rebase: define linearization ordering and enforce it

Ever since commit 3f213981e44a ("add tests for rebasing merged history",
2013-06-06), t3425 has had tests which included the rebasing of merged
history and whose order of applied commits was checked.  Unfortunately,
the tests expected different behavior depending on which backend was in
use.  Implementing these checks was the following four lines (including
the TODO message) which were repeated verbatim three times in t3425:

    #TODO: make order consistent across all flavors of rebase
    test_run_rebase success 'e n o' ''
    test_run_rebase success 'e n o' -m
    test_run_rebase success 'n o e' -i

As part of the effort to reduce differences between the rebase backends
so that users get more uniform behavior, let's define the correct
behavior and modify the different backends so they all get the right
answer.  It turns out that the difference in behavior here is entirely
due to topological sorting; since some backends require topological
sorting (particularly when --rebase-merges is specified), require it for
all modes.  Modify the am and merge backends to implement this.

Performance Considerations:

I was unable to measure any appreciable performance difference with this
change.  Trying to control the run-to-run variation was difficult; I
eventually found a headless beefy box that I could ssh into, which
seemed to help.  Using git.git, I ran the following testcase:
    $ git reset --hard v2.20.0-rc1~2
    $ time git rebase --quiet v2.20.0-rc0~16

I first ran once to warm any disk caches, then ran five subsequent runs
and recorded the times of those five.  I observed the following results
for the average time:

     Before this change:
       "real" timing: 1.340s (standard deviation: 0.040s)
       "user" timing: 1.050s (standard deviation: 0.041s)
       "sys"  timing: 0.270s (standard deviation: 0.011s)
     After  this change:
       "real" timing: 1.327s (standard deviation: 0.065s)
       "user" timing: 1.031s (standard deviation: 0.061s)
       "sys"  timing: 0.280s (standard deviation: 0.014s)

Measurements aside, I would expect the timing for walking revisions to
be dwarfed by the work involved in creating and applying patches, so
this isn't too surprising.  Further, while somewhat counter-intuitive,
it is possible that turning on topological sorting is actually a
performance improvement: by way of comparison, turning on --topo-order
made fast-export faster (see
https://public-inbox.org/git/20090211135640.GA19600@coredump.intra.peff.net/).

Signed-off-by: Elijah Newren <newren@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>
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README.md

Git - fast, scalable, distributed revision control system

Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with an unusually rich command set that provides both high-level operations and full access to internals.

Git is an Open Source project covered by the GNU General Public License version 2 (some parts of it are under different licenses, compatible with the GPLv2). It was originally written by Linus Torvalds with help of a group of hackers around the net.

Please read the file INSTALL for installation instructions.

Many Git online resources are accessible from https://git-scm.com/ including full documentation and Git related tools.

See Documentation/gittutorial.txt to get started, then see Documentation/giteveryday.txt for a useful minimum set of commands, and Documentation/git-.txt for documentation of each command. If git has been correctly installed, then the tutorial can also be read with man gittutorial or git help tutorial, and the documentation of each command with man git-<commandname> or git help <commandname>.

CVS users may also want to read Documentation/gitcvs-migration.txt (man gitcvs-migration or git help cvs-migration if git is installed).

The user discussion and development of Git take place on the Git mailing list -- everyone is welcome to post bug reports, feature requests, comments and patches to git@vger.kernel.org (read Documentation/SubmittingPatches for instructions on patch submission). To subscribe to the list, send an email with just “subscribe git” in the body to majordomo@vger.kernel.org. The mailing list archives are available at https://public-inbox.org/git/, http://marc.info/?l=git and other archival sites.

Issues which are security relevant should be disclosed privately to the Git Security mailing list git-security@googlegroups.com.

The maintainer frequently sends the “What's cooking” reports that list the current status of various development topics to the mailing list. The discussion following them give a good reference for project status, development direction and remaining tasks.

The name “git” was given by Linus Torvalds when he wrote the very first version. He described the tool as “the stupid content tracker” and the name as (depending on your mood):

  • random three-letter combination that is pronounceable, and not actually used by any common UNIX command. The fact that it is a mispronunciation of “get” may or may not be relevant.
  • stupid. contemptible and despicable. simple. Take your pick from the dictionary of slang.
  • “global information tracker”: you're in a good mood, and it actually works for you. Angels sing, and a light suddenly fills the room.
  • “goddamn idiotic truckload of sh*t”: when it breaks