");
+
+	item = string_list_lookup(&existing->cruft_packs, buf.buf);
+	if (!item)
+		BUG("could not find cruft pack '%s'", pack_basename(cruft));
+
+	pack_mark_retained(item);
+	strbuf_release(&buf);
+}
+
 static void mark_packs_for_deletion(struct existing_packs *existing,
 				    struct string_list *names)
 
@@ -225,6 +265,8 @@ static void collect_pack_filenames(struct existing_packs *existing,
 	}
 
 	string_list_sort(&existing->kept_packs);
+	string_list_sort(&existing->non_kept_packs);
+	string_list_sort(&existing->cruft_packs);
 	strbuf_release(&buf);
 }
 
@@ -242,7 +284,7 @@ static void prepare_pack_objects(struct child_process *cmd,
 	if (args->threads)
 		strvec_pushf(&cmd->args, "--threads=%s", args->threads);
 	if (args->max_pack_size)
-		strvec_pushf(&cmd->args, "--max-pack-size=%s", args->max_pack_size);
+		strvec_pushf(&cmd->args, "--max-pack-size=%lu", args->max_pack_size);
 	if (args->no_reuse_delta)
 		strvec_pushf(&cmd->args, "--no-reuse-delta");
 	if (args->no_reuse_object)
@@ -315,6 +357,18 @@ static struct generated_pack_data *populate_pack_exts(const char *name)
 	return data;
 }
 
+static int has_pack_ext(const struct generated_pack_data *data,
+			const char *ext)
+{
+	int i;
+	for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(exts); i++) {
+		if (strcmp(exts[i].name, ext))
+			continue;
+		return !!data->tempfiles[i];
+	}
+	BUG("unknown pack extension: '%s'", ext);
+}
+
 static void repack_promisor_objects(const struct pack_objects_args *args,
 				    struct string_list *names)
 {
@@ -732,6 +786,7 @@ static void midx_included_packs(struct string_list *include,
 
 static int write_midx_included_packs(struct string_list *include,
 				     struct pack_geometry *geometry,
+				     struct string_list *names,
 				     const char *refs_snapshot,
 				     int show_progress, int write_bitmaps)
 {
@@ -761,6 +816,38 @@ static int write_midx_included_packs(struct string_list *include,
 	if (preferred)
 		strvec_pushf(&cmd.args, "--preferred-pack=%s",
 			     pack_basename(preferred));
+	else if (names->nr) {
+		/* The largest pack was repacked, meaning that either
+		 * one or two packs exist depending on whether the
+		 * repository has a cruft pack or not.
+		 *
+		 * Select the non-cruft one as preferred to encourage
+		 * pack-reuse among packs containing reachable objects
+		 * over unreachable ones.
+		 *
+		 * (Note we could write multiple packs here if
+		 * `--max-pack-size` was given, but any one of them
+		 * will suffice, so pick the first one.)
+		 */
+		for_each_string_list_item(item, names) {
+			struct generated_pack_data *data = item->util;
+			if (has_pack_ext(data, ".mtimes"))
+				continue;
+
+			strvec_pushf(&cmd.args, "--preferred-pack=pack-%s.pack",
+				     item->string);
+			break;
+		}
+	} else {
+		/*
+		 * No packs were kept, and no packs were written. The
+		 * only thing remaining are .keep packs (unless
+		 * --pack-kept-objects was given).
+		 *
+		 * Set the `--preferred-pack` arbitrarily here.
+		 */
+		;
+	}
 
 	if (refs_snapshot)
 		strvec_pushf(&cmd.args, "--refs-snapshot=%s", refs_snapshot);
@@ -806,6 +893,153 @@ static void remove_redundant_bitmaps(struct string_list *include,
 	strbuf_release(&path);
 }
 
+static int finish_pack_objects_cmd(struct child_process *cmd,
+				   struct string_list *names,
+				   int local)
+{
+	FILE *out;
+	struct strbuf line = STRBUF_INIT;
+
+	out = xfdopen(cmd->out, "r");
+	while (strbuf_getline_lf(&line, out) != EOF) {
+		struct string_list_item *item;
+
+		if (line.len != the_hash_algo->hexsz)
+			die(_("repack: Expecting full hex object ID lines only "
+			      "from pack-objects."));
+		/*
+		 * Avoid putting packs written outside of the repository in the
+		 * list of names.
+		 */
+		if (local) {
+			item = string_list_append(names, line.buf);
+			item->util = populate_pack_exts(line.buf);
+		}
+	}
+	fclose(out);
+
+	strbuf_release(&line);
+
+	return finish_command(cmd);
+}
+
+static int write_filtered_pack(const struct pack_objects_args *args,
+			       const char *destination,
+			       const char *pack_prefix,
+			       struct existing_packs *existing,
+			       struct string_list *names)
+{
+	struct child_process cmd = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
+	struct string_list_item *item;
+	FILE *in;
+	int ret;
+	const char *caret;
+	const char *scratch;
+	int local = skip_prefix(destination, packdir, &scratch);
+
+	prepare_pack_objects(&cmd, args, destination);
+
+	strvec_push(&cmd.args, "--stdin-packs");
+
+	if (!pack_kept_objects)
+		strvec_push(&cmd.args, "--honor-pack-keep");
+	for_each_string_list_item(item, &existing->kept_packs)
+		strvec_pushf(&cmd.args, "--keep-pack=%s", item->string);
+
+	cmd.in = -1;
+
+	ret = start_command(&cmd);
+	if (ret)
+		return ret;
+
+	/*
+	 * Here 'names' contains only the pack(s) that were just
+	 * written, which is exactly the packs we want to keep. Also
+	 * 'existing_kept_packs' already contains the packs in
+	 * 'keep_pack_list'.
+	 */
+	in = xfdopen(cmd.in, "w");
+	for_each_string_list_item(item, names)
+		fprintf(in, "^%s-%s.pack\n", pack_prefix, item->string);
+	for_each_string_list_item(item, &existing->non_kept_packs)
+		fprintf(in, "%s.pack\n", item->string);
+	for_each_string_list_item(item, &existing->cruft_packs)
+		fprintf(in, "%s.pack\n", item->string);
+	caret = pack_kept_objects ? "" : "^";
+	for_each_string_list_item(item, &existing->kept_packs)
+		fprintf(in, "%s%s.pack\n", caret, item->string);
+	fclose(in);
+
+	return finish_pack_objects_cmd(&cmd, names, local);
+}
+
+static int existing_cruft_pack_cmp(const void *va, const void *vb)
+{
+	struct packed_git *a = *(struct packed_git **)va;
+	struct packed_git *b = *(struct packed_git **)vb;
+
+	if (a->pack_size < b->pack_size)
+		return -1;
+	if (a->pack_size > b->pack_size)
+		return 1;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static void collapse_small_cruft_packs(FILE *in, size_t max_size,
+				       struct existing_packs *existing)
+{
+	struct packed_git **existing_cruft, *p;
+	struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
+	size_t total_size = 0;
+	size_t existing_cruft_nr = 0;
+	size_t i;
+
+	ALLOC_ARRAY(existing_cruft, existing->cruft_packs.nr);
+
+	for (p = get_all_packs(the_repository); p; p = p->next) {
+		if (!(p->is_cruft && p->pack_local))
+			continue;
+
+		strbuf_reset(&buf);
+		strbuf_addstr(&buf, pack_basename(p));
+		strbuf_strip_suffix(&buf, ".pack");
+
+		if (!string_list_has_string(&existing->cruft_packs, buf.buf))
+			continue;
+
+		if (existing_cruft_nr >= existing->cruft_packs.nr)
+			BUG("too many cruft packs (found %"PRIuMAX", but knew "
+			    "of %"PRIuMAX")",
+			    (uintmax_t)existing_cruft_nr + 1,
+			    (uintmax_t)existing->cruft_packs.nr);
+		existing_cruft[existing_cruft_nr++] = p;
+	}
+
+	QSORT(existing_cruft, existing_cruft_nr, existing_cruft_pack_cmp);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < existing_cruft_nr; i++) {
+		size_t proposed;
+
+		p = existing_cruft[i];
+		proposed = st_add(total_size, p->pack_size);
+
+		if (proposed <= max_size) {
+			total_size = proposed;
+			fprintf(in, "-%s\n", pack_basename(p));
+		} else {
+			retain_cruft_pack(existing, p);
+			fprintf(in, "%s\n", pack_basename(p));
+		}
+	}
+
+	for (i = 0; i < existing->non_kept_packs.nr; i++)
+		fprintf(in, "-%s.pack\n",
+			existing->non_kept_packs.items[i].string);
+
+	strbuf_release(&buf);
+	free(existing_cruft);
+}
+
 static int write_cruft_pack(const struct pack_objects_args *args,
 			    const char *destination,
 			    const char *pack_prefix,
@@ -814,9 +1048,8 @@ static int write_cruft_pack(const struct pack_objects_args *args,
 			    struct existing_packs *existing)
 {
 	struct child_process cmd = CHILD_PROCESS_INIT;
-	struct strbuf line = STRBUF_INIT;
 	struct string_list_item *item;
-	FILE *in, *out;
+	FILE *in;
 	int ret;
 	const char *scratch;
 	int local = skip_prefix(destination, packdir, &scratch);
@@ -853,35 +1086,30 @@ static int write_cruft_pack(const struct pack_objects_args *args,
 	in = xfdopen(cmd.in, "w");
 	for_each_string_list_item(item, names)
 		fprintf(in, "%s-%s.pack\n", pack_prefix, item->string);
-	for_each_string_list_item(item, &existing->non_kept_packs)
-		fprintf(in, "-%s.pack\n", item->string);
-	for_each_string_list_item(item, &existing->cruft_packs)
-		fprintf(in, "-%s.pack\n", item->string);
+	if (args->max_pack_size && !cruft_expiration) {
+		collapse_small_cruft_packs(in, args->max_pack_size, existing);
+	} else {
+		for_each_string_list_item(item, &existing->non_kept_packs)
+			fprintf(in, "-%s.pack\n", item->string);
+		for_each_string_list_item(item, &existing->cruft_packs)
+			fprintf(in, "-%s.pack\n", item->string);
+	}
 	for_each_string_list_item(item, &existing->kept_packs)
 		fprintf(in, "%s.pack\n", item->string);
 	fclose(in);
 
-	out = xfdopen(cmd.out, "r");
-	while (strbuf_getline_lf(&line, out) != EOF) {
-		struct string_list_item *item;
+	return finish_pack_objects_cmd(&cmd, names, local);
+}
 
-		if (line.len != the_hash_algo->hexsz)
-			die(_("repack: Expecting full hex object ID lines only "
-			      "from pack-objects."));
-		/*
-		 * avoid putting packs written outside of the repository in the
-		 * list of names
-		 */
-		if (local) {
-			item = string_list_append(names, line.buf);
-			item->util = populate_pack_exts(line.buf);
-		}
-	}
-	fclose(out);
-
-	strbuf_release(&line);
-
-	return finish_command(&cmd);
+static const char *find_pack_prefix(const char *packdir, const char *packtmp)
+{
+	const char *pack_prefix;
+	if (!skip_prefix(packtmp, packdir, &pack_prefix))
+		die(_("pack prefix %s does not begin with objdir %s"),
+		    packtmp, packdir);
+	if (*pack_prefix == '/')
+		pack_prefix++;
+	return pack_prefix;
 }
 
 int cmd_repack(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
@@ -891,10 +1119,8 @@ int cmd_repack(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	struct string_list names = STRING_LIST_INIT_DUP;
 	struct existing_packs existing = EXISTING_PACKS_INIT;
 	struct pack_geometry geometry = { 0 };
-	struct strbuf line = STRBUF_INIT;
 	struct tempfile *refs_snapshot = NULL;
 	int i, ext, ret;
-	FILE *out;
 	int show_progress;
 
 	/* variables to be filled by option parsing */
@@ -907,6 +1133,7 @@ int cmd_repack(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	int write_midx = 0;
 	const char *cruft_expiration = NULL;
 	const char *expire_to = NULL;
+	const char *filter_to = NULL;
 
 	struct option builtin_repack_options[] = {
 		OPT_BIT('a', NULL, &pack_everything,
@@ -919,6 +1146,8 @@ int cmd_repack(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 				   PACK_CRUFT),
 		OPT_STRING(0, "cruft-expiration", &cruft_expiration, N_("approxidate"),
 				N_("with --cruft, expire objects older than this")),
+		OPT_MAGNITUDE(0, "max-cruft-size", &cruft_po_args.max_pack_size,
+				N_("with --cruft, limit the size of new cruft packs")),
 		OPT_BOOL('d', NULL, &delete_redundant,
 				N_("remove redundant packs, and run git-prune-packed")),
 		OPT_BOOL('f', NULL, &po_args.no_reuse_delta,
@@ -946,8 +1175,9 @@ int cmd_repack(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 				N_("limits the maximum delta depth")),
 		OPT_STRING(0, "threads", &po_args.threads, N_("n"),
 				N_("limits the maximum number of threads")),
-		OPT_STRING(0, "max-pack-size", &po_args.max_pack_size, N_("bytes"),
+		OPT_MAGNITUDE(0, "max-pack-size", &po_args.max_pack_size,
 				N_("maximum size of each packfile")),
+		OPT_PARSE_LIST_OBJECTS_FILTER(&po_args.filter_options),
 		OPT_BOOL(0, "pack-kept-objects", &pack_kept_objects,
 				N_("repack objects in packs marked with .keep")),
 		OPT_STRING_LIST(0, "keep-pack", &keep_pack_list, N_("name"),
@@ -958,9 +1188,13 @@ int cmd_repack(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 			   N_("write a multi-pack index of the resulting packs")),
 		OPT_STRING(0, "expire-to", &expire_to, N_("dir"),
 			   N_("pack prefix to store a pack containing pruned objects")),
+		OPT_STRING(0, "filter-to", &filter_to, N_("dir"),
+			   N_("pack prefix to store a pack containing filtered out objects")),
 		OPT_END()
 	};
 
+	list_objects_filter_init(&po_args.filter_options);
+
 	git_config(repack_config, &cruft_po_args);
 
 	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, builtin_repack_options,
@@ -1101,6 +1335,12 @@ int cmd_repack(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		strvec_push(&cmd.args, "--incremental");
 	}
 
+	if (po_args.filter_options.choice)
+		strvec_pushf(&cmd.args, "--filter=%s",
+			     expand_list_objects_filter_spec(&po_args.filter_options));
+	else if (filter_to)
+		die(_("option '%s' can only be used along with '%s'"), "--filter-to", "--filter");
+
 	if (geometry.split_factor)
 		cmd.in = -1;
 	else
@@ -1124,18 +1364,7 @@ int cmd_repack(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		fclose(in);
 	}
 
-	out = xfdopen(cmd.out, "r");
-	while (strbuf_getline_lf(&line, out) != EOF) {
-		struct string_list_item *item;
-
-		if (line.len != the_hash_algo->hexsz)
-			die(_("repack: Expecting full hex object ID lines only from pack-objects."));
-		item = string_list_append(&names, line.buf);
-		item->util = populate_pack_exts(item->string);
-	}
-	strbuf_release(&line);
-	fclose(out);
-	ret = finish_command(&cmd);
+	ret = finish_pack_objects_cmd(&cmd, &names, 1);
 	if (ret)
 		goto cleanup;
 
@@ -1143,12 +1372,7 @@ int cmd_repack(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		printf_ln(_("Nothing new to pack."));
 
 	if (pack_everything & PACK_CRUFT) {
-		const char *pack_prefix;
-		if (!skip_prefix(packtmp, packdir, &pack_prefix))
-			die(_("pack prefix %s does not begin with objdir %s"),
-			    packtmp, packdir);
-		if (*pack_prefix == '/')
-			pack_prefix++;
+		const char *pack_prefix = find_pack_prefix(packdir, packtmp);
 
 		if (!cruft_po_args.window)
 			cruft_po_args.window = po_args.window;
@@ -1203,6 +1427,19 @@ int cmd_repack(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		}
 	}
 
+	if (po_args.filter_options.choice) {
+		if (!filter_to)
+			filter_to = packtmp;
+
+		ret = write_filtered_pack(&po_args,
+					  filter_to,
+					  find_pack_prefix(packdir, packtmp),
+					  &existing,
+					  &names);
+		if (ret)
+			goto cleanup;
+	}
+
 	string_list_sort(&names);
 
 	close_object_store(the_repository->objects);
@@ -1248,7 +1485,7 @@ int cmd_repack(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		struct string_list include = STRING_LIST_INIT_NODUP;
 		midx_included_packs(&include, &existing, &names, &geometry);
 
-		ret = write_midx_included_packs(&include, &geometry,
+		ret = write_midx_included_packs(&include, &geometry, &names,
 						refs_snapshot ? get_tempfile_path(refs_snapshot) : NULL,
 						show_progress, write_bitmaps > 0);
 
@@ -1295,6 +1532,7 @@ int cmd_repack(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	string_list_clear(&names, 1);
 	existing_packs_release(&existing);
 	free_pack_geometry(&geometry);
+	list_objects_filter_release(&po_args.filter_options);
 
 	return ret;
 }
diff --git a/builtin/stash.c b/builtin/stash.c
index 1ad4969..4a6771c 100644
--- a/builtin/stash.c
+++ b/builtin/stash.c
@@ -989,6 +989,12 @@ static int show_stash(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 static int do_store_stash(const struct object_id *w_commit, const char *stash_msg,
 			  int quiet)
 {
+	struct stash_info info;
+	char revision[GIT_MAX_HEXSZ];
+
+	oid_to_hex_r(revision, w_commit);
+	assert_stash_like(&info, revision);
+
 	if (!stash_msg)
 		stash_msg = "Created via \"git stash store\".";
 
diff --git a/builtin/submodule--helper.c b/builtin/submodule--helper.c
index 6f3bf33..cce4645 100644
--- a/builtin/submodule--helper.c
+++ b/builtin/submodule--helper.c
@@ -2889,7 +2889,7 @@ static int absorb_git_dirs(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 
 static int module_set_url(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 {
-	int quiet = 0;
+	int quiet = 0, ret;
 	const char *newurl;
 	const char *path;
 	char *config_name;
@@ -2901,20 +2901,29 @@ static int module_set_url(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		N_("git submodule set-url [--quiet] <path> <newurl>"),
 		NULL
 	};
+	const struct submodule *sub;
 
 	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, options, usage, 0);
 
 	if (argc != 2 || !(path = argv[0]) || !(newurl = argv[1]))
 		usage_with_options(usage, options);
 
-	config_name = xstrfmt("submodule.%s.url", path);
+	sub = submodule_from_path(the_repository, null_oid(), path);
 
-	config_set_in_gitmodules_file_gently(config_name, newurl);
-	sync_submodule(path, prefix, NULL, quiet ? OPT_QUIET : 0);
+	if (!sub)
+		die(_("no submodule mapping found in .gitmodules for path '%s'"),
+		    path);
+
+	config_name = xstrfmt("submodule.%s.url", sub->name);
+	ret = config_set_in_gitmodules_file_gently(config_name, newurl);
+
+	if (!ret) {
+		repo_read_gitmodules(the_repository, 0);
+		sync_submodule(sub->path, prefix, NULL, quiet ? OPT_QUIET : 0);
+	}
 
 	free(config_name);
-
-	return 0;
+	return !!ret;
 }
 
 static int module_set_branch(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
@@ -2941,6 +2950,7 @@ static int module_set_branch(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		N_("git submodule set-branch [-q|--quiet] (-b|--branch) <branch> <path>"),
 		NULL
 	};
+	const struct submodule *sub;
 
 	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, options, usage, 0);
 
@@ -2953,7 +2963,13 @@ static int module_set_branch(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	if (argc != 1 || !(path = argv[0]))
 		usage_with_options(usage, options);
 
-	config_name = xstrfmt("submodule.%s.branch", path);
+	sub = submodule_from_path(the_repository, null_oid(), path);
+
+	if (!sub)
+		die(_("no submodule mapping found in .gitmodules for path '%s'"),
+		    path);
+
+	config_name = xstrfmt("submodule.%s.branch", sub->name);
 	ret = config_set_in_gitmodules_file_gently(config_name, opt_branch);
 
 	free(config_name);
diff --git a/bulk-checkin.c b/bulk-checkin.c
index 92b9c85..6ce6299 100644
--- a/bulk-checkin.c
+++ b/bulk-checkin.c
@@ -155,10 +155,10 @@ static int already_written(struct bulk_checkin_packfile *state, struct object_id
  * status before calling us just in case we ask it to call us again
  * with a new pack.
  */
-static int stream_to_pack(struct bulk_checkin_packfile *state,
-			  git_hash_ctx *ctx, off_t *already_hashed_to,
-			  int fd, size_t size, enum object_type type,
-			  const char *path, unsigned flags)
+static int stream_blob_to_pack(struct bulk_checkin_packfile *state,
+			       git_hash_ctx *ctx, off_t *already_hashed_to,
+			       int fd, size_t size, const char *path,
+			       unsigned flags)
 {
 	git_zstream s;
 	unsigned char ibuf[16384];
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ static int stream_to_pack(struct bulk_checkin_packfile *state,
 
 	git_deflate_init(&s, pack_compression_level);
 
-	hdrlen = encode_in_pack_object_header(obuf, sizeof(obuf), type, size);
+	hdrlen = encode_in_pack_object_header(obuf, sizeof(obuf), OBJ_BLOB, size);
 	s.next_out = obuf + hdrlen;
 	s.avail_out = sizeof(obuf) - hdrlen;
 
@@ -247,11 +247,10 @@ static void prepare_to_stream(struct bulk_checkin_packfile *state,
 		die_errno("unable to write pack header");
 }
 
-static int deflate_to_pack(struct bulk_checkin_packfile *state,
-			   struct object_id *result_oid,
-			   int fd, size_t size,
-			   enum object_type type, const char *path,
-			   unsigned flags)
+static int deflate_blob_to_pack(struct bulk_checkin_packfile *state,
+				struct object_id *result_oid,
+				int fd, size_t size,
+				const char *path, unsigned flags)
 {
 	off_t seekback, already_hashed_to;
 	git_hash_ctx ctx;
@@ -265,7 +264,7 @@ static int deflate_to_pack(struct bulk_checkin_packfile *state,
 		return error("cannot find the current offset");
 
 	header_len = format_object_header((char *)obuf, sizeof(obuf),
-					  type, size);
+					  OBJ_BLOB, size);
 	the_hash_algo->init_fn(&ctx);
 	the_hash_algo->update_fn(&ctx, obuf, header_len);
 	the_hash_algo->init_fn(&checkpoint.ctx);
@@ -283,8 +282,8 @@ static int deflate_to_pack(struct bulk_checkin_packfile *state,
 			idx->offset = state->offset;
 			crc32_begin(state->f);
 		}
-		if (!stream_to_pack(state, &ctx, &already_hashed_to,
-				    fd, size, type, path, flags))
+		if (!stream_blob_to_pack(state, &ctx, &already_hashed_to,
+					 fd, size, path, flags))
 			break;
 		/*
 		 * Writing this object to the current pack will make
@@ -351,12 +350,12 @@ void fsync_loose_object_bulk_checkin(int fd, const char *filename)
 	}
 }
 
-int index_bulk_checkin(struct object_id *oid,
-		       int fd, size_t size, enum object_type type,
-		       const char *path, unsigned flags)
+int index_blob_bulk_checkin(struct object_id *oid,
+			    int fd, size_t size,
+			    const char *path, unsigned flags)
 {
-	int status = deflate_to_pack(&bulk_checkin_packfile, oid, fd, size, type,
-				     path, flags);
+	int status = deflate_blob_to_pack(&bulk_checkin_packfile, oid, fd, size,
+					  path, flags);
 	if (!odb_transaction_nesting)
 		flush_bulk_checkin_packfile(&bulk_checkin_packfile);
 	return status;
diff --git a/bulk-checkin.h b/bulk-checkin.h
index 48fe9a6..aa7286a 100644
--- a/bulk-checkin.h
+++ b/bulk-checkin.h
@@ -9,9 +9,9 @@
 void prepare_loose_object_bulk_checkin(void);
 void fsync_loose_object_bulk_checkin(int fd, const char *filename);
 
-int index_bulk_checkin(struct object_id *oid,
-		       int fd, size_t size, enum object_type type,
-		       const char *path, unsigned flags);
+int index_blob_bulk_checkin(struct object_id *oid,
+			    int fd, size_t size,
+			    const char *path, unsigned flags);
 
 /*
  * Tell the object database to optimize for adding
diff --git a/chunk-format.c b/chunk-format.c
index 140dfa0..cdc7f39 100644
--- a/chunk-format.c
+++ b/chunk-format.c
@@ -102,7 +102,8 @@ int read_table_of_contents(struct chunkfile *cf,
 			   const unsigned char *mfile,
 			   size_t mfile_size,
 			   uint64_t toc_offset,
-			   int toc_length)
+			   int toc_length,
+			   unsigned expected_alignment)
 {
 	int i;
 	uint32_t chunk_id;
@@ -120,6 +121,11 @@ int read_table_of_contents(struct chunkfile *cf,
 			error(_("terminating chunk id appears earlier than expected"));
 			return 1;
 		}
+		if (chunk_offset % expected_alignment != 0) {
+			error(_("chunk id %"PRIx32" not %d-byte aligned"),
+			      chunk_id, expected_alignment);
+			return 1;
+		}
 
 		table_of_contents += CHUNK_TOC_ENTRY_SIZE;
 		next_chunk_offset = get_be64(table_of_contents + 4);
@@ -154,20 +160,28 @@ int read_table_of_contents(struct chunkfile *cf,
 	return 0;
 }
 
+struct pair_chunk_data {
+	const unsigned char **p;
+	size_t *size;
+};
+
 static int pair_chunk_fn(const unsigned char *chunk_start,
 			 size_t chunk_size,
 			 void *data)
 {
-	const unsigned char **p = data;
-	*p = chunk_start;
+	struct pair_chunk_data *pcd = data;
+	*pcd->p = chunk_start;
+	*pcd->size = chunk_size;
 	return 0;
 }
 
 int pair_chunk(struct chunkfile *cf,
 	       uint32_t chunk_id,
-	       const unsigned char **p)
+	       const unsigned char **p,
+	       size_t *size)
 {
-	return read_chunk(cf, chunk_id, pair_chunk_fn, p);
+	struct pair_chunk_data pcd = { .p = p, .size = size };
+	return read_chunk(cf, chunk_id, pair_chunk_fn, &pcd);
 }
 
 int read_chunk(struct chunkfile *cf,
diff --git a/chunk-format.h b/chunk-format.h
index c7794e8..14b7618 100644
--- a/chunk-format.h
+++ b/chunk-format.h
@@ -36,20 +36,23 @@ int read_table_of_contents(struct chunkfile *cf,
 			   const unsigned char *mfile,
 			   size_t mfile_size,
 			   uint64_t toc_offset,
-			   int toc_length);
+			   int toc_length,
+			   unsigned expected_alignment);
 
 #define CHUNK_NOT_FOUND (-2)
 
 /*
  * Find 'chunk_id' in the given chunkfile and assign the
  * given pointer to the position in the mmap'd file where
- * that chunk begins.
+ * that chunk begins. Likewise the "size" parameter is filled
+ * with the size of the chunk.
  *
  * Returns CHUNK_NOT_FOUND if the chunk does not exist.
  */
 int pair_chunk(struct chunkfile *cf,
 	       uint32_t chunk_id,
-	       const unsigned char **p);
+	       const unsigned char **p,
+	       size_t *size);
 
 typedef int (*chunk_read_fn)(const unsigned char *chunk_start,
 			     size_t chunk_size, void *data);
diff --git a/color.c b/color.c
index b24b195..f663c06 100644
--- a/color.c
+++ b/color.c
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 #include "color.h"
 #include "editor.h"
 #include "gettext.h"
-#include "hex.h"
+#include "hex-ll.h"
 #include "pager.h"
 #include "strbuf.h"
 
diff --git a/commit-graph.c b/commit-graph.c
index 1a56efc..c2b782a 100644
--- a/commit-graph.c
+++ b/commit-graph.c
@@ -277,6 +277,8 @@ struct commit_graph *load_commit_graph_one_fd_st(struct repository *r,
 
 static int verify_commit_graph_lite(struct commit_graph *g)
 {
+	int i;
+
 	/*
 	 * Basic validation shared between parse_commit_graph()
 	 * which'll be called every time the graph is used, and the
@@ -302,6 +304,30 @@ static int verify_commit_graph_lite(struct commit_graph *g)
 		return 1;
 	}
 
+	for (i = 0; i < 255; i++) {
+		uint32_t oid_fanout1 = ntohl(g->chunk_oid_fanout[i]);
+		uint32_t oid_fanout2 = ntohl(g->chunk_oid_fanout[i + 1]);
+
+		if (oid_fanout1 > oid_fanout2) {
+			error("commit-graph fanout values out of order");
+			return 1;
+		}
+	}
+	if (ntohl(g->chunk_oid_fanout[255]) != g->num_commits) {
+		error("commit-graph oid table and fanout disagree on size");
+		return 1;
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int graph_read_oid_fanout(const unsigned char *chunk_start,
+				 size_t chunk_size, void *data)
+{
+	struct commit_graph *g = data;
+	if (chunk_size != 256 * sizeof(uint32_t))
+		return error("commit-graph oid fanout chunk is wrong size");
+	g->chunk_oid_fanout = (const uint32_t *)chunk_start;
 	return 0;
 }
 
@@ -314,12 +340,54 @@ static int graph_read_oid_lookup(const unsigned char *chunk_start,
 	return 0;
 }
 
+static int graph_read_commit_data(const unsigned char *chunk_start,
+				  size_t chunk_size, void *data)
+{
+	struct commit_graph *g = data;
+	if (chunk_size != g->num_commits * GRAPH_DATA_WIDTH)
+		return error("commit-graph commit data chunk is wrong size");
+	g->chunk_commit_data = chunk_start;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int graph_read_generation_data(const unsigned char *chunk_start,
+				      size_t chunk_size, void *data)
+{
+	struct commit_graph *g = data;
+	if (chunk_size != g->num_commits * sizeof(uint32_t))
+		return error("commit-graph generations chunk is wrong size");
+	g->chunk_generation_data = chunk_start;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int graph_read_bloom_index(const unsigned char *chunk_start,
+				  size_t chunk_size, void *data)
+{
+	struct commit_graph *g = data;
+	if (chunk_size != g->num_commits * 4) {
+		warning("commit-graph changed-path index chunk is too small");
+		return -1;
+	}
+	g->chunk_bloom_indexes = chunk_start;
+	return 0;
+}
+
 static int graph_read_bloom_data(const unsigned char *chunk_start,
 				  size_t chunk_size, void *data)
 {
 	struct commit_graph *g = data;
 	uint32_t hash_version;
+
+	if (chunk_size < BLOOMDATA_CHUNK_HEADER_SIZE) {
+		warning("ignoring too-small changed-path chunk"
+			" (%"PRIuMAX" < %"PRIuMAX") in commit-graph file",
+			(uintmax_t)chunk_size,
+			(uintmax_t)BLOOMDATA_CHUNK_HEADER_SIZE);
+		return -1;
+	}
+
 	g->chunk_bloom_data = chunk_start;
+	g->chunk_bloom_data_size = chunk_size;
 	hash_version = get_be32(chunk_start);
 
 	if (hash_version != 1)
@@ -391,29 +459,31 @@ struct commit_graph *parse_commit_graph(struct repo_settings *s,
 	cf = init_chunkfile(NULL);
 
 	if (read_table_of_contents(cf, graph->data, graph_size,
-				   GRAPH_HEADER_SIZE, graph->num_chunks))
+				   GRAPH_HEADER_SIZE, graph->num_chunks, 1))
 		goto free_and_return;
 
-	pair_chunk(cf, GRAPH_CHUNKID_OIDFANOUT,
-		   (const unsigned char **)&graph->chunk_oid_fanout);
+	read_chunk(cf, GRAPH_CHUNKID_OIDFANOUT, graph_read_oid_fanout, graph);
 	read_chunk(cf, GRAPH_CHUNKID_OIDLOOKUP, graph_read_oid_lookup, graph);
-	pair_chunk(cf, GRAPH_CHUNKID_DATA, &graph->chunk_commit_data);
-	pair_chunk(cf, GRAPH_CHUNKID_EXTRAEDGES, &graph->chunk_extra_edges);
-	pair_chunk(cf, GRAPH_CHUNKID_BASE, &graph->chunk_base_graphs);
+	read_chunk(cf, GRAPH_CHUNKID_DATA, graph_read_commit_data, graph);
+	pair_chunk(cf, GRAPH_CHUNKID_EXTRAEDGES, &graph->chunk_extra_edges,
+		   &graph->chunk_extra_edges_size);
+	pair_chunk(cf, GRAPH_CHUNKID_BASE, &graph->chunk_base_graphs,
+		   &graph->chunk_base_graphs_size);
 
 	if (s->commit_graph_generation_version >= 2) {
-		pair_chunk(cf, GRAPH_CHUNKID_GENERATION_DATA,
-			&graph->chunk_generation_data);
+		read_chunk(cf, GRAPH_CHUNKID_GENERATION_DATA,
+			   graph_read_generation_data, graph);
 		pair_chunk(cf, GRAPH_CHUNKID_GENERATION_DATA_OVERFLOW,
-			&graph->chunk_generation_data_overflow);
+			   &graph->chunk_generation_data_overflow,
+			   &graph->chunk_generation_data_overflow_size);
 
 		if (graph->chunk_generation_data)
 			graph->read_generation_data = 1;
 	}
 
 	if (s->commit_graph_read_changed_paths) {
-		pair_chunk(cf, GRAPH_CHUNKID_BLOOMINDEXES,
-			   &graph->chunk_bloom_indexes);
+		read_chunk(cf, GRAPH_CHUNKID_BLOOMINDEXES,
+			   graph_read_bloom_index, graph);
 		read_chunk(cf, GRAPH_CHUNKID_BLOOMDATA,
 			   graph_read_bloom_data, graph);
 	}
@@ -510,6 +580,11 @@ static int add_graph_to_chain(struct commit_graph *g,
 		return 0;
 	}
 
+	if (g->chunk_base_graphs_size / g->hash_len < n) {
+		warning(_("commit-graph base graphs chunk is too small"));
+		return 0;
+	}
+
 	while (n) {
 		n--;
 
@@ -523,8 +598,6 @@ static int add_graph_to_chain(struct commit_graph *g,
 		cur_g = cur_g->base_graph;
 	}
 
-	g->base_graph = chain;
-
 	if (chain) {
 		if (unsigned_add_overflows(chain->num_commits,
 					   chain->num_commits_in_base)) {
@@ -535,6 +608,8 @@ static int add_graph_to_chain(struct commit_graph *g,
 		g->num_commits_in_base = chain->num_commits + chain->num_commits_in_base;
 	}
 
+	g->base_graph = chain;
+
 	return 1;
 }
 
@@ -601,6 +676,8 @@ struct commit_graph *load_commit_graph_chain_fd_st(struct repository *r,
 				if (add_graph_to_chain(g, graph_chain, oids, i)) {
 					graph_chain = g;
 					valid = 1;
+				} else {
+					free_commit_graph(g);
 				}
 
 				break;
@@ -752,19 +829,10 @@ struct bloom_filter_settings *get_bloom_filter_settings(struct repository *r)
 	return NULL;
 }
 
-static void close_commit_graph_one(struct commit_graph *g)
-{
-	if (!g)
-		return;
-
-	clear_commit_graph_data_slab(&commit_graph_data_slab);
-	close_commit_graph_one(g->base_graph);
-	free_commit_graph(g);
-}
-
 void close_commit_graph(struct raw_object_store *o)
 {
-	close_commit_graph_one(o->commit_graph);
+	clear_commit_graph_data_slab(&commit_graph_data_slab);
+	free_commit_graph(o->commit_graph);
 	o->commit_graph = NULL;
 }
 
@@ -844,7 +912,10 @@ static void fill_commit_graph_info(struct commit *item, struct commit_graph *g,
 				die(_("commit-graph requires overflow generation data but has none"));
 
 			offset_pos = offset ^ CORRECTED_COMMIT_DATE_OFFSET_OVERFLOW;
-			graph_data->generation = item->date + get_be64(g->chunk_generation_data_overflow + st_mult(8, offset_pos));
+			if (g->chunk_generation_data_overflow_size / sizeof(uint64_t) <= offset_pos)
+				die(_("commit-graph overflow generation data is too small"));
+			graph_data->generation = item->date +
+				get_be64(g->chunk_generation_data_overflow + sizeof(uint64_t) * offset_pos);
 		} else
 			graph_data->generation = item->date + offset;
 	} else
@@ -864,7 +935,7 @@ static int fill_commit_in_graph(struct repository *r,
 				struct commit_graph *g, uint32_t pos)
 {
 	uint32_t edge_value;
-	uint32_t *parent_data_ptr;
+	uint32_t parent_data_pos;
 	struct commit_list **pptr;
 	const unsigned char *commit_data;
 	uint32_t lex_index;
@@ -896,14 +967,21 @@ static int fill_commit_in_graph(struct repository *r,
 		return 1;
 	}
 
-	parent_data_ptr = (uint32_t*)(g->chunk_extra_edges +
-			  st_mult(4, edge_value & GRAPH_EDGE_LAST_MASK));
+	parent_data_pos = edge_value & GRAPH_EDGE_LAST_MASK;
 	do {
-		edge_value = get_be32(parent_data_ptr);
+		if (g->chunk_extra_edges_size / sizeof(uint32_t) <= parent_data_pos) {
+			error("commit-graph extra-edges pointer out of bounds");
+			free_commit_list(item->parents);
+			item->parents = NULL;
+			item->object.parsed = 0;
+			return 0;
+		}
+		edge_value = get_be32(g->chunk_extra_edges +
+				      sizeof(uint32_t) * parent_data_pos);
 		pptr = insert_parent_or_die(r, g,
 					    edge_value & GRAPH_EDGE_LAST_MASK,
 					    pptr);
-		parent_data_ptr++;
+		parent_data_pos++;
 	} while (!(edge_value & GRAPH_LAST_EDGE));
 
 	return 1;
@@ -2101,9 +2179,11 @@ static int write_commit_graph_file(struct write_commit_graph_context *ctx)
 			free(graph_name);
 		}
 
+		free(ctx->commit_graph_hash_after[ctx->num_commit_graphs_after - 1]);
 		ctx->commit_graph_hash_after[ctx->num_commit_graphs_after - 1] = xstrdup(hash_to_hex(file_hash));
 		final_graph_name = get_split_graph_filename(ctx->odb,
 					ctx->commit_graph_hash_after[ctx->num_commit_graphs_after - 1]);
+		free(ctx->commit_graph_filenames_after[ctx->num_commit_graphs_after - 1]);
 		ctx->commit_graph_filenames_after[ctx->num_commit_graphs_after - 1] = final_graph_name;
 
 		result = rename(ctx->graph_name, final_graph_name);
@@ -2552,6 +2632,7 @@ int write_commit_graph(struct object_directory *odb,
 
 cleanup:
 	free(ctx->graph_name);
+	free(ctx->base_graph_name);
 	free(ctx->commits.list);
 	oid_array_clear(&ctx->oids);
 	clear_topo_level_slab(&topo_levels);
@@ -2782,15 +2863,17 @@ int verify_commit_graph(struct repository *r, struct commit_graph *g, int flags)
 
 void free_commit_graph(struct commit_graph *g)
 {
-	if (!g)
-		return;
-	if (g->data) {
-		munmap((void *)g->data, g->data_len);
-		g->data = NULL;
+	while (g) {
+		struct commit_graph *next = g->base_graph;
+
+		if (g->data)
+			munmap((void *)g->data, g->data_len);
+		free(g->filename);
+		free(g->bloom_filter_settings);
+		free(g);
+
+		g = next;
 	}
-	free(g->filename);
-	free(g->bloom_filter_settings);
-	free(g);
 }
 
 void disable_commit_graph(struct repository *r)
diff --git a/commit-graph.h b/commit-graph.h
index 20ada7e..c687027 100644
--- a/commit-graph.h
+++ b/commit-graph.h
@@ -94,10 +94,14 @@ struct commit_graph {
 	const unsigned char *chunk_commit_data;
 	const unsigned char *chunk_generation_data;
 	const unsigned char *chunk_generation_data_overflow;
+	size_t chunk_generation_data_overflow_size;
 	const unsigned char *chunk_extra_edges;
+	size_t chunk_extra_edges_size;
 	const unsigned char *chunk_base_graphs;
+	size_t chunk_base_graphs_size;
 	const unsigned char *chunk_bloom_indexes;
 	const unsigned char *chunk_bloom_data;
+	size_t chunk_bloom_data_size;
 
 	struct topo_level_slab *topo_levels;
 	struct bloom_filter_settings *bloom_filter_settings;
diff --git a/commit-reach.c b/commit-reach.c
index 4b7c233..a868a57 100644
--- a/commit-reach.c
+++ b/commit-reach.c
@@ -173,6 +173,7 @@ struct commit_list *get_octopus_merge_bases(struct commit_list *in)
 			for (k = bases; k; k = k->next)
 				end = k;
 		}
+		free_commit_list(ret);
 		ret = new_commits;
 	}
 	return ret;
diff --git a/config.c b/config.c
index 2ea3929..f9a1cca 100644
--- a/config.c
+++ b/config.c
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include "date.h"
 #include "branch.h"
 #include "config.h"
+#include "parse.h"
 #include "convert.h"
 #include "environment.h"
 #include "gettext.h"
@@ -1165,129 +1166,6 @@ static int git_parse_source(struct config_source *cs, config_fn_t fn,
 	return error_return;
 }
 
-static uintmax_t get_unit_factor(const char *end)
-{
-	if (!*end)
-		return 1;
-	else if (!strcasecmp(end, "k"))
-		return 1024;
-	else if (!strcasecmp(end, "m"))
-		return 1024 * 1024;
-	else if (!strcasecmp(end, "g"))
-		return 1024 * 1024 * 1024;
-	return 0;
-}
-
-static int git_parse_signed(const char *value, intmax_t *ret, intmax_t max)
-{
-	if (value && *value) {
-		char *end;
-		intmax_t val;
-		intmax_t factor;
-
-		if (max < 0)
-			BUG("max must be a positive integer");
-
-		errno = 0;
-		val = strtoimax(value, &end, 0);
-		if (errno == ERANGE)
-			return 0;
-		if (end == value) {
-			errno = EINVAL;
-			return 0;
-		}
-		factor = get_unit_factor(end);
-		if (!factor) {
-			errno = EINVAL;
-			return 0;
-		}
-		if ((val < 0 && -max / factor > val) ||
-		    (val > 0 && max / factor < val)) {
-			errno = ERANGE;
-			return 0;
-		}
-		val *= factor;
-		*ret = val;
-		return 1;
-	}
-	errno = EINVAL;
-	return 0;
-}
-
-static int git_parse_unsigned(const char *value, uintmax_t *ret, uintmax_t max)
-{
-	if (value && *value) {
-		char *end;
-		uintmax_t val;
-		uintmax_t factor;
-
-		/* negative values would be accepted by strtoumax */
-		if (strchr(value, '-')) {
-			errno = EINVAL;
-			return 0;
-		}
-		errno = 0;
-		val = strtoumax(value, &end, 0);
-		if (errno == ERANGE)
-			return 0;
-		if (end == value) {
-			errno = EINVAL;
-			return 0;
-		}
-		factor = get_unit_factor(end);
-		if (!factor) {
-			errno = EINVAL;
-			return 0;
-		}
-		if (unsigned_mult_overflows(factor, val) ||
-		    factor * val > max) {
-			errno = ERANGE;
-			return 0;
-		}
-		val *= factor;
-		*ret = val;
-		return 1;
-	}
-	errno = EINVAL;
-	return 0;
-}
-
-int git_parse_int(const char *value, int *ret)
-{
-	intmax_t tmp;
-	if (!git_parse_signed(value, &tmp, maximum_signed_value_of_type(int)))
-		return 0;
-	*ret = tmp;
-	return 1;
-}
-
-static int git_parse_int64(const char *value, int64_t *ret)
-{
-	intmax_t tmp;
-	if (!git_parse_signed(value, &tmp, maximum_signed_value_of_type(int64_t)))
-		return 0;
-	*ret = tmp;
-	return 1;
-}
-
-int git_parse_ulong(const char *value, unsigned long *ret)
-{
-	uintmax_t tmp;
-	if (!git_parse_unsigned(value, &tmp, maximum_unsigned_value_of_type(long)))
-		return 0;
-	*ret = tmp;
-	return 1;
-}
-
-int git_parse_ssize_t(const char *value, ssize_t *ret)
-{
-	intmax_t tmp;
-	if (!git_parse_signed(value, &tmp, maximum_signed_value_of_type(ssize_t)))
-		return 0;
-	*ret = tmp;
-	return 1;
-}
-
 NORETURN
 static void die_bad_number(const char *name, const char *value,
 			   const struct key_value_info *kvi)
@@ -1363,23 +1241,6 @@ ssize_t git_config_ssize_t(const char *name, const char *value,
 	return ret;
 }
 
-static int git_parse_maybe_bool_text(const char *value)
-{
-	if (!value)
-		return 1;
-	if (!*value)
-		return 0;
-	if (!strcasecmp(value, "true")
-	    || !strcasecmp(value, "yes")
-	    || !strcasecmp(value, "on"))
-		return 1;
-	if (!strcasecmp(value, "false")
-	    || !strcasecmp(value, "no")
-	    || !strcasecmp(value, "off"))
-		return 0;
-	return -1;
-}
-
 static const struct fsync_component_name {
 	const char *name;
 	enum fsync_component component_bits;
@@ -1454,16 +1315,6 @@ static enum fsync_component parse_fsync_components(const char *var, const char *
 	return (current & ~negative) | positive;
 }
 
-int git_parse_maybe_bool(const char *value)
-{
-	int v = git_parse_maybe_bool_text(value);
-	if (0 <= v)
-		return v;
-	if (git_parse_int(value, &v))
-		return !!v;
-	return -1;
-}
-
 int git_config_bool_or_int(const char *name, const char *value,
 			   const struct key_value_info *kvi, int *is_bool)
 {
@@ -2131,28 +1982,6 @@ void git_global_config(char **user_out, char **xdg_out)
 	*xdg_out = xdg_config;
 }
 
-/*
- * Parse environment variable 'k' as a boolean (in various
- * possible spellings); if missing, use the default value 'def'.
- */
-int git_env_bool(const char *k, int def)
-{
-	const char *v = getenv(k);
-	return v ? git_config_bool(k, v) : def;
-}
-
-/*
- * Parse environment variable 'k' as ulong with possibly a unit
- * suffix; if missing, use the default value 'val'.
- */
-unsigned long git_env_ulong(const char *k, unsigned long val)
-{
-	const char *v = getenv(k);
-	if (v && !git_parse_ulong(v, &val))
-		die(_("failed to parse %s"), k);
-	return val;
-}
-
 int git_config_system(void)
 {
 	return !git_env_bool("GIT_CONFIG_NOSYSTEM", 0);
diff --git a/config.h b/config.h
index 6332d74..14f881e 100644
--- a/config.h
+++ b/config.h
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 #include "hashmap.h"
 #include "string-list.h"
 #include "repository.h"
-
+#include "parse.h"
 
 /**
  * The config API gives callers a way to access Git configuration files
@@ -243,16 +243,6 @@ int config_with_options(config_fn_t fn, void *,
  * The following helper functions aid in parsing string values
  */
 
-int git_parse_ssize_t(const char *, ssize_t *);
-int git_parse_ulong(const char *, unsigned long *);
-int git_parse_int(const char *value, int *ret);
-
-/**
- * Same as `git_config_bool`, except that it returns -1 on error rather
- * than dying.
- */
-int git_parse_maybe_bool(const char *);
-
 /**
  * Parse the string to an integer, including unit factors. Dies on error;
  * otherwise, returns the parsed result.
@@ -385,8 +375,6 @@ int git_config_rename_section(const char *, const char *);
 int git_config_rename_section_in_file(const char *, const char *, const char *);
 int git_config_copy_section(const char *, const char *);
 int git_config_copy_section_in_file(const char *, const char *, const char *);
-int git_env_bool(const char *, int);
-unsigned long git_env_ulong(const char *, unsigned long);
 int git_config_system(void);
 int config_error_nonbool(const char *);
 #if defined(__GNUC__)
diff --git a/contrib/completion/git-completion.bash b/contrib/completion/git-completion.bash
index 477ef81..13a39eb 100644
--- a/contrib/completion/git-completion.bash
+++ b/contrib/completion/git-completion.bash
@@ -2053,7 +2053,7 @@
 "
 # Options accepted by log and show
 __git_log_show_options="
-	--diff-merges --diff-merges= --no-diff-merges --remerge-diff
+	--diff-merges --diff-merges= --no-diff-merges --dd --remerge-diff
 "
 
 __git_diff_merges_opts="off none on first-parent 1 separate m combined c dense-combined cc remerge r"
diff --git a/daemon.c b/daemon.c
index f5e5971..17d331b 100644
--- a/daemon.c
+++ b/daemon.c
@@ -1243,19 +1243,20 @@ static int serve(struct string_list *listen_addr, int listen_port,
 int cmd_main(int argc, const char **argv)
 {
 	int listen_port = 0;
-	struct string_list listen_addr = STRING_LIST_INIT_NODUP;
+	struct string_list listen_addr = STRING_LIST_INIT_DUP;
 	int serve_mode = 0, inetd_mode = 0;
 	const char *pid_file = NULL, *user_name = NULL, *group_name = NULL;
 	int detach = 0;
 	struct credentials *cred = NULL;
 	int i;
+	int ret;
 
 	for (i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
 		const char *arg = argv[i];
 		const char *v;
 
 		if (skip_prefix(arg, "--listen=", &v)) {
-			string_list_append(&listen_addr, xstrdup_tolower(v));
+			string_list_append_nodup(&listen_addr, xstrdup_tolower(v));
 			continue;
 		}
 		if (skip_prefix(arg, "--port=", &v)) {
@@ -1437,22 +1438,26 @@ int cmd_main(int argc, const char **argv)
 			die_errno("failed to redirect stderr to /dev/null");
 	}
 
-	if (inetd_mode || serve_mode)
-		return execute();
+	if (inetd_mode || serve_mode) {
+		ret = execute();
+	} else {
+		if (detach) {
+			if (daemonize())
+				die("--detach not supported on this platform");
+		}
 
-	if (detach) {
-		if (daemonize())
-			die("--detach not supported on this platform");
+		if (pid_file)
+			write_file(pid_file, "%"PRIuMAX, (uintmax_t) getpid());
+
+		/* prepare argv for serving-processes */
+		strvec_push(&cld_argv, argv[0]); /* git-daemon */
+		strvec_push(&cld_argv, "--serve");
+		for (i = 1; i < argc; ++i)
+			strvec_push(&cld_argv, argv[i]);
+
+		ret = serve(&listen_addr, listen_port, cred);
 	}
 
-	if (pid_file)
-		write_file(pid_file, "%"PRIuMAX, (uintmax_t) getpid());
-
-	/* prepare argv for serving-processes */
-	strvec_push(&cld_argv, argv[0]); /* git-daemon */
-	strvec_push(&cld_argv, "--serve");
-	for (i = 1; i < argc; ++i)
-		strvec_push(&cld_argv, argv[i]);
-
-	return serve(&listen_addr, listen_port, cred);
+	string_list_clear(&listen_addr, 0);
+	return ret;
 }
diff --git a/decorate.c b/decorate.c
index a5c43c0..69aeb14 100644
--- a/decorate.c
+++ b/decorate.c
@@ -81,3 +81,18 @@ void *lookup_decoration(struct decoration *n, const struct object *obj)
 			j = 0;
 	}
 }
+
+void clear_decoration(struct decoration *n, void (*free_cb)(void *))
+{
+	if (free_cb) {
+		unsigned int i;
+		for (i = 0; i < n->size; i++) {
+			void *d = n->entries[i].decoration;
+			if (d)
+				free_cb(d);
+		}
+	}
+
+	FREE_AND_NULL(n->entries);
+	n->size = n->nr = 0;
+}
diff --git a/decorate.h b/decorate.h
index ee43dee..cdeb17c 100644
--- a/decorate.h
+++ b/decorate.h
@@ -58,4 +58,14 @@ void *add_decoration(struct decoration *n, const struct object *obj, void *decor
  */
 void *lookup_decoration(struct decoration *n, const struct object *obj);
 
+/*
+ * Clear all decoration entries, releasing any memory used by the structure.
+ * If free_cb is not NULL, it is called for every decoration value currently
+ * stored.
+ *
+ * After clearing, the decoration struct can be used again. The "name" field is
+ * retained.
+ */
+void clear_decoration(struct decoration *n, void (*free_cb)(void *));
+
 #endif
diff --git a/diagnose.c b/diagnose.c
index 8430064..4d096c8 100644
--- a/diagnose.c
+++ b/diagnose.c
@@ -71,42 +71,6 @@ static int dir_file_stats(struct object_directory *object_dir, void *data)
 	return 0;
 }
 
-/*
- * Get the d_type of a dirent. If the d_type is unknown, derive it from
- * stat.st_mode.
- *
- * Note that 'path' is assumed to have a trailing slash. It is also modified
- * in-place during the execution of the function, but is then reverted to its
- * original value before returning.
- */
-static unsigned char get_dtype(struct dirent *e, struct strbuf *path)
-{
-	struct stat st;
-	unsigned char dtype = DTYPE(e);
-	size_t base_path_len;
-
-	if (dtype != DT_UNKNOWN)
-		return dtype;
-
-	/* d_type unknown in dirent, try to fall back on lstat results */
-	base_path_len = path->len;
-	strbuf_addstr(path, e->d_name);
-	if (lstat(path->buf, &st))
-		goto cleanup;
-
-	/* determine d_type from st_mode */
-	if (S_ISREG(st.st_mode))
-		dtype = DT_REG;
-	else if (S_ISDIR(st.st_mode))
-		dtype = DT_DIR;
-	else if (S_ISLNK(st.st_mode))
-		dtype = DT_LNK;
-
-cleanup:
-	strbuf_setlen(path, base_path_len);
-	return dtype;
-}
-
 static int count_files(struct strbuf *path)
 {
 	DIR *dir = opendir(path->buf);
@@ -117,7 +81,7 @@ static int count_files(struct strbuf *path)
 		return 0;
 
 	while ((e = readdir_skip_dot_and_dotdot(dir)) != NULL)
-		if (get_dtype(e, path) == DT_REG)
+		if (get_dtype(e, path, 0) == DT_REG)
 			count++;
 
 	closedir(dir);
@@ -146,7 +110,7 @@ static void loose_objs_stats(struct strbuf *buf, const char *path)
 	base_path_len = count_path.len;
 
 	while ((e = readdir_skip_dot_and_dotdot(dir)) != NULL)
-		if (get_dtype(e, &count_path) == DT_DIR &&
+		if (get_dtype(e, &count_path, 0) == DT_DIR &&
 		    strlen(e->d_name) == 2 &&
 		    !hex_to_bytes(&c, e->d_name, 1)) {
 			strbuf_setlen(&count_path, base_path_len);
@@ -191,7 +155,7 @@ static int add_directory_to_archiver(struct strvec *archiver_args,
 
 		strbuf_add_absolute_path(&abspath, at_root ? "." : path);
 		strbuf_addch(&abspath, '/');
-		dtype = get_dtype(e, &abspath);
+		dtype = get_dtype(e, &abspath, 0);
 
 		strbuf_setlen(&buf, len);
 		strbuf_addstr(&buf, e->d_name);
diff --git a/diff-lib.c b/diff-lib.c
index 5848e4f..0e9ec4f 100644
--- a/diff-lib.c
+++ b/diff-lib.c
@@ -571,8 +571,6 @@ void diff_get_merge_base(const struct rev_info *revs, struct object_id *mb)
 		struct object *obj = revs->pending.objects[i].item;
 		if (obj->flags)
 			die(_("--merge-base does not work with ranges"));
-		if (obj->type != OBJ_COMMIT)
-			die(_("--merge-base only works with commits"));
 	}
 
 	/*
diff --git a/diff-merges.c b/diff-merges.c
index ec97616..4550758 100644
--- a/diff-merges.c
+++ b/diff-merges.c
@@ -131,6 +131,9 @@ int diff_merges_parse_opts(struct rev_info *revs, const char **argv)
 	} else if (!strcmp(arg, "--cc")) {
 		set_dense_combined(revs);
 		revs->merges_imply_patch = 1;
+	} else if (!strcmp(arg, "--dd")) {
+		set_first_parent(revs);
+		revs->merges_imply_patch = 1;
 	} else if (!strcmp(arg, "--remerge-diff")) {
 		set_remerge_diff(revs);
 		revs->merges_imply_patch = 1;
diff --git a/diff.c b/diff.c
index 353e3b2..2c602df 100644
--- a/diff.c
+++ b/diff.c
@@ -6936,6 +6936,13 @@ void diff_queued_diff_prefetch(void *repository)
 	oid_array_clear(&to_fetch);
 }
 
+void init_diffstat_widths(struct diff_options *options)
+{
+	options->stat_width = -1;        /* use full terminal width */
+	options->stat_name_width = -1;   /* respect diff.statNameWidth config */
+	options->stat_graph_width = -1;  /* respect diff.statGraphWidth config */
+}
+
 void diffcore_std(struct diff_options *options)
 {
 	int output_formats_to_prefetch = DIFF_FORMAT_DIFFSTAT |
diff --git a/diff.h b/diff.h
index caf1528..66bd8ae 100644
--- a/diff.h
+++ b/diff.h
@@ -573,6 +573,7 @@ int git_config_rename(const char *var, const char *value);
 
 #define DIFF_PICKAXE_IGNORE_CASE	32
 
+void init_diffstat_widths(struct diff_options *);
 void diffcore_std(struct diff_options *);
 void diffcore_fix_diff_index(void);
 
diff --git a/dir.c b/dir.c
index 8486e4d..16fdb03 100644
--- a/dir.c
+++ b/dir.c
@@ -2235,6 +2235,39 @@ static int get_index_dtype(struct index_state *istate,
 	return DT_UNKNOWN;
 }
 
+unsigned char get_dtype(struct dirent *e, struct strbuf *path,
+			int follow_symlink)
+{
+	struct stat st;
+	unsigned char dtype = DTYPE(e);
+	size_t base_path_len;
+
+	if (dtype != DT_UNKNOWN && !(follow_symlink && dtype == DT_LNK))
+		return dtype;
+
+	/*
+	 * d_type unknown or unfollowed symlink, try to fall back on [l]stat
+	 * results. If [l]stat fails, explicitly set DT_UNKNOWN.
+	 */
+	base_path_len = path->len;
+	strbuf_addstr(path, e->d_name);
+	if ((follow_symlink && stat(path->buf, &st)) ||
+	    (!follow_symlink && lstat(path->buf, &st)))
+		goto cleanup;
+
+	/* determine d_type from st_mode */
+	if (S_ISREG(st.st_mode))
+		dtype = DT_REG;
+	else if (S_ISDIR(st.st_mode))
+		dtype = DT_DIR;
+	else if (S_ISLNK(st.st_mode))
+		dtype = DT_LNK;
+
+cleanup:
+	strbuf_setlen(path, base_path_len);
+	return dtype;
+}
+
 static int resolve_dtype(int dtype, struct index_state *istate,
 			 const char *path, int len)
 {
diff --git a/dir.h b/dir.h
index ad06682..98aa85f 100644
--- a/dir.h
+++ b/dir.h
@@ -363,6 +363,22 @@ struct dir_struct {
 
 struct dirent *readdir_skip_dot_and_dotdot(DIR *dirp);
 
+/*
+ * Get the d_type of a dirent. If the d_type is unknown, derive it from
+ * stat.st_mode using the path to the dirent's containing directory (path) and
+ * the name of the dirent itself.
+ *
+ * If 'follow_symlink' is 1, this function will attempt to follow DT_LNK types
+ * using 'stat'. Links are *not* followed recursively, so a symlink pointing
+ * to another symlink will still resolve to 'DT_LNK'.
+ *
+ * Note that 'path' is assumed to have a trailing slash. It is also modified
+ * in-place during the execution of the function, but is then reverted to its
+ * original value before returning.
+ */
+unsigned char get_dtype(struct dirent *e, struct strbuf *path,
+			int follow_symlink);
+
 /*Count the number of slashes for string s*/
 int count_slashes(const char *s);
 
diff --git a/entry.c b/entry.c
index 43767f9..076e97e 100644
--- a/entry.c
+++ b/entry.c
@@ -581,3 +581,8 @@ void unlink_entry(const struct cache_entry *ce, const char *super_prefix)
 		return;
 	schedule_dir_for_removal(ce->name, ce_namelen(ce));
 }
+
+int remove_or_warn(unsigned int mode, const char *file)
+{
+	return S_ISGITLINK(mode) ? rmdir_or_warn(file) : unlink_or_warn(file);
+}
diff --git a/entry.h b/entry.h
index 7329f91..ca3ed35 100644
--- a/entry.h
+++ b/entry.h
@@ -62,4 +62,10 @@ int fstat_checkout_output(int fd, const struct checkout *state, struct stat *st)
 void update_ce_after_write(const struct checkout *state, struct cache_entry *ce,
 			   struct stat *st);
 
+/*
+ * Calls the correct function out of {unlink,rmdir}_or_warn based on
+ * the supplied file mode.
+ */
+int remove_or_warn(unsigned int mode, const char *path);
+
 #endif /* ENTRY_H */
diff --git a/hex-ll.c b/hex-ll.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4d7ece1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hex-ll.c
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+#include "git-compat-util.h"
+#include "hex-ll.h"
+
+const signed char hexval_table[256] = {
+	 -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,		/* 00-07 */
+	 -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,		/* 08-0f */
+	 -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,		/* 10-17 */
+	 -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,		/* 18-1f */
+	 -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,		/* 20-27 */
+	 -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,		/* 28-2f */
+	  0,  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,		/* 30-37 */
+	  8,  9, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,		/* 38-3f */
+	 -1, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, -1,		/* 40-47 */
+	 -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,		/* 48-4f */
+	 -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,		/* 50-57 */
+	 -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,		/* 58-5f */
+	 -1, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, -1,		/* 60-67 */
+	 -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,		/* 68-67 */
+	 -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,		/* 70-77 */
+	 -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,		/* 78-7f */
+	 -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,		/* 80-87 */
+	 -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,		/* 88-8f */
+	 -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,		/* 90-97 */
+	 -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,		/* 98-9f */
+	 -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,		/* a0-a7 */
+	 -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,		/* a8-af */
+	 -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,		/* b0-b7 */
+	 -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,		/* b8-bf */
+	 -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,		/* c0-c7 */
+	 -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,		/* c8-cf */
+	 -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,		/* d0-d7 */
+	 -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,		/* d8-df */
+	 -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,		/* e0-e7 */
+	 -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,		/* e8-ef */
+	 -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,		/* f0-f7 */
+	 -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,		/* f8-ff */
+};
+
+int hex_to_bytes(unsigned char *binary, const char *hex, size_t len)
+{
+	for (; len; len--, hex += 2) {
+		unsigned int val = (hexval(hex[0]) << 4) | hexval(hex[1]);
+
+		if (val & ~0xff)
+			return -1;
+		*binary++ = val;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
diff --git a/hex-ll.h b/hex-ll.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a381fa8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hex-ll.h
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+#ifndef HEX_LL_H
+#define HEX_LL_H
+
+extern const signed char hexval_table[256];
+static inline unsigned int hexval(unsigned char c)
+{
+	return hexval_table[c];
+}
+
+/*
+ * Convert two consecutive hexadecimal digits into a char.  Return a
+ * negative value on error.  Don't run over the end of short strings.
+ */
+static inline int hex2chr(const char *s)
+{
+	unsigned int val = hexval(s[0]);
+	return (val & ~0xf) ? val : (val << 4) | hexval(s[1]);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Read `len` pairs of hexadecimal digits from `hex` and write the
+ * values to `binary` as `len` bytes. Return 0 on success, or -1 if
+ * the input does not consist of hex digits).
+ */
+int hex_to_bytes(unsigned char *binary, const char *hex, size_t len);
+
+#endif
diff --git a/hex.c b/hex.c
index 01f17fe..d42262b 100644
--- a/hex.c
+++ b/hex.c
@@ -2,53 +2,6 @@
 #include "hash.h"
 #include "hex.h"
 
-const signed char hexval_table[256] = {
-	 -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,		/* 00-07 */
-	 -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,		/* 08-0f */
-	 -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,		/* 10-17 */
-	 -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,		/* 18-1f */
-	 -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,		/* 20-27 */
-	 -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,		/* 28-2f */
-	  0,  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,		/* 30-37 */
-	  8,  9, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,		/* 38-3f */
-	 -1, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, -1,		/* 40-47 */
-	 -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,		/* 48-4f */
-	 -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,		/* 50-57 */
-	 -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,		/* 58-5f */
-	 -1, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, -1,		/* 60-67 */
-	 -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,		/* 68-67 */
-	 -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,		/* 70-77 */
-	 -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,		/* 78-7f */
-	 -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,		/* 80-87 */
-	 -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,		/* 88-8f */
-	 -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,		/* 90-97 */
-	 -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,		/* 98-9f */
-	 -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,		/* a0-a7 */
-	 -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,		/* a8-af */
-	 -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,		/* b0-b7 */
-	 -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,		/* b8-bf */
-	 -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,		/* c0-c7 */
-	 -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,		/* c8-cf */
-	 -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,		/* d0-d7 */
-	 -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,		/* d8-df */
-	 -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,		/* e0-e7 */
-	 -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,		/* e8-ef */
-	 -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,		/* f0-f7 */
-	 -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,		/* f8-ff */
-};
-
-int hex_to_bytes(unsigned char *binary, const char *hex, size_t len)
-{
-	for (; len; len--, hex += 2) {
-		unsigned int val = (hexval(hex[0]) << 4) | hexval(hex[1]);
-
-		if (val & ~0xff)
-			return -1;
-		*binary++ = val;
-	}
-	return 0;
-}
-
 static int get_hash_hex_algop(const char *hex, unsigned char *hash,
 			      const struct git_hash_algo *algop)
 {
diff --git a/hex.h b/hex.h
index 87abf66..e0b83f7 100644
--- a/hex.h
+++ b/hex.h
@@ -2,22 +2,7 @@
 #define HEX_H
 
 #include "hash-ll.h"
-
-extern const signed char hexval_table[256];
-static inline unsigned int hexval(unsigned char c)
-{
-	return hexval_table[c];
-}
-
-/*
- * Convert two consecutive hexadecimal digits into a char.  Return a
- * negative value on error.  Don't run over the end of short strings.
- */
-static inline int hex2chr(const char *s)
-{
-	unsigned int val = hexval(s[0]);
-	return (val & ~0xf) ? val : (val << 4) | hexval(s[1]);
-}
+#include "hex-ll.h"
 
 /*
  * Try to read a hash (specified by the_hash_algo) in hexadecimal
@@ -35,13 +20,6 @@ int get_oid_hex(const char *hex, struct object_id *oid);
 int get_oid_hex_algop(const char *hex, struct object_id *oid, const struct git_hash_algo *algop);
 
 /*
- * Read `len` pairs of hexadecimal digits from `hex` and write the
- * values to `binary` as `len` bytes. Return 0 on success, or -1 if
- * the input does not consist of hex digits).
- */
-int hex_to_bytes(unsigned char *binary, const char *hex, size_t len);
-
-/*
  * Convert a binary hash in "unsigned char []" or an object name in
  * "struct object_id *" to its hex equivalent. The `_r` variant is reentrant,
  * and writes the NUL-terminated output to the buffer `out`, which must be at
diff --git a/line-log.c b/line-log.c
index 790ab73..24a1ecb 100644
--- a/line-log.c
+++ b/line-log.c
@@ -1327,3 +1327,13 @@ int line_log_filter(struct rev_info *rev)
 
 	return 0;
 }
+
+static void free_void_line_log_data(void *data)
+{
+	free_line_log_data(data);
+}
+
+void line_log_free(struct rev_info *rev)
+{
+	clear_decoration(&rev->line_log_data, free_void_line_log_data);
+}
diff --git a/line-log.h b/line-log.h
index adff361..4291da8 100644
--- a/line-log.h
+++ b/line-log.h
@@ -60,4 +60,6 @@ int line_log_process_ranges_arbitrary_commit(struct rev_info *rev,
 
 int line_log_print(struct rev_info *rev, struct commit *commit);
 
+void line_log_free(struct rev_info *rev);
+
 #endif /* LINE_LOG_H */
diff --git a/mailinfo.c b/mailinfo.c
index 9315053..a07d2da 100644
--- a/mailinfo.c
+++ b/mailinfo.c
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #include "git-compat-util.h"
 #include "config.h"
 #include "gettext.h"
-#include "hex.h"
+#include "hex-ll.h"
 #include "utf8.h"
 #include "strbuf.h"
 #include "mailinfo.h"
diff --git a/merge-ort.c b/merge-ort.c
index 7857ce9..3653725 100644
--- a/merge-ort.c
+++ b/merge-ort.c
@@ -1902,6 +1902,7 @@ static void initialize_attr_index(struct merge_options *opt)
 	struct index_state *attr_index = &opt->priv->attr_index;
 	struct cache_entry *ce;
 
+	attr_index->repo = opt->repo;
 	attr_index->initialized = 1;
 
 	if (!opt->renormalize)
diff --git a/merge-recursive.c b/merge-recursive.c
index 0d7e57e..e3beb08 100644
--- a/merge-recursive.c
+++ b/merge-recursive.c
@@ -3912,6 +3912,22 @@ void init_merge_options(struct merge_options *opt,
 		opt->buffer_output = 0;
 }
 
+/*
+ * For now, members of merge_options do not need deep copying, but
+ * it may change in the future, in which case we would need to update
+ * this, and also make a matching change to clear_merge_options() to
+ * release the resources held by a copied instance.
+ */
+void copy_merge_options(struct merge_options *dst, struct merge_options *src)
+{
+	*dst = *src;
+}
+
+void clear_merge_options(struct merge_options *opt UNUSED)
+{
+	; /* no-op as our copy is shallow right now */
+}
+
 int parse_merge_opt(struct merge_options *opt, const char *s)
 {
 	const char *arg;
diff --git a/merge-recursive.h b/merge-recursive.h
index b88000e..3d3b3e3 100644
--- a/merge-recursive.h
+++ b/merge-recursive.h
@@ -55,6 +55,9 @@ struct merge_options {
 
 void init_merge_options(struct merge_options *opt, struct repository *repo);
 
+void copy_merge_options(struct merge_options *dst, struct merge_options *src);
+void clear_merge_options(struct merge_options *opt);
+
 /* parse the option in s and update the relevant field of opt */
 int parse_merge_opt(struct merge_options *opt, const char *s);
 
diff --git a/midx.c b/midx.c
index 931f557..2f3863c 100644
--- a/midx.c
+++ b/midx.c
@@ -71,6 +71,33 @@ static int midx_read_oid_fanout(const unsigned char *chunk_start,
 		error(_("multi-pack-index OID fanout is of the wrong size"));
 		return 1;
 	}
+	m->num_objects = ntohl(m->chunk_oid_fanout[255]);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int midx_read_oid_lookup(const unsigned char *chunk_start,
+				size_t chunk_size, void *data)
+{
+	struct multi_pack_index *m = data;
+	m->chunk_oid_lookup = chunk_start;
+
+	if (chunk_size != st_mult(m->hash_len, m->num_objects)) {
+		error(_("multi-pack-index OID lookup chunk is the wrong size"));
+		return 1;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int midx_read_object_offsets(const unsigned char *chunk_start,
+				    size_t chunk_size, void *data)
+{
+	struct multi_pack_index *m = data;
+	m->chunk_object_offsets = chunk_start;
+
+	if (chunk_size != st_mult(m->num_objects, MIDX_CHUNK_OFFSET_WIDTH)) {
+		error(_("multi-pack-index object offset chunk is the wrong size"));
+		return 1;
+	}
 	return 0;
 }
 
@@ -140,33 +167,41 @@ struct multi_pack_index *load_multi_pack_index(const char *object_dir, int local
 	cf = init_chunkfile(NULL);
 
 	if (read_table_of_contents(cf, m->data, midx_size,
-				   MIDX_HEADER_SIZE, m->num_chunks))
+				   MIDX_HEADER_SIZE, m->num_chunks,
+				   MIDX_CHUNK_ALIGNMENT))
 		goto cleanup_fail;
 
-	if (pair_chunk(cf, MIDX_CHUNKID_PACKNAMES, &m->chunk_pack_names) == CHUNK_NOT_FOUND)
-		die(_("multi-pack-index missing required pack-name chunk"));
-	if (read_chunk(cf, MIDX_CHUNKID_OIDFANOUT, midx_read_oid_fanout, m) == CHUNK_NOT_FOUND)
-		die(_("multi-pack-index missing required OID fanout chunk"));
-	if (pair_chunk(cf, MIDX_CHUNKID_OIDLOOKUP, &m->chunk_oid_lookup) == CHUNK_NOT_FOUND)
-		die(_("multi-pack-index missing required OID lookup chunk"));
-	if (pair_chunk(cf, MIDX_CHUNKID_OBJECTOFFSETS, &m->chunk_object_offsets) == CHUNK_NOT_FOUND)
-		die(_("multi-pack-index missing required object offsets chunk"));
+	if (pair_chunk(cf, MIDX_CHUNKID_PACKNAMES, &m->chunk_pack_names, &m->chunk_pack_names_len))
+		die(_("multi-pack-index required pack-name chunk missing or corrupted"));
+	if (read_chunk(cf, MIDX_CHUNKID_OIDFANOUT, midx_read_oid_fanout, m))
+		die(_("multi-pack-index required OID fanout chunk missing or corrupted"));
+	if (read_chunk(cf, MIDX_CHUNKID_OIDLOOKUP, midx_read_oid_lookup, m))
+		die(_("multi-pack-index required OID lookup chunk missing or corrupted"));
+	if (read_chunk(cf, MIDX_CHUNKID_OBJECTOFFSETS, midx_read_object_offsets, m))
+		die(_("multi-pack-index required object offsets chunk missing or corrupted"));
 
-	pair_chunk(cf, MIDX_CHUNKID_LARGEOFFSETS, &m->chunk_large_offsets);
+	pair_chunk(cf, MIDX_CHUNKID_LARGEOFFSETS, &m->chunk_large_offsets,
+		   &m->chunk_large_offsets_len);
 
 	if (git_env_bool("GIT_TEST_MIDX_READ_RIDX", 1))
-		pair_chunk(cf, MIDX_CHUNKID_REVINDEX, &m->chunk_revindex);
-
-	m->num_objects = ntohl(m->chunk_oid_fanout[255]);
+		pair_chunk(cf, MIDX_CHUNKID_REVINDEX, &m->chunk_revindex,
+			   &m->chunk_revindex_len);
 
 	CALLOC_ARRAY(m->pack_names, m->num_packs);
 	CALLOC_ARRAY(m->packs, m->num_packs);
 
 	cur_pack_name = (const char *)m->chunk_pack_names;
 	for (i = 0; i < m->num_packs; i++) {
+		const char *end;
+		size_t avail = m->chunk_pack_names_len -
+				(cur_pack_name - (const char *)m->chunk_pack_names);
+
 		m->pack_names[i] = cur_pack_name;
 
-		cur_pack_name += strlen(cur_pack_name) + 1;
+		end = memchr(cur_pack_name, '\0', avail);
+		if (!end)
+			die(_("multi-pack-index pack-name chunk is too short"));
+		cur_pack_name = end + 1;
 
 		if (i && strcmp(m->pack_names[i], m->pack_names[i - 1]) <= 0)
 			die(_("multi-pack-index pack names out of order: '%s' before '%s'"),
@@ -270,8 +305,9 @@ off_t nth_midxed_offset(struct multi_pack_index *m, uint32_t pos)
 			die(_("multi-pack-index stores a 64-bit offset, but off_t is too small"));
 
 		offset32 ^= MIDX_LARGE_OFFSET_NEEDED;
-		return get_be64(m->chunk_large_offsets +
-				st_mult(sizeof(uint64_t), offset32));
+		if (offset32 >= m->chunk_large_offsets_len / sizeof(uint64_t))
+			die(_("multi-pack-index large offset out of bounds"));
+		return get_be64(m->chunk_large_offsets + sizeof(uint64_t) * offset32);
 	}
 
 	return offset32;
diff --git a/midx.h b/midx.h
index 5578cd7..a5d9891 100644
--- a/midx.h
+++ b/midx.h
@@ -32,11 +32,14 @@ struct multi_pack_index {
 	int local;
 
 	const unsigned char *chunk_pack_names;
+	size_t chunk_pack_names_len;
 	const uint32_t *chunk_oid_fanout;
 	const unsigned char *chunk_oid_lookup;
 	const unsigned char *chunk_object_offsets;
 	const unsigned char *chunk_large_offsets;
+	size_t chunk_large_offsets_len;
 	const unsigned char *chunk_revindex;
+	size_t chunk_revindex_len;
 
 	const char **pack_names;
 	struct packed_git **packs;
diff --git a/object-file.c b/object-file.c
index 7dc0c4b..7c7afe5 100644
--- a/object-file.c
+++ b/object-file.c
@@ -2446,11 +2446,11 @@ static int index_core(struct index_state *istate,
  * binary blobs, they generally do not want to get any conversion, and
  * callers should avoid this code path when filters are requested.
  */
-static int index_stream(struct object_id *oid, int fd, size_t size,
-			enum object_type type, const char *path,
-			unsigned flags)
+static int index_blob_stream(struct object_id *oid, int fd, size_t size,
+			     const char *path,
+			     unsigned flags)
 {
-	return index_bulk_checkin(oid, fd, size, type, path, flags);
+	return index_blob_bulk_checkin(oid, fd, size, path, flags);
 }
 
 int index_fd(struct index_state *istate, struct object_id *oid,
@@ -2472,8 +2472,8 @@ int index_fd(struct index_state *istate, struct object_id *oid,
 		ret = index_core(istate, oid, fd, xsize_t(st->st_size),
 				 type, path, flags);
 	else
-		ret = index_stream(oid, fd, xsize_t(st->st_size), type, path,
-				   flags);
+		ret = index_blob_stream(oid, fd, xsize_t(st->st_size), path,
+					flags);
 	close(fd);
 	return ret;
 }
diff --git a/pack-bitmap-write.c b/pack-bitmap-write.c
index f6757c3..f4ecdf8 100644
--- a/pack-bitmap-write.c
+++ b/pack-bitmap-write.c
@@ -413,15 +413,19 @@ static int fill_bitmap_commit(struct bb_commit *ent,
 
 		if (old_bitmap && mapping) {
 			struct ewah_bitmap *old = bitmap_for_commit(old_bitmap, c);
+			struct bitmap *remapped = bitmap_new();
 			/*
 			 * If this commit has an old bitmap, then translate that
 			 * bitmap and add its bits to this one. No need to walk
 			 * parents or the tree for this commit.
 			 */
-			if (old && !rebuild_bitmap(mapping, old, ent->bitmap)) {
+			if (old && !rebuild_bitmap(mapping, old, remapped)) {
+				bitmap_or(ent->bitmap, remapped);
+				bitmap_free(remapped);
 				reused_bitmaps_nr++;
 				continue;
 			}
+			bitmap_free(remapped);
 		}
 
 		/*
diff --git a/pack-objects.c b/pack-objects.c
index 1b8052b..f403ca6 100644
--- a/pack-objects.c
+++ b/pack-objects.c
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 #include "pack.h"
 #include "pack-objects.h"
 #include "packfile.h"
-#include "config.h"
+#include "parse.h"
 
 static uint32_t locate_object_entry_hash(struct packing_data *pdata,
 					 const struct object_id *oid,
diff --git a/pack-revindex.c b/pack-revindex.c
index 7fffcad..acf1dd9 100644
--- a/pack-revindex.c
+++ b/pack-revindex.c
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 #include "packfile.h"
 #include "strbuf.h"
 #include "trace2.h"
-#include "config.h"
+#include "parse.h"
 #include "midx.h"
 #include "csum-file.h"
 
@@ -343,6 +343,17 @@ int verify_pack_revindex(struct packed_git *p)
 	return res;
 }
 
+static int can_use_midx_ridx_chunk(struct multi_pack_index *m)
+{
+	if (!m->chunk_revindex)
+		return 0;
+	if (m->chunk_revindex_len != st_mult(sizeof(uint32_t), m->num_objects)) {
+		error(_("multi-pack-index reverse-index chunk is the wrong size"));
+		return 0;
+	}
+	return 1;
+}
+
 int load_midx_revindex(struct multi_pack_index *m)
 {
 	struct strbuf revindex_name = STRBUF_INIT;
@@ -351,7 +362,7 @@ int load_midx_revindex(struct multi_pack_index *m)
 	if (m->revindex_data)
 		return 0;
 
-	if (m->chunk_revindex) {
+	if (can_use_midx_ridx_chunk(m)) {
 		/*
 		 * If the MIDX `m` has a `RIDX` chunk, then use its contents for
 		 * the reverse index instead of trying to load a separate `.rev`
diff --git a/parse-options.c b/parse-options.c
index e8e076c..093eaf2 100644
--- a/parse-options.c
+++ b/parse-options.c
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 #include "git-compat-util.h"
 #include "parse-options.h"
 #include "abspath.h"
-#include "config.h"
+#include "parse.h"
 #include "commit.h"
 #include "color.h"
 #include "gettext.h"
 #include "strbuf.h"
+#include "string-list.h"
 #include "utf8.h"
 
 static int disallow_abbreviated_options;
diff --git a/parse-options.h b/parse-options.h
index 57a7fe9..4a66ec3 100644
--- a/parse-options.h
+++ b/parse-options.h
@@ -459,7 +459,6 @@ struct parse_opt_ctx_t {
 	unsigned has_subcommands;
 	const char *prefix;
 	const char **alias_groups; /* must be in groups of 3 elements! */
-	struct option *updated_options;
 };
 
 void parse_options_start(struct parse_opt_ctx_t *ctx,
diff --git a/parse.c b/parse.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..42d691a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/parse.c
@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+#include "git-compat-util.h"
+#include "gettext.h"
+#include "parse.h"
+
+static uintmax_t get_unit_factor(const char *end)
+{
+	if (!*end)
+		return 1;
+	else if (!strcasecmp(end, "k"))
+		return 1024;
+	else if (!strcasecmp(end, "m"))
+		return 1024 * 1024;
+	else if (!strcasecmp(end, "g"))
+		return 1024 * 1024 * 1024;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int git_parse_signed(const char *value, intmax_t *ret, intmax_t max)
+{
+	if (value && *value) {
+		char *end;
+		intmax_t val;
+		intmax_t factor;
+
+		if (max < 0)
+			BUG("max must be a positive integer");
+
+		errno = 0;
+		val = strtoimax(value, &end, 0);
+		if (errno == ERANGE)
+			return 0;
+		if (end == value) {
+			errno = EINVAL;
+			return 0;
+		}
+		factor = get_unit_factor(end);
+		if (!factor) {
+			errno = EINVAL;
+			return 0;
+		}
+		if ((val < 0 && -max / factor > val) ||
+		    (val > 0 && max / factor < val)) {
+			errno = ERANGE;
+			return 0;
+		}
+		val *= factor;
+		*ret = val;
+		return 1;
+	}
+	errno = EINVAL;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int git_parse_unsigned(const char *value, uintmax_t *ret, uintmax_t max)
+{
+	if (value && *value) {
+		char *end;
+		uintmax_t val;
+		uintmax_t factor;
+
+		/* negative values would be accepted by strtoumax */
+		if (strchr(value, '-')) {
+			errno = EINVAL;
+			return 0;
+		}
+		errno = 0;
+		val = strtoumax(value, &end, 0);
+		if (errno == ERANGE)
+			return 0;
+		if (end == value) {
+			errno = EINVAL;
+			return 0;
+		}
+		factor = get_unit_factor(end);
+		if (!factor) {
+			errno = EINVAL;
+			return 0;
+		}
+		if (unsigned_mult_overflows(factor, val) ||
+		    factor * val > max) {
+			errno = ERANGE;
+			return 0;
+		}
+		val *= factor;
+		*ret = val;
+		return 1;
+	}
+	errno = EINVAL;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int git_parse_int(const char *value, int *ret)
+{
+	intmax_t tmp;
+	if (!git_parse_signed(value, &tmp, maximum_signed_value_of_type(int)))
+		return 0;
+	*ret = tmp;
+	return 1;
+}
+
+int git_parse_int64(const char *value, int64_t *ret)
+{
+	intmax_t tmp;
+	if (!git_parse_signed(value, &tmp, maximum_signed_value_of_type(int64_t)))
+		return 0;
+	*ret = tmp;
+	return 1;
+}
+
+int git_parse_ulong(const char *value, unsigned long *ret)
+{
+	uintmax_t tmp;
+	if (!git_parse_unsigned(value, &tmp, maximum_unsigned_value_of_type(long)))
+		return 0;
+	*ret = tmp;
+	return 1;
+}
+
+int git_parse_ssize_t(const char *value, ssize_t *ret)
+{
+	intmax_t tmp;
+	if (!git_parse_signed(value, &tmp, maximum_signed_value_of_type(ssize_t)))
+		return 0;
+	*ret = tmp;
+	return 1;
+}
+
+int git_parse_maybe_bool_text(const char *value)
+{
+	if (!value)
+		return 1;
+	if (!*value)
+		return 0;
+	if (!strcasecmp(value, "true")
+	    || !strcasecmp(value, "yes")
+	    || !strcasecmp(value, "on"))
+		return 1;
+	if (!strcasecmp(value, "false")
+	    || !strcasecmp(value, "no")
+	    || !strcasecmp(value, "off"))
+		return 0;
+	return -1;
+}
+
+int git_parse_maybe_bool(const char *value)
+{
+	int v = git_parse_maybe_bool_text(value);
+	if (0 <= v)
+		return v;
+	if (git_parse_int(value, &v))
+		return !!v;
+	return -1;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Parse environment variable 'k' as a boolean (in various
+ * possible spellings); if missing, use the default value 'def'.
+ */
+int git_env_bool(const char *k, int def)
+{
+	const char *v = getenv(k);
+	int val;
+	if (!v)
+		return def;
+	val = git_parse_maybe_bool(v);
+	if (val < 0)
+		die(_("bad boolean environment value '%s' for '%s'"),
+		    v, k);
+	return val;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Parse environment variable 'k' as ulong with possibly a unit
+ * suffix; if missing, use the default value 'val'.
+ */
+unsigned long git_env_ulong(const char *k, unsigned long val)
+{
+	const char *v = getenv(k);
+	if (v && !git_parse_ulong(v, &val))
+		die(_("failed to parse %s"), k);
+	return val;
+}
diff --git a/parse.h b/parse.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..07d2193
--- /dev/null
+++ b/parse.h
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#ifndef PARSE_H
+#define PARSE_H
+
+int git_parse_signed(const char *value, intmax_t *ret, intmax_t max);
+int git_parse_ssize_t(const char *, ssize_t *);
+int git_parse_ulong(const char *, unsigned long *);
+int git_parse_int(const char *value, int *ret);
+int git_parse_int64(const char *value, int64_t *ret);
+
+/**
+ * Same as `git_config_bool`, except that it returns -1 on error rather
+ * than dying.
+ */
+int git_parse_maybe_bool(const char *);
+int git_parse_maybe_bool_text(const char *value);
+
+int git_env_bool(const char *, int);
+unsigned long git_env_ulong(const char *, unsigned long);
+
+#endif /* PARSE_H */
diff --git a/pathspec.c b/pathspec.c
index 3a3a572..7f88f1c 100644
--- a/pathspec.c
+++ b/pathspec.c
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #include "git-compat-util.h"
 #include "abspath.h"
-#include "config.h"
+#include "parse.h"
 #include "dir.h"
 #include "environment.h"
 #include "gettext.h"
diff --git a/po/README.md b/po/README.md
index 3e4f897..ec08aa2 100644
--- a/po/README.md
+++ b/po/README.md
@@ -412,7 +412,7 @@
 - Do not use non-ASCII characters in the subject of a commit.
 
 - The length of commit subject (first line of the commit log) should
-  be less than 50 characters, and the length of other lines of the
+  be no more than 50 characters, and the length of other lines of the
   commit log should be no more than 72 characters.
 
 - Add "Signed-off-by" trailer to your commit log, like other commits
diff --git a/preload-index.c b/preload-index.c
index e44530c..63fd35d 100644
--- a/preload-index.c
+++ b/preload-index.c
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 #include "environment.h"
 #include "fsmonitor.h"
 #include "gettext.h"
-#include "config.h"
+#include "parse.h"
 #include "preload-index.h"
 #include "progress.h"
 #include "read-cache.h"
diff --git a/pretty.c b/pretty.c
index 7f3abb6..cf964b0 100644
--- a/pretty.c
+++ b/pretty.c
@@ -1961,6 +1961,10 @@ void userformat_find_requirements(const char *fmt, struct userformat_want *w)
 		case 'D':
 			w->decorate = 1;
 			break;
+		case '(':
+			if (starts_with(fmt + 1, "decorate"))
+				w->decorate = 1;
+			break;
 		}
 	}
 }
diff --git a/progress.c b/progress.c
index f695798..c83cb60 100644
--- a/progress.c
+++ b/progress.c
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 #include "trace.h"
 #include "trace2.h"
 #include "utf8.h"
-#include "config.h"
+#include "parse.h"
 
 #define TP_IDX_MAX      8
 
diff --git a/prompt.c b/prompt.c
index 3baa33f..8935fe4 100644
--- a/prompt.c
+++ b/prompt.c
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #include "git-compat-util.h"
-#include "config.h"
+#include "parse.h"
 #include "environment.h"
 #include "run-command.h"
 #include "strbuf.h"
diff --git a/rebase.c b/rebase.c
index 17a570f..69a1822 100644
--- a/rebase.c
+++ b/rebase.c
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #include "git-compat-util.h"
 #include "rebase.h"
-#include "config.h"
+#include "parse.h"
 #include "gettext.h"
 
 /*
diff --git a/refs/files-backend.c b/refs/files-backend.c
index 3413541..db5c0c7 100644
--- a/refs/files-backend.c
+++ b/refs/files-backend.c
@@ -246,10 +246,8 @@ static void loose_fill_ref_dir(struct ref_store *ref_store,
 	int dirnamelen = strlen(dirname);
 	struct strbuf refname;
 	struct strbuf path = STRBUF_INIT;
-	size_t path_baselen;
 
 	files_ref_path(refs, &path, dirname);
-	path_baselen = path.len;
 
 	d = opendir(path.buf);
 	if (!d) {
@@ -262,23 +260,22 @@ static void loose_fill_ref_dir(struct ref_store *ref_store,
 
 	while ((de = readdir(d)) != NULL) {
 		struct object_id oid;
-		struct stat st;
 		int flag;
+		unsigned char dtype;
 
 		if (de->d_name[0] == '.')
 			continue;
 		if (ends_with(de->d_name, ".lock"))
 			continue;
 		strbuf_addstr(&refname, de->d_name);
-		strbuf_addstr(&path, de->d_name);
-		if (stat(path.buf, &st) < 0) {
-			; /* silently ignore */
-		} else if (S_ISDIR(st.st_mode)) {
+
+		dtype = get_dtype(de, &path, 1);
+		if (dtype == DT_DIR) {
 			strbuf_addch(&refname, '/');
 			add_entry_to_dir(dir,
 					 create_dir_entry(dir->cache, refname.buf,
 							  refname.len));
-		} else {
+		} else if (dtype == DT_REG) {
 			if (!refs_resolve_ref_unsafe(&refs->base,
 						     refname.buf,
 						     RESOLVE_REF_READING,
@@ -308,7 +305,6 @@ static void loose_fill_ref_dir(struct ref_store *ref_store,
 					 create_ref_entry(refname.buf, &oid, flag));
 		}
 		strbuf_setlen(&refname, dirnamelen);
-		strbuf_setlen(&path, path_baselen);
 	}
 	strbuf_release(&refname);
 	strbuf_release(&path);
diff --git a/refs/ref-cache.c b/refs/ref-cache.c
index 2294c45..6e3b725 100644
--- a/refs/ref-cache.c
+++ b/refs/ref-cache.c
@@ -412,7 +412,8 @@ static int cache_ref_iterator_advance(struct ref_iterator *ref_iterator)
 
 		if (level->prefix_state == PREFIX_WITHIN_DIR) {
 			entry_prefix_state = overlaps_prefix(entry->name, iter->prefix);
-			if (entry_prefix_state == PREFIX_EXCLUDES_DIR)
+			if (entry_prefix_state == PREFIX_EXCLUDES_DIR ||
+			    (entry_prefix_state == PREFIX_WITHIN_DIR && !(entry->flag & REF_DIR)))
 				continue;
 		} else {
 			entry_prefix_state = level->prefix_state;
diff --git a/revision.c b/revision.c
index e789834..219dc76 100644
--- a/revision.c
+++ b/revision.c
@@ -3083,6 +3083,11 @@ static void release_revisions_mailmap(struct string_list *mailmap)
 
 static void release_revisions_topo_walk_info(struct topo_walk_info *info);
 
+static void free_void_commit_list(void *list)
+{
+	free_commit_list(list);
+}
+
 void release_revisions(struct rev_info *revs)
 {
 	free_commit_list(revs->commits);
@@ -3100,6 +3105,10 @@ void release_revisions(struct rev_info *revs)
 	diff_free(&revs->pruning);
 	reflog_walk_info_release(revs->reflog_info);
 	release_revisions_topo_walk_info(revs->topo_walk_info);
+	clear_decoration(&revs->children, free_void_commit_list);
+	clear_decoration(&revs->merge_simplification, free);
+	clear_decoration(&revs->treesame, free);
+	line_log_free(revs);
 }
 
 static void add_child(struct rev_info *revs, struct commit *parent, struct commit *child)
diff --git a/statinfo.c b/statinfo.c
index 17bb896..9367ca0 100644
--- a/statinfo.c
+++ b/statinfo.c
@@ -2,6 +2,22 @@
 #include "environment.h"
 #include "statinfo.h"
 
+/*
+ * Munge st_size into an unsigned int.
+ */
+static unsigned int munge_st_size(off_t st_size) {
+	unsigned int sd_size = st_size;
+
+	/*
+	 * If the file is an exact multiple of 4 GiB, modify the value so it
+	 * doesn't get marked as racily clean (zero).
+	 */
+	if (!sd_size && st_size)
+		return 0x80000000;
+	else
+		return sd_size;
+}
+
 void fill_stat_data(struct stat_data *sd, struct stat *st)
 {
 	sd->sd_ctime.sec = (unsigned int)st->st_ctime;
@@ -12,7 +28,7 @@ void fill_stat_data(struct stat_data *sd, struct stat *st)
 	sd->sd_ino = st->st_ino;
 	sd->sd_uid = st->st_uid;
 	sd->sd_gid = st->st_gid;
-	sd->sd_size = st->st_size;
+	sd->sd_size = munge_st_size(st->st_size);
 }
 
 int match_stat_data(const struct stat_data *sd, struct stat *st)
@@ -51,7 +67,7 @@ int match_stat_data(const struct stat_data *sd, struct stat *st)
 			changed |= INODE_CHANGED;
 #endif
 
-	if (sd->sd_size != (unsigned int) st->st_size)
+	if (sd->sd_size != munge_st_size(st->st_size))
 		changed |= DATA_CHANGED;
 
 	return changed;
diff --git a/strbuf.c b/strbuf.c
index 4c9ac6d..7827178 100644
--- a/strbuf.c
+++ b/strbuf.c
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #include "git-compat-util.h"
 #include "gettext.h"
-#include "hex.h"
+#include "hex-ll.h"
 #include "strbuf.h"
 #include "string-list.h"
 #include "utf8.h"
diff --git a/t/helper/test-env-helper.c b/t/helper/test-env-helper.c
index 66c88b8..1c48688 100644
--- a/t/helper/test-env-helper.c
+++ b/t/helper/test-env-helper.c
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #include "test-tool.h"
-#include "config.h"
+#include "parse.h"
 #include "parse-options.h"
 
 static char const * const env__helper_usage[] = {
diff --git a/t/helper/test-example-decorate.c b/t/helper/test-example-decorate.c
index 2ed910a..8f59f6b 100644
--- a/t/helper/test-example-decorate.c
+++ b/t/helper/test-example-decorate.c
@@ -72,5 +72,7 @@ int cmd__example_decorate(int argc UNUSED, const char **argv UNUSED)
 	if (objects_noticed != 2)
 		BUG("should have 2 objects");
 
+	clear_decoration(&n, NULL);
+
 	return 0;
 }
diff --git a/t/helper/test-find-pack.c b/t/helper/test-find-pack.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e8bd793
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/helper/test-find-pack.c
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+#include "test-tool.h"
+#include "object-name.h"
+#include "object-store.h"
+#include "packfile.h"
+#include "parse-options.h"
+#include "setup.h"
+
+/*
+ * Display the path(s), one per line, of the packfile(s) containing
+ * the given object.
+ *
+ * If '--check-count <n>' is passed, then error out if the number of
+ * packfiles containing the object is not <n>.
+ */
+
+static const char *find_pack_usage[] = {
+	"test-tool find-pack [--check-count <n>] <object>",
+	NULL
+};
+
+int cmd__find_pack(int argc, const char **argv)
+{
+	struct object_id oid;
+	struct packed_git *p;
+	int count = -1, actual_count = 0;
+	const char *prefix = setup_git_directory();
+
+	struct option options[] = {
+		OPT_INTEGER('c', "check-count", &count, "expected number of packs"),
+		OPT_END(),
+	};
+
+	argc = parse_options(argc, argv, prefix, options, find_pack_usage, 0);
+	if (argc != 1)
+		usage(find_pack_usage[0]);
+
+	if (repo_get_oid(the_repository, argv[0], &oid))
+		die("cannot parse %s as an object name", argv[0]);
+
+	for (p = get_all_packs(the_repository); p; p = p->next)
+		if (find_pack_entry_one(oid.hash, p)) {
+			printf("%s\n", p->pack_name);
+			actual_count++;
+		}
+
+	if (count > -1 && count != actual_count)
+		die("bad packfile count %d instead of %d", actual_count, count);
+
+	return 0;
+}
diff --git a/t/helper/test-tool.c b/t/helper/test-tool.c
index 621ac3d..876cd2d 100644
--- a/t/helper/test-tool.c
+++ b/t/helper/test-tool.c
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ static struct test_cmd cmds[] = {
 	{ "env-helper", cmd__env_helper },
 	{ "example-decorate", cmd__example_decorate },
 	{ "fast-rebase", cmd__fast_rebase },
+	{ "find-pack", cmd__find_pack },
 	{ "fsmonitor-client", cmd__fsmonitor_client },
 	{ "genrandom", cmd__genrandom },
 	{ "genzeros", cmd__genzeros },
@@ -85,6 +86,7 @@ static struct test_cmd cmds[] = {
 	{ "submodule-nested-repo-config", cmd__submodule_nested_repo_config },
 	{ "subprocess", cmd__subprocess },
 	{ "trace2", cmd__trace2 },
+	{ "truncate", cmd__truncate },
 	{ "userdiff", cmd__userdiff },
 	{ "urlmatch-normalization", cmd__urlmatch_normalization },
 	{ "xml-encode", cmd__xml_encode },
diff --git a/t/helper/test-tool.h b/t/helper/test-tool.h
index a641c3a..70dd4eb 100644
--- a/t/helper/test-tool.h
+++ b/t/helper/test-tool.h
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ int cmd__dump_reftable(int argc, const char **argv);
 int cmd__env_helper(int argc, const char **argv);
 int cmd__example_decorate(int argc, const char **argv);
 int cmd__fast_rebase(int argc, const char **argv);
+int cmd__find_pack(int argc, const char **argv);
 int cmd__fsmonitor_client(int argc, const char **argv);
 int cmd__genrandom(int argc, const char **argv);
 int cmd__genzeros(int argc, const char **argv);
@@ -78,6 +79,7 @@ int cmd__submodule_config(int argc, const char **argv);
 int cmd__submodule_nested_repo_config(int argc, const char **argv);
 int cmd__subprocess(int argc, const char **argv);
 int cmd__trace2(int argc, const char **argv);
+int cmd__truncate(int argc, const char **argv);
 int cmd__userdiff(int argc, const char **argv);
 int cmd__urlmatch_normalization(int argc, const char **argv);
 int cmd__xml_encode(int argc, const char **argv);
diff --git a/t/helper/test-truncate.c b/t/helper/test-truncate.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3931dea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/helper/test-truncate.c
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+#include "test-tool.h"
+#include "git-compat-util.h"
+
+/*
+ * Truncate a file to the given size.
+ */
+int cmd__truncate(int argc, const char **argv)
+{
+	char *p = NULL;
+	uintmax_t sz = 0;
+	int fd = -1;
+
+	if (argc != 3)
+		die("expected filename and size");
+
+	sz = strtoumax(argv[2], &p, 0);
+	if (*p)
+		die("invalid size");
+
+	fd = xopen(argv[1], O_WRONLY | O_CREAT, 0600);
+
+	if (ftruncate(fd, (off_t) sz) < 0)
+		die_errno("failed to truncate file");
+	return 0;
+}
diff --git a/t/lib-chunk.sh b/t/lib-chunk.sh
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a7cd9c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/lib-chunk.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+# Shell library for working with "chunk" files (commit-graph, midx, etc).
+
+# corrupt_chunk_file <fn> <chunk> <offset> <bytes>
+#
+# Corrupt a chunk-based file (like a commit-graph) by overwriting the bytes
+# found in the chunk specified by the 4-byte <chunk> identifier. If <offset> is
+# "clear", replace the chunk entirely. Otherwise, overwrite data <offset> bytes
+# into the chunk.
+#
+# The <bytes> are interpreted as pairs of hex digits (so "000000FE" would be
+# big-endian 254).
+corrupt_chunk_file () {
+	fn=$1; shift
+	perl "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/lib-chunk/corrupt-chunk-file.pl \
+		"$@" <"$fn" >"$fn.tmp" &&
+	mv "$fn.tmp" "$fn"
+}
diff --git a/t/lib-chunk/corrupt-chunk-file.pl b/t/lib-chunk/corrupt-chunk-file.pl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cd6d386
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/lib-chunk/corrupt-chunk-file.pl
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+#!/usr/bin/perl
+
+my ($chunk, $seek, $bytes) = @ARGV;
+$bytes =~ s/../chr(hex($&))/ge;
+
+binmode STDIN;
+binmode STDOUT;
+
+# A few helpers to read bytes, or read and copy them to the
+# output.
+sub get {
+	my $n = shift;
+	return unless $n;
+	read(STDIN, my $buf, $n)
+		or die "read error or eof: $!\n";
+	return $buf;
+}
+sub copy {
+	my $buf = get(@_);
+	print $buf;
+	return $buf;
+}
+
+# read until we find table-of-contents entry for chunk;
+# note that we cheat a bit by assuming 4-byte alignment and
+# that no ToC entry will accidentally look like a header.
+#
+# If we don't find the entry, copy() will hit EOF and exit
+# (which should cause the caller to fail the test).
+while (copy(4) ne $chunk) { }
+my $offset = unpack("Q>", copy(8));
+
+# In clear mode, our length will change. So figure out
+# the length by comparing to the offset of the next chunk, and
+# then adjust that offset (and all subsequent) ones.
+my $len;
+if ($seek eq "clear") {
+	my $id;
+	do {
+		$id = copy(4);
+		my $next = unpack("Q>", get(8));
+		if (!defined $len) {
+			$len = $next - $offset;
+		}
+		print pack("Q>", $next - $len + length($bytes));
+	} while (unpack("N", $id));
+}
+
+# and now copy up to our existing chunk data
+copy($offset - tell(STDIN));
+if ($seek eq "clear") {
+	# if clearing, skip past existing data
+	get($len);
+} else {
+	# otherwise, copy up to the requested offset,
+	# and skip past the overwritten bytes
+	copy($seek);
+	get(length($bytes));
+}
+
+# now write out the requested bytes, along
+# with any other remaining data
+print $bytes;
+while (read(STDIN, my $buf, 4096)) {
+	print $buf;
+}
diff --git a/t/t0081-find-pack.sh b/t/t0081-find-pack.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..67b1121
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/t0081-find-pack.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+test_description='test `test-tool find-pack`'
+
+TEST_PASSES_SANITIZE_LEAK=true
+. ./test-lib.sh
+
+test_expect_success 'setup' '
+	test_commit one &&
+	test_commit two &&
+	test_commit three &&
+	test_commit four &&
+	test_commit five
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'repack everything into a single packfile' '
+	git repack -a -d --no-write-bitmap-index &&
+
+	head_commit_pack=$(test-tool find-pack HEAD) &&
+	head_tree_pack=$(test-tool find-pack HEAD^{tree}) &&
+	one_pack=$(test-tool find-pack HEAD:one.t) &&
+	three_pack=$(test-tool find-pack HEAD:three.t) &&
+	old_commit_pack=$(test-tool find-pack HEAD~4) &&
+
+	test-tool find-pack --check-count 1 HEAD &&
+	test-tool find-pack --check-count=1 HEAD^{tree} &&
+	! test-tool find-pack --check-count=0 HEAD:one.t &&
+	! test-tool find-pack -c 2 HEAD:one.t &&
+	test-tool find-pack -c 1 HEAD:three.t &&
+
+	# Packfile exists at the right path
+	case "$head_commit_pack" in
+		".git/objects/pack/pack-"*".pack") true ;;
+		*) false ;;
+	esac &&
+	test -f "$head_commit_pack" &&
+
+	# Everything is in the same pack
+	test "$head_commit_pack" = "$head_tree_pack" &&
+	test "$head_commit_pack" = "$one_pack" &&
+	test "$head_commit_pack" = "$three_pack" &&
+	test "$head_commit_pack" = "$old_commit_pack"
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'add more packfiles' '
+	git rev-parse HEAD^{tree} HEAD:two.t HEAD:four.t >objects &&
+	git pack-objects .git/objects/pack/mypackname1 >packhash1 <objects &&
+
+	git rev-parse HEAD~ HEAD~^{tree} HEAD:five.t >objects &&
+	git pack-objects .git/objects/pack/mypackname2 >packhash2 <objects &&
+
+	head_commit_pack=$(test-tool find-pack HEAD) &&
+
+	# HEAD^{tree} is in 2 packfiles
+	test-tool find-pack HEAD^{tree} >head_tree_packs &&
+	grep "$head_commit_pack" head_tree_packs &&
+	grep mypackname1 head_tree_packs &&
+	! grep mypackname2 head_tree_packs &&
+	test-tool find-pack --check-count 2 HEAD^{tree} &&
+	! test-tool find-pack --check-count 1 HEAD^{tree} &&
+
+	# HEAD:five.t is also in 2 packfiles
+	test-tool find-pack HEAD:five.t >five_packs &&
+	grep "$head_commit_pack" five_packs &&
+	! grep mypackname1 five_packs &&
+	grep mypackname2 five_packs &&
+	test-tool find-pack -c 2 HEAD:five.t &&
+	! test-tool find-pack --check-count=0 HEAD:five.t
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'add more commits (as loose objects)' '
+	test_commit six &&
+	test_commit seven &&
+
+	test -z "$(test-tool find-pack HEAD)" &&
+	test -z "$(test-tool find-pack HEAD:six.t)" &&
+	test-tool find-pack --check-count 0 HEAD &&
+	test-tool find-pack -c 0 HEAD:six.t &&
+	! test-tool find-pack -c 1 HEAD:seven.t
+'
+
+test_done
diff --git a/t/t1500-rev-parse.sh b/t/t1500-rev-parse.sh
index 37ee509..3f9e7f6 100755
--- a/t/t1500-rev-parse.sh
+++ b/t/t1500-rev-parse.sh
@@ -264,4 +264,27 @@
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'rev-parse --bisect includes bad, excludes good' '
+	test_commit_bulk 6 &&
+
+	git update-ref refs/bisect/bad-1 HEAD~1 &&
+	git update-ref refs/bisect/b HEAD~2 &&
+	git update-ref refs/bisect/bad-3 HEAD~3 &&
+	git update-ref refs/bisect/good-3 HEAD~3 &&
+	git update-ref refs/bisect/bad-4 HEAD~4 &&
+	git update-ref refs/bisect/go HEAD~4 &&
+
+	# Note: refs/bisect/b and refs/bisect/go should be ignored because they
+	# do not match the refs/bisect/bad or refs/bisect/good prefixes.
+	cat >expect <<-EOF &&
+	refs/bisect/bad-1
+	refs/bisect/bad-3
+	refs/bisect/bad-4
+	^refs/bisect/good-3
+	EOF
+
+	git rev-parse --symbolic-full-name --bisect >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t3903-stash.sh b/t/t3903-stash.sh
index 0b3dfea..30b6426 100755
--- a/t/t3903-stash.sh
+++ b/t/t3903-stash.sh
@@ -931,6 +931,10 @@
 	test_must_fail git stash store foo
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'store called with non-stash commit' '
+	test_must_fail git stash store HEAD
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'store updates stash ref and reflog' '
 	git stash clear &&
 	git reset --hard &&
diff --git a/t/t4013-diff-various.sh b/t/t4013-diff-various.sh
index 5de1d19..4b47480 100755
--- a/t/t4013-diff-various.sh
+++ b/t/t4013-diff-various.sh
@@ -473,6 +473,14 @@
 	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'log --dd matches --diff-merges=1 -p' '
+	git log --diff-merges=1 -p master >result &&
+	process_diffs result >expected &&
+	git log --dd master >result &&
+	process_diffs result >actual &&
+	test_cmp expected actual
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'deny wrong log.diffMerges config' '
 	test_config log.diffMerges wrong-value &&
 	test_expect_code 128 git log
diff --git a/t/t4052-stat-output.sh b/t/t4052-stat-output.sh
index beb2ec2..7badd72 100755
--- a/t/t4052-stat-output.sh
+++ b/t/t4052-stat-output.sh
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 . ./test-lib.sh
 . "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/lib-terminal.sh
 
-# 120 character name
+# 120-character name
 name=aaaaaaaaaa
 name=$name$name$name$name$name$name$name$name$name$name$name$name
 test_expect_success 'preparation' '
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@
 do
 	# No width limit applied when statNameWidth is ignored
 	case "$expect" in expect72|expect.6030)
-		test_expect_success "$cmd $verb statNameWidth config with long name" '
+		test_expect_success "$cmd $verb diff.statNameWidth with long name" '
 			git -c diff.statNameWidth=30 $cmd $args >output &&
 			grep " | " output >actual &&
 			test_cmp $expect actual
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@
 	esac
 	# Maximum width limit still applied when statNameWidth is ignored
 	case "$expect" in expect.60|expect.6030)
-		test_expect_success "$cmd --stat=width $verb statNameWidth config with long name" '
+		test_expect_success "$cmd --stat=width $verb diff.statNameWidth with long name" '
 			git -c diff.statNameWidth=30 $cmd $args --stat=60 >output &&
 			grep " | " output >actual &&
 			test_cmp $expect actual
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@
 		test_cmp $expect.6030 actual
 	'
 
-	test_expect_success "$cmd --stat-name-width with long name" '
+	test_expect_success "$cmd --stat-name-width=width with long name" '
 		git $cmd $args --stat-name-width=30 >output &&
 		grep " | " output >actual &&
 		test_cmp $expect.6030 actual
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@
 expect log -1 --stat
 EOF
 
-test_expect_success 'preparation for big change tests' '
+test_expect_success 'preparation for big-change tests' '
 	>abcd &&
 	git add abcd &&
 	git commit -m message &&
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@
  abcd | 1000 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
  abcd | 1000 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 EOF
-test_expect_success "format-patch --cover-letter ignores COLUMNS (big change)" '
+test_expect_success "format-patch --cover-letter ignores COLUMNS with big change" '
 	COLUMNS=200 git format-patch -1 --stdout --cover-letter >output &&
 	grep " | " output >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect72 actual
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@
 EOF
 while read verb expect cmd args
 do
-	test_expect_success "$cmd $verb COLUMNS (big change)" '
+	test_expect_success "$cmd $verb COLUMNS with big change" '
 		COLUMNS=200 git $cmd $args >output &&
 		grep " | " output >actual &&
 		test_cmp "$expect" actual
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@
 
 	case "$cmd" in diff|show) continue;; esac
 
-	test_expect_success "$cmd --graph $verb COLUMNS (big change)" '
+	test_expect_success "$cmd --graph $verb COLUMNS with big change" '
 		COLUMNS=200 git $cmd $args --graph >output &&
 		grep " | " output >actual &&
 		test_cmp "$expect-graph" actual
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@
 EOF
 while read verb expect cmd args
 do
-	test_expect_success "$cmd $verb not enough COLUMNS (big change)" '
+	test_expect_success "$cmd $verb not enough COLUMNS with big change" '
 		COLUMNS=40 git $cmd $args >output &&
 		grep " | " output >actual &&
 		test_cmp "$expect" actual
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@
 
 	case "$cmd" in diff|show) continue;; esac
 
-	test_expect_success "$cmd --graph $verb not enough COLUMNS (big change)" '
+	test_expect_success "$cmd --graph $verb not enough COLUMNS with big change" '
 		COLUMNS=40 git $cmd $args --graph >output &&
 		grep " | " output >actual &&
 		test_cmp "$expect-graph" actual
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@
 EOF
 while read verb expect cmd args
 do
-	test_expect_success "$cmd $verb statGraphWidth config" '
+	test_expect_success "$cmd $verb diff.statGraphWidth" '
 		git -c diff.statGraphWidth=26 $cmd $args >output &&
 		grep " | " output >actual &&
 		test_cmp "$expect" actual
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@
 
 	case "$cmd" in diff|show) continue;; esac
 
-	test_expect_success "$cmd --graph $verb statGraphWidth config" '
+	test_expect_success "$cmd --graph $verb diff.statGraphWidth" '
 		git -c diff.statGraphWidth=26 $cmd $args --graph >output &&
 		grep " | " output >actual &&
 		test_cmp "$expect-graph" actual
@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@
 		test_cmp expect actual
 	'
 
-	test_expect_success "$cmd --stat-graph-width with big change" '
+	test_expect_success "$cmd --stat-graph-width=width with big change" '
 		git $cmd $args --stat-graph-width=26 >output &&
 		grep " | " output >actual &&
 		test_cmp expect actual
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@
 		test_cmp expect-graph actual
 	'
 
-	test_expect_success "$cmd --stat-graph-width --graph with big change" '
+	test_expect_success "$cmd --stat-graph-width=width --graph with big change" '
 		git $cmd $args --stat-graph-width=26 --graph >output &&
 		grep " | " output >actual &&
 		test_cmp expect-graph actual
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@
 log -1 --stat
 EOF
 
-test_expect_success 'preparation for long filename tests' '
+test_expect_success 'preparation for long-name tests' '
 	cp abcd aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa &&
 	git add aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa &&
 	git commit -m message
@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@
 EOF
 while read verb expect cmd args
 do
-	test_expect_success "$cmd $verb COLUMNS (long filename)" '
+	test_expect_success "$cmd $verb COLUMNS with long name" '
 		COLUMNS=200 git $cmd $args >output &&
 		grep " | " output >actual &&
 		test_cmp "$expect" actual
@@ -337,7 +337,7 @@
 
 	case "$cmd" in diff|show) continue;; esac
 
-	test_expect_success "$cmd --graph $verb COLUMNS (long filename)" '
+	test_expect_success "$cmd --graph $verb COLUMNS with long name" '
 		COLUMNS=200 git $cmd $args --graph >output &&
 		grep " | " output >actual &&
 		test_cmp "$expect-graph" actual
@@ -358,7 +358,7 @@
 while read verb expect cmd args
 do
 	test_expect_success COLUMNS_CAN_BE_1 \
-		"$cmd $verb prefix greater than COLUMNS (big change)" '
+		"$cmd $verb prefix greater than COLUMNS with big change" '
 		COLUMNS=1 git $cmd $args >output &&
 		grep " | " output >actual &&
 		test_cmp "$expect" actual
@@ -367,7 +367,7 @@
 	case "$cmd" in diff|show) continue;; esac
 
 	test_expect_success COLUMNS_CAN_BE_1 \
-		"$cmd --graph $verb prefix greater than COLUMNS (big change)" '
+		"$cmd --graph $verb prefix greater than COLUMNS with big change" '
 		COLUMNS=1 git $cmd $args --graph >output &&
 		grep " | " output >actual &&
 		test_cmp "$expect-graph" actual
@@ -382,8 +382,14 @@
 cat >expect <<'EOF'
  abcd | 1000 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 EOF
-test_expect_success 'merge --stat respects COLUMNS (big change)' '
-	git checkout -b branch HEAD^^ &&
+test_expect_success 'merge --stat respects diff.statGraphWidth with big change' '
+	git checkout -b branch1 HEAD^^ &&
+	git -c diff.statGraphWidth=26 merge --stat --no-ff main^ >output &&
+	grep " | " output >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect40 actual
+'
+test_expect_success 'merge --stat respects COLUMNS with big change' '
+	git checkout -b branch2 HEAD^^ &&
 	COLUMNS=100 git merge --stat --no-ff main^ >output &&
 	grep " | " output >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
@@ -392,7 +398,17 @@
 cat >expect <<'EOF'
  aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa | 1000 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 EOF
-test_expect_success 'merge --stat respects COLUMNS (long filename)' '
+cat >expect.30 <<'EOF'
+ ...aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa | 1000 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+EOF
+test_expect_success 'merge --stat respects diff.statNameWidth with long name' '
+	git switch branch1 &&
+	git -c diff.statNameWidth=30 merge --stat --no-ff main >output &&
+	grep " | " output >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect.30 actual
+'
+test_expect_success 'merge --stat respects COLUMNS with long name' '
+	git switch branch2 &&
 	COLUMNS=100 git merge --stat --no-ff main >output &&
 	grep " | " output >actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
diff --git a/t/t4068-diff-symmetric-merge-base.sh b/t/t4068-diff-symmetric-merge-base.sh
index 2d650d8..5416426 100755
--- a/t/t4068-diff-symmetric-merge-base.sh
+++ b/t/t4068-diff-symmetric-merge-base.sh
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
 	echo c >c &&
 	git add c &&
 	git commit -m C &&
-	git tag commit-C &&
+	git tag -m commit-C commit-C &&
 	git merge -m D main &&
 	git tag commit-D &&
 	git checkout main &&
@@ -109,6 +109,13 @@
 		test_cmp expect actual
 	'
 
+	test_expect_success "$cmd --merge-base with annotated tag" '
+		git checkout main &&
+		git $cmd commit-C >expect &&
+		git $cmd --merge-base commit-C >actual &&
+		test_cmp expect actual
+	'
+
 	test_expect_success "$cmd --merge-base with one commit and unstaged changes" '
 		git checkout main &&
 		test_when_finished git reset --hard &&
@@ -143,7 +150,7 @@
 	test_expect_success "$cmd --merge-base with non-commit" '
 		git checkout main &&
 		test_must_fail git $cmd --merge-base main^{tree} 2>err &&
-		test_i18ngrep "fatal: --merge-base only works with commits" err
+		test_i18ngrep "is a tree, not a commit" err
 	'
 
 	test_expect_success "$cmd --merge-base with no merge bases and one commit" '
@@ -169,7 +176,7 @@
 
 	test_expect_success "$cmd --merge-base commit and non-commit" '
 		test_must_fail git $cmd --merge-base br2 main^{tree} 2>err &&
-		test_i18ngrep "fatal: --merge-base only works with commits" err
+		test_i18ngrep "is a tree, not a commit" err
 	'
 
 	test_expect_success "$cmd --merge-base with no merge bases and two commits" '
diff --git a/t/t4205-log-pretty-formats.sh b/t/t4205-log-pretty-formats.sh
index 16626e4..e3d655e 100755
--- a/t/t4205-log-pretty-formats.sh
+++ b/t/t4205-log-pretty-formats.sh
@@ -590,9 +590,9 @@
 	git log --format="%(decorate:prefix=,suffix=)" -1 >actual2 &&
 	test_cmp expect2 actual2 &&
 
-	echo "[ HEAD -> foo; tag: bar; qux ]" >expect3 &&
-	git log --format="%(decorate:prefix=[ ,suffix= ],separator=%x3B )" \
-		-1 >actual3 &&
+	echo "[ bar; qux; foo ]" >expect3 &&
+	git log --format="%(decorate:prefix=[ ,suffix= ],separator=%x3B ,tag=)" \
+		--decorate-refs=refs/ -1 >actual3 &&
 	test_cmp expect3 actual3 &&
 
 	# Try with a typo (in "separator"), in which case the placeholder should
@@ -956,6 +956,36 @@
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'setup more commits for %S with --bisect' '
+	test_commit four &&
+	test_commit five &&
+
+	head1=$(git rev-parse --verify HEAD~0) &&
+	head2=$(git rev-parse --verify HEAD~1) &&
+	head3=$(git rev-parse --verify HEAD~2) &&
+	head4=$(git rev-parse --verify HEAD~3)
+'
+
+test_expect_success '%S with --bisect labels commits with refs/bisect/bad ref' '
+	git update-ref refs/bisect/bad-$head1 $head1 &&
+	git update-ref refs/bisect/go $head1 &&
+	git update-ref refs/bisect/bad-$head2 $head2 &&
+	git update-ref refs/bisect/b $head3 &&
+	git update-ref refs/bisect/bad-$head4 $head4 &&
+	git update-ref refs/bisect/good-$head4 $head4 &&
+
+	# We expect to see the range of commits betwee refs/bisect/good-$head4
+	# and refs/bisect/bad-$head1. The "source" ref is the nearest bisect ref
+	# from which the commit is reachable.
+	cat >expect <<-EOF &&
+	$head1 refs/bisect/bad-$head1
+	$head2 refs/bisect/bad-$head2
+	$head3 refs/bisect/bad-$head2
+	EOF
+	git log --bisect --format="%H %S" >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'log --pretty=reference' '
 	git log --pretty="tformat:%h (%s, %as)" >expect &&
 	git log --pretty=reference >actual &&
diff --git a/t/t4214-log-graph-octopus.sh b/t/t4214-log-graph-octopus.sh
index f70c46b..7905597 100755
--- a/t/t4214-log-graph-octopus.sh
+++ b/t/t4214-log-graph-octopus.sh
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 GIT_TEST_DEFAULT_INITIAL_BRANCH_NAME=main
 export GIT_TEST_DEFAULT_INITIAL_BRANCH_NAME
 
+TEST_PASSES_SANITIZE_LEAK=true
 . ./test-lib.sh
 . "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/lib-log-graph.sh
 
diff --git a/t/t4215-log-skewed-merges.sh b/t/t4215-log-skewed-merges.sh
index 28d0779..b877ac7 100755
--- a/t/t4215-log-skewed-merges.sh
+++ b/t/t4215-log-skewed-merges.sh
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 test_description='git log --graph of skewed merges'
 
+TEST_PASSES_SANITIZE_LEAK=true
 . ./test-lib.sh
 . "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/lib-log-graph.sh
 
diff --git a/t/t4216-log-bloom.sh b/t/t4216-log-bloom.sh
index fa9d32f..2ba0324 100755
--- a/t/t4216-log-bloom.sh
+++ b/t/t4216-log-bloom.sh
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 export GIT_TEST_DEFAULT_INITIAL_BRANCH_NAME
 
 . ./test-lib.sh
+. "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/lib-chunk.sh
 
 GIT_TEST_COMMIT_GRAPH=0
 GIT_TEST_COMMIT_GRAPH_CHANGED_PATHS=0
@@ -404,4 +405,53 @@
 	)
 '
 
+corrupt_graph () {
+	graph=.git/objects/info/commit-graph &&
+	test_when_finished "rm -rf $graph" &&
+	git commit-graph write --reachable --changed-paths &&
+	corrupt_chunk_file $graph "$@"
+}
+
+check_corrupt_graph () {
+	corrupt_graph "$@" &&
+	git -c core.commitGraph=false log -- A/B/file2 >expect.out &&
+	git -c core.commitGraph=true log -- A/B/file2 >out 2>err &&
+	test_cmp expect.out out
+}
+
+test_expect_success 'Bloom reader notices too-small data chunk' '
+	check_corrupt_graph BDAT clear 00000000 &&
+	echo "warning: ignoring too-small changed-path chunk" \
+		"(4 < 12) in commit-graph file" >expect.err &&
+	test_cmp expect.err err
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'Bloom reader notices out-of-bounds filter offsets' '
+	check_corrupt_graph BIDX 12 FFFFFFFF &&
+	# use grep to avoid depending on exact chunk size
+	grep "warning: ignoring out-of-range offset (4294967295) for changed-path filter at pos 3 of .git/objects/info/commit-graph" err
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'Bloom reader notices too-small index chunk' '
+	# replace the index with a single entry, making most
+	# lookups out-of-bounds
+	check_corrupt_graph BIDX clear 00000000 &&
+	echo "warning: commit-graph changed-path index chunk" \
+		"is too small" >expect.err &&
+	test_cmp expect.err err
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'Bloom reader notices out-of-order index offsets' '
+	# we do not know any real offsets, but we can pick
+	# something plausible; we should not get to the point of
+	# actually reading from the bogus offsets anyway.
+	corrupt_graph BIDX 4 0000000c00000005 &&
+	echo "warning: ignoring decreasing changed-path index offsets" \
+		"(12 > 5) for positions 1 and 2 of .git/objects/info/commit-graph" >expect.err &&
+	git -c core.commitGraph=false log -- A/B/file2 >expect.out &&
+	git -c core.commitGraph=true log -- A/B/file2 >out 2>err &&
+	test_cmp expect.out out &&
+	test_cmp expect.err err
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t4217-log-limit.sh b/t/t4217-log-limit.sh
index 6e01e26..613f071 100755
--- a/t/t4217-log-limit.sh
+++ b/t/t4217-log-limit.sh
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 test_description='git log with filter options limiting the output'
 
+TEST_PASSES_SANITIZE_LEAK=true
 . ./test-lib.sh
 
 test_expect_success 'setup test' '
diff --git a/t/t4300-merge-tree.sh b/t/t4300-merge-tree.sh
index 57c4f26..9c19726 100755
--- a/t/t4300-merge-tree.sh
+++ b/t/t4300-merge-tree.sh
@@ -86,6 +86,33 @@
 	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
+test_expect_success '3-way merge with --attr-source' '
+	test_when_finished rm -rf 3-way &&
+	git init 3-way &&
+	(
+		cd 3-way &&
+		test_commit initial file1 foo &&
+		base=$(git rev-parse HEAD) &&
+		git checkout -b brancha &&
+		echo bar >>file1 &&
+		git commit -am "adding bar" &&
+		source=$(git rev-parse HEAD) &&
+		git checkout @{-1} &&
+		git checkout -b branchb &&
+		echo baz >>file1 &&
+		git commit -am "adding baz" &&
+		merge=$(git rev-parse HEAD) &&
+		git checkout -b gitattributes &&
+		test_commit "gitattributes" .gitattributes "file1 merge=union" &&
+		git checkout @{-1} &&
+		tree=$(git --attr-source=gitattributes merge-tree --write-tree \
+		--merge-base "$base" --end-of-options "$source" "$merge") &&
+		test_write_lines foo bar baz >expect &&
+		git cat-file -p "$tree:file1" >actual &&
+		test_cmp expect actual
+	)
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'file change A, B (same)' '
 	git reset --hard initial &&
 	test_commit "change-a-b-same-A" "initial-file" "AAA" &&
diff --git a/t/t4301-merge-tree-write-tree.sh b/t/t4301-merge-tree-write-tree.sh
index 250f721..b2c8a43 100755
--- a/t/t4301-merge-tree-write-tree.sh
+++ b/t/t4301-merge-tree-write-tree.sh
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 	git branch side1 &&
 	git branch side2 &&
 	git branch side3 &&
+	git branch side4 &&
 
 	git checkout side1 &&
 	test_write_lines 1 2 3 4 5 6 >numbers &&
@@ -46,6 +47,13 @@
 	test_tick &&
 	git commit -m rename-numbers &&
 
+	git checkout side4 &&
+	test_write_lines 0 1 2 3 4 5 >numbers &&
+	echo yo >greeting &&
+	git add numbers greeting &&
+	test_tick &&
+	git commit -m other-content-modifications &&
+
 	git switch --orphan unrelated &&
 	>something-else &&
 	git add something-else &&
@@ -97,6 +105,21 @@
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'Auto resolve conflicts by "ours" strategy option' '
+	git checkout side1^0 &&
+
+	# make sure merge conflict exists
+	test_must_fail git merge side4 &&
+	git merge --abort &&
+
+	git merge -X ours side4 &&
+	git rev-parse HEAD^{tree} >expected &&
+
+	git merge-tree -X ours side1 side4 >actual &&
+
+	test_cmp expected actual
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'Barf on misspelled option, with exit code other than 0 or 1' '
 	# Mis-spell with single "s" instead of double "s"
 	test_expect_code 129 git merge-tree --write-tree --mesages FOOBAR side1 side2 2>expect &&
diff --git a/t/t5317-pack-objects-filter-objects.sh b/t/t5317-pack-objects-filter-objects.sh
index b26d476..2ff3eef 100755
--- a/t/t5317-pack-objects-filter-objects.sh
+++ b/t/t5317-pack-objects-filter-objects.sh
@@ -53,6 +53,14 @@
 	! grep blob verify_result
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'verify blob:none packfile without --stdout' '
+	git -C r1 pack-objects --revs --filter=blob:none mypackname >packhash <<-EOF &&
+	HEAD
+	EOF
+	git -C r1 verify-pack -v "mypackname-$(cat packhash).pack" >verify_result &&
+	! grep blob verify_result
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'verify normal and blob:none packfiles have same commits/trees' '
 	git -C r1 verify-pack -v ../all.pack >verify_result &&
 	grep -E "commit|tree" verify_result |
diff --git a/t/t5318-commit-graph.sh b/t/t5318-commit-graph.sh
index ba65f17..6505ff5 100755
--- a/t/t5318-commit-graph.sh
+++ b/t/t5318-commit-graph.sh
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 test_description='commit graph'
 . ./test-lib.sh
+. "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/lib-chunk.sh
 
 GIT_TEST_COMMIT_GRAPH_CHANGED_PATHS=0
 
@@ -559,7 +560,7 @@
 
 test_expect_success 'detect incorrect fanout final value' '
 	corrupt_graph_and_verify $GRAPH_BYTE_FANOUT2 "\01" \
-		"fanout value"
+		"oid table and fanout disagree on size"
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'detect incorrect OID order' '
@@ -821,4 +822,77 @@
 	)
 '
 
+corrupt_chunk () {
+	graph=full/.git/objects/info/commit-graph &&
+	test_when_finished "rm -rf $graph" &&
+	git -C full commit-graph write --reachable &&
+	corrupt_chunk_file $graph "$@"
+}
+
+check_corrupt_chunk () {
+	corrupt_chunk "$@" &&
+	git -C full -c core.commitGraph=false log >expect.out &&
+	git -C full -c core.commitGraph=true log >out 2>err &&
+	test_cmp expect.out out
+}
+
+test_expect_success 'reader notices too-small oid fanout chunk' '
+	# make it big enough that the graph file is plausible,
+	# otherwise we hit an earlier check
+	check_corrupt_chunk OIDF clear $(printf "000000%02x" $(test_seq 250)) &&
+	cat >expect.err <<-\EOF &&
+	error: commit-graph oid fanout chunk is wrong size
+	error: commit-graph is missing the OID Fanout chunk
+	EOF
+	test_cmp expect.err err
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'reader notices fanout/lookup table mismatch' '
+	check_corrupt_chunk OIDF 1020 "FFFFFFFF" &&
+	cat >expect.err <<-\EOF &&
+	error: commit-graph oid table and fanout disagree on size
+	EOF
+	test_cmp expect.err err
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'reader notices out-of-bounds fanout' '
+	# Rather than try to corrupt a specific hash, we will just
+	# wreck them all. But we cannot just set them all to 0xFFFFFFFF or
+	# similar, as they are used for hi/lo starts in a binary search (so if
+	# they are identical, that indicates that the search should abort
+	# immediately). Instead, we will give them high values that differ by
+	# 2^24, ensuring that any that are used would cause an out-of-bounds
+	# read.
+	check_corrupt_chunk OIDF 0 $(printf "%02x000000" $(test_seq 0 254)) &&
+	cat >expect.err <<-\EOF &&
+	error: commit-graph fanout values out of order
+	EOF
+	test_cmp expect.err err
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'reader notices too-small commit data chunk' '
+	check_corrupt_chunk CDAT clear 00000000 &&
+	cat >expect.err <<-\EOF &&
+	error: commit-graph commit data chunk is wrong size
+	error: commit-graph is missing the Commit Data chunk
+	EOF
+	test_cmp expect.err err
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'reader notices out-of-bounds extra edge' '
+	check_corrupt_chunk EDGE clear &&
+	cat >expect.err <<-\EOF &&
+	error: commit-graph extra-edges pointer out of bounds
+	EOF
+	test_cmp expect.err err
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'reader notices too-small generations chunk' '
+	check_corrupt_chunk GDA2 clear 00000000 &&
+	cat >expect.err <<-\EOF &&
+	error: commit-graph generations chunk is wrong size
+	EOF
+	test_cmp expect.err err
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t5319-multi-pack-index.sh b/t/t5319-multi-pack-index.sh
index 1bcc020..d3c9e97 100755
--- a/t/t5319-multi-pack-index.sh
+++ b/t/t5319-multi-pack-index.sh
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 test_description='multi-pack-indexes'
 . ./test-lib.sh
+. "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/lib-chunk.sh
 
 GIT_TEST_MULTI_PACK_INDEX=0
 objdir=.git/objects
@@ -438,7 +439,7 @@
 
 test_expect_success 'verify missing required chunk' '
 	corrupt_midx_and_verify $MIDX_BYTE_CHUNK_ID "\01" $objdir \
-		"missing required"
+		"required pack-name chunk missing"
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'verify invalid chunk offset' '
@@ -1055,4 +1056,105 @@
 	)
 '
 
+corrupt_chunk () {
+	midx=.git/objects/pack/multi-pack-index &&
+	test_when_finished "rm -rf $midx" &&
+	git repack -ad --write-midx &&
+	corrupt_chunk_file $midx "$@"
+}
+
+test_expect_success 'reader notices too-small oid fanout chunk' '
+	corrupt_chunk OIDF clear 00000000 &&
+	test_must_fail git log 2>err &&
+	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
+	error: multi-pack-index OID fanout is of the wrong size
+	fatal: multi-pack-index required OID fanout chunk missing or corrupted
+	EOF
+	test_cmp expect err
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'reader notices too-small oid lookup chunk' '
+	corrupt_chunk OIDL clear 00000000 &&
+	test_must_fail git log 2>err &&
+	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
+	error: multi-pack-index OID lookup chunk is the wrong size
+	fatal: multi-pack-index required OID lookup chunk missing or corrupted
+	EOF
+	test_cmp expect err
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'reader notices too-small pack names chunk' '
+	# There is no NUL to terminate the name here, so the
+	# chunk is too short.
+	corrupt_chunk PNAM clear 70656666 &&
+	test_must_fail git log 2>err &&
+	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
+	fatal: multi-pack-index pack-name chunk is too short
+	EOF
+	test_cmp expect err
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'reader handles unaligned chunks' '
+	# A 9-byte PNAM means all of the subsequent chunks
+	# will no longer be 4-byte aligned, but it is still
+	# a valid one-pack chunk on its own (it is "foo.pack\0").
+	corrupt_chunk PNAM clear 666f6f2e7061636b00 &&
+	git -c core.multipackindex=false log >expect.out &&
+	git -c core.multipackindex=true log >out 2>err &&
+	test_cmp expect.out out &&
+	cat >expect.err <<-\EOF &&
+	error: chunk id 4f494446 not 4-byte aligned
+	EOF
+	test_cmp expect.err err
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'reader notices too-small object offset chunk' '
+	corrupt_chunk OOFF clear 00000000 &&
+	test_must_fail git log 2>err &&
+	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
+	error: multi-pack-index object offset chunk is the wrong size
+	fatal: multi-pack-index required object offsets chunk missing or corrupted
+	EOF
+	test_cmp expect err
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'reader bounds-checks large offset table' '
+	# re-use the objects64 dir here to cheaply get access to a midx
+	# with large offsets.
+	git init repo &&
+	test_when_finished "rm -rf repo" &&
+	(
+		cd repo &&
+		(cd ../objects64 && pwd) >.git/objects/info/alternates &&
+		git multi-pack-index --object-dir=../objects64 write &&
+		midx=../objects64/pack/multi-pack-index &&
+		corrupt_chunk_file $midx LOFF clear &&
+		# using only %(objectsize) is important here; see the commit
+		# message for more details
+		test_must_fail git cat-file --batch-all-objects \
+			--batch-check="%(objectsize)" 2>err &&
+		cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
+		fatal: multi-pack-index large offset out of bounds
+		EOF
+		test_cmp expect err
+	)
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'reader notices too-small revindex chunk' '
+	# We only get a revindex with bitmaps (and likewise only
+	# load it when they are asked for).
+	test_config repack.writeBitmaps true &&
+	corrupt_chunk RIDX clear 00000000 &&
+	git -c core.multipackIndex=false rev-list \
+		--all --use-bitmap-index >expect.out &&
+	git -c core.multipackIndex=true rev-list \
+		--all --use-bitmap-index >out 2>err &&
+	test_cmp expect.out out &&
+	cat >expect.err <<-\EOF &&
+	error: multi-pack-index reverse-index chunk is the wrong size
+	warning: multi-pack bitmap is missing required reverse index
+	EOF
+	test_cmp expect.err err
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t5324-split-commit-graph.sh b/t/t5324-split-commit-graph.sh
index 06bb897..97eb6d2 100755
--- a/t/t5324-split-commit-graph.sh
+++ b/t/t5324-split-commit-graph.sh
@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
 #!/bin/sh
 
 test_description='split commit graph'
+
+TEST_PASSES_SANITIZE_LEAK=true
 . ./test-lib.sh
+. "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/lib-chunk.sh
 
 GIT_TEST_COMMIT_GRAPH=0
 GIT_TEST_COMMIT_GRAPH_CHANGED_PATHS=0
@@ -317,7 +320,7 @@
 		cd verify-shallow &&
 		git commit-graph verify &&
 		base_file=$graphdir/graph-$(head -n 1 $graphdir/commit-graph-chain).graph &&
-		corrupt_file "$base_file" 1000 "\01" &&
+		corrupt_file "$base_file" 1500 "\01" &&
 		git commit-graph verify --shallow &&
 		test_must_fail git commit-graph verify 2>test_err &&
 		grep -v "^+" test_err >err &&
@@ -391,10 +394,23 @@
 		test_commit extra &&
 		git commit-graph write --reachable --split &&
 		tip_file=$graphdir/graph-$(tail -n 1 $graphdir/commit-graph-chain).graph &&
-		corrupt_file "$tip_file" 100 "\01" &&
+		corrupt_file "$tip_file" 1500 "\01" &&
 		test_must_fail git commit-graph verify --shallow 2>test_err &&
 		grep -v "^+" test_err >err &&
-		test_i18ngrep "commit-graph has incorrect fanout value" err
+		test_i18ngrep "incorrect checksum" err
+	)
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'reader bounds-checks base-graph chunk' '
+	git clone --no-hardlinks . corrupt-base-chunk &&
+	(
+		cd corrupt-base-chunk &&
+		tip_file=$graphdir/graph-$(tail -n 1 $graphdir/commit-graph-chain).graph &&
+		corrupt_chunk_file "$tip_file" BASE clear 01020304 &&
+		git -c core.commitGraph=false log >expect.out &&
+		git -c core.commitGraph=true log >out 2>err &&
+		test_cmp expect.out out &&
+		grep "commit-graph base graphs chunk is too small" err
 	)
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t5328-commit-graph-64bit-time.sh b/t/t5328-commit-graph-64bit-time.sh
index e9c521c..fc6a242 100755
--- a/t/t5328-commit-graph-64bit-time.sh
+++ b/t/t5328-commit-graph-64bit-time.sh
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 #!/bin/sh
 
 test_description='commit graph with 64-bit timestamps'
+
+TEST_PASSES_SANITIZE_LEAK=true
 . ./test-lib.sh
 
 if ! test_have_prereq TIME_IS_64BIT || ! test_have_prereq TIME_T_IS_64BIT
@@ -10,6 +12,7 @@
 fi
 
 . "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/lib-commit-graph.sh
+. "$TEST_DIRECTORY/lib-chunk.sh"
 
 UNIX_EPOCH_ZERO="@0 +0000"
 FUTURE_DATE="@4147483646 +0000"
@@ -72,4 +75,13 @@
 	git -C repo-uint32-max commit-graph verify
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'reader notices out-of-bounds generation overflow' '
+	graph=.git/objects/info/commit-graph &&
+	test_when_finished "rm -rf $graph" &&
+	git commit-graph write --reachable &&
+	corrupt_chunk_file $graph GDO2 clear &&
+	test_must_fail git log 2>err &&
+	grep "commit-graph overflow generation data is too small" err
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t5521-pull-options.sh b/t/t5521-pull-options.sh
index 264de29..079b2f2 100755
--- a/t/t5521-pull-options.sh
+++ b/t/t5521-pull-options.sh
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 GIT_TEST_DEFAULT_INITIAL_BRANCH_NAME=main
 export GIT_TEST_DEFAULT_INITIAL_BRANCH_NAME
 
+TEST_PASSES_SANITIZE_LEAK=true
 . ./test-lib.sh
 
 test_expect_success 'setup' '
diff --git a/t/t5811-proto-disable-git.sh b/t/t5811-proto-disable-git.sh
index 8ac6b2a..ed773e7 100755
--- a/t/t5811-proto-disable-git.sh
+++ b/t/t5811-proto-disable-git.sh
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 #!/bin/sh
 
 test_description='test disabling of git-over-tcp in clone/fetch'
+
+TEST_PASSES_SANITIZE_LEAK=true
 . ./test-lib.sh
 . "$TEST_DIRECTORY/lib-proto-disable.sh"
 . "$TEST_DIRECTORY/lib-git-daemon.sh"
diff --git a/t/t6009-rev-list-parent.sh b/t/t6009-rev-list-parent.sh
index 5a67bbc..ced4015 100755
--- a/t/t6009-rev-list-parent.sh
+++ b/t/t6009-rev-list-parent.sh
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 GIT_TEST_DEFAULT_INITIAL_BRANCH_NAME=main
 export GIT_TEST_DEFAULT_INITIAL_BRANCH_NAME
 
+TEST_PASSES_SANITIZE_LEAK=true
 . ./test-lib.sh
 
 check_revlist () {
diff --git a/t/t6416-recursive-corner-cases.sh b/t/t6416-recursive-corner-cases.sh
index 17b54d6..5f414ab 100755
--- a/t/t6416-recursive-corner-cases.sh
+++ b/t/t6416-recursive-corner-cases.sh
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 GIT_TEST_DEFAULT_INITIAL_BRANCH_NAME=main
 export GIT_TEST_DEFAULT_INITIAL_BRANCH_NAME
 
+TEST_PASSES_SANITIZE_LEAK=true
 . ./test-lib.sh
 . "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/lib-merge.sh
 
diff --git a/t/t6433-merge-toplevel.sh b/t/t6433-merge-toplevel.sh
index b160314..2b42f09 100755
--- a/t/t6433-merge-toplevel.sh
+++ b/t/t6433-merge-toplevel.sh
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 GIT_TEST_DEFAULT_INITIAL_BRANCH_NAME=main
 export GIT_TEST_DEFAULT_INITIAL_BRANCH_NAME
 
+TEST_PASSES_SANITIZE_LEAK=true
 . ./test-lib.sh
 
 t3033_reset () {
diff --git a/t/t6437-submodule-merge.sh b/t/t6437-submodule-merge.sh
index c9a86f2..daa5078 100755
--- a/t/t6437-submodule-merge.sh
+++ b/t/t6437-submodule-merge.sh
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 GIT_TEST_FATAL_REGISTER_SUBMODULE_ODB=1
 export GIT_TEST_FATAL_REGISTER_SUBMODULE_ODB
 
+TEST_PASSES_SANITIZE_LEAK=true
 . ./test-lib.sh
 . "$TEST_DIRECTORY"/lib-merge.sh
 
diff --git a/t/t6500-gc.sh b/t/t6500-gc.sh
index 69509d0..04acf22 100755
--- a/t/t6500-gc.sh
+++ b/t/t6500-gc.sh
@@ -202,6 +202,30 @@
 	grep -E "^trace: (built-in|exec|run_command): git reflog expire --" trace.out
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'gc.repackFilter launches repack with a filter' '
+	git clone --no-local --bare . bare.git &&
+
+	git -C bare.git -c gc.cruftPacks=false gc &&
+	test_stdout_line_count = 1 ls bare.git/objects/pack/*.pack &&
+
+	GIT_TRACE=$(pwd)/trace.out git -C bare.git -c gc.repackFilter=blob:none \
+		-c repack.writeBitmaps=false -c gc.cruftPacks=false gc &&
+	test_stdout_line_count = 2 ls bare.git/objects/pack/*.pack &&
+	grep -E "^trace: (built-in|exec|run_command): git repack .* --filter=blob:none ?.*" trace.out
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'gc.repackFilterTo store filtered out objects' '
+	test_when_finished "rm -rf bare.git filtered.git" &&
+
+	git init --bare filtered.git &&
+	git -C bare.git -c gc.repackFilter=blob:none \
+		-c gc.repackFilterTo=../filtered.git/objects/pack/pack \
+		-c repack.writeBitmaps=false -c gc.cruftPacks=false gc &&
+
+	test_stdout_line_count = 1 ls bare.git/objects/pack/*.pack &&
+	test_stdout_line_count = 1 ls filtered.git/objects/pack/*.pack
+'
+
 prepare_cruft_history () {
 	test_commit base &&
 
@@ -303,6 +327,33 @@
 	)
 '
 
+cruft_max_size_opts="git repack -d -l --cruft --cruft-expiration=2.weeks.ago"
+
+test_expect_success 'setup for --max-cruft-size tests' '
+	git init cruft--max-size &&
+	(
+		cd cruft--max-size &&
+		prepare_cruft_history
+	)
+'
+
+test_expect_success '--max-cruft-size sets appropriate repack options' '
+	GIT_TRACE2_EVENT=$(pwd)/trace2.txt git -C cruft--max-size \
+		gc --cruft --max-cruft-size=1M &&
+	test_subcommand $cruft_max_size_opts --max-cruft-size=1048576 <trace2.txt
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'gc.maxCruftSize sets appropriate repack options' '
+	GIT_TRACE2_EVENT=$(pwd)/trace2.txt \
+		git -C cruft--max-size -c gc.maxCruftSize=2M gc --cruft &&
+	test_subcommand $cruft_max_size_opts --max-cruft-size=2097152 <trace2.txt &&
+
+	GIT_TRACE2_EVENT=$(pwd)/trace2.txt \
+		git -C cruft--max-size -c gc.maxCruftSize=2M gc --cruft \
+		--max-cruft-size=3M &&
+	test_subcommand $cruft_max_size_opts --max-cruft-size=3145728 <trace2.txt
+'
+
 run_and_wait_for_auto_gc () {
 	# We read stdout from gc for the side effect of waiting until the
 	# background gc process exits, closing its fd 9.  Furthermore, the
diff --git a/t/t6700-tree-depth.sh b/t/t6700-tree-depth.sh
index e410c41..9e70a7c 100755
--- a/t/t6700-tree-depth.sh
+++ b/t/t6700-tree-depth.sh
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 #!/bin/sh
 
 test_description='handling of deep trees in various commands'
+
+TEST_PASSES_SANITIZE_LEAK=true
 . ./test-lib.sh
 
 # We'll test against two depths here: a small one that will let us check the
diff --git a/t/t7419-submodule-set-branch.sh b/t/t7419-submodule-set-branch.sh
index 2320655..a5d1bc5 100755
--- a/t/t7419-submodule-set-branch.sh
+++ b/t/t7419-submodule-set-branch.sh
@@ -11,6 +11,10 @@
 
 TEST_PASSES_SANITIZE_LEAK=true
 TEST_NO_CREATE_REPO=1
+
+GIT_TEST_DEFAULT_INITIAL_BRANCH_NAME=main
+export GIT_TEST_DEFAULT_INITIAL_BRANCH_NAME
+
 . ./test-lib.sh
 
 test_expect_success 'setup' '
@@ -27,26 +31,28 @@
 		git checkout -b topic &&
 		echo b >a &&
 		git add . &&
-		git commit -mb
+		git commit -mb &&
+		git checkout main
 	) &&
 	mkdir super &&
 	(cd super &&
 		git init &&
 		git submodule add ../submodule &&
-		git commit -m "add submodule"
+		git submodule add --name thename ../submodule thepath &&
+		git commit -m "add submodules"
 	)
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'ensure submodule branch is unset' '
 	(cd super &&
-		! grep branch .gitmodules
+		test_cmp_config "" -f .gitmodules --default "" submodule.submodule.branch
 	)
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'test submodule set-branch --branch' '
 	(cd super &&
 		git submodule set-branch --branch topic submodule &&
-		grep "branch = topic" .gitmodules &&
+		test_cmp_config topic -f .gitmodules submodule.submodule.branch &&
 		git submodule update --remote &&
 		cat <<-\EOF >expect &&
 		b
@@ -57,13 +63,12 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'test submodule set-branch --default' '
-	test_commit -C submodule c &&
 	(cd super &&
 		git submodule set-branch --default submodule &&
-		! grep branch .gitmodules &&
+		test_cmp_config "" -f .gitmodules --default "" submodule.submodule.branch &&
 		git submodule update --remote &&
 		cat <<-\EOF >expect &&
-		c
+		a
 		EOF
 		git -C submodule show -s --pretty=%s >actual &&
 		test_cmp expect actual
@@ -71,10 +76,9 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'test submodule set-branch -b' '
-	test_commit -C submodule b &&
 	(cd super &&
 		git submodule set-branch -b topic submodule &&
-		grep "branch = topic" .gitmodules &&
+		test_cmp_config topic -f .gitmodules submodule.submodule.branch &&
 		git submodule update --remote &&
 		cat <<-\EOF >expect &&
 		b
@@ -85,17 +89,43 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'test submodule set-branch -d' '
-	test_commit -C submodule d &&
 	(cd super &&
 		git submodule set-branch -d submodule &&
-		! grep branch .gitmodules &&
+		test_cmp_config "" -f .gitmodules --default "" submodule.submodule.branch &&
 		git submodule update --remote &&
 		cat <<-\EOF >expect &&
-		d
+		a
 		EOF
 		git -C submodule show -s --pretty=%s >actual &&
 		test_cmp expect actual
 	)
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'test submodule set-branch --branch with named submodule' '
+	(cd super &&
+		git submodule set-branch --branch topic thepath &&
+		test_cmp_config topic -f .gitmodules submodule.thename.branch &&
+		test_cmp_config "" -f .gitmodules --default "" submodule.thepath.branch &&
+		git submodule update --remote &&
+		cat <<-\EOF >expect &&
+		b
+		EOF
+		git -C thepath show -s --pretty=%s >actual &&
+		test_cmp expect actual
+	)
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'test submodule set-branch --default with named submodule' '
+	(cd super &&
+		git submodule set-branch --default thepath &&
+		test_cmp_config "" -f .gitmodules --default "" submodule.thename.branch &&
+		git submodule update --remote &&
+		cat <<-\EOF >expect &&
+		a
+		EOF
+		git -C thepath show -s --pretty=%s >actual &&
+		test_cmp expect actual
+	)
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t7420-submodule-set-url.sh b/t/t7420-submodule-set-url.sh
index d6bf62b..bf7f15e 100755
--- a/t/t7420-submodule-set-url.sh
+++ b/t/t7420-submodule-set-url.sh
@@ -25,17 +25,26 @@
 		git add file &&
 		git commit -ma
 	) &&
+	mkdir namedsubmodule &&
+	(
+		cd namedsubmodule &&
+		git init &&
+		echo 1 >file &&
+		git add file &&
+		git commit -m1
+	) &&
 	mkdir super &&
 	(
 		cd super &&
 		git init &&
 		git submodule add ../submodule &&
-		git commit -m "add submodule"
+		git submodule add --name thename ../namedsubmodule thepath &&
+		git commit -m "add submodules"
 	)
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'test submodule set-url' '
-	# add a commit and move the submodule (change the url)
+	# add commits and move the submodules (change the urls)
 	(
 		cd submodule &&
 		echo b >>file &&
@@ -44,15 +53,28 @@
 	) &&
 	mv submodule newsubmodule &&
 
+	(
+		cd namedsubmodule &&
+		echo 2 >>file &&
+		git add file &&
+		git commit -m2
+	) &&
+	mv namedsubmodule newnamedsubmodule &&
+
 	git -C newsubmodule show >expect &&
+	git -C newnamedsubmodule show >>expect &&
 	(
 		cd super &&
 		test_must_fail git submodule update --remote &&
 		git submodule set-url submodule ../newsubmodule &&
-		grep -F "url = ../newsubmodule" .gitmodules &&
+		test_cmp_config ../newsubmodule -f .gitmodules submodule.submodule.url &&
+		git submodule set-url thepath ../newnamedsubmodule &&
+		test_cmp_config ../newnamedsubmodule -f .gitmodules submodule.thename.url &&
+		test_cmp_config "" -f .gitmodules --default "" submodule.thepath.url &&
 		git submodule update --remote
 	) &&
 	git -C super/submodule show >actual &&
+	git -C super/thepath show >>actual &&
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
diff --git a/t/t7508-status.sh b/t/t7508-status.sh
index 6928fd8..6c46648 100755
--- a/t/t7508-status.sh
+++ b/t/t7508-status.sh
@@ -1745,4 +1745,20 @@
 	)
 '
 
+test_expect_success EXPENSIVE 'status does not re-read unchanged 4 or 8 GiB file' '
+	(
+		mkdir large-file &&
+		cd large-file &&
+		# Files are 2 GiB, 4 GiB, and 8 GiB sparse files.
+		test-tool truncate file-a 0x080000000 &&
+		test-tool truncate file-b 0x100000000 &&
+		test-tool truncate file-c 0x200000000 &&
+		# This will be slow.
+		git add file-a file-b file-c &&
+		git commit -m "add large files" &&
+		git diff-index HEAD file-a file-b file-c >actual &&
+		test_must_be_empty actual
+	)
+'
+
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t7513-interpret-trailers.sh b/t/t7513-interpret-trailers.sh
index 97f1090..832aff0 100755
--- a/t/t7513-interpret-trailers.sh
+++ b/t/t7513-interpret-trailers.sh
@@ -489,7 +489,7 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'with config setup' '
-	git config trailer.ack.key "Acked-by: " &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.key "Acked-by: " &&
 	cat >expected <<-\EOF &&
 
 		Acked-by: Peff
@@ -503,8 +503,8 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'with config setup and ":=" as separators' '
-	git config trailer.separators ":=" &&
-	git config trailer.ack.key "Acked-by= " &&
+	test_config trailer.separators ":=" &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.key "Acked-by= " &&
 	cat >expected <<-\EOF &&
 
 		Acked-by= Peff
@@ -518,7 +518,7 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'with config setup and "%" as separators' '
-	git config trailer.separators "%" &&
+	test_config trailer.separators "%" &&
 	cat >expected <<-\EOF &&
 
 		bug% 42
@@ -532,6 +532,7 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'with "%" as separators and a message with trailers' '
+	test_config trailer.separators "%" &&
 	cat >special_message <<-\EOF &&
 		Special Message
 
@@ -553,8 +554,8 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'with config setup and ":=#" as separators' '
-	git config trailer.separators ":=#" &&
-	git config trailer.bug.key "Bug #" &&
+	test_config trailer.separators ":=#" &&
+	test_config trailer.bug.key "Bug #" &&
 	cat >expected <<-\EOF &&
 
 		Bug #42
@@ -581,6 +582,8 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'with commit complex message as argument' '
+	test_config trailer.separators ":=" &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.key "Acked-by= " &&
 	cat complex_message_body complex_message_trailers >complex_message &&
 	cat complex_message_body >expected &&
 	sed -e "s/ Z\$/ /" >>expected <<-\EOF &&
@@ -594,6 +597,8 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'with 2 files arguments' '
+	test_config trailer.separators ":=" &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.key "Acked-by= " &&
 	cat basic_message >>expected &&
 	echo >>expected &&
 	cat basic_patch >>expected &&
@@ -677,6 +682,9 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'with commit complex message and trailer args' '
+	test_config trailer.separators ":=#" &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.key "Acked-by= " &&
+	test_config trailer.bug.key "Bug #" &&
 	cat complex_message_body >expected &&
 	sed -e "s/ Z\$/ /" >>expected <<-\EOF &&
 		Fixes: Z
@@ -692,6 +700,9 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'with complex patch, args and --trim-empty' '
+	test_config trailer.separators ":=#" &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.key "Acked-by= " &&
+	test_config trailer.bug.key "Bug #" &&
 	cat complex_message >complex_patch &&
 	cat basic_patch >>complex_patch &&
 	cat complex_message_body >expected &&
@@ -746,7 +757,10 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'using "where = before"' '
-	git config trailer.bug.where "before" &&
+	test_config trailer.separators ":=#" &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.key "Acked-by= " &&
+	test_config trailer.bug.key "Bug #" &&
+	test_config trailer.bug.where "before" &&
 	cat complex_message_body >expected &&
 	sed -e "s/ Z\$/ /" >>expected <<-\EOF &&
 		Bug #42
@@ -762,7 +776,9 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'overriding configuration with "--where after"' '
-	git config trailer.ack.where "before" &&
+	test_config trailer.separators ":=" &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.key "Acked-by= " &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.where "before" &&
 	cat complex_message_body >expected &&
 	sed -e "s/ Z\$/ /" >>expected <<-\EOF &&
 		Fixes: Z
@@ -776,7 +792,12 @@
 	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'using "where = before" with "--no-where"' '
+test_expect_success 'using "--where after" with "--no-where"' '
+	test_config trailer.ack.key "Acked-by= " &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.where "before" &&
+	test_config trailer.bug.key "Bug #" &&
+	test_config trailer.bug.where "before" &&
+	test_config trailer.separators ":=#" &&
 	cat complex_message_body >expected &&
 	sed -e "s/ Z\$/ /" >>expected <<-\EOF &&
 		Bug #42
@@ -791,8 +812,59 @@
 	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
+# Check whether using "--no-where" clears out only the "--where after", such
+# that we still use the configuration in trailer.where (which is different from
+# the hardcoded default (in WHERE_END) assuming the absence of .gitconfig).
+# Here, the "start" setting of trailer.where is respected, so the new "Acked-by"
+# and "Bug" trailers are placed at the beginning, and not at the end which is
+# the harcoded default.
+test_expect_success 'using "--where after" with "--no-where" defaults to configuration' '
+	test_config trailer.ack.key "Acked-by= " &&
+	test_config trailer.bug.key "Bug #" &&
+	test_config trailer.separators ":=#" &&
+	test_config trailer.where "start" &&
+	cat complex_message_body >expected &&
+	sed -e "s/ Z\$/ /" >>expected <<-\EOF &&
+		Bug #42
+		Acked-by= Peff
+		Fixes: Z
+		Acked-by= Z
+		Reviewed-by: Z
+		Signed-off-by: Z
+	EOF
+	git interpret-trailers --where after --no-where --trailer "ack: Peff" \
+		--trailer "bug: 42" complex_message >actual &&
+	test_cmp expected actual
+'
+
+# The "--where after" will only get respected for the trailer that came
+# immediately after it. For the next trailer (Bug #42), we default to using the
+# hardcoded WHERE_END because we don't have any "trailer.where" or
+# "trailer.bug.where" configured.
+test_expect_success 'using "--no-where" defaults to harcoded default if nothing configured' '
+	test_config trailer.ack.key "Acked-by= " &&
+	test_config trailer.bug.key "Bug #" &&
+	test_config trailer.separators ":=#" &&
+	cat complex_message_body >expected &&
+	sed -e "s/ Z\$/ /" >>expected <<-\EOF &&
+		Fixes: Z
+		Acked-by= Z
+		Acked-by= Peff
+		Reviewed-by: Z
+		Signed-off-by: Z
+		Bug #42
+	EOF
+	git interpret-trailers --where after --trailer "ack: Peff" --no-where \
+		--trailer "bug: 42" complex_message >actual &&
+	test_cmp expected actual
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'using "where = after"' '
-	git config trailer.ack.where "after" &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.key "Acked-by= " &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.where "after" &&
+	test_config trailer.bug.key "Bug #" &&
+	test_config trailer.bug.where "before" &&
+	test_config trailer.separators ":=#" &&
 	cat complex_message_body >expected &&
 	sed -e "s/ Z\$/ /" >>expected <<-\EOF &&
 		Bug #42
@@ -808,8 +880,11 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'using "where = end"' '
-	git config trailer.review.key "Reviewed-by" &&
-	git config trailer.review.where "end" &&
+	test_config trailer.review.key "Reviewed-by" &&
+	test_config trailer.review.where "end" &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.key "Acked-by= " &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.where "after" &&
+	test_config trailer.separators ":=" &&
 	cat complex_message_body >expected &&
 	sed -e "s/ Z\$/ /" >>expected <<-\EOF &&
 		Fixes: Z
@@ -827,8 +902,11 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'using "where = start"' '
-	git config trailer.review.key "Reviewed-by" &&
-	git config trailer.review.where "start" &&
+	test_config trailer.review.key "Reviewed-by" &&
+	test_config trailer.review.where "start" &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.key "Acked-by= " &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.where "after" &&
+	test_config trailer.separators ":=" &&
 	cat complex_message_body >expected &&
 	sed -e "s/ Z\$/ /" >>expected <<-\EOF &&
 		Reviewed-by: Johannes
@@ -846,8 +924,13 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'using "where = before" for a token in the middle of the message' '
-	git config trailer.review.key "Reviewed-by:" &&
-	git config trailer.review.where "before" &&
+	test_config trailer.review.key "Reviewed-by:" &&
+	test_config trailer.review.where "before" &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.key "Acked-by= " &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.where "after" &&
+	test_config trailer.bug.key "Bug #" &&
+	test_config trailer.bug.where "before" &&
+	test_config trailer.separators ":=#" &&
 	cat complex_message_body >expected &&
 	sed -e "s/ Z\$/ /" >>expected <<-\EOF &&
 		Bug #42
@@ -864,6 +947,12 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'using "where = before" and --trim-empty' '
+	test_config trailer.ack.key "Acked-by= " &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.where "after" &&
+	test_config trailer.bug.key "Bug #" &&
+	test_config trailer.bug.where "before" &&
+	test_config trailer.review.key "Reviewed-by:" &&
+	test_config trailer.separators ":=#" &&
 	cat complex_message_body >expected &&
 	cat >>expected <<-\EOF &&
 		Bug #46
@@ -878,6 +967,13 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'the default is "ifExists = addIfDifferentNeighbor"' '
+	test_config trailer.ack.key "Acked-by= " &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.where "after" &&
+	test_config trailer.bug.key "Bug #" &&
+	test_config trailer.bug.where "before" &&
+	test_config trailer.review.key "Reviewed-by:" &&
+	test_config trailer.review.where "before" &&
+	test_config trailer.separators ":=#" &&
 	cat complex_message_body >expected &&
 	sed -e "s/ Z\$/ /" >>expected <<-\EOF &&
 		Bug #42
@@ -896,7 +992,13 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'default "ifExists" is now "addIfDifferent"' '
-	git config trailer.ifexists "addIfDifferent" &&
+	test_config trailer.ifexists "addIfDifferent" &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.key "Acked-by= " &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.where "after" &&
+	test_config trailer.bug.key "Bug #" &&
+	test_config trailer.bug.where "before" &&
+	test_config trailer.review.key "Reviewed-by:" &&
+	test_config trailer.separators ":=#" &&
 	cat complex_message_body >expected &&
 	sed -e "s/ Z\$/ /" >>expected <<-\EOF &&
 		Bug #42
@@ -914,8 +1016,14 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'using "ifExists = addIfDifferent" with "where = end"' '
-	git config trailer.ack.ifExists "addIfDifferent" &&
-	git config trailer.ack.where "end" &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.ifExists "addIfDifferent" &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.key "Acked-by= " &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.where "end" &&
+	test_config trailer.bug.key "Bug #" &&
+	test_config trailer.bug.where "before" &&
+	test_config trailer.review.key "Reviewed-by:" &&
+	test_config trailer.ifexists "addIfDifferent" &&
+	test_config trailer.separators ":=#" &&
 	cat complex_message_body >expected &&
 	sed -e "s/ Z\$/ /" >>expected <<-\EOF &&
 		Bug #42
@@ -932,8 +1040,14 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'using "ifExists = addIfDifferent" with "where = before"' '
-	git config trailer.ack.ifExists "addIfDifferent" &&
-	git config trailer.ack.where "before" &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.ifExists "addIfDifferent" &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.key "Acked-by= " &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.where "before" &&
+	test_config trailer.bug.key "Bug #" &&
+	test_config trailer.bug.where "before" &&
+	test_config trailer.review.key "Reviewed-by:" &&
+	test_config trailer.ifexists "addIfDifferent" &&
+	test_config trailer.separators ":=#" &&
 	cat complex_message_body >expected &&
 	sed -e "s/ Z\$/ /" >>expected <<-\EOF &&
 		Bug #42
@@ -950,8 +1064,14 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'using "ifExists = addIfDifferentNeighbor" with "where = end"' '
-	git config trailer.ack.ifExists "addIfDifferentNeighbor" &&
-	git config trailer.ack.where "end" &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.ifExists "addIfDifferentNeighbor" &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.key "Acked-by= " &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.where "end" &&
+	test_config trailer.bug.key "Bug #" &&
+	test_config trailer.bug.where "before" &&
+	test_config trailer.review.key "Reviewed-by:" &&
+	test_config trailer.ifexists "addIfDifferent" &&
+	test_config trailer.separators ":=#" &&
 	cat complex_message_body >expected &&
 	sed -e "s/ Z\$/ /" >>expected <<-\EOF &&
 		Bug #42
@@ -973,8 +1093,14 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'using "ifExists = addIfDifferentNeighbor"  with "where = after"' '
-	git config trailer.ack.ifExists "addIfDifferentNeighbor" &&
-	git config trailer.ack.where "after" &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.ifExists "addIfDifferentNeighbor" &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.key "Acked-by= " &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.where "after" &&
+	test_config trailer.bug.key "Bug #" &&
+	test_config trailer.bug.where "before" &&
+	test_config trailer.review.key "Reviewed-by:" &&
+	test_config trailer.ifexists "addIfDifferent" &&
+	test_config trailer.separators ":=#" &&
 	cat complex_message_body >expected &&
 	sed -e "s/ Z\$/ /" >>expected <<-\EOF &&
 		Bug #42
@@ -995,7 +1121,11 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'using "ifExists = addIfDifferentNeighbor" and --trim-empty' '
-	git config trailer.ack.ifExists "addIfDifferentNeighbor" &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.ifExists "addIfDifferentNeighbor" &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.key "Acked-by= " &&
+	test_config trailer.bug.key "Bug #" &&
+	test_config trailer.bug.where "before" &&
+	test_config trailer.separators ":=#" &&
 	cat complex_message_body >expected &&
 	cat >>expected <<-\EOF &&
 		Bug #42
@@ -1011,8 +1141,14 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'using "ifExists = add" with "where = end"' '
-	git config trailer.ack.ifExists "add" &&
-	git config trailer.ack.where "end" &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.ifExists "add" &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.key "Acked-by= " &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.where "end" &&
+	test_config trailer.bug.key "Bug #" &&
+	test_config trailer.bug.where "before" &&
+	test_config trailer.review.key "Reviewed-by:" &&
+	test_config trailer.ifexists "addIfDifferent" &&
+	test_config trailer.separators ":=#" &&
 	cat complex_message_body >expected &&
 	sed -e "s/ Z\$/ /" >>expected <<-\EOF &&
 		Bug #42
@@ -1036,8 +1172,14 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'using "ifExists = add" with "where = after"' '
-	git config trailer.ack.ifExists "add" &&
-	git config trailer.ack.where "after" &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.ifExists "add" &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.key "Acked-by= " &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.where "after" &&
+	test_config trailer.bug.key "Bug #" &&
+	test_config trailer.bug.where "before" &&
+	test_config trailer.review.key "Reviewed-by:" &&
+	test_config trailer.ifexists "addIfDifferent" &&
+	test_config trailer.separators ":=#" &&
 	cat complex_message_body >expected &&
 	sed -e "s/ Z\$/ /" >>expected <<-\EOF &&
 		Bug #42
@@ -1058,8 +1200,15 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'overriding configuration with "--if-exists replace"' '
-	git config trailer.fix.key "Fixes: " &&
-	git config trailer.fix.ifExists "add" &&
+	test_config trailer.fix.key "Fixes: " &&
+	test_config trailer.fix.ifExists "add" &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.key "Acked-by= " &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.where "after" &&
+	test_config trailer.bug.key "Bug #" &&
+	test_config trailer.bug.where "before" &&
+	test_config trailer.review.key "Reviewed-by:" &&
+	test_config trailer.review.where "before" &&
+	test_config trailer.separators ":=#" &&
 	cat complex_message_body >expected &&
 	sed -e "s/ Z\$/ /" >>expected <<-\EOF &&
 		Bug #42
@@ -1074,9 +1223,66 @@
 	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
+# "trailer.ifexists" is set to "doNothing", so using "--no-if-exists" defaults
+# to this "doNothing" behavior. So the "Fixes: 53" trailer does not get added.
+test_expect_success 'using "--if-exists replace" with "--no-if-exists" defaults to configuration' '
+	test_config trailer.ifexists "doNothing" &&
+	cat complex_message_body >expected &&
+	sed -e "s/ Z\$/ /" >>expected <<-\EOF &&
+		Fixes: Z
+		Acked-by: Z
+		Reviewed-by: Z
+		Signed-off-by: Z
+	EOF
+	git interpret-trailers --if-exists replace --no-if-exists --trailer "Fixes: 53" \
+		<complex_message >actual &&
+	test_cmp expected actual
+'
+
+# No "ifexists" configuration is set, so using "--no-if-exists" makes it default
+# to addIfDifferentNeighbor. Because we do have a different neighbor "Fixes: 53"
+# (because it got added by overriding with "--if-exists replace" earlier in the
+# arguments list), we add "Signed-off-by: addme".
+test_expect_success 'using "--no-if-exists" defaults to hardcoded default if nothing configured' '
+	cat complex_message_body >expected &&
+	sed -e "s/ Z\$/ /" >>expected <<-\EOF &&
+		Acked-by: Z
+		Reviewed-by: Z
+		Signed-off-by: Z
+		Fixes: 53
+		Signed-off-by: addme
+	EOF
+	git interpret-trailers --if-exists replace --trailer "Fixes: 53" --no-if-exists \
+		--trailer "Signed-off-by: addme" <complex_message >actual &&
+	test_cmp expected actual
+'
+
+# The second "Fixes: 53" trailer is discarded, because the "--no-if-exists" here
+# makes us default to addIfDifferentNeighbor, and we already added the "Fixes:
+# 53" trailer earlier in the argument list.
+test_expect_success 'using "--no-if-exists" defaults to hardcoded default if nothing configured (no addition)' '
+	cat complex_message_body >expected &&
+	sed -e "s/ Z\$/ /" >>expected <<-\EOF &&
+		Acked-by: Z
+		Reviewed-by: Z
+		Signed-off-by: Z
+		Fixes: 53
+	EOF
+	git interpret-trailers --if-exists replace --trailer "Fixes: 53" --no-if-exists \
+		--trailer "Fixes: 53" <complex_message >actual &&
+	test_cmp expected actual
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'using "ifExists = replace"' '
-	git config trailer.fix.key "Fixes: " &&
-	git config trailer.fix.ifExists "replace" &&
+	test_config trailer.fix.key "Fixes: " &&
+	test_config trailer.fix.ifExists "replace" &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.key "Acked-by= " &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.where "after" &&
+	test_config trailer.bug.key "Bug #" &&
+	test_config trailer.bug.where "before" &&
+	test_config trailer.review.key "Reviewed-by:" &&
+	test_config trailer.ifexists "addIfDifferent" &&
+	test_config trailer.separators ":=#" &&
 	cat complex_message_body >expected &&
 	sed -e "s/ Z\$/ /" >>expected <<-\EOF &&
 		Bug #42
@@ -1095,7 +1301,16 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'using "ifExists = replace" with "where = after"' '
-	git config trailer.fix.where "after" &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.key "Acked-by= " &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.where "after" &&
+	test_config trailer.bug.key "Bug #" &&
+	test_config trailer.bug.where "before" &&
+	test_config trailer.fix.key "Fixes: " &&
+	test_config trailer.fix.ifExists "replace" &&
+	test_config trailer.fix.where "after" &&
+	test_config trailer.review.key "Reviewed-by:" &&
+	test_config trailer.ifexists "addIfDifferent" &&
+	test_config trailer.separators ":=#" &&
 	cat complex_message_body >expected &&
 	sed -e "s/ Z\$/ /" >>expected <<-\EOF &&
 		Bug #42
@@ -1114,7 +1329,15 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'using "ifExists = doNothing"' '
-	git config trailer.fix.ifExists "doNothing" &&
+	test_config trailer.fix.ifExists "doNothing" &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.key "Acked-by= " &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.where "after" &&
+	test_config trailer.bug.key "Bug #" &&
+	test_config trailer.bug.where "before" &&
+	test_config trailer.fix.key "Fixes: " &&
+	test_config trailer.review.key "Reviewed-by:" &&
+	test_config trailer.ifexists "addIfDifferent" &&
+	test_config trailer.separators ":=#" &&
 	cat complex_message_body >expected &&
 	sed -e "s/ Z\$/ /" >>expected <<-\EOF &&
 		Bug #42
@@ -1133,8 +1356,17 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'the default is "ifMissing = add"' '
-	git config trailer.cc.key "Cc: " &&
-	git config trailer.cc.where "before" &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.key "Acked-by= " &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.where "after" &&
+	test_config trailer.bug.key "Bug #" &&
+	test_config trailer.bug.where "before" &&
+	test_config trailer.cc.key "Cc: " &&
+	test_config trailer.cc.where "before" &&
+	test_config trailer.fix.key "Fixes: " &&
+	test_config trailer.fix.ifExists "doNothing" &&
+	test_config trailer.review.key "Reviewed-by:" &&
+	test_config trailer.ifexists "addIfDifferent" &&
+	test_config trailer.separators ":=#" &&
 	cat complex_message_body >expected &&
 	sed -e "s/ Z\$/ /" >>expected <<-\EOF &&
 		Bug #42
@@ -1154,7 +1386,14 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'overriding configuration with "--if-missing doNothing"' '
-	git config trailer.ifmissing "add" &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.key "Acked-by= " &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.where "after" &&
+	test_config trailer.fix.key "Fixes: " &&
+	test_config trailer.fix.ifExists "doNothing" &&
+	test_config trailer.review.key "Reviewed-by:" &&
+	test_config trailer.ifexists "addIfDifferent" &&
+	test_config trailer.ifmissing "add" &&
+	test_config trailer.separators ":=" &&
 	cat complex_message_body >expected &&
 	sed -e "s/ Z\$/ /" >>expected <<-\EOF &&
 		Fixes: Z
@@ -1173,7 +1412,13 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'when default "ifMissing" is "doNothing"' '
-	git config trailer.ifmissing "doNothing" &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.key "Acked-by= " &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.where "after" &&
+	test_config trailer.fix.ifExists "doNothing" &&
+	test_config trailer.review.key "Reviewed-by:" &&
+	test_config trailer.ifexists "addIfDifferent" &&
+	test_config trailer.ifmissing "doNothing" &&
+	test_config trailer.separators ":=" &&
 	cat complex_message_body >expected &&
 	sed -e "s/ Z\$/ /" >>expected <<-\EOF &&
 		Fixes: Z
@@ -1187,14 +1432,21 @@
 		--trailer "cc=Linus" --trailer "ack: Junio" \
 		--trailer "fix=22" --trailer "bug: 42" --trailer "ack: Peff" \
 		<complex_message >actual &&
-	test_cmp expected actual &&
-	git config trailer.ifmissing "add"
+	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'using "ifMissing = add" with "where = end"' '
-	git config trailer.cc.key "Cc: " &&
-	git config trailer.cc.where "end" &&
-	git config trailer.cc.ifMissing "add" &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.key "Acked-by= " &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.where "after" &&
+	test_config trailer.bug.key "Bug #" &&
+	test_config trailer.bug.where "before" &&
+	test_config trailer.cc.key "Cc: " &&
+	test_config trailer.cc.ifMissing "add" &&
+	test_config trailer.cc.where "end" &&
+	test_config trailer.fix.ifExists "doNothing" &&
+	test_config trailer.review.key "Reviewed-by:" &&
+	test_config trailer.ifexists "addIfDifferent" &&
+	test_config trailer.separators ":=#" &&
 	cat complex_message_body >expected &&
 	sed -e "s/ Z\$/ /" >>expected <<-\EOF &&
 		Bug #42
@@ -1214,9 +1466,17 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'using "ifMissing = add" with "where = before"' '
-	git config trailer.cc.key "Cc: " &&
-	git config trailer.cc.where "before" &&
-	git config trailer.cc.ifMissing "add" &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.key "Acked-by= " &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.where "after" &&
+	test_config trailer.bug.key "Bug #" &&
+	test_config trailer.bug.where "before" &&
+	test_config trailer.cc.key "Cc: " &&
+	test_config trailer.cc.ifMissing "add" &&
+	test_config trailer.cc.where "before" &&
+	test_config trailer.fix.ifExists "doNothing" &&
+	test_config trailer.review.key "Reviewed-by:" &&
+	test_config trailer.ifexists "addIfDifferent" &&
+	test_config trailer.separators ":=#" &&
 	cat complex_message_body >expected &&
 	sed -e "s/ Z\$/ /" >>expected <<-\EOF &&
 		Cc: Linus
@@ -1236,7 +1496,15 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'using "ifMissing = doNothing"' '
-	git config trailer.cc.ifMissing "doNothing" &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.key "Acked-by= " &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.where "after" &&
+	test_config trailer.bug.key "Bug #" &&
+	test_config trailer.bug.where "before" &&
+	test_config trailer.cc.ifMissing "doNothing" &&
+	test_config trailer.fix.ifExists "doNothing" &&
+	test_config trailer.review.key "Reviewed-by:" &&
+	test_config trailer.ifexists "addIfDifferent" &&
+	test_config trailer.separators ":=#" &&
 	cat complex_message_body >expected &&
 	sed -e "s/ Z\$/ /" >>expected <<-\EOF &&
 		Bug #42
@@ -1254,9 +1522,50 @@
 	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
+# Ignore the "IgnoredTrailer" because of "--if-missing doNothing", but also
+# ignore the "StillIgnoredTrailer" because we set "trailer.ifMissing" to
+# "doNothing" in configuration.
+test_expect_success 'using "--no-if-missing" defaults to configuration' '
+	test_config trailer.ifMissing "doNothing" &&
+	cat complex_message_body >expected &&
+	sed -e "s/ Z\$/ /" >>expected <<-\EOF &&
+			Fixes: Z
+			Acked-by: Z
+			Reviewed-by: Z
+			Signed-off-by: Z
+	EOF
+	git interpret-trailers --if-missing doNothing --trailer "IgnoredTrailer: ignoreme" --no-if-missing \
+			--trailer "StillIgnoredTrailer: ignoreme" <complex_message >actual &&
+	test_cmp expected actual
+'
+
+# Add the "AddedTrailer" because the "--no-if-missing" clears the "--if-missing
+# doNothing" from earlier in the argument list.
+test_expect_success 'using "--no-if-missing" defaults to hardcoded default if nothing configured' '
+	cat complex_message_body >expected &&
+	sed -e "s/ Z\$/ /" >>expected <<-\EOF &&
+			Fixes: Z
+			Acked-by: Z
+			Reviewed-by: Z
+			Signed-off-by: Z
+			AddedTrailer: addme
+	EOF
+	git interpret-trailers --if-missing doNothing --trailer "IgnoredTrailer: ignoreme" --no-if-missing \
+			--trailer "AddedTrailer: addme" <complex_message >actual &&
+	test_cmp expected actual
+'
+
 test_expect_success 'default "where" is now "after"' '
 	git config trailer.where "after" &&
-	git config --unset trailer.ack.where &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.ifExists "add" &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.key "Acked-by= " &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.where "after" &&
+	test_config trailer.bug.key "Bug #" &&
+	test_config trailer.bug.where "before" &&
+	test_config trailer.fix.ifExists "doNothing" &&
+	test_config trailer.review.key "Reviewed-by:" &&
+	test_config trailer.ifexists "addIfDifferent" &&
+	test_config trailer.separators ":=#" &&
 	cat complex_message_body >expected &&
 	sed -e "s/ Z\$/ /" >>expected <<-\EOF &&
 		Bug #42
@@ -1280,10 +1589,15 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'with simple command' '
-	git config trailer.sign.key "Signed-off-by: " &&
-	git config trailer.sign.where "after" &&
-	git config trailer.sign.ifExists "addIfDifferentNeighbor" &&
-	git config trailer.sign.command "echo \"A U Thor <author@example.com>\"" &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.key "Acked-by= " &&
+	test_config trailer.fix.ifExists "doNothing" &&
+	test_config trailer.review.key "Reviewed-by:" &&
+	test_config trailer.sign.command "echo \"A U Thor <author@example.com>\"" &&
+	test_config trailer.sign.key "Signed-off-by: " &&
+	test_config trailer.sign.ifExists "addIfDifferentNeighbor" &&
+	test_config trailer.sign.where "after" &&
+	test_config trailer.ifexists "addIfDifferent" &&
+	test_config trailer.separators ":=" &&
 	cat complex_message_body >expected &&
 	sed -e "s/ Z\$/ /" >>expected <<-\EOF &&
 		Fixes: Z
@@ -1298,8 +1612,14 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'with command using committer information' '
-	git config trailer.sign.ifExists "addIfDifferent" &&
-	git config trailer.sign.command "echo \"\$GIT_COMMITTER_NAME <\$GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL>\"" &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.key "Acked-by= " &&
+	test_config trailer.fix.ifExists "doNothing" &&
+	test_config trailer.review.key "Reviewed-by:" &&
+	test_config trailer.sign.command "echo \"\$GIT_COMMITTER_NAME <\$GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL>\"" &&
+	test_config trailer.sign.key "Signed-off-by: " &&
+	test_config trailer.sign.ifExists "addIfDifferent" &&
+	test_config trailer.ifexists "addIfDifferent" &&
+	test_config trailer.separators ":=" &&
 	cat complex_message_body >expected &&
 	sed -e "s/ Z\$/ /" >>expected <<-\EOF &&
 		Fixes: Z
@@ -1314,10 +1634,15 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'with command using author information' '
-	git config trailer.sign.key "Signed-off-by: " &&
-	git config trailer.sign.where "after" &&
-	git config trailer.sign.ifExists "addIfDifferentNeighbor" &&
-	git config trailer.sign.command "echo \"\$GIT_AUTHOR_NAME <\$GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL>\"" &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.key "Acked-by= " &&
+	test_config trailer.fix.ifExists "doNothing" &&
+	test_config trailer.review.key "Reviewed-by:" &&
+	test_config trailer.sign.command "echo \"\$GIT_AUTHOR_NAME <\$GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL>\"" &&
+	test_config trailer.sign.key "Signed-off-by: " &&
+	test_config trailer.sign.ifExists "addIfDifferentNeighbor" &&
+	test_config trailer.sign.where "after" &&
+	test_config trailer.ifexists "addIfDifferent" &&
+	test_config trailer.separators ":=" &&
 	cat complex_message_body >expected &&
 	sed -e "s/ Z\$/ /" >>expected <<-\EOF &&
 		Fixes: Z
@@ -1338,12 +1663,19 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'cmd takes precedence over command' '
-	test_when_finished "git config --unset trailer.fix.cmd" &&
-	git config trailer.fix.ifExists "replace" &&
-	git config trailer.fix.cmd "test -n \"\$1\" && git log -1 --oneline --format=\"%h (%aN)\" \
-	--abbrev-commit --abbrev=14 \"\$1\" || true" &&
-	git config trailer.fix.command "git log -1 --oneline --format=\"%h (%s)\" \
+	test_config trailer.ack.key "Acked-by= " &&
+	test_config trailer.fix.command "git log -1 --oneline --format=\"%h (%s)\" \
 		--abbrev-commit --abbrev=14 \$ARG" &&
+	test_config trailer.fix.cmd "test -n \"\$1\" && git log -1 --oneline --format=\"%h (%aN)\" \
+	--abbrev-commit --abbrev=14 \"\$1\" || true" &&
+	test_config trailer.fix.key "Fixes: " &&
+	test_config trailer.fix.ifExists "replace" &&
+	test_config trailer.fix.where "after" &&
+	test_config trailer.review.key "Reviewed-by:" &&
+	test_config trailer.sign.command "echo \"\$GIT_AUTHOR_NAME <\$GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL>\"" &&
+	test_config trailer.sign.key "Signed-off-by: " &&
+	test_config trailer.ifexists "addIfDifferent" &&
+	test_config trailer.separators ":=" &&
 	FIXED=$(git log -1 --oneline --format="%h (%aN)" --abbrev-commit --abbrev=14 HEAD) &&
 	cat complex_message_body >expected2 &&
 	sed -e "s/ Z\$/ /" >>expected2 <<-EOF &&
@@ -1359,8 +1691,16 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'with command using $ARG' '
-	git config trailer.fix.ifExists "replace" &&
-	git config trailer.fix.command "git log -1 --oneline --format=\"%h (%s)\" --abbrev-commit --abbrev=14 \$ARG" &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.key "Acked-by= " &&
+	test_config trailer.fix.command "git log -1 --oneline --format=\"%h (%s)\" --abbrev-commit --abbrev=14 \$ARG" &&
+	test_config trailer.fix.key "Fixes: " &&
+	test_config trailer.fix.ifExists "replace" &&
+	test_config trailer.fix.where "after" &&
+	test_config trailer.review.key "Reviewed-by:" &&
+	test_config trailer.sign.command "echo \"\$GIT_AUTHOR_NAME <\$GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL>\"" &&
+	test_config trailer.sign.key "Signed-off-by: " &&
+	test_config trailer.ifexists "addIfDifferent" &&
+	test_config trailer.separators ":=" &&
 	FIXED=$(git log -1 --oneline --format="%h (%s)" --abbrev-commit --abbrev=14 HEAD) &&
 	cat complex_message_body >expected &&
 	sed -e "s/ Z\$/ /" >>expected <<-EOF &&
@@ -1376,8 +1716,16 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'with failing command using $ARG' '
-	git config trailer.fix.ifExists "replace" &&
-	git config trailer.fix.command "false \$ARG" &&
+	test_config trailer.ack.key "Acked-by= " &&
+	test_config trailer.fix.command "false \$ARG" &&
+	test_config trailer.fix.key "Fixes: " &&
+	test_config trailer.fix.ifExists "replace" &&
+	test_config trailer.fix.where "after" &&
+	test_config trailer.review.key "Reviewed-by:" &&
+	test_config trailer.sign.command "echo \"\$GIT_AUTHOR_NAME <\$GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL>\"" &&
+	test_config trailer.sign.key "Signed-off-by: " &&
+	test_config trailer.ifexists "addIfDifferent" &&
+	test_config trailer.separators ":=" &&
 	cat complex_message_body >expected &&
 	sed -e "s/ Z\$/ /" >>expected <<-EOF &&
 		Fixes: Z
@@ -1392,7 +1740,9 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'with empty tokens' '
-	git config --unset trailer.fix.command &&
+	test_config trailer.sign.command "echo \"\$GIT_AUTHOR_NAME <\$GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL>\"" &&
+	test_config trailer.sign.key "Signed-off-by: " &&
+	test_config trailer.ifexists "addIfDifferent" &&
 	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
 
 		Signed-off-by: A U Thor <author@example.com>
@@ -1403,7 +1753,8 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'with command but no key' '
-	git config --unset trailer.sign.key &&
+	test_config trailer.sign.command "echo \"\$GIT_AUTHOR_NAME <\$GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL>\"" &&
+	test_config trailer.ifexists "addIfDifferent" &&
 	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
 
 		sign: A U Thor <author@example.com>
@@ -1414,7 +1765,9 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'with no command and no key' '
-	git config --unset trailer.review.key &&
+	test_config trailer.review.where "before" &&
+	test_config trailer.sign.command "echo \"\$GIT_AUTHOR_NAME <\$GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL>\"" &&
+	test_config trailer.ifexists "addIfDifferent" &&
 	cat >expected <<-EOF &&
 
 		review: Junio
@@ -1426,6 +1779,8 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'with cut line' '
+	test_config trailer.review.where "before" &&
+	test_config trailer.sign.command "echo \"\$GIT_AUTHOR_NAME <\$GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL>\"" &&
 	cat >expected <<-\EOF &&
 		my subject
 
@@ -1443,7 +1798,8 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'only trailers' '
-	git config trailer.sign.command "echo config-value" &&
+	test_config trailer.sign.command "echo config-value" &&
+	test_config trailer.ifexists "addIfDifferent" &&
 	cat >expected <<-\EOF &&
 		existing: existing-value
 		sign: config-value
@@ -1462,7 +1818,7 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'only-trailers omits non-trailer in middle of block' '
-	git config trailer.sign.command "echo config-value" &&
+	test_config trailer.sign.command "echo config-value" &&
 	cat >expected <<-\EOF &&
 		Signed-off-by: nobody <nobody@nowhere>
 		Signed-off-by: somebody <somebody@somewhere>
@@ -1482,7 +1838,7 @@
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'only input' '
-	git config trailer.sign.command "echo config-value" &&
+	test_config trailer.sign.command "echo config-value" &&
 	cat >expected <<-\EOF &&
 		existing: existing-value
 	EOF
diff --git a/t/t7602-merge-octopus-many.sh b/t/t7602-merge-octopus-many.sh
index ff085b0..3669d33 100755
--- a/t/t7602-merge-octopus-many.sh
+++ b/t/t7602-merge-octopus-many.sh
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 
 Testing octopus merge with more than 25 refs.'
 
+TEST_PASSES_SANITIZE_LEAK=true
 . ./test-lib.sh
 
 test_expect_success 'setup' '
diff --git a/t/t7603-merge-reduce-heads.sh b/t/t7603-merge-reduce-heads.sh
index 4887ca7..0e85b21 100755
--- a/t/t7603-merge-reduce-heads.sh
+++ b/t/t7603-merge-reduce-heads.sh
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 
 Testing octopus merge when reducing parents to independent branches.'
 
+TEST_PASSES_SANITIZE_LEAK=true
 . ./test-lib.sh
 
 # 0 - 1
diff --git a/t/t7607-merge-state.sh b/t/t7607-merge-state.sh
index 89a62ac..9001674 100755
--- a/t/t7607-merge-state.sh
+++ b/t/t7607-merge-state.sh
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 
 GIT_TEST_DEFAULT_INITIAL_BRANCH_NAME=main
 export GIT_TEST_DEFAULT_INITIAL_BRANCH_NAME
+TEST_PASSES_SANITIZE_LEAK=true
 . ./test-lib.sh
 
 test_expect_success 'Ensure we restore original state if no merge strategy handles it' '
diff --git a/t/t7608-merge-messages.sh b/t/t7608-merge-messages.sh
index 0b908ab..2179938 100755
--- a/t/t7608-merge-messages.sh
+++ b/t/t7608-merge-messages.sh
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 GIT_TEST_DEFAULT_INITIAL_BRANCH_NAME=main
 export GIT_TEST_DEFAULT_INITIAL_BRANCH_NAME
 
+TEST_PASSES_SANITIZE_LEAK=true
 . ./test-lib.sh
 
 check_oneline() {
diff --git a/t/t7700-repack.sh b/t/t7700-repack.sh
index 27b6680..d2975e6 100755
--- a/t/t7700-repack.sh
+++ b/t/t7700-repack.sh
@@ -327,6 +327,203 @@
 	test_must_be_empty actual
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'repacking with a filter works' '
+	git -C bare.git repack -a -d &&
+	test_stdout_line_count = 1 ls bare.git/objects/pack/*.pack &&
+	git -C bare.git -c repack.writebitmaps=false repack -a -d --filter=blob:none &&
+	test_stdout_line_count = 2 ls bare.git/objects/pack/*.pack &&
+	commit_pack=$(test-tool -C bare.git find-pack -c 1 HEAD) &&
+	blob_pack=$(test-tool -C bare.git find-pack -c 1 HEAD:file1) &&
+	test "$commit_pack" != "$blob_pack" &&
+	tree_pack=$(test-tool -C bare.git find-pack -c 1 HEAD^{tree}) &&
+	test "$tree_pack" = "$commit_pack" &&
+	blob_pack2=$(test-tool -C bare.git find-pack -c 1 HEAD:file2) &&
+	test "$blob_pack2" = "$blob_pack"
+'
+
+test_expect_success '--filter fails with --write-bitmap-index' '
+	test_must_fail \
+		env GIT_TEST_MULTI_PACK_INDEX_WRITE_BITMAP=0 \
+		git -C bare.git repack -a -d --write-bitmap-index --filter=blob:none
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'repacking with two filters works' '
+	git init two-filters &&
+	(
+		cd two-filters &&
+		mkdir subdir &&
+		test_commit foo &&
+		test_commit subdir_bar subdir/bar &&
+		test_commit subdir_baz subdir/baz
+	) &&
+	git clone --no-local --bare two-filters two-filters.git &&
+	(
+		cd two-filters.git &&
+		test_stdout_line_count = 1 ls objects/pack/*.pack &&
+		git -c repack.writebitmaps=false repack -a -d \
+			--filter=blob:none --filter=tree:1 &&
+		test_stdout_line_count = 2 ls objects/pack/*.pack &&
+		commit_pack=$(test-tool find-pack -c 1 HEAD) &&
+		blob_pack=$(test-tool find-pack -c 1 HEAD:foo.t) &&
+		root_tree_pack=$(test-tool find-pack -c 1 HEAD^{tree}) &&
+		subdir_tree_hash=$(git ls-tree --object-only HEAD -- subdir) &&
+		subdir_tree_pack=$(test-tool find-pack -c 1 "$subdir_tree_hash") &&
+
+		# Root tree and subdir tree are not in the same packfiles
+		test "$commit_pack" != "$blob_pack" &&
+		test "$commit_pack" = "$root_tree_pack" &&
+		test "$blob_pack" = "$subdir_tree_pack"
+	)
+'
+
+prepare_for_keep_packs () {
+	git init keep-packs &&
+	(
+		cd keep-packs &&
+		test_commit foo &&
+		test_commit bar
+	) &&
+	git clone --no-local --bare keep-packs keep-packs.git &&
+	(
+		cd keep-packs.git &&
+
+		# Create two packs
+		# The first pack will contain all of the objects except one blob
+		git rev-list --objects --all >objs &&
+		grep -v "bar.t" objs | git pack-objects pack &&
+		# The second pack will contain the excluded object and be kept
+		packid=$(grep "bar.t" objs | git pack-objects pack) &&
+		>pack-$packid.keep &&
+
+		# Replace the existing pack with the 2 new ones
+		rm -f objects/pack/pack* &&
+		mv pack-* objects/pack/
+	)
+}
+
+test_expect_success '--filter works with .keep packs' '
+	prepare_for_keep_packs &&
+	(
+		cd keep-packs.git &&
+
+		foo_pack=$(test-tool find-pack -c 1 HEAD:foo.t) &&
+		bar_pack=$(test-tool find-pack -c 1 HEAD:bar.t) &&
+		head_pack=$(test-tool find-pack -c 1 HEAD) &&
+
+		test "$foo_pack" != "$bar_pack" &&
+		test "$foo_pack" = "$head_pack" &&
+
+		git -c repack.writebitmaps=false repack -a -d --filter=blob:none &&
+
+		foo_pack_1=$(test-tool find-pack -c 1 HEAD:foo.t) &&
+		bar_pack_1=$(test-tool find-pack -c 1 HEAD:bar.t) &&
+		head_pack_1=$(test-tool find-pack -c 1 HEAD) &&
+
+		# Object bar is still only in the old .keep pack
+		test "$foo_pack_1" != "$foo_pack" &&
+		test "$bar_pack_1" = "$bar_pack" &&
+		test "$head_pack_1" != "$head_pack" &&
+
+		test "$foo_pack_1" != "$bar_pack_1" &&
+		test "$foo_pack_1" != "$head_pack_1" &&
+		test "$bar_pack_1" != "$head_pack_1"
+	)
+'
+
+test_expect_success '--filter works with --pack-kept-objects and .keep packs' '
+	rm -rf keep-packs keep-packs.git &&
+	prepare_for_keep_packs &&
+	(
+		cd keep-packs.git &&
+
+		foo_pack=$(test-tool find-pack -c 1 HEAD:foo.t) &&
+		bar_pack=$(test-tool find-pack -c 1 HEAD:bar.t) &&
+		head_pack=$(test-tool find-pack -c 1 HEAD) &&
+
+		test "$foo_pack" != "$bar_pack" &&
+		test "$foo_pack" = "$head_pack" &&
+
+		git -c repack.writebitmaps=false repack -a -d --filter=blob:none \
+			--pack-kept-objects &&
+
+		foo_pack_1=$(test-tool find-pack -c 1 HEAD:foo.t) &&
+		test-tool find-pack -c 2 HEAD:bar.t >bar_pack_1 &&
+		head_pack_1=$(test-tool find-pack -c 1 HEAD) &&
+
+		test "$foo_pack_1" != "$foo_pack" &&
+		test "$foo_pack_1" != "$bar_pack" &&
+		test "$head_pack_1" != "$head_pack" &&
+
+		# Object bar is in both the old .keep pack and the new
+		# pack that contained the filtered out objects
+		grep "$bar_pack" bar_pack_1 &&
+		grep "$foo_pack_1" bar_pack_1 &&
+		test "$foo_pack_1" != "$head_pack_1"
+	)
+'
+
+test_expect_success '--filter-to stores filtered out objects' '
+	git -C bare.git repack -a -d &&
+	test_stdout_line_count = 1 ls bare.git/objects/pack/*.pack &&
+
+	git init --bare filtered.git &&
+	git -C bare.git -c repack.writebitmaps=false repack -a -d \
+		--filter=blob:none \
+		--filter-to=../filtered.git/objects/pack/pack &&
+	test_stdout_line_count = 1 ls bare.git/objects/pack/pack-*.pack &&
+	test_stdout_line_count = 1 ls filtered.git/objects/pack/pack-*.pack &&
+
+	commit_pack=$(test-tool -C bare.git find-pack -c 1 HEAD) &&
+	blob_pack=$(test-tool -C bare.git find-pack -c 0 HEAD:file1) &&
+	blob_hash=$(git -C bare.git rev-parse HEAD:file1) &&
+	test -n "$blob_hash" &&
+	blob_pack=$(test-tool -C filtered.git find-pack -c 1 $blob_hash) &&
+
+	echo $(pwd)/filtered.git/objects >bare.git/objects/info/alternates &&
+	blob_pack=$(test-tool -C bare.git find-pack -c 1 HEAD:file1) &&
+	blob_content=$(git -C bare.git show $blob_hash) &&
+	test "$blob_content" = "content1"
+'
+
+test_expect_success '--filter works with --max-pack-size' '
+	rm -rf filtered.git &&
+	git init --bare filtered.git &&
+	git init max-pack-size &&
+	(
+		cd max-pack-size &&
+		test_commit base &&
+		# two blobs which exceed the maximum pack size
+		test-tool genrandom foo 1048576 >foo &&
+		git hash-object -w foo &&
+		test-tool genrandom bar 1048576 >bar &&
+		git hash-object -w bar &&
+		git add foo bar &&
+		git commit -m "adding foo and bar"
+	) &&
+	git clone --no-local --bare max-pack-size max-pack-size.git &&
+	(
+		cd max-pack-size.git &&
+		git -c repack.writebitmaps=false repack -a -d --filter=blob:none \
+			--max-pack-size=1M \
+			--filter-to=../filtered.git/objects/pack/pack &&
+		echo $(cd .. && pwd)/filtered.git/objects >objects/info/alternates &&
+
+		# Check that the 3 blobs are in different packfiles in filtered.git
+		test_stdout_line_count = 3 ls ../filtered.git/objects/pack/pack-*.pack &&
+		test_stdout_line_count = 1 ls objects/pack/pack-*.pack &&
+		foo_pack=$(test-tool find-pack -c 1 HEAD:foo) &&
+		bar_pack=$(test-tool find-pack -c 1 HEAD:bar) &&
+		base_pack=$(test-tool find-pack -c 1 HEAD:base.t) &&
+		test "$foo_pack" != "$bar_pack" &&
+		test "$foo_pack" != "$base_pack" &&
+		test "$bar_pack" != "$base_pack" &&
+		for pack in "$foo_pack" "$bar_pack" "$base_pack"
+		do
+			case "$foo_pack" in */filtered.git/objects/pack/*) true ;; *) return 1 ;; esac
+		done
+	)
+'
+
 objdir=.git/objects
 midx=$objdir/pack/multi-pack-index
 
@@ -633,125 +830,4 @@
 	test_server_info_missing
 '
 
-test_expect_success '--expire-to stores pruned objects (now)' '
-	git init expire-to-now &&
-	(
-		cd expire-to-now &&
-
-		git branch -M main &&
-
-		test_commit base &&
-
-		git checkout -b cruft &&
-		test_commit --no-tag cruft &&
-
-		git rev-list --objects --no-object-names main..cruft >moved.raw &&
-		sort moved.raw >moved.want &&
-
-		git rev-list --all --objects --no-object-names >expect.raw &&
-		sort expect.raw >expect &&
-
-		git checkout main &&
-		git branch -D cruft &&
-		git reflog expire --all --expire=all &&
-
-		git init --bare expired.git &&
-		git repack -d \
-			--cruft --cruft-expiration="now" \
-			--expire-to="expired.git/objects/pack/pack" &&
-
-		expired="$(ls expired.git/objects/pack/pack-*.idx)" &&
-		test_path_is_file "${expired%.idx}.mtimes" &&
-
-		# Since the `--cruft-expiration` is "now", the effective
-		# behavior is to move _all_ unreachable objects out to
-		# the location in `--expire-to`.
-		git show-index <$expired >expired.raw &&
-		cut -d" " -f2 expired.raw | sort >expired.objects &&
-		git rev-list --all --objects --no-object-names \
-			>remaining.objects &&
-
-		# ...in other words, the combined contents of this
-		# repository and expired.git should be the same as the
-		# set of objects we started with.
-		cat expired.objects remaining.objects | sort >actual &&
-		test_cmp expect actual &&
-
-		# The "moved" objects (i.e., those in expired.git)
-		# should be the same as the cruft objects which were
-		# expired in the previous step.
-		test_cmp moved.want expired.objects
-	)
-'
-
-test_expect_success '--expire-to stores pruned objects (5.minutes.ago)' '
-	git init expire-to-5.minutes.ago &&
-	(
-		cd expire-to-5.minutes.ago &&
-
-		git branch -M main &&
-
-		test_commit base &&
-
-		# Create two classes of unreachable objects, one which
-		# is older than 5 minutes (stale), and another which is
-		# newer (recent).
-		for kind in stale recent
-		do
-			git checkout -b $kind main &&
-			test_commit --no-tag $kind || return 1
-		done &&
-
-		git rev-list --objects --no-object-names main..stale >in &&
-		stale="$(git pack-objects $objdir/pack/pack <in)" &&
-		mtime="$(test-tool chmtime --get =-600 $objdir/pack/pack-$stale.pack)" &&
-
-		# expect holds the set of objects we expect to find in
-		# this repository after repacking
-		git rev-list --objects --no-object-names recent >expect.raw &&
-		sort expect.raw >expect &&
-
-		# moved.want holds the set of objects we expect to find
-		# in expired.git
-		git rev-list --objects --no-object-names main..stale >out &&
-		sort out >moved.want &&
-
-		git checkout main &&
-		git branch -D stale recent &&
-		git reflog expire --all --expire=all &&
-		git prune-packed &&
-
-		git init --bare expired.git &&
-		git repack -d \
-			--cruft --cruft-expiration=5.minutes.ago \
-			--expire-to="expired.git/objects/pack/pack" &&
-
-		# Some of the remaining objects in this repository are
-		# unreachable, so use `cat-file --batch-all-objects`
-		# instead of `rev-list` to get their names
-		git cat-file --batch-all-objects --batch-check="%(objectname)" \
-			>remaining.objects &&
-		sort remaining.objects >actual &&
-		test_cmp expect actual &&
-
-		(
-			cd expired.git &&
-
-			expired="$(ls objects/pack/pack-*.mtimes)" &&
-			test-tool pack-mtimes $(basename $expired) >out &&
-			cut -d" " -f1 out | sort >../moved.got &&
-
-			# Ensure that there are as many objects with the
-			# expected mtime as were moved to expired.git.
-			#
-			# In other words, ensure that the recorded
-			# mtimes of any moved objects was written
-			# correctly.
-			grep " $mtime$" out >matching &&
-			test_line_count = $(wc -l <../moved.want) matching
-		) &&
-		test_cmp moved.want moved.got
-	)
-'
-
 test_done
diff --git a/t/t7704-repack-cruft.sh b/t/t7704-repack-cruft.sh
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..be3735d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/t/t7704-repack-cruft.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,414 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+
+test_description='git repack works correctly'
+
+. ./test-lib.sh
+
+objdir=.git/objects
+packdir=$objdir/pack
+
+test_expect_success '--expire-to stores pruned objects (now)' '
+	git init expire-to-now &&
+	(
+		cd expire-to-now &&
+
+		git branch -M main &&
+
+		test_commit base &&
+
+		git checkout -b cruft &&
+		test_commit --no-tag cruft &&
+
+		git rev-list --objects --no-object-names main..cruft >moved.raw &&
+		sort moved.raw >moved.want &&
+
+		git rev-list --all --objects --no-object-names >expect.raw &&
+		sort expect.raw >expect &&
+
+		git checkout main &&
+		git branch -D cruft &&
+		git reflog expire --all --expire=all &&
+
+		git init --bare expired.git &&
+		git repack -d \
+			--cruft --cruft-expiration="now" \
+			--expire-to="expired.git/objects/pack/pack" &&
+
+		expired="$(ls expired.git/objects/pack/pack-*.idx)" &&
+		test_path_is_file "${expired%.idx}.mtimes" &&
+
+		# Since the `--cruft-expiration` is "now", the effective
+		# behavior is to move _all_ unreachable objects out to
+		# the location in `--expire-to`.
+		git show-index <$expired >expired.raw &&
+		cut -d" " -f2 expired.raw | sort >expired.objects &&
+		git rev-list --all --objects --no-object-names \
+			>remaining.objects &&
+
+		# ...in other words, the combined contents of this
+		# repository and expired.git should be the same as the
+		# set of objects we started with.
+		cat expired.objects remaining.objects | sort >actual &&
+		test_cmp expect actual &&
+
+		# The "moved" objects (i.e., those in expired.git)
+		# should be the same as the cruft objects which were
+		# expired in the previous step.
+		test_cmp moved.want expired.objects
+	)
+'
+
+test_expect_success '--expire-to stores pruned objects (5.minutes.ago)' '
+	git init expire-to-5.minutes.ago &&
+	(
+		cd expire-to-5.minutes.ago &&
+
+		git branch -M main &&
+
+		test_commit base &&
+
+		# Create two classes of unreachable objects, one which
+		# is older than 5 minutes (stale), and another which is
+		# newer (recent).
+		for kind in stale recent
+		do
+			git checkout -b $kind main &&
+			test_commit --no-tag $kind || return 1
+		done &&
+
+		git rev-list --objects --no-object-names main..stale >in &&
+		stale="$(git pack-objects $objdir/pack/pack <in)" &&
+		mtime="$(test-tool chmtime --get =-600 $objdir/pack/pack-$stale.pack)" &&
+
+		# expect holds the set of objects we expect to find in
+		# this repository after repacking
+		git rev-list --objects --no-object-names recent >expect.raw &&
+		sort expect.raw >expect &&
+
+		# moved.want holds the set of objects we expect to find
+		# in expired.git
+		git rev-list --objects --no-object-names main..stale >out &&
+		sort out >moved.want &&
+
+		git checkout main &&
+		git branch -D stale recent &&
+		git reflog expire --all --expire=all &&
+		git prune-packed &&
+
+		git init --bare expired.git &&
+		git repack -d \
+			--cruft --cruft-expiration=5.minutes.ago \
+			--expire-to="expired.git/objects/pack/pack" &&
+
+		# Some of the remaining objects in this repository are
+		# unreachable, so use `cat-file --batch-all-objects`
+		# instead of `rev-list` to get their names
+		git cat-file --batch-all-objects --batch-check="%(objectname)" \
+			>remaining.objects &&
+		sort remaining.objects >actual &&
+		test_cmp expect actual &&
+
+		(
+			cd expired.git &&
+
+			expired="$(ls objects/pack/pack-*.mtimes)" &&
+			test-tool pack-mtimes $(basename $expired) >out &&
+			cut -d" " -f1 out | sort >../moved.got &&
+
+			# Ensure that there are as many objects with the
+			# expected mtime as were moved to expired.git.
+			#
+			# In other words, ensure that the recorded
+			# mtimes of any moved objects was written
+			# correctly.
+			grep " $mtime$" out >matching &&
+			test_line_count = $(wc -l <../moved.want) matching
+		) &&
+		test_cmp moved.want moved.got
+	)
+'
+
+generate_random_blob() {
+	test-tool genrandom "$@" >blob &&
+	git hash-object -w -t blob blob &&
+	rm blob
+}
+
+pack_random_blob () {
+	generate_random_blob "$@" &&
+	git repack -d -q >/dev/null
+}
+
+generate_cruft_pack () {
+	pack_random_blob "$@" >/dev/null &&
+
+	ls $packdir/pack-*.pack | xargs -n 1 basename >in &&
+	pack="$(git pack-objects --cruft $packdir/pack <in)" &&
+	git prune-packed &&
+
+	echo "$packdir/pack-$pack.mtimes"
+}
+
+test_expect_success '--max-cruft-size creates new packs when above threshold' '
+	git init max-cruft-size-large &&
+	(
+		cd max-cruft-size-large &&
+		test_commit base &&
+
+		foo="$(pack_random_blob foo $((1*1024*1024)))" &&
+		git repack --cruft -d &&
+		cruft_foo="$(ls $packdir/pack-*.mtimes)" &&
+
+		bar="$(pack_random_blob bar $((1*1024*1024)))" &&
+		git repack --cruft -d --max-cruft-size=1M &&
+		cruft_bar="$(ls $packdir/pack-*.mtimes | grep -v $cruft_foo)" &&
+
+		test-tool pack-mtimes $(basename "$cruft_foo") >foo.objects &&
+		test-tool pack-mtimes $(basename "$cruft_bar") >bar.objects &&
+
+		grep "^$foo" foo.objects &&
+		test_line_count = 1 foo.objects &&
+		grep "^$bar" bar.objects &&
+		test_line_count = 1 bar.objects
+	)
+'
+
+test_expect_success '--max-cruft-size combines existing packs when below threshold' '
+	git init max-cruft-size-small &&
+	(
+		cd max-cruft-size-small &&
+		test_commit base &&
+
+		foo="$(pack_random_blob foo $((1*1024*1024)))" &&
+		git repack --cruft -d &&
+
+		bar="$(pack_random_blob bar $((1*1024*1024)))" &&
+		git repack --cruft -d --max-cruft-size=10M &&
+
+		cruft=$(ls $packdir/pack-*.mtimes) &&
+		test-tool pack-mtimes $(basename "$cruft") >cruft.objects &&
+
+		grep "^$foo" cruft.objects &&
+		grep "^$bar" cruft.objects &&
+		test_line_count = 2 cruft.objects
+	)
+'
+
+test_expect_success '--max-cruft-size combines smaller packs first' '
+	git init max-cruft-size-consume-small &&
+	(
+		cd max-cruft-size-consume-small &&
+
+		test_commit base &&
+		git repack -ad &&
+
+		cruft_foo="$(generate_cruft_pack foo 524288)" &&    # 0.5 MiB
+		cruft_bar="$(generate_cruft_pack bar 524288)" &&    # 0.5 MiB
+		cruft_baz="$(generate_cruft_pack baz 1048576)" &&   # 1.0 MiB
+		cruft_quux="$(generate_cruft_pack quux 1572864)" && # 1.5 MiB
+
+		test-tool pack-mtimes "$(basename $cruft_foo)" >expect.raw &&
+		test-tool pack-mtimes "$(basename $cruft_bar)" >>expect.raw &&
+		sort expect.raw >expect.objects &&
+
+		# repacking with `--max-cruft-size=2M` should combine
+		# both 0.5 MiB packs together, instead of, say, one of
+		# the 0.5 MiB packs with the 1.0 MiB pack
+		ls $packdir/pack-*.mtimes | sort >cruft.before &&
+		git repack -d --cruft --max-cruft-size=2M &&
+		ls $packdir/pack-*.mtimes | sort >cruft.after &&
+
+		comm -13 cruft.before cruft.after >cruft.new &&
+		comm -23 cruft.before cruft.after >cruft.removed &&
+
+		test_line_count = 1 cruft.new &&
+		test_line_count = 2 cruft.removed &&
+
+		# the two smaller packs should be rolled up first
+		printf "%s\n" $cruft_foo $cruft_bar | sort >expect.removed &&
+		test_cmp expect.removed cruft.removed &&
+
+		# ...and contain the set of objects rolled up
+		test-tool pack-mtimes "$(basename $(cat cruft.new))" >actual.raw &&
+		sort actual.raw >actual.objects &&
+
+		test_cmp expect.objects actual.objects
+	)
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'setup --max-cruft-size with freshened objects' '
+	git init max-cruft-size-freshen &&
+	(
+		cd max-cruft-size-freshen &&
+
+		test_commit base &&
+		git repack -ad &&
+
+		foo="$(generate_random_blob foo 64)" &&
+		test-tool chmtime --get -10000 \
+			"$objdir/$(test_oid_to_path "$foo")" >foo.mtime &&
+
+		git repack --cruft -d &&
+
+		cruft="$(ls $packdir/pack-*.mtimes)" &&
+		test-tool pack-mtimes "$(basename $cruft)" >actual &&
+		echo "$foo $(cat foo.mtime)" >expect &&
+		test_cmp expect actual
+	)
+'
+
+test_expect_success '--max-cruft-size with freshened objects (loose)' '
+	(
+		cd max-cruft-size-freshen &&
+
+		# regenerate the object, setting its mtime to be more recent
+		foo="$(generate_random_blob foo 64)" &&
+		test-tool chmtime --get -100 \
+			"$objdir/$(test_oid_to_path "$foo")" >foo.mtime &&
+
+		git repack --cruft -d &&
+
+		cruft="$(ls $packdir/pack-*.mtimes)" &&
+		test-tool pack-mtimes "$(basename $cruft)" >actual &&
+		echo "$foo $(cat foo.mtime)" >expect &&
+		test_cmp expect actual
+	)
+'
+
+test_expect_success '--max-cruft-size with freshened objects (packed)' '
+	(
+		cd max-cruft-size-freshen &&
+
+		# regenerate the object and store it in a packfile,
+		# setting its mtime to be more recent
+		#
+		# store it alongside another cruft object so that we
+		# do not create an identical copy of the existing
+		# cruft pack (which contains $foo).
+		foo="$(generate_random_blob foo 64)" &&
+		bar="$(generate_random_blob bar 64)" &&
+		foo_pack="$(printf "%s\n" $foo $bar | git pack-objects $packdir/pack)" &&
+		git prune-packed &&
+
+		test-tool chmtime --get -10 \
+			"$packdir/pack-$foo_pack.pack" >foo.mtime &&
+
+		git repack --cruft -d &&
+
+		cruft="$(ls $packdir/pack-*.mtimes)" &&
+		test-tool pack-mtimes "$(basename $cruft)" >actual &&
+		echo "$foo $(cat foo.mtime)" >expect.raw &&
+		echo "$bar $(cat foo.mtime)" >>expect.raw &&
+		sort expect.raw >expect &&
+		test_cmp expect actual
+	)
+'
+
+test_expect_success '--max-cruft-size with pruning' '
+	git init max-cruft-size-prune &&
+	(
+		cd max-cruft-size-prune &&
+
+		test_commit base &&
+		foo="$(generate_random_blob foo $((1024*1024)))" &&
+		bar="$(generate_random_blob bar $((1024*1024)))" &&
+		baz="$(generate_random_blob baz $((1024*1024)))" &&
+
+		test-tool chmtime -10000 "$objdir/$(test_oid_to_path "$foo")" &&
+
+		git repack -d --cruft --max-cruft-size=1M &&
+
+		# backdate the mtimes of all cruft packs to validate
+		# that they were rewritten as a result of pruning
+		ls $packdir/pack-*.mtimes | sort >cruft.before &&
+		for cruft in $(cat cruft.before)
+		do
+			mtime="$(test-tool chmtime --get -10000 "$cruft")" &&
+			echo $cruft $mtime >>mtimes || return 1
+		done &&
+
+		# repack (and prune) with a --max-cruft-size to ensure
+		# that we appropriately split the resulting set of packs
+		git repack -d --cruft --max-cruft-size=1M \
+			--cruft-expiration=10.seconds.ago &&
+		ls $packdir/pack-*.mtimes | sort >cruft.after &&
+
+		for cruft in $(cat cruft.after)
+		do
+			old_mtime="$(grep $cruft mtimes | cut -d" " -f2)" &&
+			new_mtime="$(test-tool chmtime --get $cruft)" &&
+			test $old_mtime -lt $new_mtime || return 1
+		done &&
+
+		test_line_count = 3 cruft.before &&
+		test_line_count = 2 cruft.after &&
+		test_must_fail git cat-file -e $foo &&
+		git cat-file -e $bar &&
+		git cat-file -e $baz
+	)
+'
+
+test_expect_success '--max-cruft-size ignores non-local packs' '
+	repo="max-cruft-size-non-local" &&
+	git init $repo &&
+	(
+		cd $repo &&
+		test_commit base &&
+		generate_random_blob foo 64 &&
+		git repack --cruft -d
+	) &&
+
+	git clone --reference=$repo $repo $repo-alt &&
+	(
+		cd $repo-alt &&
+
+		test_commit other &&
+		generate_random_blob bar 64 &&
+
+		# ensure that we do not attempt to pick up packs from
+		# the non-alternated repository, which would result in a
+		# crash
+		git repack --cruft --max-cruft-size=1M -d
+	)
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'reachable packs are preferred over cruft ones' '
+	repo="cruft-preferred-packs" &&
+	git init "$repo" &&
+	(
+		cd "$repo" &&
+
+		# This test needs to exercise careful control over when a MIDX
+		# is and is not written. Unset the corresponding TEST variable
+		# accordingly.
+		sane_unset GIT_TEST_MULTI_PACK_INDEX &&
+
+		test_commit base &&
+		test_commit --no-tag cruft &&
+
+		non_cruft="$(echo base | git pack-objects --revs $packdir/pack)" &&
+		# Write a cruft pack which both (a) sorts ahead of the non-cruft
+		# pack in lexical order, and (b) has an older mtime to appease
+		# the MIDX preferred pack selection routine.
+		cruft="$(echo pack-$non_cruft.pack | git pack-objects --cruft $packdir/pack-A)" &&
+		test-tool chmtime -1000 $packdir/pack-A-$cruft.pack &&
+
+		test_commit other &&
+		git repack -d &&
+
+		git repack --geometric 2 -d --write-midx --write-bitmap-index &&
+
+		# After repacking, there are two packs left: one reachable one
+		# (which is the result of combining both of the existing two
+		# non-cruft packs), and one cruft pack.
+		find .git/objects/pack -type f -name "*.pack" >packs &&
+		test_line_count = 2 packs &&
+
+		# Make sure that the pack we just wrote is marked as preferred,
+		# not the cruft one.
+		pack="$(test-tool read-midx --preferred-pack $objdir)" &&
+		test_path_is_missing "$packdir/$(basename "$pack" ".idx").mtimes"
+	)
+'
+
+test_done
diff --git a/t/t9004-example.sh b/t/t9004-example.sh
index 7e8894a..590aab0 100755
--- a/t/t9004-example.sh
+++ b/t/t9004-example.sh
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 #!/bin/sh
 
 test_description='check that example code compiles and runs'
+
+TEST_PASSES_SANITIZE_LEAK=true
 . ./test-lib.sh
 
 test_expect_success 'decorate' '
diff --git a/unpack-trees.c b/unpack-trees.c
index a203f9a..c2b20b8 100644
--- a/unpack-trees.c
+++ b/unpack-trees.c
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 #include "advice.h"
 #include "strvec.h"
 #include "repository.h"
-#include "config.h"
+#include "parse.h"
 #include "dir.h"
 #include "environment.h"
 #include "gettext.h"
diff --git a/url.c b/url.c
index 2e1a9f6..282b124 100644
--- a/url.c
+++ b/url.c
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #include "git-compat-util.h"
-#include "hex.h"
+#include "hex-ll.h"
 #include "strbuf.h"
 #include "url.h"
 
diff --git a/urlmatch.c b/urlmatch.c
index 1c45f23..1d0254a 100644
--- a/urlmatch.c
+++ b/urlmatch.c
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #include "git-compat-util.h"
 #include "gettext.h"
-#include "hex.h"
+#include "hex-ll.h"
 #include "strbuf.h"
 #include "urlmatch.h"
 
diff --git a/wrapper.c b/wrapper.c
index 48065c4..7da15a5 100644
--- a/wrapper.c
+++ b/wrapper.c
@@ -3,9 +3,8 @@
  */
 #include "git-compat-util.h"
 #include "abspath.h"
-#include "config.h"
+#include "parse.h"
 #include "gettext.h"
-#include "object.h"
 #include "repository.h"
 #include "strbuf.h"
 #include "trace2.h"
@@ -632,11 +631,6 @@ int rmdir_or_warn(const char *file)
 	return warn_if_unremovable("rmdir", file, rmdir(file));
 }
 
-int remove_or_warn(unsigned int mode, const char *file)
-{
-	return S_ISGITLINK(mode) ? rmdir_or_warn(file) : unlink_or_warn(file);
-}
-
 static int access_error_is_ok(int err, unsigned flag)
 {
 	return (is_missing_file_error(err) ||
diff --git a/wrapper.h b/wrapper.h
index 79c7321..1b2b047 100644
--- a/wrapper.h
+++ b/wrapper.h
@@ -106,11 +106,6 @@ int unlink_or_msg(const char *file, struct strbuf *err);
  * not exist.
  */
 int rmdir_or_warn(const char *path);
-/*
- * Calls the correct function out of {unlink,rmdir}_or_warn based on
- * the supplied file mode.
- */
-int remove_or_warn(unsigned int mode, const char *path);
 
 /*
  * Call access(2), but warn for any error except "missing file"
diff --git a/write-or-die.c b/write-or-die.c
index d8355c0..42a2dc7 100644
--- a/write-or-die.c
+++ b/write-or-die.c
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #include "git-compat-util.h"
-#include "config.h"
+#include "parse.h"
 #include "run-command.h"
 #include "write-or-die.h"